LECTURE-10
INDUCTION AND INDUCTANCE
Experiment:
1. A current appears only if there is relative motion
between the loop and the magnet (one must move
relative to the other); the current disappears when the
relative motion between them ceases.
2. Faster motion produces a greater current.
3. If moving the magnet’s north pole toward the loop
causes, say, clockwise current, then moving the north
pole away causes counterclockwise current. Moving the
south pole toward or away from the loop also causes
currents, but in the reversed directions.
• The current produced in the loop is called an
induced current; the work done per unit charge to
produce that current (to move the conduction
electrons that constitute the current) is called an
induced emf; and the process of producing the
current and emf is called induction.
Faraday’s Law of Induction:
• An emf is induced in the loop at the left in the figures when the number of
magnetic field lines that pass through the loop is changing.
• To put Faraday’s law to work, we need a way to calculate the amount of magnetic
field that passes through a loop.
Φ! = # 𝐵 % 𝑑 𝐴⃗
Φ! = 𝐵𝐴
𝐵┴𝐴 and 𝐵 is uniform
• The SI unit for magnetic flux is the tesla–square meter, which is called the
weber (abbreviated Wb):
1 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑊𝑏 = 1 𝑇 % 𝑚"
• The magnitude of the emf induced in a conducting loop is equal to the rate
at which the magnetic flux through that loop changes with time.
• Faraday’s law:
𝑑Φ!
ℰ=−
𝑑𝑡
• For a coil of n turns:
𝑑Φ!
ℰ = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
• We can change the magnetic flux through a coil:
1. Change the magnitude B of the magnetic field within the coil.
2. Change either the total area of the coil or the portion of that area that lies
within the magnetic field (for example, by expanding the coil or sliding it
into or out of the field).
3. Change the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the
plane of the coil (for example, by rotating the coil so that field is first
perpendicular to the plane of the coil and then is along that plane).
Lenz’s Law:
• Induced current:
ℰ#$%
𝑖=
𝑅
• An induced current has a direction such that the magnetic field due to the
current opposes the change in the magnetic flux that induces the current.
About 1820 the Danish physicist Oersted noticed that a wire carrying an electric
current produced a magnetic field. It occurred to Michael Faraday to ask the
converse question: Is a current produced by a magnetic field in the vicinity of a
wire? The answer he found is yes, but only if the field is changing by time.
Faraday saw that when a closed conducting loop (see the figure below), is in a
region containing a static magnetic field (i.e., a magnetic field independent of time)
the voltmeter will show zero volt. In other words, the current in the loop is zero and
so is the potential difference between the ends of the loop.
On the other hand, if the magnetic field is not static (i.e., its value depends on time)
the voltmeter will show a non-zero voltage. The non-zero voltage shows that there
exists a current flowing in the loop. Namely, there is a potential difference between
the ends of the loop, which is called INDUCED electromotive force, 𝑒𝑚𝑓 defined as
where 𝐴 is the area of the loop and 𝜃 is the angle between 𝐵 and a perpendicular
plane of the loop.
In a sense, then, flux is the “amount” of magnetic field which goes straight through
the loop. The direction of the perpendicular, which determines 𝜃 and the sign of the
flux, is given by an arbitrary rule: Imagine standing on the surface and walking
around the loop with the inside of the loop to your left. The perpendicular points
from your feet toward your head. If the loop is part of a complete circuit, so that
current flow, an additional magnetic flux will be produced by the induced current.
The negative sign in Faraday’s law tell us that the flux produced by the induced
current opposes the change in the external flux. This result is called Lenz’s law, and
often provides an easy way to find the direction of the induced current or voltage.
Inside a long solenoid, the magnetic field is calculated as
where 𝐼! is the amplitude of the current flowing through the windings, 𝑛" is the
number of windings per unit length of the big solenoid and 𝑓 is the frequency of the
function generator. Therefore, when an induction coil (small solenoid) of n2
windings, each of area A is put inside the solenoid, the induced 𝑒𝑚𝑓 in the coil is
The relation between induced 𝑒𝑚𝑓 and output of the current, 𝐼 = 𝐼! cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 , can
be written as
On the small solenoid there is a ∅ symbol. Here, ∅ indicates the diameter, in
millimeter, of the small solenoid. In order to find the cross-sectional area, 𝐴 (in 𝑚 # ),
of the induction coil, one can use the following formula
Problem-1:
A uniform magnetic field is given by 𝐵 = 𝐵& 𝑒 '(% . A circular loop of wire of
radius 𝑟 containing a resistance 𝑅, is placed with its plane normal to the field.
a) Find the magnetic flux through the loop.
b) Determine the emf induced in the loop.
c) Calculate the induced current in the loop.
d) Find the direction of the induced current.
a)
∅! = ∫ 𝐵 % 𝑑𝐴⃗ = ∫ 𝐵𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Direction of 𝐵 is −𝑘1 and direction of 𝑑𝐴⃗ is 𝑘1 so 𝜃 = 180°, cos 180° = −1
Area of a circle is 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 "
∅! = −𝐵𝐴 = −𝐵#𝑒 $%& 𝜋𝑟 "
b) There is only one loop, 𝑁 = 1
'∅! ' '
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝑁 '&
= −1 '& −𝐵#𝑒 $%& 𝜋𝑟 " = 𝐵#𝜋𝑟 " '& 𝑒 $%&
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝐵#𝜋𝑟 " −𝑎𝑒 $%& = −𝐵#𝜋𝑟 "𝑎𝑒 $%&
c)
𝑒𝑚𝑓 −𝐵#𝜋𝑟 "𝑎𝑒 $%& 𝐵#𝜋𝑟 "𝑎𝑒 $%&
𝑖= = =
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
d)
𝑒𝑚𝑓 < 0, 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Problem-2:
Answer:
Problem-3:
A coil of 𝑛 turns, having a radius 𝑟 and a resistance 𝑅, is placed in a
magnetic field given by 𝐵 = 𝐵# sin 𝜔𝑡 directed perpendicular from the
plane of the coil. Using Faraday’s law,
• Find the magnetic flux through the coil.
• Find the induced emf in the coil.
• Find the induced current and its direction at 𝑡 = 0.
Problem-4:
One circular loop of radius 𝑟 and resistance 𝑅 is placed in a magnetic field
given by 𝐵 = 𝐵# cos 𝜔𝑡 directed perpendicularly to the plane of the
loop. Using Faraday’s law,
• Find the magnetic flux through the loop.
• Find the induced emf in the circular loop.
• Find the induced current and its direction at 𝑡 = 0.
Problem-5:
𝑁 = 100 𝑊𝑑𝑔 solenoid of radius 𝑟 = 0.1 𝑚 is in a uniform magnetic
field, with its plane perpendicular to the direction of the field, as seen
in the figure. The magnetic field varies with time according to 𝐵 𝑡 =
3𝑡 ) + 3𝑡 ", where 𝑡 is in seconds.
Calculate the magnetic flux through the solenoid.
Calculate the emf induced in it at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠.
If the resistance is 𝑅 = 12 Ω, what is the induced current?
Problem-6:
Calculate the magnetic field produced by the solenoid of length 70 𝑐𝑚, if the number
of turns in the coil is 320 and the current passing through on it is 12 𝐴.
