VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

“ AUTO GENERATION AND ELECTRIFICATION OF SMART LIGHT USING
MUNCIPAL WASTE MATERIAL”
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

Annapurna K (2KA21EE002)
Priyanka K O (2KA21EE017)
Roopesh V M (2KA21EE020)
Devindra S P (2KA22EE404)

Under the Guidance of:

Prof. Shivalingappa D R
Assistant Professor of EEE Dept.

Smt. Kamala & Sri. Venkappa M Agadi College of Engineering & Technology,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Lakshmeshwar-582116
2023-2024

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 SMT. KAMALA AND SRI. VENKAPPA M. AGADI COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAKSHMESHWAR-582116
(Affiliated to VTU Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Certificate
Certified that the Project Phase-1 Report entitled AUTO GENERATION AND
ELECTRIFICATION OF SMART LIGHT USING MUNCIPAL WASTE is a work carried
out by Ms. Annapurna K, Ms. Priyanka O, Mr. Roopesh M, Mr. Devindra P in the partial
fulfillment of the award of degree ofBachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering prescribed by the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
BELAGAVI for VI semester in the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
during the year 2023-24. This Project Phase-1 report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect to the project work prescribed for the Bachelor of
Engineering Degree.

………………………………. ………………………………..
Signature of Guide Signature of Project Co-Ordinator
Prof. Shivalingappa D.R Prof. Iranna Makarabbi

………………………… ……………………………
Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
Dr. R.M Patil Dr. Parashuram Baraki

Examiners: 1.Prof.

2.Prof.

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 DECLARATION

We, the students of Eighth semester studying in Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Smt. Kamala and Shri Venkappa M. Agadi College of Engineering and Technology,
Laxmeshwar, hereby declare that this Project work entitled “AUTO GENERATION &
ELECTRIFICATION OF SMART LIGHT USING MUNCIPAL WASTE MATERIAL”
which is being submitted by us in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering by Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi is anauthentic record of us carried out during the academic
year 2022-23 under the guidance of Prof. Shivalingappa D.R, Assistant Professor, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Smt. Kamala & Sri Venkappa M. Agadi College of
Engineering & Technology, Laxmeshwar.
I further undertake that the matter embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted
previously for the award of any degree by us to any other university or institution.

Annapurna Karikai (2KA21EE002)

Priyanka Olekar (2KA21EE017)
Roopesh Majjigudda (2KA21EE020)
Devindra Pawar (2KA22EE404)

Place : Laxmeshwar

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of any project presentation brings with it a sense of satisfaction, but it is never
complete without thanking those people who made it possible and whose constant support has crowned our
efforts with success.

We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Prof. Shivalingappa D.R Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET Laxmeshwar for his stimulating guidance, continuous
encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work.

We would like to express gratitude to Dr. R. M. Patil HOD Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, SKSVMACET Laxmeshwar for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.

We would like to thank Prof. Iranna Makarabbi project Coordinator and all the staff members
of Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for giving the continuous support and guidance to
carry our Project work.

We are extremely thankful to Dr. Parashuram Baraki Principal, SKSVMACET laxmeshwar for
providing us infrastructural facilities to work in, without this work would not have been possible.

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 ABSTRACT

The gigantic growth in the amount of waste materials produced in India and their potentially dangerous
results in the environment and human health which have led to create several disease in Human bodies,
So we need to ingurgitate scholarly methods for safe arrangement of garbage. This is an innovative idea
of generating electricity Using solid waste which lead to decrease pollution by stopping to produce almost
all dangerous gasses like CO2, CO, SO2, NO2 and Heavy metals such as mercury to a huge number.
With a population of millions India produces large number of waste every day to Contemplate about this
idea. So, we felt that it is valuable working on this project and it is high time to inject the idea of Waste
to Energy in India. Firstly, a map plan was carried out for research to collect the fact of total waste
generation in India. During this research it was found that some locals were generating electricity using
this process ago which encouraged the researchers to carry forward this Project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVES 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 3
3.1 FIRE BOX 3
3.2 STARTER 3
3.3 HEATING PANEL 4
3.4 BATTERY 4
3.5 LED BULBS 5
3.6 CARBON COLLECTING PLATE 5
3.7 RESISTORS 6
3.8 RELAY 6
3.9 MULTIMETER 7
3.1.0 DIODE 7
3.1.1 JUMPER 8
3.1.2 TRANSFORMER 8
3.1.3 ARDUINO 9
3.1.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 9
3.1.5 SOURCES OF WASTE MATERIALS 10
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 3.1.6 COLLECTION OF WASTE FROM SWACHHATTA GROUP 11
CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY 13
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13
4.2. WORKING 14
4.3. MAIN FUNCTION 15
CHAPTER 5 FLOW CHART 16
5.1 FLOW CHART 16
CHAPTER 6 EXPECTED RESULTS 17
6.1 WORKING MODEL 17
6.2 PROPOSED MODEL 17
6.3 LED OFF 18
6.4 LED ON 19
6.5 OUTCOMES 19
CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 20
7.1 ADVANTAGES 20
7.2 DISADVANTAGES 21
7.3 APPLICATIONS 21
CHAPTER 8 FUTURE SCOPE 22
CONCULSION 23
REFERENCES

APPENDIX

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO
FIGURE 3.1 FIRE BOX 3
FIGURE 3.2 STARTER 3
FIGURE 3.3 HEATING PANEL 4
FIGURE 3.4 ELECTRIC BATTERY 4
FIGURE 3.5 LED BULBS 5
FIGURE 3.6 CARBON COOLECTING 5
PLATE
FIGURE 3.7 RESISTORS 6
FIGURE 3.8 RELAY 6
FIGURE 3.9 MULTIMETER 7
FIGURE 3.1.0 DIODE 7
FIGURE 3.1.1 JUMPERS 8
FIGURE 3.1.2 TRANSFORMER 8
FIGURE 3.1.3 ARDUINO 9
FIGURE 3.1.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 9
FIGURE 3.1.5 SOURCES OF WASTE 10
MATERIALS
FIGURE 3.1.6 COLLECTION OF WASTE 11
FROM SWACHHATTA
GROUP
FIGURE 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13
FIGURE 4.2 HOW HEATING PANEL 13
WORKS
FIGURE 5.1 FLOW CHART 16
FIGURE 6.1 WORKING MODEL 17
FIGURE 6.2 PROPOSED MODEL 17
FIGURE 6.3 LED OFF 18
FIGURE 6.4 LED ON 19

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The Purpose of Making this Project is to generate electric energy from waste
Materials such a plastic, rubber ,waste and waste etc, and to convert that less electricity
energy into more high power electricity energy by electric coil , this process is called
boosting process. Normally waste is any undesirable substances which has been obtained
as a outcome of all those Humans and Animals activities. It also includes all those waste
materials which is been collected by Municipals Corporation also which includes rotten
food stuffs, treated biomedical solid wastes etc.
This is basically an advanced process where cost of generation of electricity is also
been saved as we didn’t need to use fossil fuel, coal, or any other raw materials which
costs high and it also produces less harmful gases as compare to other methods of
generation [1]. The large amount of waste can generate a large amount of heat energy by
burning it in a controlled manor. In this Process we generate electricity by burning waste
that is collected from the door to door, mostly house wastes. The main components used
in this methods are heating panels, boosting coils, diodes, LEDs, capacitors, resistors,
battery, PCB board etc. The demand of Electricity is increasing day by day, thus it is
necessary to find out the different types of source which can be used as the input in
production of the electricity especially for developing countries like India. This method
is one of the best methods to generate electricity. The greatest advantage of this project
is that it does not require any other fuel except waste.
Moreover, carbon reutilization techniques enable the capture and utilization of
carbon dioxide emissions produced during the energy generation process [3]. By
incorporating carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon utilization technologies, we
canmitigate the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere while simultaneously
producing clean energy.
This integrated approach not only offers a sustainable solution for electricity
generation but also contributes to the circular economy by closing the loop on waste
management and resource utilization act.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
1."Techno-economic analysis of carbon capture and utilization for biomass-to-
power systems" (2021) by Kai S. Chong et al.
This study presents a techno-economic analysis of integrating carbon capture and
utilization technologies into biomass-to-power systems. It evaluates the economic
feasibility and environmental benefits of different carbon utilization pathways, including
carbon dioxide conversion to fuels and chemicals.

2."Review of sustainable waste-to-energy technologies for municipal solid waste

management in Asian countries" (2022) by W. W. Chong et al.
Focusing on waste-to-energy technologies in Asian countries, this review discusses
the current state of municipal solid waste management and the role of sustainable waste-
to- energy solutions. It examines the potential for carbon reutilization in the context of
regional waste management challenges.

3."Life cycle assessment of waste-to-energy technologies: A review" (2022) by

Xiaoguang Yang et al.
Offering a comprehensive review of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on waste-
to- energy technologies, this paper assesses the environmental impacts and sustainability
implications of various waste-to-energy systems. It discusses the role of carbon
reutilizationin improving the overall environmental performance of these systems.

4.“Waste-to-Energy: Review on Generating Electricity in India” (2023) by

Mohammed Miyan, M.K. Shukla.
The essential goal of the paper is to lessen the pollutants and recycle the wastage
and reuse them and ultimately to produce the electricity from the waste.

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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Fire Box

Fig: 3.1 Fire box

In Our project Fire box is extremely important. Garbage is positioned in the electric
zaar/fire box where heat energy is generated which is later converted into electrical
energy. The firebox include advanced combustion technology, temperature control
mechanisms, and emission control systems to ensure optimal performance while
minimizing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the design may
incorporate safety measures to prevent the release of harmful toxins during the
combustion.

In conclusion, the implementation of a firebox to burn plastic waste for electricity

generation represents a promising innovation in waste-to-energy technology. By
addressing both plastic pollution and energy needs, this solution offers a practical and
sustainable pathway towards a cleaner and more resilient future[4].This innovative
approach utilizes a controlled combustion process to convert plastic waste into thermal
energy, which is then used to produce electricity through steam generation.

3.2 Starter

Fig:3.2 Starter

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The primary purpose of a stater is to find out where the heat is in the system. A heat
sensor's primary function is to detect the heat that is present around it[1]. Overheating
causes the temperature around the heat sensor to rise above its predetermined level, at
which point it detects the heat and provides a warning with the help of a glowing LED
so that we can safeguard the device from harm.

3.3 Heating panel

Fig: 3.3 Heating Panel

A unique kind of device called a heating panel accepts heat input and converts it
to electricity. A simple heating panel produces electricity by allowing photons, or
particles oflight or heat, to knock electrons loose from atoms[3]. In reality, heating panels
are made up ofnumerous photovoltaic cells, which are smaller units. Photovoltaic means
they produce electricity by converting light or heat.

3.4 Battery

Fig: 3.4 Battery

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An apparatus that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electric energy is a
battery. An external circuit is used to transfer electrons from one material to another as
partof the chemical reaction in a battery [2]. An electric current that can be used to carry
out tasks is produced by the flow of electrons.
3.5 LED Bulb

Fig: 3.5 LED Bulb

Two-lead semiconductor light sources are known as light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
As soon as it is turned on, the p-n junction diode produces light. Electrons can recombine
with electron holes inside the device under the right conditions, releasing energy in the
form of photons[1]. This can happen when the leads are subjected to the right current.

3.6 Carbon Collecting Plate

Fig: 3.6 Carbon Collecting Plate

The process of capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) for recycling and future use is
known as carbon capture and utilization (CCU). In order to significantly reduce
greenhouse gas emissions from major stationary (industrial) emitters, carbon pure and
utilization may provide a solution[4]. CCU is distinct from carbon capture and storage
(CCS) in that it neither aims for nor results in the long-term geological storing of carbon
dioxide.

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To maintain the carbon neutrality of the manufacturing processes while converting

the captured carbon dioxide into more valuable materials or goods, like plastics,
concrete, or bio-fuels. Before carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the atmosphere, it is
captured, transported, and stored (carbon sequestered) for centuries or millennia. This
process is known as carbon capture and storage or carbon capture and sequestration.
Typically, a large point source, like a chemical plant or a biomass plant, will release
a lot of CO2, which is then captured and stored in a geological formation underground.
With the intention of lessening the impact of climate change, it is important to stop the
release of CO2 from heavy industries. Since many years ago, CO2 has been injected into
geological formations for enhanced oil recovery and after natural gas has been separated
from it, but this practice has drawn criticism because it increases the amount of emissions
from the burning.
3.7 Resistors

Fig: 3.7 Resistor

Using electrical resistance as a circuit element, a resistor is a passive, two-terminal
electrical component[2]. Resistors are devices that are used in electronic circuits for a
variety of purposes, including lowering current flow, adjusting signal levels, dividing
voltages, biasing active components, and terminating transmission lines. a high-power
resistor that can release a lot of heat from the electrical energy it absorbs.
3.8 Relay

Fig: 3.8 Relay

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Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. These control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in
another circuit. As relay diagram is as shown the above fig, when a relay contact is
normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the relay is not energized.
The working principle of the relay is that when a certain input quantity reaches a
predetermined value, it will work, change the working state of the control circuit, and
achieve a given control or protection purpose. Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal.

3.9 Multimeter

Fig: 3.9 Multimeter

A measuring device that can assess various electrical characteristics is a

multimeter. The term "volt-ohm-millimeter" (VOM), which refers to a multimeter that
has the ability to measure voltage, resistance, and current, is also used to refer to a typical
multimeter that is capable of doing so. Some include the measurement of extra
characteristics like capacitance and temperature [2]. Readings are displayed on an
analogue multimeter's microammeter, which has a moving pointer. Because they are
more affordable, accurate, and physically robust than analogue multimeters, digital
multimeters (DMM, DVOM) with numeric displays have all but replaced analogue
multimeters.

3.1.0 Diode

Fig 3.1.0 Diode

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Nowadays, the most popular type of diode is a semiconductor diode, which is a

crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p-n junction attached to two electrical
terminals. The first semiconductor-based electronic devices were semiconductor diodes.
It was discovered that crystalline minerals and metals can conduct electricity
asymmetrically across their contact. Although silicon still makes up the majority of
diodes today, other semiconducting substances like germanium (Ge) and gallium
arsenide (GaAs) are also employed.

3.1.1 Jumper Wire’s

Fig 3.1.1 Jumper wires

Jumper wires are widely used in electronics prototyping and experimentation to

create temporary electrical connections between components[1,2,3,4].They are
particularly handy when building circuits on a breadboard, where components can be
easily rearranged or replaced without soldering.
3.1.2 Transformer

Fig:3.1.2 Transformer

A step-down transformer is an electrical device that reduces the voltage of an

alternating current (AC) power supply. It consists of a primary winding, a secondar

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winding, and an iron core. When an AC voltage is applied to the primary winding, it
creates a fluctuating magnetic field in the iron core. A transformer works on the mutual
induction principle, also known as Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which
states that the magnitude of voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux.
3.1.3 Arduino

Fig:3.1.3 Arduino
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards and other circuits. The boards
feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be
programmed using the C and C++ programming language.
3.1.4 Ultrasonic Sensor

Fig: 3.1.4 Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target
object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an
electrical signal.

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Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the sound that
humans can hear). Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter
(which emits the sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which encounters
the sound after it has travelled to and from the target).
Ultrasonic sensors are also used as level sensors to detect, monitor, and regulate
liquid levels in closed containers (such as vats in chemical factories). Most notably,
ultrasonic technology has enabled the medical industry to produce images of internal
organs, identify tumors, and ensure the health of babies in the womb.
3.1.5 Sources of waste materials
Waste materials come from a variety of sources. Which seem to be present in the
form of garbage, contaminated sewage, waste materials, and harmful byproducts coming
out of homes, factories and different types of industrial institutions, in addition to
municipal corporations, and which are extremely hazardous to the environment[1,2,3,4].
There are numerous sources, which would include plastic, rubber, trash, and bad stuff.

Fig 3.1.5 [a] Plastic Waste, [b] Rubber Waste [c] Garbage Waste [d] Stuff

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3.1.6 Collection of waste from Swachhata Group

Fig 3.1.6 Waste Collected by Swachhata Warriors

The total amount of waste generated in the working year of 2017-18 is 15500TPD
(Tons per day) from the cities like Lucknow, Varanasi, Kanpur, Prayagraj, Agra etc. The
total solid waste processed is 3115TPD that is very small amount of waste in comparison
ofgenerating waste. The gap between the generated waste and processed is getting very
large, and the need of electricity is increasing everyday[1,2,3,4]. In the month of July
electricity demand of India increases by 19% (191GW), this is a huge amount of
electricity.
The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), which is currently in various stages of
construction or tendering, has received 53 proposals from 22 states with the potential to
produce 405.3 MW of electricity, according to the Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD). Such tender’s specifies are as follows:

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Table 1: List of waste to energy plants currently operational/ under trial run
in India

S State Name of Capacity

I the City/ (MW)

Town
n
o
1 Maharas Sholapur 3.0 MW
. htra
2 Delhi Okhla 12.0 MW

3 Delhi Ghazipur 16.0 MW

4 Delhi Narela- 24.0 MW

Bhawana
5 Madhya Jabalpur 16.5 MW

Pradesh
Total 66.5 MW

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Block Diagram

Fig 4.1 Block diagram of electricity generator using waste materials.

The project scope and research area were reviewed as the first step before
implementation. The conveyor belts too-built mechanical and electrical structures
needed to be designed as the next task. Following the completion of the design, the
hardware and circuitry were put into place. When the project was selected, the
programming segment was specifically for the output of the heating panel, the sensing
of the heating sensor, and the output to the LED bulb glow.
Last but not least, some changes to the software and circuitry were made to
improve the system's ability to perform precise movements. In order to fix some flawed
processes, troubleshooting was therefore done while the system was working[1]. The
heating panels will begin gathering the heat energy produced in the burning box by waste
materials such as rubber, plastic, bad stuffs, etc. as soon as we begin burning the waste
material in the burning box.
The heating panel will turn the heat energy it has captured into electrical energy.
The circuit box's glowing LEDs will show the electrical energy that has been generated.

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Through the power boosters, the electrical energy that is produced will be
transferred to the batteries[2]. Because a diode is connected to the batteries, the energy
cannot be lost back into the system. The heat sensor and LED lights are connected by
batteries. The batteries that allow energy to flow will conduct whenever the heat sensor
does causing LED light to glow .Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram.
The proposed model's diagram is shown in Figure. It demonstrates that we first
gather undesirable or waste materials, such as plastic, rubber, paper, and wood[3]. Then,
when harmful materials are burned, heat energy is created. The heat is transferred to the
heating panel, a machine that transforms heat energy into electrical energy and operates
only on heat or light energy. DC current, the primary form of electricity, was converted
to storage circuit[4]. By using a storage circuit, we can connect a load across a battery
while changing the stored electrical energy (D.C).

4. 2 Working

To put it simply, the way a heating panel operates is by allowing photons, or

particles of light or heat, to knock electrons free from atoms, creating an electrical
current. Photovoltaic cells, a multitude of smaller units, make up heating panels[1,2].
P-type and n-type semiconductors are placed next to one another to create a p-n
junction diode. With one fewer electron, the p-type draws the extra electrons from the n-
type to stabilize itself. As a result, the electric is displaced and a flow of electrons, also
known as electricity, is produced. An electron springs up and is drawn to the n-type
semiconductors when heat is applied to the semiconductor. This results in more negatives
in n-type semiconductors and more positives in p-type semiconductors, increasing the
flow of electricity. This is called the photovoltaic effect.
In India, 5 Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) to Energy Plants with a total installed
capacity of 66.5 MW are currently running or conducting trials. Simply put, a Heating
panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light or heat, to knock electrons free
from atoms, generating a flow of electricity[3,4]. Heating panels actually comprise many,
smaller units called photovoltaic cells. (Photovoltaic simply means they convert heating
or light into electricity.)

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Fig 4.2 How to Work Heating Panel

A p-n junction is formed by placing p-type and n-type semiconductors next to

one another. The p-type, with one less electron, attracts the surplus electron from the n-
type to stabilize itself. Thus, the electricity is displaced and generates a flow of electrons,
otherwise known as electricity.
When heat hits the semiconductor, an electron springs up and is attracted toward
the n-type semiconductor. This causes more negatives in the n-type semiconductors and
more positives in the p-type, thus generating a higher flow of electricity.

4.3 Main function

The overall objective is to streamline the drainage system for our farmers and
eliminate the requirement for it. The purpose model can also help people cut their life
expenses by reducing their high electricity bills[1,2,3,4].

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CHAPTER 5
FLOW CHART
5.1 Flow Chart

Fig: 5.1 Flow Chart of the Working

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CHAPTER 6
EXPECTED RESULTS
CASE-1 WHEN POWER IS GENERATED

6.1 Working Model

Fig: 6.1 Working model

When we burn the waste materials, then the heating panels convert heat to
electricity and LED bulb glowing by electricity for showing electricity power, After that
circuit take electricity and give to battery for Battery Charging, and waste materials
burning running in burning box, and there is heating coil helps in catching the fire and
the electricity is given to the street lights and the current produced is shown in the give
and it is 2.6mA.
6.2 Proposed Model

Fig: 6.2 Proposed model

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A steady supply of affordable, clean, and renewable energy sources with little harm
to society or the environment is a major concern. In this project, we demonstrate how to
successfully generate electricity from waste materials. After finishing our project, we
checked to see if everything was operating as intended. Everything went smoothly, and
theproject successfully demonstrated how to successfully generate electricity from waste
materials. The main objectives of waste to energy are the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions and the creation of fossil fuel alternatives. Additionally, the creation of small,
inexpensive, yet highly effective technology is necessary, along with the best method for
getting rid of or using filter ashes and other leftovers from air pollution control devices.

CASE-2 WHEN STREET LIGHTS GETS ON AND OFF

6.3 LED OFF

Fig: 6.3 When LED is in OFF condition

 When the object is not detected by the ultrasonic sensor then the LED lights (street
lights) will not turn on hence the above fig shows the condition when the street lights
are off.

 The message is sent by the Arduino to the ultrasonic sensor the program have already
been dumped.
 LED chips are a master factor for the brightness of LED street light.

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6.4 LED ON

Fig: 6.4 When LED is in ON condition

 When the object is detected by the ultrasonic sensor then the LED lights will turn on
hence the above figure shows the condition when the street lights are on.

 The ultrasonic sensor sense the object at the distance from 2 cm to 400 cm.

 LEDs use less energy, produce better, more direct light resulting in significant cost
savings.

6.5 OUTCOMES

a) Reduces landfill waste.

b) Mitigates greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing carbon.
c) Provides a sustainable energy source.
d) Addresses waste management challenges.
e) Promotes circular economy principles.
f) Decreases reliance on fossil fuels.
g) Supports renewable energy development.
h) Enhances resource efficiency.
i) Creates economic opportunities in waste management.
j) Contributes to climate change mitigation efforts.
k) Recycle plastics.
l) Space for new landfills.

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CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION

7.1 ADVANTAGES
 Environmental Benefits: By utilizing waste materials, this method helps reduce the
amount of waste sent to landfills, thus mitigating environmental pollution and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It also reduces the need for traditional fossil
fuels, which helps combat climate change.
 Resource Efficiency: Instead of relying solely on finite fossil fuel resources, carbon
reutilization techniques harness waste materials that would otherwise be discarded.
This promotes resource efficiency and reduces the consumption of natural resources.
 Energy Independence: By diversifying energy sources away from traditional fossil
fuels, countries can enhance their energy security and reduce dependence on
imported energy resources. This can contribute to greater energy independence and
resilience to fluctuations in global energy markets.
 Renewable Potential: Many waste materials used in carbon reutilization techniques,
suchas biomass or organic waste, are renewable resources. This means that their
supply can be replenished through natural processes, making them sustainable
sources of energy in the long term.
 Local Economic Development: Implementing waste-to-energy projects can create
jobs and stimulate economic activity at the local level, particularly in regions with
abundant waste resources. This can have positive socio-economic impacts by
providing employment opportunities and supporting local industries.
 Carbon Sequestration: Some carbon reutilization techniques, such as carbon
capture andutilization (CCU), can potentially help sequester carbon dioxide (CO2)
by converting it into useful products. This contributes to efforts to mitigate CO2
emissions and combat climate change.
 Technological Innovation: Investing in research and development of carbon
reutilization technologies fosters innovation and drives technological advancements
in the energy sector. This can lead to the development of more efficient and cost-
effective methods for generating electricity from waste materials.

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7.2 DISADVANTAGES
 Initial Investment Costs: Implementing carbon reutilization techniques for
electricity generation often requires significant upfront investment in infrastructure
and technology. This can be a barrier for adoption, particularly for smaller
municipalities or developing countries.
 Environmental Impact of Process: While the generation of electricity from waste
can reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills and mitigate greenhouse gas
emissions, some carbon reutilization techniques may still produce byproducts or
emissions that can have environmental impacts. For example, combustion processes
can release pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter into the
atmosphere.
 Public Perception and Acceptance: Some communities may have concerns about
the safety and environmental impact of carbon reutilization technologies, particularly
if they are unfamiliar with the processes involved. Public acceptance and support are
crucial for the successful implementation of these technologies.

7.3APPLICATIONS
 This project can be used in cold places has always they burn a fire to keep their houses
warm. They can generate electricity for their basic needs.
 Still there is no electricity in many villages in India it can be used to generate electricity.
 It can be used in an incineration where waste is burnt so, that polluted gases can be filter
out before releasing in an air.

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CHAPTER 8

Future Scope

We can impose a penalty on high-quality heating when producing a lot of

electricity. With an easily heated penal connecting system, we can create large burning
level burning boxes. We can create the best storage system to turn waste materials into
electricity. Pollution reduction: recycling reduces the need for energy, the consumption
of virgin raw materials, and the pollution of the air and water. Energy used to process
recycled materialspartially offsets the energy used to process virgin raw materials. We're
assuming that the chimney is where the flue gases enter the water. The alternative goal
is to connect a turbine after the water filtration process so that we can generate electricity
from the water.
 Employing technologies like anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification to
convert waste into biogas, syngas, or biochar.
 Capturing and utilizing carbon emissions during the conversion process.
 It can be installed the places like Himachal Pradesh so due to cold they will be
burning bricks so that energy can be utilized to generate electricity.

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CONCLUSION

The goal of this project is to create electrical energy out of waste materials like
plastic, rubber, garbage, and other waste materials, store it in a battery via a circuit, and
then use it to power the entire system. Therefore, in this project, we successfully
demonstrate how to produce electricity from waste materials and successfully store it in
batteries. Along with this, reducing carbon emissions is the biggest objective of this
project and to lessen these waste's harmful effects on the environment and human health.
Municipal solid waste, which is produced by industrial, commercial, and household
activity, makes up a significant portion of waste management.

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