Eastern Orthodoxy: History, Beliefs, and
Influence
Introduction
Eastern Orthodoxy is one of the three major branches of Christianity, alongside Roman
Catholicism and Protestantism. With its deep historical roots, theological richness, and distinct
traditions, it remains a vital force in global Christianity.
Tracing its origins to the early Church and the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Orthodoxy
developed separately from Roman Catholicism following the Great Schism of 1054. This lesson
explores its formation, theology, worship practices, key historical moments, and its role in
contemporary religious life.
The Foundations of Eastern Orthodoxy
The Early Church and Apostolic Traditions
Christianity emerged in the first century AD, with Jesus Christ as its foundation. His disciples
spread the Gospel, forming early Christian communities throughout the Roman Empire.
By the second century, bishops held authority over regional churches, and Christian doctrine
solidified through ecumenical councils. The most influential were:
1. Council of Nicaea (325 AD) – Defined the doctrine of the Trinity and condemned
heresies.
2. Council of Constantinople (381 AD) – Reinforced the Nicene Creed.
3. Council of Chalcedon (451 AD) – Defined Christ as having two natures (divine and
human).
These councils shaped Orthodox theology, which remains unchanged to this day.
The Role of the Byzantine Empire
After Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 AD, the faith flourished. In 330 AD,
he moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople, which became the religious and
political heart of Eastern Christianity.
Unlike the Western Church (centered in Rome), the Byzantine Church developed with:
Greek influences in worship and theology.
A strong connection between the Emperor and the Church.
Icons and sacred art as central elements of spirituality.
This distinct cultural and theological development laid the groundwork for Eastern Orthodoxy.
The Great Schism (1054 AD)
The official split between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism occurred in 1054 AD.
The division stemmed from:
Differences in papal authority (Orthodox rejected the Pope's supremacy).
Theological disputes, such as the Filioque controversy (Orthodoxy rejected Rome’s
addition to the Nicene Creed).
Cultural and political tensions between Byzantine and Latin traditions.
After the Schism, the Orthodox Church remained independent, forming a communion of
autocephalous (self-governing) churches, such as the Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox,
and Serbian Orthodox Churches.
Theology and Beliefs of Eastern Orthodoxy
Core Doctrines
Orthodox Christianity shares foundational Christian beliefs but has distinctive theological
principles:
1. Holy Trinity – Believes in one God in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
2. Incarnation – Jesus Christ is fully God and fully human.
3. Sacraments – Believes in seven sacraments, including Baptism, Eucharist, and
Chrismation.
4. Salvation through Theosis – Humans strive for union with God (Theosis) through faith
and good works.
5. Sacred Tradition – Doctrine is based on Scripture and Church traditions, including
the teachings of the Church Fathers.
Orthodoxy focuses on mystical theology, emphasizing God’s divine presence rather than
systematic doctrines.
Worship and Liturgy
Orthodox worship is deeply symbolic and liturgical, following ancient traditions.
Divine Liturgy – The Eucharistic service, primarily based on Saint John Chrysostom's
liturgy.
Use of Icons – Icons are not worshiped but serve as sacred windows to heaven.
Chanting and Hymns – Music plays a vital role in Orthodox prayer.
Fasting and Feasts – Orthodox Christians observe Lenten fasting and celebrate
religious festivals such as Pascha (Easter).
Worship is communal and reverent, with services often lasting over two hours.
Major Historical Moments in Orthodox Christianity
The Fall of Constantinople (1453 AD)
The fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Empire marked a turning point. The Greek Orthodox
Church remained under Ottoman rule, while Russia became the new center of Eastern
Orthodoxy.
Expansion of Russian Orthodoxy
Russia embraced Orthodoxy in 988 AD, when Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted his kingdom.
Over time, Moscow became known as the "Third Rome," preserving Orthodox traditions after
Byzantium’s fall.
During the Soviet era, Orthodoxy faced persecution, but after Communism collapsed, the
Russian Orthodox Church experienced revival.
Orthodoxy in Modern Times
Orthodox Christianity remains a major force in:
Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and the Middle East.
Western nations, where Orthodox immigrants bring traditions to new communities.
Interfaith dialogues, bridging gaps between Catholicism and Protestantism.
The Orthodox Church has resisted modern secular influences, keeping its teachings largely
unchanged for centuries.
Conclusion
Eastern Orthodoxy is a faith rich in tradition, theology, and worship. From its early formation
through the Byzantine Empire to modern-day religious practice, it remains one of the most
enduring Christian traditions.
Its emphasis on spiritual depth, sacred tradition, and theosis makes it distinct yet deeply
connected to the broader Christian world. Understanding Orthodoxy provides insight into the
diversity and depth of Christian belief.
