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2025 1 (3 )

The document is an examination paper for a 3rd-year English reading and writing course for the first semester of the 2025 academic year. It includes a series of questions related to English vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension, requiring students to identify incorrect definitions, meanings, and relationships between words. The paper emphasizes the importance of clear communication and understanding in both academic and practical contexts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views8 pages

2025 1 (3 )

The document is an examination paper for a 3rd-year English reading and writing course for the first semester of the 2025 academic year. It includes a series of questions related to English vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension, requiring students to identify incorrect definitions, meanings, and relationships between words. The paper emphasizes the importance of clear communication and understanding in both academic and practical contexts.

Uploaded by

kamin0318
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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확인

2025학년도 1학기 중간고사


과목 코드
3학년 영어 독해와 작문
60 2025.04.29.

■ 반드시 문제지 총 면수와 인쇄 상태를 확인하시오. 5. 다음 우리말에 대한 영작에서 밑줄 친 부분이 적절하지 않은 것을


■ OMR에 과목 코드를 기입하시오. 고르면?〔2.3점〕
① 지속적인 인플레이션 수준은 안정적이고 지속적인 경제 회복을 달성
1. 다음 중 주어진 단어의 영영풀이가 틀린 것을 2개 고르면?〔2.3점〕 하는 데 있어 중대한 장애물로 널리 여겨진다.
① jargon : words or expressions that are used by a particular → The persistent level of inflation is widely regarded as a
profession or group of people significant impediment to achieving a stable and sustained
② arduous : involving or requiring strenuous effort, difficult and economic recovery.
tiring ② 그 도시는 대규모 사회 기반 시설 사업에 너무 몰두하고 있었기 때문에
③ consolidate : to soothe in distress or sorrow; ease the misery or 눈과 홍수에 대한 조치를 취하지 못했다.
grief of; bring consolation or hope to → The city failed to take measures against snow and flood, being
④ barbarous : extremely cruel, brutal, or lacking in civilization and too engrossed in large-scale infrastructure projects.
refinement; primitive or uncivilized ③ 그 프로젝트 관리자는 제한된 자금에도 불구하고 전체 작업이 6개월
⑤ dissertation : to make a position of power or success stronger so 안에 완벽하게 수행되어야 한다고 지시했다.
that it is more likely to continue → The project manager bluffed that the entire operation, despite
limited funding, must be executed flawlessly within six months.
2. 다음 중 밑줄 친 단어의 영영풀이로 알맞지 않은 것을 2개 고르면? ④ 그 장치의 효율성은 에너지가 얼마나 효과적으로 전달되고 사용되는
〔2.3점〕 지를 결정하는 부품의 내부 배열에 크게 좌우된다.
① Drivers are liable for any damage they cause while driving → The efficiency of the device depends largely on the internal
under the influence. configurations of its components, which determine how effectively
(liable: illegally obliged or responsible) energy is transferred and utilized.
② He had an unyielding determination to achieve his goals. ⑤ 그 계약서는 프로젝트가 10년 이내에 완료되어야 함을 규정하고 있다.​
(unyielding: susceptible to being led or directed) → The contract stipulates that the project must be completed in ten
③ The police conducted a preliminary investigation before launching years.
a full inquiry.
(preliminary: occurring before or in preparation) 6. 밑줄 친 Do your homework.가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장
④ The building’s conspicuous design makes it a local landmark. 적절한 것은?〔2.4점〕
(conspicuous: easily seen or noticed; attracting special attention)
Intelligent failures begin with preparation. No scientist wants
⑤ She has a formidable talent for solving complex problems.
to waste time or materials on experiments that have been run
(formidable: extremely impressive in strength or excellence)
before and failed. Do your homework. The classic intelligent
failure is hypothesis driven. You’ve taken the time to think
3. 주어진 문장에서 밑줄 친 단어의 쓰임이 의미상 적절하지 않은 것
through what might happen — why you have reason to believe
을 2개 고르면?〔2.3점〕 that you could be right about what will happen. My Harvard
① Once the whistleblower exposed their deceit, no one ever trusted
colleague Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds
them again.
that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic
② The two colleges have a reciprocal arrangement through which
homework. For example, Triangulate, an online dating start-up,
students from one college can attend classes at the other.
rushed to launch fully functional offerings that didn’t fit any
③ Two-thirds of inheritors promptly sold the houses they were left.
market needs. Eager to launch fast, founders skipped the research
④ Their perfect dissimilarity in values facilitated their seamless
— customer interviews to probe for unmet needs. Paying no
consensus on all matters of political discourse.
attention to that crucial preparation, the company paid the price.
⑤ The clear and detailed instructions confounded the students,
leaving them confident and ready to begin. Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’
mantra,” which overemphasizes action, shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once you’ve done
4. 다음 짝지어진 단어 중, 유의어 관계가 아닌 것을 모두 고르면?〔2.3점〕
the homework, you must pay attention to what it’s telling you.
(a) impromptu – improvised (b) rhetorical - ingenious
(c) insurmountable – impassable (d) ban - embargo ① Move quickly to get a competitive edge.
(e) deviate – entice (f) alienate - estrange ② Ask for advice when you encounter an obstacle.
(g) cerebral – intuitive (h) forerunner - precursor ③ Reflect on your mistakes to gain valuable lessons.
(i) myriad – innumerable (j) voluntary - instinctive ④ Regularly monitor progress and make adjustments.
⑤ Take time to conduct thorough research before actual work.
① 2개 ② 3개 ③ 4개 ④ 5개 ⑤ 6개

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7. 밑줄 친 the author has changed a received gift into a thought of ⑤ Immersion seeds innovation across our academic communities
and provides a nurturing professional environment.
her own.이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?〔2.6점〕
What is said is never a mere repetition. Even if one agrees word
【 9 – 10 】다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
for word with something that has been said before, everything — the
world, the speaker, the circumstances, the addressee, and the 9.〔2.6점〕
meaning of what was said — has changed. What one says is Cooperation is a hallmark of human society. Not merely do
therefore in each case unique. Although most of our statements are people behave considerately toward complete strangers, they
unoriginal, they show through their particular, even unique, style sometimes make substantial financial and even physical sacrifices for
(which can be dull, ugly, or trivial) that someone has appropriated them. Such behavior seems impossible to explain with classic models
and therewith personalized them. Every sentence proves that the of the evolution of altruism in which cooperation between unrelated
author has changed a received gift into a thought of her own. An others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly.
analysis of what is one’s own might then reveal much of what the However, new models of the evolution of human sociality and the
speaker has borrowed from parents, guides, friends, books, fashions, results of experiments to test them suggest that a sense of fairness
etc., while at the same time disclosing how all these influences have and other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots. Such
converged into the unique results of what the author said. models consider processes at the level of groups of individuals, but
without relying on the discredited notion of group selection in which
① Every act of speaking results in the receptive acceptance of
individuals act “for the good of the group.” Genes promoting
words or texts that have been said or written before us and
prosocial tendencies in individuals can arise when groups compete in
around us.
ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human
② What is said constitutes the distinctive voice into which one
evolution. In particular, such conditions may have promoted the
has internalized and transformed previously encountered or
evolution of strong reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with
shared ideas.
anonymous unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the
③ A thought and its expression include the critical weighing
same even when doing so is costly to the punisher.
that allows the intended reality to display itself without
distortion. ① effects of repeated dynamic interactions on cooperative patterns
④ Engaging in speech implies that discourse is an interplay ② influence of genetic factors on individual moral reasoning
of addresses and replies, through which people direct ③ evolutionary origins of human cooperation and moral behavior
themselves to each other. ④ group selection and emotional bonding in social development
⑤ Saying something to someone urges the listener or reader ⑤ fairness and hierarchy in competitive social structures
to elicit a response from the speaker in an unpredictable
way. 10.〔2.6점〕
Ignacio Varchausky from the Buenos Aires tango orchestra El
8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?〔2.5점〕 Arranque says in the documentary Si Sos Brujo that he and others
According to an ancient Greek proverb, “A society grows great tried learning from records how the older orchestras did what they
when old men plant trees in whose shade they shall never sit.” did, but it was difficult, almost impossible. Eventually, El Arranque
Likewise, an academic culture grows great when senior scholars had to find the surviving players from those ensembles and ask
perform acts of generosity for junior academics who may never them how it was done. The older players had to physically show the
know their names. Literary scholar and poet Lesley Wheeler remains younger players how to replicate the effects they got, and which
“endlessly grateful” to the two anonymous readers whose thoughtful notes and beats should be emphasized. So, to some extent, music is
responses to her first book manuscript set her on the path to still an oral (and physical) tradition, handed down from one person
becoming a successful scholar: “They told me bluntly what was to another. Records may do a lot to preserve music and disseminate
wrong with the book, but they also found the time to praise it; and it, but they can’t do what direct transmission does. In that same
that was enough encouragement.” Having benefited from the documentary, Wynton Marsalis says that the learning, the baton
welcoming shelter of shade trees planted by others, Wheeler has passing, happens on the bandstand — one has to play with others, to
little patience for “cranky” referees who poison the air with learn by watching and imitating. For Varchausky, when those older
mean-spirited reviews. She takes care to ensure that her own players are gone, the traditions (and techniques) will be lost if their
feedback to colleagues and students is always gracious and knowledge is not passed on directly. History and culture can’t really
constructive: “The conscientiousness and generosity that I’ve seen be preserved by technology alone.
directed at my work is something that I want to pay back.”
① the limitation of learning music indirectly through records
① Wise scholars empower junior colleagues to build their ② efforts to preserve underappreciated music of artistic value
own academic careers and take full responsibility for ③ the tension between innovation and tradition in the music world
them. ④ effects of musical education overly centered on direct transmission
② The internalization of negative stereotypes leads to a ⑤ conflicting views on the effectiveness of imitation in learning
reduction in academic effort among inexperienced scholars. music
③ Senior scholars value academic integrity and uphold core
principles throughout the research process.
④ Academic communities thrive when experienced scholars
generously support and encourage younger academics.

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【 11 – 12 】 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? illustrator. In 1924, she illustrated her first book, Susanne K.
11.〔2.6점〕 Langer’s The Cruise of the Little Dipper, and Other Fairy Tales. She
illustrated her own book, ABC for Everyday, in 1930 and a year
When given many chances, chance will tend to distribute random
later collaborated with her younger sister on Building a House in
differences fairly equally. However, when given few chances, it may
Sweden. She also illustrated classic works, including those by
distribute random differences very unequally. Thus, if you assigned
American poet Emily Dickinson and British authors like Jane Austen.
each individual to a group by flipping a coin and you had many
During her career, Sewell illustrated more than 50 books. She won a
participants, chance would do a good job of making your groups
Caldecott Honor in 1955 for her illustrations in The Thanksgiving
equivalent. Conversely, if you had few participants, chance would
Story by American author Alice Dalgliesh.
probably do a poor job of balancing the effects of individual
differences between groups. Indeed, with too few participants, ① Pratt Institute를 다닌 사람 중 역대 최연소자였다.
chance has no chance. For example, if you had four people in your ② 우크라이나계 미국인 화가 Alexander Archipenko 밑에서 공부했다.
study and only one of those was violent, flipping a coin could not ③ 1930년에 자신의 여동생과 함께 Building a House in Sweden을
give you equal groups. Even if you had eight participants, four of 공동으로 작업했다.
whom were violent, flipping a coin might result in all four violent
④ 미국 시인이나 영국 작가들의 고전 작품에 삽화를 그렸다.
individuals ending up in the same group. Why? Because, in the short
⑤ 경력 기간 동안 50권이 넘는 책에 삽화를 그렸다.
run, chance can be unpredictable. For instance, it is not that unusual
to get four “heads” in a row. To appreciate that chance can be
unpredictable in the short run but dependable in the long run, realize
that although a casino may lose several bets in a row, the casino
always wins in the end.
【 14 – 15 】다음 글을 읽고 추론 할 수 없는 것을 고르면?
① The Unpredictability of Large Numbers 14.〔2.9점〕
② Why Small Samples Straighten Results
Relying on economic growth to overcome economic problems
③ The More You Try, the More Predictable Chances Get
suffers a positive feedback pitfall. Governments encourage increased
④ The Similarity of Random Assignment in Small Groups
economic production as a means of lifting the poor out of poverty
⑤ Randomness: Fair in the Long Run, Constant in the Short
and satisfying the demands of the rich, but the appeal of the
resulting new products creates new wants that get satisfied with
12.〔2.4점〕 new income generated from yet more production. In other words,
There are a lot of ways for an ad to go wrong. But its odds for people work to earn money to satisfy wants (and of course needs),
success are increased by starting out with a smart, focused strategy. but their effort results in production of goods, including new
With such focus, the ad is able to deliver its singular message on innovations, that, when marketed, increase others’ desires. Those
the many levels in which advertising communicates. It bores down to others then work to satisfy their new wants, producing yet more
make its point rather than making a big mess of itself. The chance goods marketed to others, and so on in a positive feedback that
for the reader to “get it” increases tremendously. The flip side is grinds away at the planet’s stock of resources and generates more
that an unfocused strategy leads to ads that must deliver many waste and new types of wastes whose consequences we only
different points all at the same time. This is not effective. Here’s partially understand. Reflecting on this circumstance, the wise gorilla
an analogy: Try throwing a dozen balls at someone all at once. It’s Ishmael in Daniel Quinn’s novel of the same name describes modern
impossible to catch a single one. In fact, the impulse is to give up, humans as prisoners of a mother culture, employed in a prison
shield your face, and try not to get hurt. Absolute chaos. But throw
industry — consuming the world.
a single ball directly at the target and chances are, he or she will
make the catch. That’s the difference between an ineffective ad with ① Relying on economic growth to solve problems like poverty
a fuzzy strategy and an effective ad with a focused strategy. can lead to a cycle of increasing production and consumption.
② As new products are created, they generate new desires,
① Navigating Responsibility in Advertising
which drive more work and more production.
② Ad Fusion: Blending Creativity with Data ③ The positive feedback persists through the dynamic interplay
③ Building Brand Loyalty Through Smart Ads between the production and marketing of goods.
④ Understanding Consumer Behavior Through Ads ④ The cycle of production and consumption aimed at boosting
⑤ Importance of Crafting Focused Advertising Strategies economic activity strains natural resources and creates
waste.
13. Helen Moore Sewell에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 ⑤ Daniel Quinn’s novel examines the unsustainable economic
것은?〔2.5점〕 behavior by comparing the features of prisoners to those
of employees in a prison industry.
Helen Moore Sewell was an American artist and author of
children’s books who was known for her illustrations. Sewell began
drawing at an early age. At the age of 12, she became the youngest
person ever to attend the Pratt Institute, which was especially
renowned for art and design. She also studied under the Ukrainian
American artist Alexander Archipenko, who dramatically influenced
her style. Sewell’s early work was as both an author and an

3/8
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15.〔2.9점〕 ③ Prototypes are the only criterion people use to decide whether
something fits into a category.
In recent years, more H O has been flowing from low-value
④ Many people believe that a lemon remains a lemon, even if it
crops (cotton and alfalfa) to high-value ones (nuts and berries).
is unusual in appearance or flavor.
Ailing farms are selling their water rights to productive industry and
⑤ Physical alterations by themselves may be insufficient to alter
rapidly growing cities. Food grown in wet, green climates (the
how an object is perceived in terms of its identity.
northeastern United States, Brazil) is increasingly being exported to
dry, brown ones (Arizona, India), allowing their water to be
conserved for drinking supplies, for maintaining aquifer levels, or for
17.〔3.2점〕
other high-priority uses. Yet people have tended to dance around There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the
the question of pricing water in a way that reflects scarcity. ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian,
Because water is an essential resource, it has no “market value,” as, Indian, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments. Although
say, oil does. But with no price incentive to use it efficiently, these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational
people often waste water by using vast quantities for energy and skills, and vast resources of material and information, they failed to
mineral projects, and polluting it. In many places water is free, or create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural
priced so low that the revenue it generates is not enough to world from the supernatural world. The religions of the old empires
maintain, or upgrade, reservoirs, distribution pipes, and treatment were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled
plants. While citizens have good reason to be cautious of water
and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason
privatizers, cheap water invites waste.
for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.
① Over the past few years, water has shifted from low-value Although there were many technical developments in the societies of
crops like cotton to more profitable ones like nuts and the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the
berries. priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of
② Struggling farms are transferring ownership of their water their concepts of theology. Many ancient civilizations, such as the
rights through sales to thriving industries and fast-growing Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of
cities. social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and
③ Wet regions like the northeastern U.S. and Brazil are public space of the society) on religious activity.
exporting food to drier areas such as Arizona and India,
helping conserve water for essential uses. ① Ancient civilizations such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and
④ The issue of pricing water to reflect its scarcity is often Aztec empires devoted a significant amount of social resources to
avoided as water – being an essential resource – lacks a religious practices.
true market value. ② Natural philosophy emerged in ancient societies as an extension
⑤ In many areas, underpriced water can be attributed to water of their theological interpretations of the material world.
waste, which results in insufficient revenue to maintain ③ Societies governed by divine frameworks were generally less
water infrastructure. inclined to pursue natural philosophy.
④ In certain areas, the technical advancements of early river
【 16 – 17 】 다음 글을 읽고 추론할 수 없는 것을 2개 고르면? civilizations significantly surpassed those of ancient Greece.
16.〔3.2점〕 ⑤ The allocation of social capital in many early cultures reveals the
centrality of religious practices.
How are category judgments made when they don’t rely on
typicality? As an approach to this question, let’s think through an
example. Consider a lemon. Paint the lemon with red and white
【 18 – 19 】 다음 글을 읽고 추론할 수 있는 것을 2개 고르면?
stripes. Is it still a lemon? Most people say that it is. Now, inject 18.〔3.2점〕
the lemon with sugar water, so it has a sweet taste. Then, run over The processes of state formation and the centralization of
the lemon with a truck, so that it’s flat as a pancake. What have we government in early modern Europe involved the use of increasing
got at this point? Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, flattened amounts of information. Historians have noted the rise of what the
lemon? Or do we have a non-lemon? Most people still accept this Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms
poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but consider what this judgment
of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports,
involves. We’ve taken steps to make this object more and more
issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is
distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific
variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state
lemon you’ve ever encountered. But this seems not to shake your
- now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.
faith that the object remains a lemon. To be sure, we have a
This process may be described as the rise of ‘bureaucracy’ in the
not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a
lemon. Apparently, something can be a lemon with virtually no original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its
resemblance to other lemons. officials. These officials both issued and followed written orders and
recorded these orders in their files, together with the reports on the
① Category judgments are exclusively based on the physical political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.
characteristics of an object.
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler
② An object that is sweetened, compressed, and visually
sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in
transformed with stripes may nevertheless still be classified
the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.
as a lemon by the majority.

4/8
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① The development of bureaucratic governance, driven by the unhelpful tendencies that can do serious damage to the companies and
increasing use of written communication, occurred simultaneously causes they seek to promote. Just as in every other field, there are
across all early modern European states. rules to good, effective communication. ⑤ These rules may not be as
② The bureaucratic shift reduced rulers' direct involvement in both inflexible and absolute as those against speeding or avoiding your
domestic and international affairs, delegating most decision-making taxes, but they’re just as important if you wish to arrive safely at
power to officials. your destination with money in your pocket.
③ The transformation to a document-based governance system
diminished the influence of monarchs and led to a decentralization 【 21 – 23 】 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것을 2개
of political authority.
고르면?
④ In the passage, the term "bureaucracy" is used in its original
21.〔2.8점〕
sense, referring to the rule of offices and officials, characterized
by systematic procedures and written documentation. The bear not only knows where and when to find food, he also
⑤ The expansion of administrative documentation in early modern knows when to retreat to his den to ride out a challenging time.
Europe laid a foundation for the emergence of today’s digital Like the bear, we sometimes feel a need to retreat from the world,
governance structures. particularly after periods of stress. When we feel this bear-like
urge to carve out restorative time to “hibernate,” we should think of
19.〔3.2점〕 ① it as the sensible impulse of our inner bear. We might consider
② withdrawing from some social activities to take stock of our lives,
Most organizations and leaders get into trouble in the
start a creative project, plan a trip, or plant seeds of thought that
implementation phase of the leadership process. With self-serving
will hopefully spring up and come to fruition in the future. However,
leaders at the helm, the traditional hierarchical pyramid is kept alive
we also need to remember ③ what bears come out of their dens
and well. When that happens, who do people think they work for?
once spring arrives. ④ Spend too much time in isolation can deprive
The people above them. The minute you think you work for the
us of connection with and inspiration from the outside world. It’s
person above you for implementation, you are assuming that person
best to balance the urge to retreat for restoration with the
- your boss - is responsible and your job is being responsive to
opportunity ⑤ to be revitalized by all that the world has to offer.
that boss and to his or her whims or wishes. Now “boss watching”
becomes a popular sport and people get promoted on their
upward-influencing skills. As a result, all the energy of the 22.〔2.8점〕
organization is moving up the hierarchy, away from customers and The primary goal of replication is ① to determine the extent
the frontline folks who are closest to the action. What you get is a which an observed relationship generalizes across different tests of
duck pond. When there is a conflict between what the customers the research hypothesis. However, ② just because a finding does not
want and what the boss wants, the boss wins. You have people generalize does not mean it is not interesting or important. Indeed,
quacking like ducks: “It’s our policy.” “I just work here.” “Would you science proceeds by discovering limiting conditions for previously
like me to get my supervisor?” demonstrated relationships. ③ Few relationships hold in all settings
and for all people. Scientific theories are modified over time as
① Under self-interested leaders, traditional hierarchies cultivate a more information about their limitations is discovered. As an
culture in which accountability to customers is often overshadowed example, ④ one of the interesting questions in research investigating
by the need to satisfy superiors.
the effects of exposure to violent material on aggression concern the
② Organizations with horizontal leadership structures completely
fact that although it is well known that the viewing of violence
eliminate all inefficiencies typically associated with hierarchical
tends to increase aggression on average, this does not happen for all
systems.
people. So ⑤ it is extremely important to conduct participant
③ Decentralization of authority naturally guarantees that all
replications to determine which people will, and which will not, be
organizational energy is directed toward customer satisfaction.
influenced by exposure to violent material.
④ Frontline employees are often empowered to resolve customer
issues autonomously in traditionally structured organizations.
⑤ In self-serving leadership structures, employees are more likely 23.〔2.8점〕
to focus on managing impressions upward than on addressing the ① The complexity of human intervention in nature means that the
needs of customers or frontline operations. ecosystems have had to adapt - or in many cases die out. Ancient
woodland exists only in small pieces in Britain now. Many of these
20. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것을 고르면?〔2.5점〕 remnants are enclosed in nature reserves and national parks. They

Rules govern our daily lives. ① Some of these rules are explicit, need specific protection. ② New habitats have been created with their
imposed by government: “obey the speed limit,” “no parking,” “April 15 own ecosystems. ③ The urbanization of the landscape and the creation
is tax day.” But most are informal, often unspoken cultural norms — of road and railway corridors have given us the garden habitats which

rules of politeness, rules of conduct in the business world, rules of many species thrive. ④ Motorway roadsides with higher salt deposits
interaction between people. Most are ② commonly understood traditions support salt-loving plants otherwise to find along the coast. Roads
that have built up over time, habits are so ordinary that we usually provide abundant road-kill for scavengers. ⑤ These may be poor
don’t even think about them. Unfortunately, ③ some involuntary habits substitutes for what they replace, but they are habitats that can add
and subconscious conventions are not positive or productive. American more if properly managed. The natural environment we may seek to

business and political communication is rife ④ with bad habits and conserve is the natural environment we have in part created.

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【 24 – 26 】 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 environment. For example, forward-looking cameras and


적절하지 않은 것은? forward-looking radar systems can judge the distance to vehicles in
24.〔2.5점〕 front of a driver. Computations that measure this information over
time reveal changes in distance. This information can be used to alert
Publication bias means that the size of an effect could be ①exaggerated
a driver when the change in distance for a given vehicle speed is
for many behavioral phenomena reported in the peer-reviewed literature.
rapid enough to suggest a collision might take place. That information
For example, suppose you read a few studies showing that a new
is important, but it is only valuable if the driver acts on it. (Unless,
behavioral therapy for depression significantly reduces symptoms of
of course, the vehicle itself acts on it without driver intervention.)
depression in patients. If a researcher tests the effectiveness of this same
The key here is that the driver must have the ability to pay attention
behavioral therapy and finds no effect, it is likely that any peer-reviewed
to the information for the information to have value to the driver. If
journal will ②decline the manuscript, so you will never find it or read
the driver is distracted by a phone, for example, they might fail to
about it. It is therefore possible that the effectiveness of this therapy is
process the important information the vehicle is presenting.
overstated because studies failing to ③demonstrate an effect are not
included in the published peer-reviewed literature. Researchers stated that ① criticism ② imagination
“scientific progress is made by trusting the bulk of current knowledge,” ③ conscience ④ awareness
and the publication bias ④undermines this trust. Keep in mind that while ⑤ patience
positive results reported in the peer-reviewed literature can certainly be
trusted, also take caution in knowing that many unfavorable results may
28.〔2.6점〕
not be ⑤excluded in your search.
The bird songs we hear every day are more than beautiful. They serve
a practical purpose. Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find their
25.〔2.6점〕 flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn others about predators, and
Plants are not set pieces in our human drama, they are characters for countless other functions. For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers
with ① unique experiences and needs. Like us, they are capable of recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black
affection, care, and suffering. While we can (and do) dismiss the moral heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs,
importance of plant experiences, to pretend that they don’t exist is a just as humans do in their speech. Syntax is crucial to language. For
very dangerous form of ② regard. Our cold, utilitarian approach to example, if you say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is clear. But not
reducing climate change has so far been largely ineffectual. To bring real even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.”
change, we need to learn to see plants as independent, intrinsically Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could string together
valuable, ③ sentient beings - not mere tools for our own human such vocalizations. The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal
flourishing. Our welfare is deeply ④ resting on the welfare of plants, and apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to
the best way for us to make sense of this is by reminding ourselves that combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound —
they are persons. They have just as much of a right to clean water, that does. To instruct other members of his flock to scan for predators, or
healthy soil, and a liveable atmosphere as the rest of us, and this needs to attract a mate, a great tit must ______________________________ — if the
to be remembered when we consider the ⑤ ethical dimensions of climate notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
change.
① produce notes in unexpected patterns
② vary the volume of his song dynamically
26.〔2.6점〕 ③ sing several distinct notes in the correct order
A signature trait of immigrant parents that has been found across ④ deliver each song with its own unique rhythm
socioeconomic groups and countries of origin is that first-generation ⑤ copy the exact sounds of different bird species
immigrant parents place a high value on the ① scholastic achievement of
their adolescent children. Immigrant parents tend to view earning good
29.〔2.5점〕
grades, finishing high school, and attending college as the primary means
through which their children can gain a ② foothold that enables them to Other people’s reactions can influence whether any one individual
succeed in their country of destination. Compared to native-born parents decides to help. No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case
with similar education levels, ③ immigrant parents have been found to that may not be an emergency after all. In fact, people sometimes
hold deep educational longings for their children. Immigrant adolescents fail to act because they fear appearing foolish in front of others. So
④ internalize their parents’ values regarding the importance of education we usually keep calm and check to see what others present are
and tend to study more and devote more effort to their schoolwork than doing. Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they
do nonimmigrant adolescents. During adolescence, immigrants’ peer check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that help is not
groups often become more segregated from nonimmigrants’ peer groups, needed or that norms make helping inappropriate. In one series of
with the immigrant adolescents ⑤ discouraging their peers’ academic studies, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour into a laboratory
achievement, particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status) room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires. When
adolescents. the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon
led them to seek help. But when two confederates in the room
【 27 – 30 】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing. When
27.〔2.4점〕 people notice that bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, that
One example of information that has greatest value when it is in observation reduces the likelihood that they will help. Thus, one way
the ___________ of a human operator can be found in the context of that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by
driving. Vehicles today are designed with increasingly sophisticated _____________________________________.
sensor packages aimed at detecting a variety of aspects of the driving

6/8
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① suggesting that helping is contrary to norms rest of the planet, so the GCM part of the model can keep track of
② keeping others from taking unnecessary risks what is going on globally and exchange information with the
③ following the norms that would secure safety finer-scale regional climate model.
④ encouraging people to take notice of the rewards (C) As the planet gets warmer, high latitudes will warm faster than the
⑤ emphasizing that norms should be applied to everyone tropics. The Mediterranean will become drier, and the tropics will
be wetter. But this is like saying you should carry an umbrella in
30.〔2.5점〕 Spain because it is going to rain in Vietnam.

You know how people always tell you to “think outside the box”? Well, I ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
hate that expression. I get the broader meaning of the phrase: to look for ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
unexpected solutions that defy convention. Nothing wrong with that. But to
me, advertising is all about thinking INSIDE the box. And advertising is full
of boxes - or limitations, frameworks, and concrete realities. The budget is 33.〔2.6점〕
a box. The dimensions of the page are a box. The ingredients in the product
are a box. The most important box of all is the strategy. If you can come Emotions play powerful roles in health-related behaviors, motivating
up with a great creative idea that fits within the confines of the strategy, both current behavior and efforts to change future behavior, altering the
then you’re a genius. Come up with a great idea that’s wildly off the mark way we process health-related information and shaping health-related
and NOT strategic, then you’re an artist, not an advertiser. This is not to judgments and decisions.
say that you can’t wail against the box. Or try to change the dimensions of
the box. But at its very essence, advertising can only truly be advertising (A) However, attempts to add an emotional component to behavior change
when it is _________________. The cleverest among us realize that the interventions have focused almost exclusively on fear. Public service
greatest fun of advertising is seeing how far we can go with an idea, an announcements (PSAs) promoting behavior change (e.g., smoking
execution, a new media placement and still be in the box. cessation, healthy diet) routinely present frightening facts and images in
an effort to scare the viewer into adopting a healthier lifestyle.
① breaking new ground (B) Although fear appeals are highly memorable, they are effective in
② experience of an audience promoting behavior change only if they also boost self-efficacy so
③ a clear outgrowth of the box viewers believe they are able to do whatever is needed to avoid the
④ inspired by other types of boxes dangerous outcome; otherwise, they simply tune out the message.
⑤ a challenge to existing conventions Because a typical viewer has already tried several times to make the
change in question and failed, this is a substantial challenge.
【 31 – 32 】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? (C) After many years in which theoretical models of health behavior — and
31.〔2.4점〕 intervention efforts based on these models — emphasized knowledge,
In local communities where they know each other well, speakers and beliefs, attitudes, and self-efficacy, emotions are increasingly
listeners are able, for the most part, to draw on knowledge of overlapping recognized as playing a crucial role.
language habits to converse or argue about moral and political issues. ① This
may still be the case, to some extent, when communities of speakers who
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
engage regularly with one another in practical activities do not all speak the
same languages, or speak them equally fluently. ② Sometimes, however,
potential parties to a verbal exchange find themselves sharing little more than 34. 〔2.5점〕
physical proximity to one another. ③ The fact that physical contact has such
Uncertainty about what tool or procedure to use, and the risk that
strong cultural meanings shows that it’s a vital element of non-verbal
communication around the world. ④ Such situations arise when members of results are not what they appear to be, are problems common to all
communities with radically different language traditions and no history of the scientific disciplines.
previous contact with one another come face to face and are forced to
(A) Waffling is annoying when you are trying to make decisions on the
communicate. ⑤ There is no way to predict the outcome of such enforced
basis of the scientific information that comes your way. However, if a
contact on either speech community, yet from these new shared experiences,
new technique is the source of the uncertainty, time and future
new forms of practice, including a new form of language - pidgin - may
experiments will confirm or disconfirm its usefulness and clear up
develop.
uncertainty.
(B) The development of new tools allows scientists to answer questions
【 32 – 34 】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
they could not answer in the past, and the answers to those questions
32.〔2.6점〕 will lead to new questions, and so on. Therefore, new technologies and
procedures are crucial to the progress of science.
We are getting better at understanding the influence of
(C) At the same time, other scientists unfamiliar with a new tool may
humans on the global climate system.
express skepticism and call for others to replicate the experiments.
Because this skepticism often comes to us in the form of sound bites,
(A) To plan for and adapt effectively to climate change, we need
and because uncertainty about experimental tools is an aspect of
information about the future climate at much finer scales than
science that is not familiar to most people, even people with a
general circulation models (GCMs) can provide. To decide whether
bachelor’s degree in science, the skepticism may seem like waffling.
to put up a dike, move some houses, switch crops, or buy
insurance, we need data at scales of less than 100 kilometers.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
(B) One approach is to embed a finer-scale model of a particular area ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
of interest into a larger-scale GCM. No region is isolated from the

7/8
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35. 다음 글의 내용을 <보기>와 같이 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), ③ reduction …… hypothetical


(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?〔2.8점〕 ④ formulation …… analytic
⑤ classification …… experimental
The generalization, that adult exercise is modern, is kind of obvious.
Early farmers had to toil as hard as if not harder than hunter-gatherers,
and for the last few thousand years farmers primarily exercised, often 37.〔2.8점〕
through sports, to prepare for fighting. Ancient texts like The Iliad, We are able to speak and comprehend language with great skill despite its
paintings from pharaonic Egypt, and Mesopotamian carvings testify that quasiregularity - indeed, because of it. Communication requires shared
sports like wrestling, sprinting, and javelin throwing helped would-be knowledge, and so languages must be systematic rather than arbitrary.
warriors keep fit and hone combat skills. But not all exercise in the ancient However, the demands of comprehending and producing language require
world was combat related. If you were wealthy enough to attend one of the additional flexibility because speakers produce forms that deviate from
great Athenian schools of philosophy, you would have been advised to standard patterns and listeners must be able to comprehend them. Many
exercise as part of your physical education. Philosophers like Plato, shortcuts that promote fluent speech eventually enter the language, such as
Socrates, and Zeno of Citium preached that to live the best possible life, “gonna,” “hafta,” and “tryna,” which partially overlap with the source words.
one should exercise not only one’s mind but also one’s body. This idea is The product of these conflicting pressures is quasiregularity. These patterns
not just Western. Confucius and other prominent Chinese philosophers also can be mastered with extensive practice, which is easy to obtain if you’ve
taught that exercise was equally essential for physical and mental health grown up speaking a language and become a fluent reader. Mastering stress
and encouraged regular gymnastics and martial arts. patterns is much harder for people learning English as a second language, who
often exhibit “stress deafness.”
<보기>
Ancient people engaged in ___(A)___ activity, often through sports ⇩
used for combat training. Meanwhile, philosophers in both the West To use language effectively, speakers must balance its systematicity with
and East, such as Plato and Confucius, also promoted exercise as ___(A)___, and acquire ___(B)___ through sufficient exposure and practice.
essential for a ___(B)___ life, valuing its role in both physical and
(A) (B)
mental well-being.
① arbitrariness …… semiregular patterns
② precision …… irregular forms
(A) (B) ③ spontaneity …… full regularity
① calm …… biased ④ flexibility …… partially regular patterns
② physical …… disproportioned ⑤ ease …… syntactic rigidity
③ bland …… systematical
④ physical …… balanced
38.〔2.6점〕
⑤ bland …… healthy
On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in
predicting and explaining the world seems to justify relying on it and
【 36– 38 】 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
bestowing extraordinary power to scientific institutions (especially in the
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
form of public funding). On the other hand, the dominant societal position
36.〔2.8점〕 of science risks marginalizing alternative forms of knowledge acquisition.
In addition to changing a hypothesis by being more specific about which It’s not clear that there still is a fair competition between science and its
amounts of one variable had what effect, you can change a hypothesis by alternatives; and it’s not straightforward that science has to prove its
being more specific about which aspect of a variable had what effect. Thus, if epistemic superiority in the 21st century in a way comparable to the
your hypothesis involves a general construct, you may be able to improve your period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries). This is Paul
hypothesis by breaking that multidimensional construct down into its individual Feyerabend’s major argument in Science in a Free Society, which he
dimensions and then making hypotheses involving those individual components. casts as: “today science prevails not because of its comparative merits,
For example, rather than hypothesizing that love will increase over time, you but because the show has been rigged in its favour.” So, Feyerabend
might hypothesize that certain aspects of love (commitment, intimacy) will insists, the fact that science has been the most appropriate means for
increase over time, whereas other parts (passionate love) will not. Similarly, addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant that it’s also the most
rather than saying that stress will interfere with memory, you might try to reliable form of knowledge acquisition for our current and future
find what part of memory is most affected by stress. Is it encoding, rehearsal, problems.
organization, or retrieval? The component strategy has paid off for social
psychologists who have broken down prejudice into its conscious and ⇩
unconscious dimensions and for personality psychologists who have broken Although science has been successful in addressing past problems, Paul
down global (overall) self-esteem into different types (body self-esteem, Feyerabend argues that (A) and that it should not be
academic self-esteem, social self-esteem, etc.). assumed (B) in dealing with present and future issues.

(A) (B)

① its role is growing it has no limits
To refine general hypotheses, researchers often perform conceptual
____(A)____ and apply a(n) ____(B)____ strategy to generate more ② it deserves its power it can solve every problem
precise conclusions. ③ its success is undeniable it will always prevail
④ its dominance is deserved its methods are flawless
(A) (B) ⑤ its dominance is unjustified it is always the best option
① repetition …… comparative
② segmentation …… component - 끝-

8/8
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