Pakistan Studies

For

DEGREE (UNDERGRADUATE) CLASSES

Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Siddique

Credit Hours: 2 (2-0)

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CHAPTER-1

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. The Muslims of India had
sacrificed their wealth honour & life to make a Pakistan reality. Struggle for
attainment of Pakistan started very after the war of independence 1857.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

After the war of Independence the Muslims were greatly pressed by the
Hindus as well as the British. Social, political and economical conditions of the
Muslims were totally changed. That is why they demanded for a separate
state of their own. Following were the Aims & Objectives that led to the
creation of Pakistan.

SETTING UP OF A FREE ISLAMIC SOCIETY

The main objective of the creation of Pakistan was to establish a free Islamic
Society having its own identity and government, practicing its own social
principles and religion and inviting the Muslims of the world, particularly and
others generally to adopt the Islamic way of life.

PROTECTION FROM COMMUNAL RIOTS

The communal Riots on every other day made it clear that the Hindus could
monopolies the politics after the departure of The British. The lives of Muslims
could never be safe in the united India. The Hindu organizations had again
and again asserted that Hindu Raj would be imposed on India after the
independence. So to get rid of these atrocities the Muslims demanded their
separate state.

SOCIAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIMS

After the war of Independence 1857, the social environment was totally
changed. The Muslims were scared of the caste system and other
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discriminations. They could enjoy neither political nor social liberties;
therefore, they preferred to have a separate homeland in which they could live
according to the teachings of Islam.

PROTECTION OF MUSLIM LANGUAGE

The Hindus did the best to replace Urdu by Hindi. But they did not succeed
during British period. If South Asia had got freedom without partition, the
Hindu majority could very easily declare Hindi, the official and national
language. The Hindu government could wipe out all signs of Muslim culture;
therefore, the Muslims had no choice except putting a demand for Pakistan.

PROTECTION OF TWO NATION THEORY

The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves and they were
determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come. The Muslims
believe in separate religion, practice different traditions, and have their own
history and their cultural heritage. Their claim was absolutely true. It was their
right to keep their separate entity alive and to enjoy all human rights. This was
not possible in undivided India.

ESTABLISHMENT OF ISLAMIC STATE

Islam is a complete code of life. The Muslims wanted to implement the system
practically. This could not be attained in United India therefore, they passed a
resolution and demanded an Islamic state in the North East and North West of
South Asia.

SETTING UP OF TRUE ISLAMIC SOCIETY

Islam upholds the golden principles of freedom, justice, brotherhood and
equality but living for centuries with the Hindu community, the Muslims were
gradually ignoring, consciously or unconsciously, these principles. Islam gives
guidance for individual as well as collective life. It has its own principles such
as ban on usuary, gambling, to refrain from all unlawful means of income and
expenditure. Again extravagance is regarded devilish. The rights of the
neighbours are stressed which results in social security to all. God-fearing and
belief in the Hereafter are the basis for the social life of the Muslims.

DREAM OF MUSLIMS TO GET FREEDOM

Due to the ill treatment of Hindus and British the Muslims also wanted to get
freedom and established their own Govt. in the sub continent because the
freedom is right of every nation and the country. For this reason they
demanded Pakistan.

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NARROW MINDEDNESS OF HINDUS
The Hindu community’s narrow mindedness could be gauged from the fact
that they do not feel ashamed of idol worship during the 20th century even.
The women are considered slaves. They do not recognize the right of second
marriage for the widow. They consider themselves much superior to the
people of their own race. The Hindus declare a thing polluted if it has been
touched by a Muslim. There was a concept of caste systems in the Hindus
itself. There was only one way of Muslim’s deliverance from such a narrow-
minded and prejudiced community, and that was a separate state comprising
the provinces of Muslim majority, and as such they demanded a separate
homeland.

TO GET RID FROM THE BRITISH

After the war of independence (1857), the British maltreated the Muslims.
Political rights of the Muslims were snatched. Doors of new jobs were closed
and also the Muslims were deprived of their jobs and were deprived of their
property (estates). There was no social status for the Muslims. So they
demanded separate homeland.

ATTAINMENT OF PEACEFUL ATMOSPHERE

After the establishment of prejudiced Shuddhi and Sangthan movements, riots
occurred here and there. They extinguished the fire of revenge by
dishonouring the mosques or attacking Moharram processions. The daily
increase in riots had given a warning to the Muslims. It is rightly remarked that
the last 25 years were spent in Hindu-Muslim civil war. Its cure was no other
than the creation of Pakistan in the Muslim majority provinces so that the daily
occurrences of riots may come to an end. The Muslims may enjoy the
peaceful conditions in a separate state of their own.

ISLAMIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

Success of congress in elections of 1937 and capturing the leadership was an
enough proof that the Hindus wanted to demolish Muslim civilization and
culture. Every now and then plans were made to destroy the Muslim’s
religious values. The breeding of cows and to worship them was the culture of
Hindustan. The Hindu community was planning to prevail upon Muslims in
their customs and festivals. The Muslim festivals were interfered whereas the
Hindu festivals of Diwali, Lorhis, Dasehra were celebrated with great pomp
and show. In short, if India were not divided, this country would have become
a pure Hindu State and the next generation of Muslims would have been
Muslim only by name, but it would have been impossible for the Muslims to
follow Islam practically.

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DELIVERANCE FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION
The Hindus community was not contented with the political rule; it was
determined to worsen the condition of the minorities economically. But
especially they wanted to take revenge from the Muslims for their past
defeats. Under the support of the English, the Hindus were made the owners
of the land. They were encouraged in trade and commerce also. Only the
trade of hydes and skins remained with the Muslims. They were encouraged
in the trade of shining nature, or some factory, and that belonged to a
Muslims, they started cut throat competitions. So after being disheartened the
Muslims had to leave the factory or trade. The Muslims had seen this state of
affairs for years till they reached the conclusion that where the problems were
settled by the votes of majority, it was hardly possible to live along with the
prejudiced and cruel Hindu majority. The sole aim of the Hindus was to re-
convert the Muslims to Hinduism and absorb them in that religion. So there
was no room left for the Muslims except demanding a separate independent
homeland, for themselves.

TO GET-RID FROM CONGRESS

All Indian National congress established by A.O.Hume in 1885 in Bombay.
The main objective of the establishment of Indian national congress was to
provide such a political plate form to the Indians, where they gathered and
putted the suggestions in front of the government. But in a very short period of
time congress became a Hindu party and it worked only for the interest of the
Hindu`s so the Muslims demanded Pakistan to save their rights in the
subcontinent.

PROTECTION OF ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF SOVEREIGNTY

Muslims of the subcontinent wanted to establish the Islamic state in the
subcontinent according to the Islam where they establish Islamic concept of
Sovereignty. In an Islamic state all the rights belong to ALLAH. The supreme
power in Islam is Allah almighty and the source of law is Holy Quran and
Sunnah but in the subcontinent there was a British rule and there was no any
Islamic concept of sovereignty. So the Muslim of subcontinent created
Pakistan to establish Islamic Government in the sub-continent.

TO GET RID FROM RAM RAJ (HINDU RAJ)

The Muslims were the rulers for almost 1000 years and Hindus were there
ruled. After the war of independence 1857, the British became the rulers of the
sub continental Muslims and the Hindus became their ruled nation. After the
British Government Hindus wanted to establish their own Government in the

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subcontinent. (Hindu Raj) But the Muslims did not afford it. That was why the
Muslims created the Pakistan to get rid the Hindu Raj.

FORTRESS OF ISLAM
Establishment of Pakistan was not a local or territorial demand but Muslims of
the subcontinent wanted the creation of Pakistan for the development of Islam
and Islamic values in Pakistan. Allama Iqbal gave the concept of Pakistan and
Quaid-e-Azam founded Pakistan for the same purpose. After the
establishment of Pakistan a lot of Muslim leaders declared Pakistan “Fortress
of Islam”.

NATIONAL UNITY
Muslims are a separate nation. They had their own religion, culture, language
and laws. In the sub continental Muslims and the Hindus remained to gather
under the same government and in the same country but they did not
cooperate with each other. There were differences on the base of religion,
coulor, cast and language in the sub continental in the different nations. But
the Muslims wanted to remain united because this is message of the Islam.

ESTABLISHMENT OF ISLAMIC DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

After the war of independence, the British Government established his own
system that is called British democratic system but the Muslims have their
own democratic system which is base of Islam. Muslim of the subcontinent
wanted to establish such a state, which is based on Islamic Principles where
the Muslims follow Islamic rules and regulations but it could not possible in the
subcontinent. So the Muslims demanded separate state for their own.

MUSLIM UNITY
Muslims were dispersed in the 20th century especially after the failure of
Khilafat movement. The Muslims wanted to become united again because
unity is also the basic teaching of Islam. But the unity of the Muslim world
cannot be possible without the creation of Pakistan.

In short the Muslims demanded a separate state only because of their worse
conditions and to save their national integrity and religion.

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IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN & QUAID-E-AZAM

MUHAMMAD ALI JINAH

Pakistan is the only state that came into being on the bases of strong
ideology. Since its establishment it has been demanded to accomplish its
basic aim.

IDEOLOGY
The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective
objective of any nation is called Ideology.

OR

Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about
their future.

THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Muslims were a seprate nation on the basis of the Islamic Ideology. Islamic
ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan on the basis of fundaments of
Islam. These Islamic laws were in practice in the sub-continent for eleven
centuries.

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN & DIFFERENT SCHOLARS

Ideology of Pakistan is defined by the different sociologist as: -

SYED ALI ABBAS

Syed Ali Abbas former professor of history defined ideology of Pakistan as.
“Ideology of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have same meaning.
Actually ideology of Pakistan is the practical shape of the teachings of
Islam.”

DR. ASLAM SYED

Dr. Aslam Syed defined the ideology of Pakistan as:-

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“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and
collective lives according to Islam and also of saving from conflicting
ideologies.”

ALLAMA ALLAUD-DIN-SIDDIQUI
A well known scholar Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui defined ideology of Pakistan
as.
“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of implementation of Islamic
principles on persons, on groups & on government and Islam should be
stronger than the strongest forces (other religions) here”

QUAID-E-Azam AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Quaid-e-Azam was the liberator of the Muslim nation in Sub-Continent. He
struggled for the separate state on the bases of Islamic Ideology. He himself
explained this basic ideology. -

FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM NATION

Quaid-e-Azam said in March 1944 while addressing the student of Muslim
University Aligarh:-
“Pakistan came into being the very day when the first Hindu became a
Muslim.”

PAKISTAN AND THE HOLY QURAN

In the annual meeting of Muslim League in 1943 at Karachi Quaid-e-Azam
said while clarifying the relation of Pakistan and Islam:
“What is that relation which has made Muslim a single body? What is
that rock on which the structure of Muslim Nation is restored? What is
that base which has secured the safety of the boat of this Muslim
Nation? That relation, rock and base is the Holy Quran.”

ISLAM IS A COMPLETE CODE OF LIFE

While addressing the students, in March, 1944 he said:-
“Our guide is Islam and this is the complete code of our life. We neither
need any red or yellow flag nor do we need any Socialism.
Communism, Nationalism or any other ism”

ELIMINATION OF DIFFERENCES
On 21 March, 1948 while addressing the people in Dhaka and said:-
“I want not to see you to talk as a Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Bengali.
What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi, Sindhi or Pathan? We are
only Muslims.”

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NEED OF DIVISION OF INDIA
While addressing at Aligarh on March 8, 1944 he clarified the ideology of
Pakistan in these words:
“What was the motive of the demand for Pakistan and a separate
electorate for Muslims? What was the cause of the division of India? Its
cause is neither the narrow mindedness of Hindus nor the tactics of The
British but is the basic demand of Islam?”

NATIONAL IDENTITY OF THE MUSLIMS

In the light of the history of the subcontinent Quaid-e-Azam argued that
Muslims have never been a minority. They are a perfect nation and have the
right to establish an independent state in those areas where they are in
majority.

PAKISTAN, A PRACTICAL LABORATORY FOR ISLAMIC SYSTEM

While addressing the students of lslamia College, Peshawar on 13 January
1948 Quaid-e-Azam said,
“We did not demand Pakistan just to own a piece of land but we infact wanted
to have a Laboratory for experimenting the true teachings of Islam.”

PROTECTION OF MUSLIM CULTURE

Addressing the army officers, in October, 1947, Mr. Jinnah said,
“Our object was to create such a state where we can live freely, our
culture and civilization get flourished, and where Islamic concept of
social justice can flourish exactly.”

CRITICISM OF THE WESTERN ECONOMIC SYSTEM

On the eve of inaugurating the State Bank of Pakistan on 1 July 1948, the
Quaid said,
“The Economic system of west is creating unsolvable problems for
humanity. It has failed to provide justice to the people. We are to
present an economic system based on original Islamic concept equality
and social justice.”

A GREAT SUPPORTER OF THE TWO NATION THEORY

He was a great supporter of two-nation theory and he considered the Muslims
a separate nation from every aspect. He said:
“The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate
homeland. They can adopt any mean to promote and protect their
spiritual, moral, economic, social, political and cultural interests”.

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ORIGIN OF PAKISTAN
In his address at Ahmedabad on 29th December 1940 Quaid-e-Azam said,
“Pakistan existed from centuries. North West remained a homeland of
Muslims. Independent states of Muslims should be established in these
areas so that they might live according to the teachings of Islam”.

SEPARATE STATUS OF THE MUSLIMS

In his address at Lahore on 22rd March 1940 it was clearly mentioned,
“No Act or Law would be acceptable which deny the separate status of the
Muslims.”

DEMAND FOR THE SEPARATE HOMELAND

Quaid-e-Azam said in his presidential address at Lahore on 22rd March
about the demand of separate homeland for the Muslims as:
“Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions based on
totally different beliefs, and present the different ideologies. They
have different epics, different heroes and different history. Therefore,
the union of two nations is fatal for the sub-continent, because it is not
based on equality but on numerical minority and other as a majority. It
would be better for the British government to partition the sub-
continent by keeping in view the interests of the two nations. It will be
a correct decision religiously and historically”.

PROMOTION OF ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY

On 1st October 1947, while addressing the officers of the Government of
Pakistan, he said,
“Their mission is the establishment of a state where they could live like
free people in their own socio-cultural set up necessary for the
promotion of social justice and Islamic ideology”.

THE CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN

Quaid-e-Azam while talking to an American journalist said about the making of
constitution of Pakistan:-
“Pakistani constitution is yet to be made but I can say for sure that it
would be of democratic type and would consist of the basic principles of
Islam. These principles can be implemented on our practical life as they
were 1300 years ago. ”

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DESTINATION OF MUSLIMS
During the Congress rule from 1937 to 1939, the treatment to the Muslims
convinced them of their destination. Quaid-e-Azam in clear words said:-
“The Britain wants to rule India, Mr. Gandhi and the Congress want to
rule India and the Muslims. We say that we will not let either the Britain
or Mr. Gandhi to rule Muslims, we want to be free”

STRONG BELIEF OF MUSLIMS

Quaid-e-Azam had a strong belief in achieving his goal. He said:-
“We cannot be moved or diverted from our purpose and objective by
threats or intimidations. We must be prepared to face all difficulties and
consequences, make all the sacrifices that may be required of us to
achieve the goal we have set in front of us”

PAKISTAN & UNITED NATIONS

With the will of Allah, the Muslims were able to establish Pakistan. ON that
occasion, on 15th August, 1947 he said:-
“Muslims of India have shown to the world that they are a united nation,
their cause is just and righteous which cannot be denied. Let us, on this
day, humbly thank God for His bounty and pray that we might be able to
prove that we are worthy of it. This day marks the end of a painful
phase in our national history and it should also be the beginning of a
new and a noble era”.

NATIONAL UNITY
Quaid-e-Azam wanted to establish such a Pakistan which is strong & united
from every respect. Once he said after the creation of Pakistan:-
“The people who think that they will demolish Pakistan they are foolish
& not in their senses. There is no any power in the world who
demolishes Pakistan. The roots of Pakistan are very deep & strong”

In the light of above mentioned facts we can easily conclude that the Quaid-e-
Azam was truly aware of the basic demands of an Islamic state and he
struggled for it. According to his ideas Islam was the only base of The
Ideology of Pakistan.

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IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Ideology of Pakistan is, in reality, Ideology of Islam. Basic aim of creation of
Pakistan was to get a homeland free from paganism and conspiracies to
educate the Muslims of India and to mould their lives according to Islamic
Principles. When the Muslims of India forgot these golden Islamic Principles in
the greed of ruler ship, they lost the ruler ship. As the result Britishers and
Hindus started to rule over them. Under the British rule Hindus took revenge
of ruling one thousand years over them from Muslims in a very short period of
time. On that Muslims awoke from their dreams and they started to act upon
the Islamic Principles. Consequently they got a free and separate homeland
from Britishers and Hindus because of these Islamic Principles.

IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Importance of Ideology of Pakistan in the lives of Pakistanies is as under:

RIGHT OF SELF DETERMINATION

In the decent civilizations of the world, right of self-determination has got the
place of basic human right. The Muslim of sub-continent work hard for the
attainment of right of self-determination, on the base of this right the Muslim
demanded separate electorate in 1906 and this right was awarded to the
Muslim in 1909’s Minto Morley reforms.

PROTECTION OF THE MUSLIMS OF SUB-CONTINENT

Ideology of Pakistan saved the Muslim of the Sub-Continent. Because of the
ideology of Pakistan, the Muslims of India who had become a minority due to
the western democracy became a great nation.

CAUSE OF INDEPENDENCE OF MUSLIMS

Ideology of Pakistan is the cause of independence of Muslims. Because of the
ideology of Pakistan the Muslims of India got freedom and they got social

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betterment. In addition to that other nations like Sikhs, Hindus and
Christians had other benefits out of that.

ENDING OF HINDU MUSLIM TENSION

After the creation of Pakistan, Hindu Muslim tension which had been a part of
daily life ended. Along with that tension the events of terrorism also ended.
They both got peaceful atmosphere which is necessary for the development of
any society.

SECURITY OF THE MUSLIMS

The ideology of Pakistan is very important for the Muslim of the Sub-Continent
after the start of this theory the Muslims feel better and secured in the Sub-
Continent. The people who believe the ideology of Pakistan although belong
to different races and different areas, are united. Because of this natural unity,
they can defeat foreign conspiracies and enemies of Pakistan.

CHARACTER BUILDING
Ideology of Pakistan is a source of Character Building of the Muslims.
Ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic ideology and exemplary principles of
Islam. So due to the ideology of Pakistan we are able to establish the Islamic
society in Pakistan and we create the honesty, tolerance, bravery, equality,
fraternity & character building in Pakistan.

UNITY OF ISLAMIC WORLD

Ideology of Pakistan is laid down on the Islam. There is no any discrimination
on the base of colour cast, creed, state or a country in Islam and Pakistan is
obtained on the base of Ideology of Pakistan. So the unity of the Islamic world
is the key factor of the foreign policy of Pakistan and Pakistan tried his best to
create the harmony and unity of the Muslim World.

SOURCE OF POWER
Islam gave the concept of two nation theory in sub-continent and secured the
separate recognition of the Muslims in sub-continent. Two nation theory
protected the Muslims in the hour of need especially in British rule, that’s why
ideology of Pakistan is the source of power in the sub-continent on which base
the Muslims struggle hard for the attainment of Pakistan. Finally they succeed
to achieve Pakistan.

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FORMATION OF EXEMPLARY SOCIETY
The Muslims wanted to establish the exemplary society in the sub-continent
but this dream couldn’t be fulfill in the united India. Muslims of India had a
brilliant chance to build an exemplary society in Pakistan after the creation of
Pakistan. According to the constitution of Pakistan, government is responsible
for the security of basic human rights. This thing is necessary for an
exemplary society.

FREEDOM FROM HINDU BRITISH SOCIETY

After the death of Aurangzeb Allamgir the decline of the Muslim of the sub-
continent was started. In 1857 The British took-over the whole sub-continent
and Muslim became their ruled. In the 18th and 19th century The British
increased their efforts to spread Christianity and Hindus started to spread
Hinduism. Under these conditions the ideology of Pakistan saved them from
such spreading.

PROTECTION OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION & CULTURE

Right from the reign of Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, Hindus through their
“Bhagti Movement”, had been trying to deprive the Muslims of India from their
identity as a separate nation. After the war of Independence in 1857 Hindus &
the Britishers tried their best to demolish the Muslim Civilization and Culture
and the Muslims wanted to protect their culture. The protection of Muslim
Culture and Civilization is only possible under the ideology of Pakistan.

REASON OF HUMAN DIGNITY

The basic aim of creation of Pakistan was the formation of such state where
Muslims can live their individual and collective lives according to the principles
of Islam. In addition to that there they can make such a society where
courageous and morally high people dominate. This heightens the human
dignity. Creation of Pakistan fulfilled this aim.

SOURCE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSLIMS

Ideology of Pakistan is source of economic development of the Muslims,
because after the creation of Pakistan, Muslims got the freedom from the
British and Hindu landlords. The Muslims have full control on trade, services &
agriculture. Exploitation of Muslims of the sub-continent came to an end. And
they became strong economically.

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INDUSTRIAL AND MINERAL DEVELOPMENT
After the creation of Pakistan, Muslims used their capabilities in finding and
using the minerals blessed by God and made progress in the field of industry
and minerals.

ESTABLISHMENT OF WELFARE STATE

On the basis of ideology of Pakistan separate state for the Muslims was to be
established. In which they introduced democratic values, social system based
on Islam, justice & economic prosperity of the people which would led to the
Pakistan towards the welfare state.

SUCCESS FOR THE MUSLIMS

Ideology of Pakistan is the source of success for the Muslims in the world.
Due to the separate state, the Muslims became prosperous and they adopted
Islamic ways of life. They obey the Islamic principles and follow Islam and
start to spend of their lives according to Islam and introduced Islamic ethical
system which led to the success of the Muslims both in this word and the life
after the death.

COMMENTS
In short it is clear that ideology is the name of future planning. This is such a
reality which has the basic place in every man`s life. No nation can progress
fastly without any aim. This is the reason that God has made man superior
being and has given him an ideology which is called Islamic Ideology. As
Ideology of Pakistan is, in reality, Ideology of Islam so it is true to say that this
ideology is the guide of Muslims of Pakistan in every aspect of life.

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TWO NATION THEORY

TWO NATION THEORY

In the historical perspective of the sub-continent Two Nation Theory means
that despite living together in the same country, the Hindus and the Muslims
are two separate nations. Though the Muslims and the Hindus both have been
living together for centuries, yet they could not merge with each other.

BEGINNING OF TWO NATION THEORY

The history of two nation theory is as old as the history of man. According to
the holy Quran, the concept of one nation was produced before Adam. Quran
says:
َ ُ َْ ُ َ َ ٌ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ً ُ ِّ ِّ ُ َّ َ ْ َ َّ َ ً ‫اهب ُطوا منْ َها ََج‬ ْ َْ
﴾٣٨﴿ ‫اي فَل خ ْوف َعليْ ِه ْم َوَل ه ْم َي َزنون‬ ‫يعا ۖ ف ِإما يأتِينكم ِم ِِن هدى فمن ت ِبع هد‬ ِ ِ ِ ‫قلنا‬
َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َّ َ
َ ُ َ َ ْ ُ
(‫﴾ )سورة ابلقرة‬٣٩﴿ ‫ار ۖ هم ِفيها خ ِاِلون‬ َّ
‫انل‬ ُ
‫اب‬‫ح‬َ ‫ص‬ْ ‫أ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ئ‬
ِ ٰ ‫ك َف ُروا َو َك َّذبُوا بِآياتِنا أول‬
‫ـ‬ ‫اَّلين‬
ِ ‫و‬
ِ

“We Said: Go down, all of you from here; but verily there cometh
unto you from Me guidance; and who so follow My guidance, there
shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve. But they
who disbelieve and deny Our revelations, such are rightful owners
of the fire. They will be therein.”

ISLAM AND TWO NATION THEORY

Islam has different character and temperament. The concept of Two Nations
was given by Islam 14 hundred years ago. According to Islam there are only
two nations in the world; Believers and Non-believers.

EVOLUTION OF TWO NATION THEORY IN INDIA

In the subcontinent Two Nation Theory is as old as the history of the
Muslims. Two nations theory had been formed in India when Raja Samri
of Kadanga Noor accepted Islam, because Hindus and Muslims of India

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belonged to the same race. They were living in the geograp hically
connected areas. They were the citizens of one country. There was no
huge difference between their customs. In spite of all these common
things, religious had provided them such a strong base for nationalism
which altogether made the Muslims and everything different from Hindus.
It is clear from the words of the Quaid-e-Azam:-

“Pakistan came into being the very day when first Hindu became a
Muslim”

ALLAMA ABU REHAN ALBERUNI AND TWO NATION THEORY

The famous Scholar Abu Rehan Al-Beruni first of all, said about two
nation theory in eleventh century:-

“In India Hindu and Muslim societies are entirely different from
each other in their types and in their values. Their way of life,
habits, customs, dress and food are different. There is no common
value between them. There is a huge gulf between them which
cannot be crossed. In short in India, Hindus and Muslims are two
separate nations.”

HAZRAT MUJADID ALF SANI & TWO NATION THEORY

Hazrat Mujaddad Alf Sani explained the Two Nation Theory in 16th and 17th
century:-

“If Muslims want to live like a live nation then they will have to get rid of
all those paganism. They will have to live separately from Hindus. If this
consciousness of separate nationalism is not produced among the
Muslims then the fear is that they would be swept away in the flood of
one-nationhood.”

HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH & TWO NATION THEORY

Shah Wali Ullah was also a great supporter of two nation theory. He saved the
Muslims of the sub-continent at that time when the Muslims decline was
started after the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707. He advised the Muslim
to be united and followed the Islamic rules & regulations. He also advised the
Muslims to give up Hindu and Un-Islamic values. He considered that the
Muslims are the separate nation from Hindus.

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SIR SYED AHMED AND TWO NATION THEORY
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Indian Muslim political leader who used
the word “Nation” for the Muslims of the sub-continent in 1867. During the
Urdu Hindi Controversy he came forward with two nation concept and
declared that the Muslims were a separate nation, having their own culture
and civilization. He talked to the Governor of Banaras and explained the two
nation theory as:-

“Hindi Urdu conflict is the starting of the space of separation between

Hindus and Muslims which will gradually increase and a day will come
when both the nations will separate from each other after division.”

ALLAMA IQBAL AND TWO NATION THEORY

Allama Iqbal awakened the Muslims of sub-continent with his poetry to
demand a separate homeland. He led the Muslims at every step and rendered
great services for the establishment of Pakistan. He was fully convinced that
the Muslims of India would ultimately have a separate homeland, as they
could not live with the Hindus in united India. He said:-

“Hindu and Muslims are two separate nations. They have no common
value. Muslims have kept their separate status in India for the last one
thousand years. There is a prominent difference between the
independence ideologies of two nations. Hindus want to have political
and economic freedom while Muslims are fighting for their religious
freedom. So the only solution of the differences and problems of both
the nations is the creation of new Islamic State by joining of the north
western Muslims majority areas, Punjab, N.W.F.P, Sindh and
Baluchistan”

QUAID-E-AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORY

Quaid-e-Azam, the founder of Pakistan, in his address of 22nd March 1940 in
the 27th annual meeting of All India Muslim League in the supporter of two-
nation theory. He said:-

“The problem of India is not sectarian but international. Islam and

Hinduism are two different systems. It is merely a dream to make one
nation by combing Muslims and Hindus. Muslims are one nation and in
certain parts of the country are in majority. It is necessary for their
spiritual, social, political and economic progress that they should be
given those areas where they are, population wise, in majority.”

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JOHN BRIGHT AND TWO NATION THEORY
On 24th June, 1858 John Bright gave the concept of a separate state for the
Muslims of the sub-continent. He suggested to British Government and said:-

“Like Europe the sub-continent should be divided into five or six big
states”.

SYED JAMAL UD DIN AFGHANI AND TWO NATION THEORY

In 1879 Maulana Jamal-ud-Din Afghani gave the concept of Two Nations in
the sub-continent. He said:-

“A free Islamic state should be created by joining the Afghanistan and

North Western Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent.”

MAULANA ABDUL HALEEM SHARAR AND TWO NATION THEORY

The editor of a weekly “Tehzeeb” Maulana Abdul Haleem gave the concept of
the Two Nation Theory in the edition of August 13, 1890. He said:-

“India should be divided into free Hindu majority and Muslim majority
states and where possible population is shifted to its majority side”

MAULANA ASHRAF ALI THANVI AND TWO NATION THEORY

In 1928, on the basis of separate identity, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi talked
about separate state of the Muslims.

CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI AND TWO NATION THEORY

Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in 1933 suggested the name of Pakistan on the base of
Two Nation Theory, while he was a student of the Cambridge University of
England.

IMPORTANCE OF TWO NATION THEORY

The entire freedom movement revolves around Two Nation Theory which
became the basis of demand for Pakistan. It means that the Muslim of the
sub-continent were a separate nation with their distinct culture, civilization,
literature, history, religion and social values. Islam, the religion of the Muslims
was based on the concept of Tauheed and therefore could not be merged in
any other system of religion.

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CHAPTER-2

HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

HAZRAT MUJADID ALF SANI (SHEIKH AHMAD SIRHINDI)

Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani was a great Muslim saint and mystic of the
Naqshbandia order. He challenged the might of Akbar, the great Mughal
emperor, to re-establish to glory of Islam which had been gravely threatened
by the anti-Islamic trends of Akbar.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF HAZRAT MUJADID ALF SANI

Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani, whose real name was Sheikh Ahmad title name was
Badruddin a descendant of the second pious Caliph Hazrat Umar Ibn Al
Khatab for which he was also referred as Farooqi. He was a prominent
disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah, an eminent saint of the Naqshabandia spiritual
order. Sheikh Ahmad was drawn into mysticism by his father. Sheikh Abdul
Ahad, a prominent Sufi and scholar. He is popularly known as Mujadid Alf
Sani. Sheikh Ahmad was born on June 26, 1564 at Sirhind, the Capital of
Eastern Punjab during Mughal rule.

EARLY EDUCATION
He received education under the most prominent and learned teachers at
Sialkot and Sirhind. He memorized the Holy Quran and then switched over to
the study of Hadith, Tafseer (commentary). He traveled from place to place to
benefit from the renowned scholars. During his wandering to quench his thirst
for the mystical knowledge he came into contact with the leading lights of
Akbar’s court Abul Fazal and Faizi. When Abul Fazal and Faizi learnt of his
brilliance and extraordinary mystical insight, they tried to draw him into the
Court of Akbar. However, Sheikh Ahmad’s connection with Abul Fazal and
Faizi did not prolong because of Abul Fazal’s un-Islamic trends.

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RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL SERVICES
When Sheikh Ahmad began his reform movement Akbar was ruling the sub-
continent and his anti-Islamic outlook had aggravated the social environs.
Akbar had no leanings towards Islamic principles and tenets. He promoted
Hinduism by marrying Hindu ladies and by allowing free access to the Hindus
in his court. He also appointed Hindu Rajputs on higher civil and military
positions.

OPPOSITION OF DIN-E-ILAHI
The introduction of Din-e-Ilahi by Akbar was a grave attempt to distort Islam.
He assumed the title of Mujadid-e-Azam and Imam-e-Adil and issued orders
pertaining to the religious matters which were to be considered as authentic
and final. The impact of Din-e-Ilahi greatly affected the Muslim beliefs and
trends.

SOCIAL REFORMS
At that time Muslim society was full of with un-Islamic practices and trends.
Under the Hindu influence, belief in Karamat (miracles of the saints) had
developed in the society which greatly misguided the innocent people. In
Sufism many magical and supernatural powers, alien to Islam, had been
developed.

REFORMS IN TASAWUF (SPIRITUALITY)

The mystics and Sufis of those days openly denied the authenticity of Sharia
by declaring Sharia (the law of Islam) as superficial and external. They even
proudly manifested their indifference towards the Sunnah or examples of the
Prophet (peace be upon him). The ulema and mystics ceased to refer to the
Quran and Hadith in their commentaries and considered jurisprudence as the
only religious knowledge. By these trends the religious spirit decreased and
gave rise to the juristic view of Islam.

PURIFICATION OF MUSLIM SOCIETY

Sheikh Ahmad undertook the job of purifying the Muslim society of un-Islamic
tendencies by sending a number of his disciples in all directions to preach the
true Islam. He asked them to emphasis on (Ittiba-i-Sunnah) following the
examples of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), and the commandments
of Sharia in their sermons and preaching’s. The work was excessively spread
in India and other neighbouring Muslim countries. Sheikh Ahmad also began a
correspondence with the prominent scholars of all Muslim countries. In his

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letters he explained the religious doctrines and put great stress on the Ittiba-
i-Sunnah.

STRUGGLE AGAINST ATHEISM

Sheikh Ahmad was greatly opposed to the atheism and openly criticized un-
Islamic society. He worked very hard to restore the original teachings of Islam
and emphasized on the concept of Tauheed. He exposed the fallacy of Din-e-
Ilahi and came out with full force to destroy the influence of this satanic creed.
He urged the Muslim to order their lives according to the principles of Islam.
He declared that mysticism without Shariat was misleading and criticized
those Ulema who had questioned the authority of Sharia.

REFORMATION OF NOBLES
Sheikh Ahmad stressed on the Muslims to revert to the purer Islam by giving
up heretical customs and practices. He laboured diligently to settle the
differences between the scholars and the mystics. He initiated the leading
nobles near the emperor into his discipleship and through them exerted an
influence to bring about a change in the life of the Court. He was able to enlist
Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khana, Khan-i-Azam Mirza Aziz and Mufti Sardar
Jehan, the most influential personalities of Akbar’s era into his discipleship. He
also persuaded the great men of Jehangir’s period to take an oath of
Allegiance at Sheikh Ahmad’s hands. In the time of Jehangir Sheikh Ahmad
was successful to a greater extent to extract a solemn undertaking from the
Muslims that they would not obey any orders repugnant to Islam. Sheikh
Ahmad adopted an effective method of persuasion by writing letters to the
leading nobles of the royal court. He began addressing letters written in a
language, which would move mountains, to leading nobles of the state, and
reminding them of their duty. His letters are known as Muktubat-e-Imam
Rabbani and were addressed to, besides other leading nobles, Sheikh Farid,
Khan-i-Azam, Sadr-i-Jehan and Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khana.

EMPHASIS ON ISLAMIC VALUES

Sheikh Ahmad persuaded the Muslims to adopt simple habits in life and to
strictly adhere to Namaz. He also explained the utility of Fasting and declared
that fasting protects the mankind from many sins. His efforts contributed a
great deal towards the popularity of Islam in the sub-continent.

TWO NATION THEORY

Sheikh Ahmad was a great advocate of the separateness of the Muslims and
desired to maintain the distinctive image of the Muslim Nationalism. He laid
great emphasis on the separate identity of the Muslims and adopted a very

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stern attitude against the Hindus. Sheikh Ahmad firmly believed in Two-
Nation Theory. He was in favour of maintaining the differences between
Hindus and Muslims. He wanted Jizya to be re-imposed on Hindus and
demanded the destruction of Hindu temples. He said:

“If Muslims want to live like a live nation then they will have to get
rid of all those paganism. They will have to live separately from
Hindus. If this consciousness of separate nationalism is not
produced among the Muslims then the fear is that they would be
swept away in the flood of one-nationhood.”

WAHDAT-UL-WAJUD AND WAHDAT-UL-SHAHUD

The philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud was presented by some Sufis of Akbar’s
time. They believed that the entire Universe is the symbol of Almighty God.
The advocates of Wahdat-ul-Wajud believed that there was no living
difference between the Man and his creator God and both individual and God
are not separated from each other. They also believed that every particle of
the universe represented the presence of God and, therefore, the worship of
God’s creature amounted to the worship of God. Sheikh Ahmad openly
negated this philosophy and declared it as ultra-virus to the principles of Islam.
He presented his philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Shahud which meant that the
creator and creatures were two different and separate entitles.

STRUGGLE AGAINST JEHANGIR'S POLICIES

Sheikh Ahmad also dealt with matters, other than religious revival in his
letters. This policy drew him into serious difficulties. Asif Jah, the Prime
Minister of Jehangir’s court alerted Jehangir of the mounting popularity of
Sheikh Ahmad by inciting the Emperor that Sheikh Ahmad’s anti-Hindu views
were creating unrest in the country. Jehangir summoned Sheikh Ahmad to his
court and asked him to explain his statements. Sheikh Ahmad appeared in the
royal court in a highly dignified manner and explained his statements in a
courageous style. Someone pointed out to Jehangir that Sheikh had not
performed that act of Prostrations. When he was asked to perform Sajdah, he
said that it was only for Almighty God. Jehangir, infuriated over this blunt reply
ordered the Sheikh to be imprisoned in the Fort of Gawaliar.

STRUGGLE DURING IMPRISONMENT

Sheikh Ahmad did not shirk his preaching of Islam during his imprisonment.
After two years, Jehangir feeling repentful, released him from the fort and
venerated him with a dress of Honour and 1000 rupees for his expenses. He

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was given the option of going back to Sirhind or remains in the royal court.
Sheikh Ahmad preferred to stay in the royal court.

OPPOSITION OF BIDAAT
The invention of any new thing is called Bidat. This destroys the true form of
religion. Hazrat Mujjadid Alf Sani told two forms of bidat one is Bidat-e-Hasna
and other is Bidat-e-Sayyia. He opposed these and forbade Muslims of sub-
continent to stay away from them.

PROMOTION OF THE NAQSHBANDIA CHAIN

Mujjaddid Alf Sani opposed such Mysticism which was against Shariat for
protecting Shariat-e-Muhammadi. In this regard he started the Naqshbandia
chain which closest to Shariat compared to other chains.

DEATH
After living for three years with the emperor Jehangir, Hazrat Mujadid sought
permission to leave for Sirhind. He passed away on December 10, 1624 A.D.
and was buried in Sirhind.

CONCLUSION
Sheikh Ahmad, till the last breath of his life continued with the propagation of
Islam. He drew a distinction between Islam and atheism. He considerably
prevailed upon Jehangir to alter his religious view and abandon his father’s
religious policies. Jehangir under the influence of Mujadi’s preaching, ordered
Khutaba (holy sermon) to be recited and cow slaughter to be carried out as
required by Islamic principles, Jehangir also agreed to the construction of a
big mosque on the advice of Mujadid.

Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani was the most powerful religious personality in the
history of India. He was a widely read scholar and a magnetic orator. He got
an opportunity in a liberal atmosphere in Jehangir’s reign to use his powerful
pen to criticize Akbar’s religious innovations. Mujadid Alf Sani was the only
individual in the history of India who opposed Akbar and thereby invited his
wrath.

In short Hazrat Mujadid Alf sani stoped the pressure of non-Islamic customs,
converted a great number of Hindus to Islam, provided pure Islamic teachings
and eradicated the wrong ideas of so called Mystics. We can say that he was
the first person who understood the Hindu amalgamation in Islam and purified
it.

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HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH

After the death of Aurangzeb (1707) the Muslim society faced some serious
problems. The Mughal Empire had fallen into the hands of most incapable
successors of Aurangzeb who could not withhold the supremacy of the Muslim
rule because they indulged into luxurious life. With the weakness of the
Muslim Empire, Islam, the religion of the Muslims, faced serious problems.

BIRTH AND EARLY LIFE

Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah was born in a pious family of Delhi on 21st February,
1703, four years before the death of Aurangzeb. His real name was Qutub-ud-
Din and later on came to be known as Wali Ullah for his pious habits. His
father Shah Abdur Rahim was well-known for his piety and profound
knowledge of Islam. Shah Abdur Rahim was a Sufi and theologian. He was
engaged in the compilation of Fatawa-i-Alamgiri by the emperor Aurangzeb.

Shah Abdur Rahim, his father, died at the age of 77 when Shah Wali Ullah
was just 17 years old. He transferred the Baia (authority in sufism) to Shah
Wali Ullah at his death bed. After the death of his father Shah Wali Ullah
began teaching at Madrassa Rahimiya of Delhi where he taught for 12 years.

EDUCATION
Shah Wali Ullah received his early education in mysticism from his father. He
memorized the Holy Quran when he was seven years old. He received
education in Tafsir, Hadis and acquired spiritual discipline from his great
father. He also studied metaphysics, logic and Ilm-ul-Kalam under his father.

Shah Wali Ullah excelled in every discipline of the Islamic learning. He

completed his studies in the fifteenth year of his age in all the prevalent
customs and traditions of his country. He studies Sahih-i-Bukhari and often
attended his father during the reading of the Holy Quran. Shah Wali Ullah also
acquired knowledge of various branches of jurisprudence (Fiqah). He studied
Sharh-i-Waqaya and Hidaya and some portion of Usul-i-Fiqah.

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Shah Wali Ullah did not confine his appetite for knowledge to the study of
theology but he had command on humanities branch of knowledge as well. He
studied Mujiz-al-Qanun and Sharh-i-Hidaya-i-Hikmat in the field of medicine
and Tib.

PILGRIMAGE TO MAKKAH AND MEETINGS WITH ARAB ULEMAS

He went to Arabia for higher studies and performing Hajj in 1730. He received
education under the most capable teachers of Makkah and Medina. He
received his education from Sheikh Abu Tahir Bin Ibrahim of Medina. He also
obtained the Sanad in Hadis from Sheikh Abu Tahir who possessed
extraordinary intellectual. He came back from Saudi Arabia in 1734.

CONDITIONS OF THAT AGE

The un-Islamic trends and practices were flourishing and a general ignorance
of Islam, Quran and Hadith and created anguish amongst the religious saints.
It was right time for the reformers and revivers to emerge and to purge the
Muslim society of these trends. Consequently an era of religious regeneration
began with the emergence of Shah Wali Ullah a great Muslim thinker,
reformer and Muhadis.

SOCIAL CONDITIONS
During these days political and social turmoil was rampant in the sub-
continent. Life, property and honour were not secure as there were a number
of disruptive forces at work in the Muslim society. The Mughal Empire after the
death of Aurangzeb, was in the hands of the incapable successors who were
unable to withhold the glory of the empire. The Mughal Empire gradually
began to collapse.

RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS
The religious groups were also claiming their superiority and the tussle
between the Shia and Sunni sects was posing serious threats to Muslim
nobility.

POLITICAL CONDITIONS
The stability and strength of Aurangzeb time was lacking in the political, social
and religious sections of the society. The Marhatas and Sikhs had gained a
firm foothold that usually raided the seat of the Government, Delhi, sometime
occupying the old city physically for short durations. The rise of Marhatas
might have promoted Hindu nationalism which intensified the social decay in
the Muslim society.

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SERVICES OF HAZRAT SHAH WALIULLAH
Shah Wali Ullah, as has been mentioned in the preceding pages, went to
Hejaz for his higher education and for performing Hajj. During his stay at
Makkah Shah Wali Ullah saw a vision in which Holy Prophet (peace be upon
Him) blessed him with the tidings that he would be playing a vital role in
removing sectarianism from the Muslim society. So he set himself to work for
the betterment of Muslim society. A brief description of his services is as
under

RELIGIOUS REFORMS
Shah Wali Ullah immediately set himself to the sacred task of consolidation of
Muslim society. He prepared a few students and gave them knowledge in
different branches of Islamic learning. They were entrusted with the job of
imparting the knowledge to others.

ISLAMIC PRACTICES
Shah Wali Ullah persuaded the Muslim to strictly follow the footsteps of the
Holy Prophet (peace be upon Him). He introduced the basic principles of
Islam to the people. He advocated the Quranic education for the welfare and
benefits of the Muslims and asked them to abandon un-Islam trends and
practices. He urged the people to lead a simple life and avoid involvement in
the luxuries of the world. He initiated tatbiq (integration) of the Muslim society
which was on the verge of destruction. By adopting the method of tabiq he
introduced liberal element and thus brought elasticity in the understanding of
Islam.

IJTEHAD
He adopted a balanced approach and understanding towards religious
matters. He thoroughly studied all schools of thoughts and expressed every
ruling of shariah in a mild and rational way without hurting anyone.

JIHAD
Shah Wali Ullah got in touch with rulers and impressed upon them to enforce
Islamic laws. He also urged them to mould their lives, according to the Islamic
way. He educated the Muslim soldiers on the importance of Jihad and asked
them to go for Jihad for the glorification of Islam.

ECONOMY
He asked the traders to adopt fair principles of trade as preached and
practiced by the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). He informed the people
about the sins of accumulation of wealth and asked them to keep as much
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wealth with them as was required for their economic needs. Shah Wali Ullah
is regarded as the founder of modern Muslim India. His influence produced
people like Syed Ahmad shaheed.

REMOVAL OF SECTARIANISM
In his time the Shias and Sunnis were aggressively hostile to each other and
their rivalry was damaging the Muslim unity. Shah Wali Ullah wrote Izalat-ul-
Khifa an Khilafat-il-Khulafa in order to remove misunderstanding between
Shias and the Sunnis. He refused to denounce Shias as heretics.

BALANCE BETWEEN FOUR MUSLIM SCHOOLS OF THOUGHTS

Shah Wali Ullah adopted an analytical and balanced approach towards the
four schools of thought. In order to create a balance between the four schools,
i.e., Hanafi, Hambali, Shafi and Malaki, he wrote Al Insaf fi Bayan-e-Sbab il
Ikhtilaf in which he traced their historical background.

POLITICAL REFORMS
Apart from imparting religious education of Muslims, Shah Wali Ullah also
provided leadership to the Muslim in the political field. He came out with his
great wisdom and foresight to create political awakening in the Muslims of
India.

STRUGGLE AGAINST ANARCHY

The rise of Marhatas and Sikhs had posed serious problems to the Muslim
rulers. The Mughal rulers were no more in a position to withhold the
supremacy of the Muslim rule which was gravely disturbed by the Sikhs,
Marhatas and other non-Muslim forces. Shah Wali Ullah came up to tackle
this situation. He had rightly noticed that if the Marhatas are not checked
effectively the political power of the Muslims would disappear for ever. He
wrote letters to the leading Muslim nobles and informed them of the critical
situation hanging on the head of the Mughal rule. He asked Muslim chiefs to
come around. He eventually won over Najib-ud-Daula, Rehmat Khan and
Shuja-ud-Daula against Marhatas.

STEPS TO CHECK THE MARHATAS

However, the Muslim chiefs were unable to face Marhatas effectively. Their
resources were inadequate to crush the Marhatas power. Shah Wali Ullah,
therefore, looked forward to Ahmad Shah Abdali. He, on the call of Shah Wali
Ullah, came to India and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Marhatas at the
Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. The victory of Ahmad Shah Abdali at Panipat
blasted the Marhats power and paved way for the revival of Islam in India.

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EFFORTS FOR MUSLIM UNITY
He advised the Muslims to be united for the sake of Muslim society and keep
in mind the Islamic teachings of brotherhood. He taught them to work for the
betterment of humanity and to follow the teachings of Islam regarding Non-
Muslims. He was a great advocate of human rights especially for Non-
Muslims.

TWO-NATION THEORY
Shah Wali Ullah was a staunch supporter of Two Nation Theory. He played a
vital role to make Muslims a strong nation on the basis of their culture, history
and heritage. His teachings proved helpful and saved Muslim culture from the
amalgamation of Hindu customs.

LITERARY SERVICES OF SHAH WALI ULLAH

Shah Wali Ullah wrote 51 books on mysticism and other branches of Islamic
learning which deal with religious, economic and political problems. 23 books
were in Urdu and 28 were in Persian.

FATH-UR-REHMAN
His outstanding work was his translation of the Holy Quran into simple Persian
language which was the literary language of his days. He produced this
masterpiece of literature in 1737-38 in the name of Fath-ur-Rehman which
was responded with great criticism from the orthodox Ulema who threatened
him even with death. Shah Wali Ullah’s translation was an exceptional act as
there had never been a translation of the Holy Quran before in a foreign
language. His translation brought the knowledge of the Holy Quran within the
reach of an average literate person who found it easier to read and
understand the Holy Quran in a language other than Arabic. After Shah Wali
Ullah his two sons Shah Rafi-ud-Din and Shah Abdul Qadir prepared Urdu
versions of the Holy Quran.

HUJJAT-ULLAH-UL-BALIGHA
Hujjat-ullah-ul-Baligha is another famous work of Shah Wali Ullah. In this work
Shah Sahib has discussed in details the reasons of the social and religious
decay of the Muslims. He has also discussed the importance of application of
Ijitihad in his book and has mentioned the intellectual and scholastic
requirements of a Mujtahid priest.

IZALAT-UL-KHIFA AN KHILAFAT-IL-KHULAFA:
Shah Wali Ullah wrote Izalat-ul-Khifa an Khilafat-il-Khulafa in order to remove
misunderstanding between Shias and the Sunnis. He refused to denounce
Shias as heretics.
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AL INSAF FI BAYAN-E-SBAB-IL-IKHTILAF:
Shah Wali Ullah adopted an analytical and balanced approach towards the
four schools of thought of mysticism. In order to create a balance between the
four schools, i.e., Hanafi, Hambali, Shafi and Malaki, he wrote Al Insaf fi
Bayan-e-Sbab il Ikhtilaf in which he traced their historical background.

FAIZ-UL-HARAMAIN:
In Faiz-ul-Haramain, Shah Wali Ullah depicts one of his dreams during his
stay in Arabia. He describes that the God Almighty chose him for the
restoration of correct Islam.

TAFHEEMAT -E- ILAHI

In Tafheemat-e-Ilahi there is guidance for reforming society, instrictons for
implementation of Islamic system, stopping the luxuries of the rich.

AL FAUZ UL KABIR
Al Fauz-ul-Kabeer is an excellent book based on instruction for writing Tafseer
of Quran. He discussed Nasikh and Mansookh. In his book he described
Uloom-ul-Quran also.

SHARAH AL-MUSAFFA AND SHARAH AL MUSAWWA

Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah appreciated the collection of Hadith by Imam Malik
called “Mauta” as compared to sahih Bukhari. This is why he has done a
commentary of “Mauta” in Arabic and Persian as Sharah Al Mustafa and
Sharah-al-Musawa.

MUQADIMA FI TARJIMAT-IL - QURAN

Muqadima Fi Tarjima- tul- Quran explained and gave guidance to the
necessary aspects in translation of Quran.

QURRATUL AIN
Qurrat ain is brief journal. In this the dignity of sheikhain is explained
comprehensively.

Beside the above mentioned works Shah Wali Ullah wrote many other books
on different topics like “Husn-ul-Aqeeda” and “Iqdul Jeed Fi Ahkham il Ijtihad
wat Taqleed”.

SOCIAL REFORMS
In Shah Wali Ullah's time Muslims were indulged in many non-Islamic customs
because of co-existence with the Hindus. He took following steps to beware
the Muslims of these problems:

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1. He struggled to get rid of the Hindu concept about the marriage of the
widows and told the Muslims that it is the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH)
2. He told the Muslims to avoid superstitions, charm wearing and other
such practices.
3. He also struggled against the dowry and other such unnecessary
expenses on the time of marriage.
4. He tried to abolish mourning on death more than three days as it was
against Islamic teachings.
5. He advised the Muslims to work for lawful earning and to avoid (Usury)
interest on loan.
6. He also worked against the unjust distribution of wealth.
7. He preached simplicity.
8. He worked against the sectarianism and grouping.

MADRASSA RAHIMIA
Madrassa Rahimia and other institutions founded by him, gave education in
the light of his works. A group of religious figures was prepared by these
schools who interpreted Islam according to his doctrines. Shah Abdul Aziz, the
eldest son of Shah Wali Ullah led these religious personalities to wage Jihad
for the liberation of Muslim India so that a structure for a Caliph state is built.

CONCLUSION
In short Imam-ul-Hind Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah, a great saint, scholar and
reformer is one of those great personalities of Islam who, with his dedicated
services had brought the Muslim society together on the stable foundations.
He continued the work of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani and struggled for religious,
cultural political and social revival of the Muslims.

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MUJAHDDIN MOVEMENT (TEHREEK-E- MUJAHIDEEN).

In the history of sub-continent Jihad Movement (Tehreek Mujahideen) is

considered a milestone. This movement was not only for the revival of Jihad
for the destruction of British rule in India but also for the purification of Muslim
Society.

FOUNDER OF MUJAHIDEEN MOVEMENT

Syed Ahmed Barailvi the founder of this movement was the big supporter of
Shah Abdul Aziz. He was born on November 29, 1786 in a respectable family
of Rai Barily.

BEGINNING OF CAREER
From the very beginning he had an inclination of becoming a solider rather
than struggling to become renowned scholar of mystic as did his
predecessors. Syed Ahmed began his career as a Sawar in the service of
Nawab Amir Khan, the ruler of Tonk. During his service Syed Ahmed learnt
military discipline and strategy which made him a great military commander in
the years to come.

BEGINNING OF THE DISCIPLESHIP OF SHAH ABDUL AZIZ

Syed Ahmed left the service when Amir Khan refused to fight after Tonk fell to
the British. Tonk was declared as Dar-ul-harb by Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed
Ahmed could no longer serve there and returned from Lucknow to Delhi by
walking 318 miles. By now Syed Ahmed had decided to come under the
discipleship of Shah Abdul Aziz. In 1807 he took the oath of allegiance (baia)
at the hands of Shah Abdul Aziz.

SYED AHMED AS A PREACHER

Syed Ahmed Barailvi was greatly impressed by the preaching and doctrines of
Shah Wali Ullah and was great disciple of his son Shah Abdul Aziz. In 1818,
Syed Ahmed wrote Sirat-i-Mustaqim. In this project his two distinguished
disciples, Shah Ismail Shaheed and Maulana Abdul Haye, assisted him in the

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preparation of the book. The work is an excellent summary of the
philosophies, doctrines and reforms of Shah Wali Ullah which he had
expressed in a number of his famous books. At this moment Syed Ahmed
switched over to the public preaching. He proved a great success, as a
preacher, in spite of using simple language in his sermons.

BEGINNING OF JIHAD MOVEMENT

Syed Ahmed was extremely dismayed to see the decline of the Muslims in
their religious and ideological commitments. He desired to see the restoration
of the supremacy of Islam in India. The purpose of his life and struggle was
not confined to the spread of Islam by preaching only, but he believed in
taking practical steps for this purpose. The main objective before Syed Ahmed
was the establishment of a state which was based on Islamic principles. In
1823, he started Jihad Movement.

PREPARATION FOR JIHAD AGAINST SIKHS

In the time of Syed Ahmed Punjab was ruled by the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh
who was regarded as an autocratic and tyrannical King. The Muslims heavily
suffered under his tyrannical rule and were denied liberty and freedom to
perform and practice their religion. The N.W.F.P. had also fallen to the Sikh
domination and was included in the Sikh regime. The holy places of the
Muslims i.e. mosques and shrines were turned into temples and stables, by
the Sikh regime. Azan was forbidden and the religious practices of the
Muslims were interrupted frequently.

Syed Ahmed did not confine himself to Delhi but also visited the neighbouring
places. During one of his visits to Rampur, some Afghans complained to him
about the wide-scale persecution of the Muslims by the Sikh regime Syed
Ahmed decided to launch his Jihad movement against the Sikh regime on his
return from Hajj. Syed Ahmed left for Makkah in 1821 along with Maulana
Ismail Shaheed, Maulana Abdul Haye and a large number of followers and
admirers to perform Hajj. Syed Ahmed performed Hajj and remained absent
for nearly two years. They returned to Delhi and the preparation for Jihad
against the Sikhs began.

OBJECTIVES OF JIHAD MOVEMENT

Following were the objectives of Jihad Movement:
1. Establishment of Islamic Rule in the sub-continent and end of Sikh
Rule.
2. Reformation of Muslim Society.
3. Restoration of Jihad.

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4. Advice of Simple Ways of Living
5. End of Innovations in Islam
6. Struggle against the Conspiracies of Christian Missionaries.

DECLARATION OF JIHAD
Syed Ahmed believed that if Punjab and N.W.F.P were liberated of the Sikh
domination, the Muslims would regain their old position. He, therefore, picked
up Punjab to begin his Jihad movement against the Sikhs and selected
N.W.F.P. to begin his operation for the elimination of the non-Islamic forces.
He directed Maulana Ismail and Maulana Abdul Haye to march with a party of
six thousand followers from Rai Baraily. He himself set out via other parts of
Punjab and Delhi to muster support for his movement. Syed Ahmed invited
the people to join him in Jihad against the un-Islamic regime to save the
Muslims of the Sikh domination.

ESTABLISHMENT OF WAR HEADQUARTER

Syed Sahib reached Nowshera in December, 1826 and established his
headquarter. He sent a message to the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh to accept Islam
or to pay Jizya or be ready to face the Muajahideen in the battle-field. Ranjit
Singh turned down the offer scornfully and expressed a high degree of disdain
for Islam and the Muslims.

AKORA FIGHT
Syed Ahmed began his Jihad against the Sikhs by challenging the army at
Akora on 21st December 1826. The Sikhs had gathered a strong force at
Akora under General Budh Singh. The fight at Akora was a night assault when
nearly 900 Muslims attacked on the sleeping Sikhs. It was a successful
mission and heavy loss was inflicted on the Sikhs. Budh Singh being
extremely demoralized decided to withdraw from Akora.

HAZRO FIGHT
In 1827 the Mujahideen fought second battle at Hazro which too was a great
success. This success encouraged the Mujahideens and they became poised
to fight for Islam.

ESTABLISHMENT OF ISLAMIC KHILAFAT

The astonishing success of the Mujahideen in two encounters gave immense
popularity to the Jihad movement. People gathered in large number around
Syed Sahib. Many pathan chiefs joined Syed Sahib and took an oath of
allegiance at the hands of Syed Ahmed on January 11, 1827 and accepted
him as Amir-ul-Momineen. Yar Muhammad the Governor of Peshawar also

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joined Syed Ahmed in his movement along with other prominent pathan
leaders. Gradually the number of the Muslim forces rose to 80,000. The
establishment of Islamic system of Government greatly reduced the influence
of the tribal chiefs. He also introduced social reforms and asked the local
people to abandon their old customs and life patterns. He urged them to adopt
Islamic way of life and be refrained from taking intoxicants. This Khilafat
remained for four years.

GORILLA ACTIVITIES
From 1827 to 1831, the Mujahideen started gorilla activities against Sikhs and
inflicted great losses upon them.

SIKH CONSPIRACY AGAINST SYED SAHIB

The Jihad movement went through the early stages of struggle with amazing
success. At this time a conspiracy was thought against the Jihad movement.
Sardar Yar Muhammad was bribed to betray Syed Sahib and join the Sikhs
against Mujahideen. The Sikhs brought pressure on Yar Muhammad Khan
who tried to poison Syed Ahmed which he survived. In 1829 Yar Muhammad
was killed in an encounter against the Mujahideen.

OCCUPATION OF PESHAWAR
Syed Ahmed set out for Kashrnir and Peshawar. The Sikhs under the French
General Ventura saved Peshawar and handed it over to Sultan Muhammad
Khan the brother of Yar Muhammad Khan. Syed Ahmed reached Hazara Hills
and attacked the Sikh forces under Man Singh and General Allard. This
assault was repulsed. However, Syed Ahmed made another assault on
Peshawar which was successful. Sultan Muhammad Khan, who was fighting
against the Mujahideen was arrested and pardoned by Syed Ahmed. Syed
Ahmed occupied Peshawar in 1830. In November, 1831, after nearly two
months of occupation of Peshawar, Syed Ahmed withdrew from Peshawar in
favour of Sultan Muhammad Khan who promised to pay a fixed amount to the
Mujahideen as tribute.

BALAKOT FIGHT AND SHAHADAT OF SYED AHMED

After the freedom of Peshawar, Syed Ahmed shifted to Balakot and began his
movement from Rajauri in 1831. Balakot is a small town in the Mansehra
division and falls in the Hazara district. The Mujahideen were attacked by the
Sikh army under the command of General Sher Singh. A fierce battle was
fought between the Sikhs and the Muslims. The Mujahideen fought bravely
but could not stand before the much stronger and superior forces. The
Muslims were defeated in the battle in which Syed Ahmed Shaheed, Shah

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Ismail Shaheed and many other followers of Syed Sahib laid their lives and
died as shaheed while fighting for the cause of Islam.

With the death of Syed Ahmed the Jihad movement could not be carried out
with the old enthusiasm. The Jihad movement did not die after defeat at
Balakot. Some of his disciples struggled to continue the movement and were
successful to a certain extent. But the movement extremely lacked in
organized leadership after Syed Ahmed’s death and, therefore could not be
conducted for a long time.

CAUSES OF FAILURE
Although Jihad Movement was a sincere effort for the restoration of Islamic
glory in the sub-continent yet it met with failure for the following reasons:
1. Lack of proper training of Mujahideen
2. Lack of funds and Equipment
3. Well equipped and large Sikh Army
4. Deceit of Pathan Chiefs
5. Local Controversies on Implementation of Tax after the Establishment
of Khilafat.
6. Sikh Conspiracies and Secret Opposition of The British
7. Lack of Leadership after the Shahadat of Syed Ahmed and Shah Ismail.

CONCLUSION
No doubt Jihad Movement remained unsuccessful but it affected the Muslim
Mentality on a large scale. Mujahideen fought for the cause of Islam even
without proper training and sufficient equipment. Their sacrifices inspired the
Muslims to think about the restoration of Islam. In short we can say Tehreek
Mujahideen paved the way for the Muslim struggle for freedom.

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ALI GARH MOVEMENT AND SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born on October 17 in 1817 in Delhi. After early
education he joined East India Company in 1839 as a sub clerk. In 1841 he
passed the exam of judiciary. In 1846 he promoted to Chief Judge. During the
war of independence (1857) he was in Bajnor where he saved British women
and children putting himself into the risk. Owing to this service Sir Syed was
asked for promotion but he refused because he wanted to serve the Muslims.
Sir Syed died on March 27, 1898.

BACK GROUND
After the war of independence the Muslims were the target of the revengeful
activities of the British Government and the Hindus got an opportunity to make
the British believe that the Muslims were a threat to the British rule. As a result
national recognition of the Muslims was in sever danger. At that crucial time
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first leader to come forward and tried to rescue
the national pride of the Muslims, He started Aligarh Movement.

OBJECTIVES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT

Aligarh Movement was established to fulfill the following targets:
1. To build confidence between the government and the Muslims.
2. To persuade the Muslims to acquire Modern knowledge and English
language.
3. To hold back the Muslim from the politics.

EDUCATIONAL SERVICES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wanted the Muslim nation to be educated to keep pace
with the modern advancement. He was of the opinion that honour of the nation
could be achieved only by education. He advised the Muslims to get the most
modern western education. He established educational institutions for the
Muslim youth and guided them both theoretically and practically.

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SCHOOL IN MURADABAD
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the educational institution in Muradabad
1859. That was a Persian school.

SCHOOL IN GHAZI PUR

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a school in Ghazi Pur in 1862.

SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a unique institution Scientific Society in
Ghazipur in 1863. The Headquarter of this society was shifted to Aligarh in
1876. The purpose of its establishment was to acquire the books in other
languages, and translate them in Urdu. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan stressed upon
the need for education in English language so that the Muslim generation
could learn the western and modern knowledge as soon as possible.

ESTABLISHMENT OF M.A.O. SCHOOL ALIGARH

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan set up M.A.O. School in Aligarh in 1875; later on it was
upgraded to college in 1877. This college was inaugurated by Viceroy Lord
Bittin. Five time prayers were compulsory for the boarders.This institution
became Muslim University Aligarh in 1920.

MUHAMMADAN EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE

Sir Syed established another organization in 1886 to provide funds to fulfill the
requirements of Aligarh movement. This organization served the Muslim
community in all the fields (social, political and religious). The main aim was to
inspire the Muslims to work in the field of education. It was this movement that
laid the foundations of All India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906 in its annual
meeting.

SYLLABI
“Philosophy will be in our right hand, natural science in our left hand and the
crown of Islamic Ideology will be on our head” were the thoughts of Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan when deciding the syllabi of the institutions. He put every effort
to make the syllabus a good blend of Western, Eastern and Islamic education.

CONCLUSION
No doubts Sir Syed Ahmed Khan up lifted the education of the Muslims. The
services of the English teachers like Arnold, Morrison and Archibold hired.
Some versatile personalities of the sub-continent were appointed as teachers.
The teacher to teach Sansikrit was a Hindu. Many other institutions were also
found to be following the Aligarh Movement in various cities of the country.

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Thus Aligarh Movement was the pioneer to bring a revolution in the field of
education.

LITERARY SERVICES OF SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

KHUTABAT-E-AHMADIA
In 1869 Sir Syed, Khan wrote a book Khutabat-e-Ahma do defend the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) in reply to ‘Sir William Miore’s book “Life of Muhammad
(1861)”.

TABBAIN-UL-KALAM
He wrote a commentary on Bible called Tabbian-ul-Kalam

RISALA TEHZIB-UL-IKHLAQ
In 1870 Sir Syed Ahned Khan published a pamphlet, Risala Tehzib-ul-lkhlaq in
which he described social problem of the Muslims and he tried to eliminate the
prejudice among the Muslims towards the Non-Muslims.

ASAR-US-SANADEED
In which Sir Syed Ahmed Khan highlighted the history of Muslims including
information about the historical architectural designs of the Muslim buildings.

TAFSEER-UL-QURAN
He wrote Tafseer-ul-Quran in seven volumes.

AHKAM-E- TAAM AHL-E-KITAB

He described the teaching of Islam regarding Ahl-e-Kitab.

ABTAL-E-GHULAMI
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan described the right of slave in Islam.

JAM JUM
Describe the History of thirty rulers from Amir Taimoor to Bhadur Shah Zafar.

TRANSLATION WORKS
Following books were compiled and translated:
Ain-Akbari, Tuzok-e-Jahangri and Tarikh-e-Sarkashi Bajnor

In addition to all this Sir Syed Ahmed Khan also wrote Tafseer-ul-Quran, Loyal
Muhammadan of India & Asbab-e-Baghawat Hind.

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WORKS OF THE OTHER WRITERS
Maulana Shibli Nomani wrote Seerat-un-Nabi, Al-Farooq, Al-Ghazali, Al-
Mamoon. Deputy NazeerAhmed wrote Mirat-ul-Uroos, Toba-tun-nasuh, lbn-ul-
Waqat. Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali wrote Mussadas-e-Hali, Diwan-e-HaIi etc.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SERVICES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan took many steps to regain the lost social and economic
status of the Muslims. The suppressed and ruined community became
dynamic.

LOST GLORY
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan guided the Muslims on every level to regain their lost
glory.

RISALA-E-ASBABE-BAGHAWAT-E-HIND
After the war of independence 1857, he wrote Risala-e-Asbabe-Baghawat-e-
Hind in which he described the actual reasons behind this war.

LOYAL MUHAMMADANS OF INDIA

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wrote this book to make the British aware of the
services of the Muslims. Through this book he got sensible behviour of the
British for the Muslims of India.

GOVERNMENT JOBS FOR THE MUSLIMS

As a result of Sir Syed’s campaign, the Muslims of India got remarkable jobs
in Govt. sector on a large scale.

ORPHANAGES
He established orphanages for Muslim children so that they may not become
Hindu or Christian. It was really a great service of him.

POLITICAL SERVICES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Muslims to remain away from politics and
he himself took important steps to educate the Muslims for their socio-
economic restoration so that they might acquire the status equivalent to that of
Hindus. He was of the view that education is the only weapon to keep pace
with model advancement.

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim Leader who opposed the
combined electorate system. He explained in Meerut on 16 January 1888:-
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 This thing is confirmed that the population of Hindus is four times
more. We can calculate that the Hindu candidate will get four votes and
Muslim candidate will get only one vote. It is necessary that separate
electorate should be implemented.

TWO NATION THEORY

He was no doubt in the favour of Hindu Muslim unity in the beginning but after
Urdu-Hindi Controversy he came to know the nature of the Hindu nation. Then
for the first time in the History he used the word “Nation” for the Muslim in
1867. So we can say he was the founder of two-nation theory in sub-
continent. On the basis of Two Nation Theory, Sir Syed asked for special
safeguards for the Muslims in different fields.

SPECIAL SEATS FOR THE MUSLIMS IN THE LOCAL COUNCILS

He restrained the Muslims from joining congress and struggle for special seat
of the Muslims in local council.

QUOTA IN SERVICES
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan demanded quota in government services for the
Muslims. He did not want Hindus to monopolize in superior/high services, so
he started a movement against the open competitive examinations for
superior services.

ADVICE TO AVOID POLITICS

After the war of 1857, he advised the Muslims to remain away from politics
until they would become strong in education.

URDU HINDI CONTROVERSY

After Urdu Hindi Controversy Sir Syed Ahmed Khan understood the mentality
of the Hindus and he pressurized the British to avoid replacing Urdu with
Hindi.

BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan forbade the Muslims to join the Indian National
Congress founded by A.O. Hume in 1885, as he could understand the
objectives of this party.

POLITICAL REFORMS
He restrained the Muslims from joining congress and struggle for special seat
of the Muslims in local council. He also started a movement against the open

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competitive exams to avoid the monopoly of the Hindus.

CONCLUSION
The services of Sir Syed were highly remarkable, therefore, he is recognized
as one of the founders of Pakistan.

Maulvi Abdul Haque appreciated the role played by Sir Syed and said:

“The first stone of the foundation of Pakistan was laid down by this old
man.”

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DAR-UL-ULOOM DEOBAND (TEHRIK-I-DEOBAND)

The ulema and religious leaders of the Muslims also took part in the 1857 War
of Independence, they too had to bear British wrath after the war. The British
in disgraceful manner had destroyed Muslim religious institutions and closed
down all Madrassahs and preaching places of the Muslims as a part of their
policy of mass elimination against the Muslims. Consequently the efforts of the
spread of Islam were greatly affected.

The British did not stop here. After establishing of their government over the
sub-continent, the British began preaching Christianity to convert the Indian
people into Christian. The religious education imparted by the local institutions
was discouraged and new educational philosophies were promoted which
aimed at converting the local people into Christians.

Although Aligarh movement did a lot of work for the social, political and
economic uplift of the Muslims it, however, lacked in the religious sphere and
could not work commendably for the religious training of the Muslims. The
working strategy of the Aligarh was based on the co-operation with the British
rulers which confronted it with the Ulema who did not consider it a reformatory
movement for the Muslims. The Ulema believed that the Muslim & welfare and
renaissance could only be possible by pursuing Islamic way of life which the
Aligarh greately ignored.

In order to combat this lethargy in the religious sphere, the ulema decided to
launch a movement for the religious training of the Muslims of India. They
believed if they did not adopt measures to defend the religion the Muslims
would ultimately lose their identity as a nation. For this purpose they began
their movement with the establishment of institutions to impart religious
training.

FOUNDERS OF DEOBAND
The Tehrik-i-Deoband was started with the establishment of a Madrassah in a
small mosque at Deoband for religious education. The Madrassah was named
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as Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband and was started at Deoband, a small town of
Saharanpur. It began functioning on 14th April, 1866. Mahmood-ul-Hassan
was the first student.

Haji Muhammad Abid floated the idea of the establishment of this Madrassah
for imparting religious education to the Muslims. He suggested that funds
should be collected and a Madrassah be established. Haji Muhammad Abid
took lot of pains in the collection of funds and collected a substantial amount.
He then informed Maulana Muhammad Qasim of the results of his efforts and
requested him to come and teach at Deoband.

A managing committee including Maulana Muhammad Qasim, Maulana

Fazal-ur-Rehman, Maulana Zulfiqar Ali and Maulana Muhammad Mahmood
were set up. Maulana Muhammad Yaqub, a leading educationist, was
appointed as the first president and Syed Abid Hussain was elected first
controller of the movement.

OBJECTIVES OF DAR-UL-ULOOM DEOBAND.

The objectives of Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband were as under:
1. Elimination of innovations from the society.
2. To defence the Muslims from Hinduism and charistionaty
3. To oppose the western education
4. Religious training of the Muslims
5. Spirtual and ethical training of Muslims
6. To unite the scholars of the sub-continent.

SYLLABI OF DAR-UL-ULOOM DEOBAND

The syllabi of Dar-ul-Uloom was the teaching of Holy Quran, Hadith,
translation and commentary of Holy Quran and Hadith, Fiqh, Principle of Fiqh
and other religious topics.

ACTIVITIES OF DAR-UL-ULOOM
The activities of the Dar-ul-Uloom were not restricted to the sub-continent but
it spread the light of religious education to the other parts of the world as well.
The Dar-ul-Uloom attracted a large number of students from other parts of
world due to its high educational standard. It is known a prestigious seat of
Islamic learnings and next to the Azhar University of cairo, the most respected
theological academy of the Muslim world. Administratively Dar-ul-Uloom was
an excellent set up which provided administrative guidance to other
educational institutions, in the spheres of syllabi, conduct of examinations and
imparting of education in different disciplines.

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Dar-ul-Uloom at Deoband followed Madrassah-i-Rahimiya established by

Shah Wali Ullah’s father, in the teaching of Hadith and other religious
disciplines. But it also had a number of features of British educational system
which were division of students in regular academic group maintenance of
attendance registers and written examinations. These characteristics
introduced a disciplined conduct in the working of Madrassah which produced
amazing results both in academic and administrative sectors of the institution.
It was all due to the broad vision and great influence of Maulana Muhammad
Qasim Nanautvi, who put his soul into the Dar-ul-Uloom to make it an ideal
institution of the Muslim world.

As already mentioned the Dar-ul-Uloom started functioning in a small mosque

as it had no building. However, immediately after its establishment, the work
for the construction of a building for the Dar-ul-Uloom began. A huge building
was raised gradually with different departments which included Dar-ul-Hadith
and Dar-ul-Tafsir’ as the most important and famous departments. Dar-ul-
Uloom has its own library with a large collection of excellent and rare books on
different subjects.

PRINCIPLES OF DAR-UL-ULOOM
Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband had the following principles:
1. Steps to raise the funds.
2. Facilities of hostels for students.
3. Uniformity of the teachers.
4. To follow the syllabi
5. To avoide from political and Government involvement in institution
6. To avoide from perminant source of income of the institution.

TEACHERS / STUDENTS OF DAR-UL-ULOOM

Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband has been a place of prestigious learnings where
people with extraordinary qualifications rendered services for the noble task of
impart of religious education. Deoband produced men of high intellectual
status who worked for the spread of Islam in the sub-continent. These
respected personalities include Shah Abdur Rahim, Maulana Ashraf Ali
Thanvi, Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni, Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi,
Sheikh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan, Maulana Abdul Haq, Maulana
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Maulana Ubaid Ullah Sindhi, Multi Kifiyat Ullah,
Maulana Ahmad Ali Lahori, Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi, Maulana
Ehtesham-ul-Haq Thanvi as the most famous persons who were benefited

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from the Deoband. Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani was the trusted
companion of Quaid-i-Azam during the freedom movement.

Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband got the services of great scholars who served there as
teachers. Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi was its first principal who
worked day and night for development of Dar-ul-Uloom. Apart from him
Maulana Muhammad Yaqub, Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Maulana
Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hassan, Anwar Shah Kashmiri,
Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni and Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, served
the Dar-ul-Uloom. They were highly pious men who inspired their students
with their spiritual and academic qualities.

POLITICAL TRENDS OF DEOBAND

1. Deoband was influenced by the All India National Congress in its
political trend; however, there was one clear group under Maulana
Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani who differed
with Congress in political approach.
2. The Madni group formed their political organization as Jamiat-ul-Ulema-
i-Hind and supported the political views of the Congress.
3. The Thanvi group set up Jamiat-uI-Ulema-i-Islam and supported
Pakistan movement and extended valuable assistance to the Quaid-i-
Azam. The Madni group which included Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni
and Mufti Kifiyat Ullah was influenced by Maulana Abu-ul-Kalam Azad.
This group worked in collaboration with Congress and was opposed to
the partition of India.
4. People of Dar-ul-Uloom supported the Khilafat Movement also.

EDUCATIONAL ASPECT OF THE DEOBAND

The Dar-uI-Uloom Deoband is known as a prestigious seat of Islamic
learnings.
1. It imparts education in different disciplines which include education on
Quran, Hadith, Arabic, Islamic Jurisprudence, Philosophy and Islamic
History.
2. The Ulema of the Deohand are considered as the highly respected
personalities in the religious spheres and their Fatwas carry great
authenticity and importance in the whole of sub-continent.
3. A lot of books also written under the guidance of this institution

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4. Ulemas of Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband motivated the other ulemas to
establish religious more institutions for Muslims.

RELIGIOUS SERVICES
1. Basically Dar-ul-Uloom was an institution in which religious education is
imparting to the Muslims.
2. Dar-ul-Uloom also tried to eradicate innovations.
3. Dar-ul-Uloom also played vital role to control the ethical problems of the
society.
4. Dar-ul-Uloom tried best to protect Islamic Culture
5. Ulemas of Dar-ul-Uloom also provide safety and security to the Muslims
from Hindus and Christains.

Maulana Muhammad Qasim remained the head of the Dar-ul-Uloom till 1880.
He died on 15th April 1880 at a young age of 49 years. Maulana Rashid
Ahrnad Gangohi became the head of the institution after the death of Maulana
Qasim. Maulana Rashid Ahmad was a great theologian, a Sufi and a Muhadis.
He was in favour of Muslims participation in the Congress politics. Maulana
Rasheed Ahmad died in 1905. Alter his death Sheikh-ul-Hind Maulana
Mahmud-ul-Hasan took over the charge of Deoband who completed his
studies in 1873. He joined Dar-ul-Uloom as a teacher after the completion of
his education. He has written a number of books and has translated the Holy
Quran.

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CHAPTER-3

SUTRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN

PARTITION OF BENGAL

Lord Curzon became the Viceroy of India in 1899. He was an able and
efficient administrator. He undertook an extensive tour of the province of
Bengal and felt that the province was too big to be administrated effectively.
The provincial Governors had already complained about the administrative
difficulties faced by them in the large province. They had recommended the
partition of the province in view of its size and big population.

REASONS OF PARTITION OF THE BENGAL

There were a lot of reasons behind the partition of the Bengal in 1905. Some
of them are as under:-

LARGE POPULATION OF BENGAL

According to the survey of 1901 the population consisted of seven crore eighty
lacs (78’000’000) individuals. According to the area and population ratios its
division into two parts was necessary.

LARGE AREA OF BENGAL

According to the survey of 1901 the area of Bengal province was one lac
eighty nine thousand square miles that’s why partition of Bengal was
necessary.

WORSE CONDITION OF EAST BENGAL

The centre of province was Calcutta which was the Hindu majorotu city and
was well developed. In East Bengal the ocnditins were very bad as it was a
Muslim majority area. Administrations and discipline was very worse. Bad
roads and numerous streams and drains posed problems to run the
administrative matters.

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DESTRUCTION OF CHITTAGONG SEA PORT
Due to the availability of a sea port in West Bengal in Calcutta no thought was
given to improve and develop the seaport in East Bengal at Chittagong. The
division of Bengal was necessary to save it from destruction.

PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE
The area of Arisa where language, Arya was spoken divided into three
provinces Bengal, Assam and U.P. The people and government had to face a
lot of problems due to this. The concerned provincial governments had to do
official formalities in provincial as well as Arya Language. Therefore it was
necessary to include, Arisa in any one province.

DESTRUCTION OF INDUSTRY AND SKILL

Even though jute was produced in large scale, East Bengal was not given any
importance in the field of industry because of which the local industries had
collapsed and people were in bad conditions.

EVENTS OF THE PARTITION OF BENGAL

A number of partition proposals were viewed and discussed which, however,
could not materialize. Lord Curzon decided to divide the province into two
provinces. He prepared a comprehensive plan of the partition of Bengal in
1905 and sent it to England for approval. The British Crown gave approval to
the partition plan and the province of Bengal was divided into two parts on
16th October, 1905 named as Western Bengal and Eastern Bengal.

PROVINCE OF EAST BENGAL

The area of East Bengal and Assam province was one lac six thousand five
hundred and forty square miles (106’540) and total population was three crore
ten lacs (31’000’000). The Muslim population in this was one crore eighty lacs
(18’000’000). The province included Assam, Silhit, East and North Bengal
meaning Chittagong, Dhaka, Commissionaires of Rajshahi and Maldah
division. The centre of the new province was Dhaka and the seaport was
Chittagong.

PROVINCE OF WEST BENGAL

Besides the area of East Bengal and Assam other parts of Bengal were
included in West Bengal. The area of Arissa was also included in it the area of
West Bengal was one lac forty one thousand five hundred and eighty square
miles (141’580) and its population was five crore forty lacs (54’000’000).
Muslim population was only ninety thousand (90’000). The centre of the
province remained Calcutta. The trade seaport remained Calcutta.

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MUSLIM RE-ACTION TO THE PARTITION
The new province of Eastern Bengal brought happier prospects of political and
economic life for the Muslims. The Muslims turned into majority by the
creation of the new province. The Muslims were 18 million out of the total
population of 31 million in the new province. The partition of Bengal provided
chances of great progress to the Muslims who formed the majority group in
the new set up. In the combined province of Bengal the Muslims were a
suppressed and dominated class of society. The Hindus had monopolized
trade and Government services which aggravated the economic condition of
the Muslims. The partition of Bengal provided them with a chance to
rehabilitate their social position. They hoped that their social status would get
a tremendous boost in the new province. The Muslims, therefore, expressed
their utmost happiness over the partition of Bengal. They offered their
gratification in a loyal way to Government for taking a step for their social,
economic and political uplift.

HINDU RE-ACTION TOWARD PARTITION

The Hindus reacted toward the partition of Bengal in a hostile and violent
manner. The Hindus could never support a move which was to bring
prosperity and happiness to the Muslims. The reasons for Hindu opposition to
the partition were as follows:

1. The Hindus believed that they would come under the domination of the
Muslim majority in the new province and their superior position would be
downgraded to the lower status.

2. As the provincial High Court and other judicial bodies were to be shifted
to Dhaka, the Hindu lawyers feared that their legal practice would be
affected.

3. Since Dhaka was to become the centre of journalistic and other

academic activities, the Hindu Press and media believed that from now
onward the Muslim point of view would be projected in the newspapers
and magazines. They also feared that their income would seriously be
reduced.

4. The Hindu landlords, capitalists and traders did not like the partition as it
was to put an end to their exploitation of the poor Muslims.

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5. Before the partition of Bengal the Hindus enjoyed dominant position in

the political sphere of the province over the Muslims. The new set up
was to put an end to their superior political position and their political
dominance over the Muslims will end.

The Hindu agitation soon turned into a violent reaction. The people disobeyed
government orders by refusing to pay taxes and rentals. Communal clashes
erupted at a number of places which aggravated the law and order situation in
the country. Bombs were thrown and attacks were made on the lives of the
British people. Swadeshi movement was organized by which the foreign
goods were boycotted. The train carrying the Governor of the Eastern Bengal
was derailed and an attempt was made on Viceroy’s life which failed.

CANCELLATION OF PARTITION OF BENGAL

The vigorous Hindu agitation rocked the Government which could not
withstand the extreme pressure of the movement. The Hindus threatened the
Government to boycott the forthcoming tour of India of the King George. The
threat proved successful and the British Government surrendered before the
Hindus agitation. The partition of Bengal was ultimately annulled on 12th
December, 1911 at a Royal meeting known as Delhi Darbar where the King
George announced the decision of annulment to the extreme dismay of the
Muslims of Bengal.

AFFECTS OF CANCELLATION OF PARTITION OF BENGAL

START OF EXTREMISM IN POLITICS

The Division of Bengal was called as cutting apart pieces of motherland and a
danger to the unity and the steps they took to reunite it were extremists. The
extremism started after division of Bengal remained till the division of India
which was a big problem for British.

UNVEILING OF CONGRESS TRUE FACE

The Congress supported the Hindus of Bengal in annulment of division of
Bengal. This made it quite clear that Congress was not an organization for all
Indians but only and only representative party of Hindus.

PROMOTION OF MUSLIM’S POLITICAL AWAKENING

The Hindus opposition on the decision of Division of Bengal promoted political
awakening in Muslim.

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1. On 1 Nov. 1906, 35 member’s delegations of Muslims headed by Sir
st

Agha Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla and play an important role
for the protection rights and interests of Muslims.

2. Two months after the Simla delegation All India Muslim League was
formed on 30th December 1906. Pakistan at last came into being from
this platform.

ESTABLISHMENT OF DHAKA UNIVERSITY

After the annulment of division of Bengal the British government compensated
the hurt feelings of Muslims by establishing a Muslim University in Dhaka.
Islamiat was included for the first time in the syllabus in this university.

CONCLUSION
The Hindus agitation against the partition strengthened the feelings of the
Muslim about Hindu designs. They realized that the Hindus would never allow
the Muslims a prosperous and happy life. The Hindu agitation against the
partition promoted the Two- Nation Theory. This agitation also convinced the
Muslim leaders of the need for a separate Muslim political organization which
could safeguard the interests of the Muslims of India and which could counter
the Hindu and Congress propaganda.

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SHIMLA DELEGATION

Liberal Party of England had won the general elections under the leadership
of Lloyd George in 1905. The Liberal Party announced that it would soon
introduce constitutional reforms in India. The Muslim leaders decided to avail
this opportunity in order to apprise the Viceroy of the Muslims demands. A
delegation of prominent Muslim leaders, from all over the country was formed
under the leadership of His Highness Sir Agha Khan.

FORMATION OF THE DELEGATION

The Viceroy was vacationing at Shimla. The Muslim leaders asked for the
assistance of Mr. Arch bold, the Principal of Aligarh College, to get an
appointment with the Viceroy. Mr. Arch bold got in touch with the Private
Secretary of the Viceroy Col. Dunlop Smith and requested him to get an
appointment with the Viceroy and inform Mr. Arch bold. The Muslim delegation
comprising 35 Muslim leaders known as Shimla Delegation, called on the
Viceroy on 1st November, 1906 at Shimla.

DEMANDS OF SHIMLA DELEGATION

The delegation apprised the Viceroy of the Muslim demands.

DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELECTORATE

The Muslims should be given the authority to elect their representatives in the
elections of the councils. For this reason the Muslim constituencies should be
reserved meaning the Hindu and Muslim constituencies should be separated,
so that Muslim voter could vote for Muslim representatives and Hindu voters
for Hindu representatives.

DEMAND FOR MORE SEATS THAN POPULATION

Muslims should be given more seats than their population because of their
historical and political importance.

DEMAND FOR SHARE IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE

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Muslims should be given employment according to a special proportion in all
the Government & semi-government organizations.

MEMBERSHIP OF JUDGES AND EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

Muslims should be made judges of High courts and Supreme Courts. They
should be nominated for the membership in executive council of the Viceroy.

REPRESENTATION IN THE SYNDICATE OF UNIVERSITIES

Muslims should be given representation in the syndicate of the universities.

MAKING OF MUSLIM UNIVERSITIES

Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College Aligarh should be given the status of a
University.

RESPONSE OF VICEROY LORD MINTO

Lord Minto gave a patient hearing to the demands, presented by the Shimla
delegation. Minto expressed his complete agreement with the principle of
separate electorate. He promised to give sympathetic consideration to the
demands and assured the delegation that he would do all what was possible
to accept the demands and Viceroy said:-
I am aware of the injustices and aggression inflicted upon the Muslim
and I am also trying to compensate them. I will definitely take these
demands to the committee which will come to India to implement
constitutional reforms and will compile the recommendations.

IMPORTANCE OF SHIMLA DELEGATION

Shimla delegation was successful because the Viceroy gave the positive
response to the member of the delegation. The importance of Shimla
Delegation is as follows:-

BASIS OF PAKISTAN MOVEMENT

The formation and demands of Shimla delegation are like a milestone in the
history of Muslims of sub-continent. The positive and encouraging answer of
the Viceroy of India created a sense of political awareness and confidence
amongst the Muslims.

SOURCE OF ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

Successfulness of Shimla Delegation motivated and encouraged the Muslims
to establish the separate Muslim political party for the Muslim. Resultently All
India Muslim League was established on December 30, 1906.

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SECURITY FOR ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY
The demand for separate electorate by the delegation was an effort to free the
Muslims from slavery of Hindus formed by British domination. Because of this
demand the representation of Muslims in the councils and other elected
offices was to be handed to Muslim leaders.

PROTECTION OF MUSLIM RIGHTS AND INTERESTS

The demand for more seats than the population was an effort to make the
golden era of Islamic rule and organizational and political abilities of the
Muslims, prominent.

FREEDOM FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION

The demand for getting employment in government departments was an end
to economic exploitation of Muslims.

REPRESENTATION IN ADMINISTRATION AND JUDICIARY

The demand for appointing Muslims in High Courts and Supreme Courts as
judges and membership in the administrative council of Viceroy was a cause
of creating a sense of security among the Muslims.

EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIMS

The demand for representation in the Syndicate of Universities and the status
of University to be given to Aligarh Mohammadan Anglo Oriental College was
unavoidable for the educational development and awakening of political
administrative consciousness.

CONCLUSION
It was a great achievement of the Shimla Delegation to have convinced the
Viceroy about the genuineness of the Muslim’s demands. The Muslims were
now convinced that organized efforts were essential to press for the
acceptance of the demands. The most important demand of separate
electorate was accepted by the government and incorporated in the Minto-
Morley Reforms of 1909. At this time the Muslims had left the Congress and
had no political platform to project their demands. They badly needed a forum
for the projection and safeguard of their interests to counter the false
propaganda of the Congress.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE

After the war of independence 1857, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advice the
Muslims not to join the congress and also tried to keep them away from the
politics. Till his death in 1898 he worked for the Muslim Political Interest itself
but after the death of the Sir Syed Ahmad Khan the Muslim felt that there will
be a separate political party of the Muslims which worked for the Muslim
interest only.

ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

To meet the political needs of the Muslims of India, it was decided in the
annual meeting of the Muhammdan Education Conference in Dhaka in 1906,
that a political party of the Muslims should be established.

FOUNDERS OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

Nawab Saleem Ullah Khan, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Hakeem Ajmal Khan,
Nawab Waqar ul Mulk, Sir Agha Khan and Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar
were the founders of the All India Muslim League.

FIRST ANNUAL SESSION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

First Annual Session of All India Muslim League was convened in Karachi in
1907 in which it was decided that the membership will be given to the Muslims
of the sub-continent.

OBJECTIVES OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE

The initial aims and objectives of Muslim League are as follows:-

1. To create an understanding between the government and the Indian

Muslims, and to promote the feelings of loyalty among them.

2. To protect the rights and interest of Indian Muslims and to present their
demands and feeling before the government in a righteous manner.

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3. To stop negative emotions arising in the hearts of Muslims towards
the other nations of India without causing any harm to the aims and
objectives of Muslim League.

In 1913 two amendments were made in the objectives of the Muslim

League

1. Achievements of the self-government suitable to the circumstances of

the sub-continent.

2. Social welfare through Hindu-Muslim Unity.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

A constituent committee consisting of sixty members was formed to decide the
aims and objectives of Muslim League. The rules and regulations drafted by
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar were contained in a brochure called “Green
Book”. The committee presented its report in the first meeting of Muslim
League held in December 1907 at Karachi. A special meeting of Muslim
League was held at Aligarh in March 1908, to give final shape to the
constitution of Muslim League was accepted unanimously.

FIRST PRESIDENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

Sir Agha Khan was the first President of the Party. Syed Ameer Ali was made
the President of London branch.

HEAD OFFICE
The Head Office was decided in Aligarh.

CAUSES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

All India Muslim League was found keeping in mind the following factors:

ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Indian National Congress was hi jacked by the Hindus and the Muslims were
compelled to form their own party to safe guard their rights and to face the
challenges of Indian National congress.

COMMUNALISM
After the war of independence (1857) the Muslims became the target of
Hindus and the communal riots started. The Hindu proved prejudiced against
the Muslims. The extremist organizations like Sanghtan, Shudhi endangered

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the life of Muslims. The Muslims were scared of all their activities and they
decided to form All India Muslim League.

PARTITION OF BENGAL
The partition of Bengal (1905) on administrative grounds was in the favour of
the Muslims and created new situation in politics. The partition proved a
blessing for the Muslims. Therefore, Hindus strongly opposed the partition and
asked for its cancellation. This opposition also became the cause of the
establishment of political party of Muslims.

URDU HINDI CONTROVERSY

Urdu Hindi Controversy (1867) made it clear that the Hindus were prejudiced
and the culture of the Muslims is in danger. Defense of Urdu and Muslim
culture was the need of time. So All India Muslim League was founded to
meet the challenges.

SHIMLA DELEGATION
A delegation of Muslim leaders called on Lord Minto, the Viceroy on 1st
November, 1906 at Shimla. Sir Agha Khan, the Head of the Delegation,
presented a memorandum and requested for basic political, economic, cultural
and other rights for the Muslims. One of the important demands was to
introduce a system of separate electorate for the Muslims. The response of
Viceroy was encouraging. On the way back the members of delegation
seriously felt the need of a Muslim political party. So All India Muslim League
emerged on the scene.

PROBLEM OF SLAUGHTERING COW

The Hindu formed Gao Raksha Sabah for the protection of cows in 1883
whose goal was to stop Muslims from sacrificing cows. Under these
circumstances unity of Muslims was unavoidable to stop the intrusion of
Hindus in religious affairs and for that formation of an organized party was
necessary.

THE BRITISH ATTITUDE

Another important thing in this regard was the fact that the British snatched
power from the Muslims and joined hands with the Hindus to persecute them.
The Muslims were economically deprived and some of them turned against
the British and the Hindus because of their mode of thinking. Unity among the
Muslims was necessary. So All India Muslim League was founded to meet the
challenges.

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DEPRIVATION OF THE MUSLIMS
After the war of independence of 1857, the British and the Hindus jointly
victimized the Muslims politically, socially and economically. The status of the
Muslims as a nation was changed and they became minority in the same
country. Doors of new jobs for the Muslims were closed. The Hindus started
music before mosques and started a movement against slaughter of cow. A
lot of political and economical pressure was raised after the war of
independence on the Muslims.

NEGATIVE ROLE OF HINDU SECTARIAN PARTIES AND MOVEMENTS

The Slogan of the Hindu Sectarian parties formed in the eighteenth century
was:

India is only for Hindus all other are foreigners. There are only two
choices for them that they should either accept Hinduism or leave India.

To give effective answer to the Hindu organizations a political platform was

necessary for Muslims.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

After the establishment of the Muslim League it worked for the Muslim
interests and raised the pressure on the British Government.

RIGHT OF SEPARATE ELECTORATE

The first achievement of Muslim League was the attainment of right of
separate electorate for the Muslims in Minto Marley Reforms 1909.

ANSWERS TO THE CONGRESS PROPAGANDAS

Muslim League answers to the Congress and the British Government on their
Propagandas against the Muslims.

THE LUCKNOW PACT

After the formation of Muslim League the Hindus had to accept that not only
are the Muslims a separate nation but All India Muslim League is the only
representative party of the Muslims. Accepting this fact the Hindus signed a
historical pact at Lucknow in 1916 in which all the right demands of Muslims
were accepted.

FORMATION OF ALIGARH UNIVERSITY

In 1920 Muslim League was successful to form first Muslim Aligarh University.

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SINGLE REPRESENTATIVE PARTYOF MUSLIMS OF INDIA
In a very short period time Muslim League became the single representative
party of the Muslims of the sub-continent. It also worked for the Muslim
interests only.

CONCLUSION
All India Muslim League met with early success. The government accepted
the demand of separate electorate in 1909. In 1916 Muslim League signed a
Pact with Indian National Congress and got significant concessions for the
Muslims, Muslim League under the leadership of Agha Khan, Wiqar-ul-Mulk
and Quaid-e-Azam worked very hard. Muslim League in its Annual Session at
Lahore passed an historic resolution in 1940 demanding a separate homeland
for Muslims. It was in 1947 that Muslim League succeeded in getting Pakistan
for Muslims after a struggle of seven years.

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SEPARATE ELECTORATE
After the war of independence, the Muslims became slave nation and the
British tried to make them eternal slaves by introducing Combined Electorate
in the name of political reforms. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan then demanded for the
separate electorate. At last the Muslims were given the right of separate
electorate in the Act of 1909 (Minto Marley Reforms) after discussing it with
the Muslim Delegation at Shimla in 1906.

SEPARATE ELECTORATE
Separate Electorate is a political term. It means an electoral system in which
the rights and interests of different nations are protected by fixing their
separate seats in the legislatures according to the proportion of their
population. In this system the voters of that nation can vote for the contestant
of their own nations particularly.

COMBINED ELECTORATE
Combined Electorate is another political term. It means an electoral system in
which the rights and interests of different nations are not protected by fixing
their separate seats in the legislatures but the candidates of any nation can
win one seat by the majority of votes. In these electorates minorities are
dependents on the will of majorities.

IMPORTANCE OF SEPARATE ELECTORATE FOR THE MUSLIMS

Without the right of separate electorate the Hindu Majority could dominate the
Muslims in the British Democratic System. The separate identity of the
Muslims was in danger because of combined electorate system and the
political rights of the Muslims were being ignored. That is why the Muslims of
the Sub-Continent demanded the Separate Electorate.

MUSLIM STRUGGLE FOR THE SEPARATE ELECTORATE

The Combined Electorate System was implemented in India after the war of
independence. The Muslims raised their voice against it throughout the
struggle for freedom. Following are the various aspects behind the Muslim
struggle for the Separate Electorate.

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim Leader who opposed the
combined electorate system when it was implemented. He explained the

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intensity by pointing out the differences in Meerut on 16 January 1888. He
said:

"This thing is confirmed that the population of Hindus is four times more.
We can calculate that the Hindu candidate will get four votes and
Muslim candidate will get only one vote. Therefore, it is necessary that
separate electorate should be implemented and Hindu Muslim
constituencies should be marked so that Hindu voters will elect Hindu
candidates and Muslim voters will elect Muslim candidates."

ACT OF 1892 AND COMBINED ELECTORATE

Combined electorate was implemented in India under the Act of 1892 in
central and provincial levels. The candidates and the voters were given
different terms of property, income and education. These terms affected
majority of the Muslims.

MUSLIM REACTION ON COMBINED ELECTORATES

Sir Syed criticized the combined electorate system and other Muslims strongly
reacted against it. Syed Mahmud, son of Sir Syed and Mr. Beck, The Principal
Aligarh College sent a memorandum to the British Government demanding:

"The Muslims would always be deprived of leadership due to combined

electorate. As the Muslims are a separate nation, they should be given
the right to the separate electorate."

SHIMLA DELEGATION AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

On 1st November, 1906 a delegation of 35 Muslim leaders under the headship
of Sir Agha Khan met the Viceroy Lord Minto and demanded the right of
separate electorate for the Indian Muslims in the following words:

"Separate electorate should be implemented in the Sub-continent. The

Muslim constituencies should be marked for this. So that Muslim voters
may vote for Muslim candidates and the Hindu voters may vote for the
Hindu candidates."

EFFORTS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE FOR SEPARATE ELECTORATE

After its establishment, Muslim League started efforts for separate electorate.
A delegation of London branch under the headship of Syed Ameer Ali met
John Marley, the minister for India and emphasized the approval of separate
electorate. Later on another delegation of the Muslims met the Viceroy Lord
Minto and reminded him his promise with Shimla Delegation. At last John
Marley and Lord Minto approved the demand.

REACTION OF HINDUS ON THE DEMAND FOR SEPARATE

ELECTORATE
Congress and prominent leaders of Hindus opposed the Muslim demand for
the separate electorate. They declared it communal system of electorate and

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branded the Muslim league a communal party and its objectives against the
interests of India. They also forced the British to withdraw this approval.

MINTO MARLEY REFORMS AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

In 1909 Minto Marley Reforms were introduced in the Sub-Continent. In these
reforms the demand for separate electorate was approved. The Muslims were
allotted 5 seats in the Central Legislature and 18 out of 284 seats from the
provincial Legislature though in Punjab and C.P separate electorate was not
promulgated.

LUCKNOW PACT AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

Hindus opposed the approval of separate electorate in Minto Marley Reforms.
With the efforts of Mr. Jinnah a pact was signed between Muslim League and
Congress in Lucknow in 1916. In this Pact Congress agreed to the separate
electorate for the Muslims. This is the only occasion in the history of the
struggle for the freedom that Congress accepted the Muslims as a separate
nation.

LORD CHELMSFORD REFORMS AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

In 1919 Lord Chelmsford introduced reforms in the Sub-continent. As
Congress has accepted this right of the Muslims, he did not disapprove
separate electorate.

DELHI PROPOSALS AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

Moti Lal Nehru offered Quaid-e-Azam to accept all the demands of the
Muslims if the Muslims were ready to withdraw from the right of separate
electorate. Quaid-e-Azam called a meeting of the Muslim leaders in Delhi in
1927. They prepared some suggestions called Delhi Proposals as a substitute
for the right of separate electorate. These suggestions were not accepted by
the Hindus so Quaid-e-Azam withdrew these proposals and the Muslims
remained firm at the separate electorate.

NEHRU REPORT AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

In August 1928 under the headship of Moti Lal Nehru a seven member
committee presented its report. In this report separate electorate was strongly
opposed in the following words:
"Separate electorate is a cause of communal violence therefore
combined electorates should be implemented."

ALL PARTIES MUSLIM CONFERENCE AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

All parties Muslim Conference was held in Delhi in December 1928. In this
conference all the Muslim leaders including Quaid-e-Azam strongly supported
separate electorate.

FOURTEEN POINTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

Quaid-e-Azam presented a resolution as an answer to the Nehru Report in the
annual meeting of All India Muslim League on 25 March, 1929. The resolution
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consisted of fourteen points was accepted unanimously. Later on this
resolution became popular with the name of "Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-
Azam". In one point Quaid-e-Azam said,

"The present system of separate electorate should remain as such but

each sect should be given the permission to adopt combined electorate
on its wish."

COMMUNAL AWARD AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

Indian Leaders failed to find a solution for the communal problems in three
Round Table Conferences (1930- 1932). After these Conferences, The British
Government issued an award known as "Communal Award". In this award The
British Government announced the right of separate electorate not only for
Muslims but for Sikhs, Christians and Achuts also.

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935 AND SEPARATE ELECTORATE

British Government promulgated Government of India Act 1935 to end the
constitutional crises in India keeping in view the reports of three Round Table
Conferences. Separate electorate system remained a part of this law.

CONCLUSION
The separate electorate was not merely a demand but was a matter of great
importance for the Indian Muslims. Under this election system Muslim League
won 434 out of 492 Muslim Seats in the Provinces and 30 out of 30 Muslim
seats in the Center. Thus separate electorate system proved strength for the
establishment of Pakistan. At last Indian Muslims succeeded in achieving their
free homeland.

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KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
BACKGROUND
The First World War started in 1914. UK, USA, France, Russia and Italy went
into an alliance against Germany, Austria and Turkey. Turkey was the center
of Islamic world in those days and the Khalifah of Turkey was owned as
Khalifah of the whole Islamic world. The Centre of Muslim world was in
serious danger. Hijaz-e-Muqqadas was in Turkish domain. In case of defeat of
Turkey both sacred cities, Makkah and Madina, could go into the possession
of Christian allied forces. Keeping all the apprehensions in view, the Indian
Muslims organized a big movement called the Khilafat Movement.

LEADERS OF THE MOVEMENT

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Shoukat Ali, Maulana Zafar Ali
Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Maulana Hasrat
Mohani, Syed Suleman Nadvi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were the main
leaders. Gandhi and Moti Lal Nehru also joined this movement as a result of
the Lucknow Pact.

OBJECTIVES OF THE MOVEMENT

The movement was a multi-purpose one. It organized and assembled the
Muslims of the sub-continent on one platform. The Muslims, for the time
being, kept all India Muslim League aside and came under the banner of
Khilafat Committee. Following were the objectives of the Movement.

1. To protect the Turkish Khilafat and Khalifah carry out the business of
government usual.

2. To maintain the boundaries of Turkish Sultanate the same as before the

War.

3. The position of the Holy places i.e. Makkah and Madina should be
maintained and non-Muslim forces should not be allowed to enter in

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these two sacred cities.

ACTIVITIES OF MOVEMENT
Khilafat Movement took following steps to make their demands known to the
entire world:

DELEGATIONS
One delegation under the leadership of Dr. M.A Ansari met the Viceroy of
India while another under the leadership of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar
met the Prime Minister of England for the protection of office of Turkish
Khilafat. These delegations presented demands for the protection of Turkey
and its Khilafat. These demands were rejected. So these delegations failed.

MEDICAL AID
Doctors, nurses arid medicines were dispatched to Turkey for the treatment of
wounded Turkish soldiers.

FINANCIAL AID
A large amount of money, gold and silver was collected in the general
meetings to give financial aid to Turkey.

PROCESSIONS
Large processions were arranged, protest meetings were held and strikes
were observed in all big and small cities in the sub-continent. The Muslim
volunteers presented themselves to the police for arrests. All leaders were
sent behind the bars but the momentum of movement could not be
diminished.

ROLE OF PRESS
The role of Muslim journalism was tremendous, Zamindar of Zafar Ali Khan,
Al-Hilal of Abul Kalam Azad and Comrade of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar
played vital roles in the movement. They inculcated a sense of sacrifice
among the Muslims.

ROLE OF GANDHI
Gandhi got a golden chance to exploit the Muslim power for his own purposes.
He supported the Khilafat Movement and participated in the meetings of the
Muslims. Indian National Congress also expressed solidarity with Khilafat
Movement. It was again as per Gandhian policies, Indian National Congress
itself tried to bring the British government to its knees before his own

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movements like, Civil Disobedience Movement, Non-Co-operation
Movement and Swedeshi Movement. By supporting the Khilafat Movement he
secured cooperation of the emotional Muslims for his own purpose.

AGREEMENT OF SEVRES
In 1920 Agreement of Sevres was signed between Allied forces. The harsh
terms of the agreement made it clear to the Indian Muslims that the victorious
allies will divide Turkey into many parts. It was decided by the agreement of
Sevres that the Allies could occupy any part of Turkey at will. New state of
Armenia was established, Syria, Iraq and Jordan would be separated from the
Turkish Empire. Western Anatolia and Samarona were handed over to
Greece. With the dismemberment of Turkey, the institution of Khilafat was
also be demolished.

NON CO-OPERATION MOVEMENT

In 1920, Mr. Gandhi started Non-cooperation Movement and advised the
Muslims.

1. To surrender the titles awarded by the Government

2. To Boycott the schools
3. To Boycott the rules of law
4. To Boycott the British goods
5. To resign from the government jobs
6. Come on the streets against the government
7. Present themselves for arrests
8. Refrain from paying the taxes
9. Refuse to receive financial grants from the governments

MIGRATE TO IRAN, AFGHANISTAN AND OTHER MUSLIM COUNTRIES

The Muslims leaders could not comprehend the conspiracy of Gandhi and
followed his guidelines. It affected the economy, education and social
conditions of the Muslims very badly. Sub-continent was declared Dar-ul-
Harab and millions of Muslim families migrated to Afghanistan after selling
their properties to the Hindus. Afghan government refused entry to them. On
their return poverty, helplessness, shortage of food and humiliation troubled
them. Now they fully realized the real face of Gandhi.

CIVIL DIS-OBEDIENCE
In the session of Khilafat Movement on 8th July 1921 in Karachi decided that
civil disobedience will start. In September 1921 Maulana Muhammad Ali
Jauhar and Maulana Shoukat Ali attested and Mr. Gandhi became the head of
the Khilafat Movement.

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MUTINY OF MOPLAH
Some Muslims Arabs Traders known as Moplah had settled on the Malabar
Shores. In August 1921, they supported Khilafat movement and started civil
disobedience movement. The government arrested the leaders and adopted
repressive measures in order to quell Moplah’s activities. Moplah’s strongly
protested against this on which fire was opened at them and about 400
Moplah’s were martyred. This event flared up the Moplahs and they declared
open mutiny. They destroyed government assets and killed officers, pulled out
railway lines, destroyed wine shops, broke prisons and set the prisoners free.
The government reacted by imposing martial law and by opening killings.
Thousands of Moplahs were martyred. The incident created large scale inrest
in the country.

CHAURA CHAURI TRAGEDY

In 1922 a small town of Chaura Chauri in Farakhabad District a great tragedy
was happened. Under the civil disobedience movement all government taxes
and revenues were not to be paid. The people of Chaura Chauri demonstrated
in a form of procession on 5th February, 1922 and refuse to pay government
taxes. The Police tried to disperse the procession which infuriated the
processionist. The hostile crowd set fire to the police station where twenty two
policemen were burnt alive. Gandhi resigned from leadership of Khilafat
Movement on the base of this incident without consulting other leaders.

THE END OF MOVEMENT

In 1924 Mustafa Kamal Pasha, became a force, signed a pact with the Allied
forces at Luzon. The sovereign position of Turkey survived. The Hejaz-e-
Muqqadas was handed over the Sharif Hussain of Makkah and the control of
Turkey on the Middle East, North Africa and Eastern Europe was lost.

RESULT AND EFFECTS OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

No doubt, Khilafat Movement was a complete failure but left a far reaching
impact on the India Politics. Most significant influences, which the Khilafat
Movement left on the Indian politics, are as under:-
1. It created political awareness among the Muslims of India and taught
the ways and means to protest and protect their interests.
2. It provided dynamic leadership to the Muslims and established
foundations to launch freedom Movement.
3. Kept the British from openly helping the Greece against Turkey. Provide
stability to the newly formed government of Turkey.

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4. It confirmed to the Muslims that the Hindus mind can never be sincere
to the Muslims cause.
5. Coming of religious scholars and students into politics
6. It immensely strengthened the two Nation theory which became the
base of creation of Pakistan.

REASONS OF THE FAILURE OF THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Khilafat Movement was failed due to the following factors:-

1. Sudden Gandhi's action of ending Khilafat Movement was a severe set-

back to the movement.
2. Action of Mustafa Kamal Pasha, who abolished the institution of Khilafat
and caliph Sultan Abdul Majeed, was banished from Turkey.
3. Starting of the Movement after the end of First World War.
4. Corruption in the funds of Movement also affected a lot the future of
Khilafat Movement.
5. Differences in objectives of the two big nations (Hindus and Muslims)
6. The government arrested all important leaders of the Movement which
left the Muslims leader less
7. Hijrat Movement also a major reason of failure of this Movement.
8. The clashes and riots erupted in the country which adversely affected
the political condition of India.

CONCLUSION
Though Khilafat Movement was a complete failure yet it affected the struggle
a lot. The Muslims came to know the actual mentality of the Hindus and the
British. They also understood the real way of agitation. That is why Khilafat
Movement is called a milestone in the Struggle for Independence.

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ALLAHABAD ADDRESS OF DR. ALLAMA IQBAL 1930

The main leadership of Muslims including the Quaid-e-Azam was in London

for the first Round Table Conference in 1930. In the absence of main
leadership from the sub-continent, Allama Iqbal was asked to preside over the
21st annual session of All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930.

HISTORICAL ADDRESS OF ALLAMA IQBAL

The 21st annual session of Muslim league was held from 29th to 31st
December 1930.
The meeting started on 29th December 1930, at 11.00 A.M. Haji Syed
Muhammad Hussain presented the welcome speech. After that, Dr. Allama
Muhammad Iqbal proposed in his presidential address that the Muslims
should have their own state. It was the desire of the Muslims of India that they
should be acknowledged as a separate identity. Therefore they demanded a
separate homeland. This address was in English. Later it was translated into
Urdu by the editor of daily “Inqilab” Ghulam Rasul Mehr in two publications in
January 1931.

ALLAHABAD ADDRESS
An important extract of the address of Allama Iqbal is as follows:-

CONCEPT OF SEPARATE STATES

Allama Iqbal said in his Allahabad Address:
“I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Baluchistan in the
form of a single state. Weather India gets independence under the
crown of England or out of it. I think independent state of western
provinces is the destiny of the people living there.”

SEPARATE RECOGNITION OF MUSLIMS

Allama lqbal made it clear:

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“India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings
belonging to different languages and practicing different religions.
Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity.”

CONDEMNATION OF WESTERN DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTS

Dr. Muhammad lqbal was strongly against the western concept of democracy.
Despite flourishing all over the world, this system cannot provide solution of
the problem of Islamic world. Allama Iqbal was of the view that all social and
political problems can be solved with the help of Islamic system. He said:

”Western democracy is devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive

outlook”

TWO NATION THEORY

Allama Muhammad Iqbal said explaining the two nation theory as:
“Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims have their
own individual ideologies so the only solution of political conflict in India
is to have a separate independent parliament for each nation.”

ISLAM A COMPLETE CODE OF LIFE

Allama Muhammad Iqbal made it clear in his address that Islam is a complete
code of life. He said:
“Islam is not just the name of a few beliefs and customs but it is a
complete code of life. In Europe religion is a personal matter of every
person. Whereas in Islam God, Universe, spirit, nature, state and
religious places are linked with each other”

ISLAM A LIVE POWER

Allama Muhammad Iqbal had strongly believed that Islam is a live power. In
this regard he said:
“Islam is a live force which frees the mind of human from the prison of
ideology of country and race. If we understand this thing than we can
become the symbol of prominent civilization of India”

ISLAM A WAY OF SALVATION

According to Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal the only way to achieve success is
by following Islamic teachings. In his address he said:
“The only lesson I have learned from history is that at the times of
difficulty Islam has always saved the Muslims but Muslims never protect
Islam”

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DISAPPROVAL OF WESTERN DEMOCRACY
Allama Muhammad Iqbal criticized and disapproved the western concept of
democracy as:
“The western democratic system superficially seems bright but actually
is very dark. In this people are counted rather than weighed. Whereas in
Islamic democratic system people are weighed but not counted.”

‫وہمجرتیاکرطزوکحتمےہہکسجںیم‬
‫دنبوؤںوکانگرکےتںیہوتالںیہنرکےت‬

ERADICATION OF RACIAL & REGIONAL PREJUDICES

Once Allama Muhammad lqbal said:

“Concept of nation and homeland is confusing the Muslims. That is why

Islamic humane objects are becoming dim. It is also possible that these
concepts may destroy the real concepts of Islam.”

ISLAM IS NOT SEPARATE FROM POLITICS

Allama Muhammad Iqbal was in the favour of basic Islamic concept that
politics is a part of religion and religion specially Islam provides complete
guidance about it,
“Islam does not consider matter and soul separate from each other.
Allah, Universe worship and state all are the basic elements of single
unit. Man is not so alien that he should leave worldly affairs for the sake
of religion”

‫الجلاپداشیہوہہکوہمجریامتاشوہ‬
‫دجاوہدنیایستسےسوترہاجیتےہچنگیزی‬

REACTION OF THE HINDUS AND THE BRITISH

The Hindus and the British criticized a lot on Iqbal’s address. The Hindus
declared it the dream of a mad man or a poet, not that of a sensible man.
They said that this was an illegal solution and could not be practiced in the
sub-continent.

IMPORTANCE OF ALLAHABAD ADDRESS

It was the desire of the Muslims that they should be acknowledged as a
separate identity. Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad address clearly reveals this fact.
The importance of the address is as under:
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1. Address of Allahabad clearly declares the ideological base of
Pakistan.
2. In address of Allahabad concept of separate state was presented by
Allama Muhammad Iqbal.
3. It strengthened the two nation theory.
4. It allocated the destination of Muslims of India.
5. It was clear evidence of political awareness of Allama Muhammad Iqbal.
6. It was the first step towards Pakistan because on the base of it Pakistan
Movement was started.

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ELECTIONS OF 1937

Government Act of India 1935 was signed by the King of England on 14th
August 1935, giving it final shape. The Act consisted of two parts central and
provincial. The central part of the constitution was not acted upon. Acting on
provincial part, elections in the provinces were announced which were held in
the winter of 1936-37. The results of these elections were announced in
March 1937.

There were 1771 seats of the provincial assemblies which were to be filled by
these elections. There are 492 seats were reserved for Muslims. Although
both Muslim League and the Congress had rejected the Act of 1935, still they
decided to contest the elections.

Both Muslim League and Congress issued their manifestoes. The Muslim
League laid down two main principles on which its elected representatives
would work:

1. The present provincial constitution and proposed central constitution

should be replaced by a system of self-government.

2. In the meantime the representatives of Muslim League would sincerely

work to get the maximum benefits out of the present constitution.

The Congress too, came forward with somewhat similar slogans of public
welfare and liberty and for the release of the political prisoners.

FORMATION OF MINISTRIES
The results of the elections were shocking for the Muslims of India and Muslim
League as well which could not get mentionable support from the voters.
According to election results Muslim League took only 108 seats out of 492.

Congress achieved a big victory and managed to get clear majority in five
provinces. It, however, planned to form coalition governments in few other
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provinces to term its ministries in eight provinces. Congress got clear
majority in Madras, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces and Central Provinces. In
Bombay the Congress won some independent groups to form a coalition
ministry.

Muslim League could only form combined ministries in three provinces i.e
Punjab, Sindh and Bengal. These ministries also became a target of congress
conspiracy. Therefore Muslim League ministries kept on forming and
breaking.

TORTURES OF CONGRESS MINISTRIES ON THE MUSLIMS

Congress had formed its ministries in eight provinces. The Muslims living in
these provinces under congress rule were subjected to most inhuman
treatment and made to bear the oppressive and tyrannical rule of the
Congress for two and a half years.

UN-CONSTITUTIONAL METHOD TO RULE:

Congress had adopted an unconstitutional method to rule the provinces. Its
administration did not conform to the parliamentary system as laid down in the
Act of 1935. The Congress ministries were not accountable to the Parliament.
They received all instructions from the Congress high command and were
answerable to it for all matters. The Congress high command made and
removed the ministers.

BAN ON SLAUGHTER OF COW:

The Muslims were forbidden to eat beef. Severe punishments were awarded
to those who slaughtered the Mother Cow. If a Muslim had to kill a cow for
sacrifice, hundreds of Muslims including their children and women were to be
killed as a reprisal. Every effort was made to humble and humiliate the religion
of Muslims.

BAN ON AZAN AND NAMAZ:

Azan was forbidden and organized attacks were made on Muslim worshippers
busy in the mosques. Noisy processions were organized to pass near the
mosques at prayer times. Pigs were pushed into the mosques and Azan was
frequently interrupted.

BAND-E-MATRAM
Band-e- Matram was a song in which degrading verses were used against
Muslims and their religion Islam. The song was written by a Bengali novelist
Bankim Chatterjee in his novel Anandamath and urged all the non-Muslims to
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wage war against the Muslims in order to expel them from Hindustan which
meant for the Hindus only. In order to strengthen the Hindu nationalism, the
Congress members in the Assemblies, under the instructions from the
Congress High Command, insisted on commencing the day’s beginnings by
the recitation of the song Band-e- Matram. Band-e- Matram was also adopted
as a national song and was to be recited before the start of official business
every day.

WARDHA SCHEME
The Wardha Scheme was the outcome of Gandhi’s philosophy. It preached
Hindu nationalism and principles of non-violence. Its aims were to eliminate
the importance of Jihad from the mind of young children and developed a high
respect about the Hindu heroes and religious leaders. The Wardha schemes
sought to isolate the young generation of the Muslims from their religion,
culture and civilization.

HOISTING OF THREE-COLOURED FLAG

Congress, after taking over the government in the provinces, immediately
ordered the hoisting of three-coloured flag with the British Union Jack to prove
that there were only two powers in sub-continent which were the British and
the Congress.

WIDDIA MANDER SCHEME

Another attempt was made to erase the Muslim culture by introducing a new
educational system. The education policy was known as Widdia Mander
Scheme and meant to convert the non-Hindus to Hinduism. It was introduced
in all schools, colleges and educational institutions. Under this scheme the
students were asked to bow before Gandhi’s picture, pay respect and homage
to Gandhi’s picture every day in their assemblies in the schools and adopt all
the culture of Hinduism like “Namastey instead of Salam”. Dr. Zakir Husain, a
Congress Muslim, was the author of this scheme.

INTERRUPTION IN JUDICIARY AND ADMINISTRATION

The leaders of congress ministers ordered the Judiciary and administration
that they should respect the feelings of congress leaders in every case. The
officers in administration and judiciary became helpless because of this advice
of the congress.

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PLANNING AGAINST MUSLIM LEAGUE
On the basis of election results Muslim league could only form combined
ministries in three provinces (Punjab, Sindh and Bengal). These Ministries
also became a target of congress conspiracies. Therefore Muslim League
Ministries kept on forming and breaking.

BAN ON URDU
A systematic policy was framed by the Congress to erase Muslim culture.
Hindi was enforced as the official language in all the provinces under the
Congress rule.

ECONOMIC PRESSURE
Congress Ministries raised economic pressure on the Muslims. They were
eliminated from the Government Jobs. Door of new jobs were closed on the
Muslims. Especially in the Hindu Majority provinces Muslims conditions were
very miserable.

HINDU-MUSLIM RIOTS
Hindu-Muslim riots were usual during the Congress rule. Organized attempts
were made on the honour property and lives of the Muslims by indulging in the
communal and religious disputes. The Hindus were free to assault the
innocent Muslims in any area. The Muslim houses and property were set on
fire and their women and children abducted.

MUSLIM LEAGUE’S ROLE DURING CONGRESS RULE

Muslim League remained very active during the rule of the Congress. It
protested against anti-Muslim policies of the Congress and openly condemned
its various steps like the recitation of Band-e- Matram as the national anthem.
Wardha Scheme, Widdia Mander Scheme and Congress’s attitude against
Islam. The Muslim League expressed its grave concern over the communal
riots in the United Provinces, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Bombay.
Quaid-e-Azam criticized the Congress rule and declared it as Hindu Raj which
worked and existed to annihilate every other community.

END OF THE CONGRESS RULE

The Second World War began in 1939. Britain declared war against Germany
the government appealed to all political parties for help and assist in this hour
of need. Congress convened its meeting to consider government’s appeal and
demanded the British government to announce the freedom of India as soon
as possible. It also demanded that congress should be given the status of only

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representative party and rule should be giver to it. The British government
rejected this demand of congress. On that Congress ministries put their
resignations from 31 October to 15th November 1939.

DAY OF DELIVERANCE
With the resignation of the Congress ministries the Muslims of India were
relieved of the most dreadful domination of the Congress and Hindu majority.
The two and half years of the Congress rule a bitter and painful experience for
the Muslims of India who had seen the real Hindu mentality. The Quaid-e-
Azam appealed to the people to observe the Day of Deliverance on 22nd
December, 1939 and bow their heads before Almighty Allah who relieved
them from the yoke of Congress. The Quaid-e-Azam appealed that the day
should be observed with peace. The Muslims of India in accordance with the
appeal of the Quaid-e-Azam celebrated the day with happiness.

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PAKISTAN RESOLUTION 1940

Quaid-e presided over the historic 27th annual session of All India Muslim
League, held in Minto Park (now called lqbal Park) in Lahore from 22 to 24
March, 1940. A resolution, presented by Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq (Sher-e- Bengal)
a renowned Bengali leader, was passed. The Muslims set the clear goal on
that historical day.

BACK GROUND OF PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

The Muslim leaders were worried about national future, ever since the
Muslims lost the war of Independence 1857. The only goal before the leaders
was to provide peaceful, safe and graceful environment to the Muslim nation.
The future looked bleak and unsatisfactory. Different leaders presented
different suggestions:-

1. C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, and John Wright anticipated the division of
India.

2. Allama lqbal in his presidential address at the annual session of All

India Muslim League in 1930, declared that the establishment of a
separate state in the North West of the sub-continent for the Muslims,
the goal of the Muslim nation.

3. As a student of Cambridge University, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, distributed

a pamphlet among the participants of Round Table Conference in 1932.
The title of the pamphlet was ‘Now or never’, in which he suggested the
division of the sub-continent into a few states.

4. The Sindh Muslim League passed a resolution in its annual session of

1938 and demanded partition into Hindu India and Muslim India.

5. Syed Hassan Riaz wrote that the Quaid had made up his strong mind to
have a separate state for the Muslims in 1930 and till 1940 he kept on
preparing the minds of the Muslims.

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EVENTS OF THE LAHORE RESOLUTION
Following are the important events of the Lahore Resolution

GOVERNMENT RESISTANCE IN HOLDING THE MEETING OF MUSLIM

LEAGUE
The 27th annual meeting of Muslim league was to be held in Minto Park
Lahore. Government of Punjab on the advice of British rulers and the
agricultural department demanded eight thousand rupees as the rent of the
park and tries to postpone the meeting of Muslim League, but their efforts
were unsuccessful in the end.

ARRIVAL OF QUAID-E-AZAM IN LAHORE

The Quaid-e-Azam reached Lahore on March 21, 1940 by Frontier Mail where
he was given great welcome.

MAIN POINTS OF PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF QUAID-E-AZAM

The Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address clearly indicated the direction of
Muslim struggle. Main points of his address are:

1. Muslims, by any definition of the word, are a nation and possess their
separate culture, social and religious system and sound traditions”

2. The sub-continent is not one country and Hindu Muslim issue is an

international issue. It is not an issue of communal nature.

3. The solution of the problems lies in the creation of more than one state
in south Asia.

4. The rights of the Muslims will be un-safe in undivided India.

5. Partition of a land into two or more than two states is not an

unprecedented idea. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into Spain and
Portugal, Ireland was separated from United Kingdom and
Czechoslovakia came into existence, because of partition. Referring to
all such examples, he asked for the partition of British India. He termed
it logical and just.

BASIC POINTS OF THE RESOLUTION

1. The contiguous units in different areas to be redemarcated as such that
Muslim majority areas of North East and North West be established as
independent Muslim states.
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2. No scheme other than partition of the Sub-continent will be accepted.
3. After the partition the rights of the Muslim minority will be protected, and
suitable arrangements will be made for this purpose.

FAVOUR OF LAHORE RESOLUTION

The Lahore resolution was unanimously accepted by the participants. The
resolution was seconded by a number of prominent Muslim leaders from all
over the country. Some of them are as under:

From Punjab --------------------------- Maulana Zafar Ali Khan

He translated the resolution into Urdu as well
From NWFP --------------------------- Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan
From Baluchistan --------------------------- Qazi Muhammad Easa
From Sindh --------------------------- Sir Abdullah Haroon
From Bombay --------------------------- I.I Chundrigar
From C.P --------------------------- Syed Abdur Rauf Shah
From Behar --------------------------- Nawab Muhammad Ismail
From Madras --------------------------- Abdul Hamid Khan
From U.P --------------------------- Syed Zakir Ali Chaudhry
Khaliq-uz-Zaman and Begum Muhammad Ali Johar

HINDU REACTION
Immediately after the passing of the resolution, the Hindu journalists and
leaders expressed their resentment. They rejected the demand and they
ridiculed it. It was declared impracticable. Gandhi and Nehru, in particular,
criticized it and turned it down in harsh words.

The Muslim League called it the Lahore Resolution but the Hindu press
termed it as the Pakistan Resolution. The Muslim leaders adopted the new
term. The resolution was, later on, called the Pakistan Resolution in all
quarters.

RE-ACTION OF THE MUSLIM THEOLOGISTS

A large number of topologists were, reluctant to support the demand for
partition. Only a few of them like Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani, Maulana
Zafar Ahmed Ansari, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and some others supported

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the leaders of the Muslim League.

RE-ACTION OF THE BRITISH

The British press did not pay much attention.

IMPORTANCE OF LAHORE RESOLUTION

The Pakistan resolution is a land mark in the history of the India as it
eventually decided the future of the sub-continent. Following points will show
the importance of Lahore resolution:-

MUSLIM UNITY
After passing of resolution in 1940, Muslim unity increases day by day. Muslim
started to unite at the platform of Muslim League.

SETTING OF GOALS
The approval of Pakistan resolution set a goal for the Muslims of the Indo-Pak.
They have only the single aim or goal i.e. Pakistan.

STRENGTHEN TWO NATION THEORY

After approval the resolution the concept of Two Nation Theory becomes
stronger. Two Nation Theory became the base of demand of Pakistan.

BASE OF DEMAND OF PAKISTAN

Demand of Pakistan became stronger after the approval of Resolution.

INCREASE THE POPULARITY OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

After 1940, the popularity of Muslim League increases vary rapidly and it got
well organized.

INCREASE THE POPULARITY OF QUAID-E-AZAM

No doubt Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a great leader but after the approval of
Lahore resolution he became international personality. Once Gopal Krishan
Khokhlay, in his speech in the meeting of Congress, said:

“Whenever India is given independence, it would be because of Mr.

Jinnah”

CONCLUSION
Due to this resolution the dispersed man power of Muslims of India and
mental qualities were united and powerful. In the election of 1945-46, Muslims
League succeeded with flying coulor. In short, it is because of the Pakistan
Resolution that Muslims of India got a separate home-land in just seven years
and they started a new life here.

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ELECTION 1945-46

BACK GROUND
Muslim League was unsuccessful in the election of 1936-37 held under the
Indian Act 1935. Muslim League was able to make only three combined
ministries out of 11 provinces. Because of this failure, Britishers and Congress
stopped considering Muslim League the representative party of Muslims.
Constitutional crises were produced in India. To end these crises a conference
(25th June to 14th July) was held of all the Indian political leaders at Shimla. At
that moment Quaid-e-Azam challenged the British government and congress
to hold election if they want to check Muslim League as the representative of
Muslims. To answer the challenge of Quaid-e-Azam, general elections were
held in the winter of 1945-46.

PURPOSE OF ELECTIONS
1. General elections were imperative in the sense that the government
intended to know the real political force of every political party.

2. The future of the sub-continent was to be decided in the light of the

people’s mandate in the elections.

3. The failure of Shimla Conference and it responsibility was the important

issue in those days. The elections could clarify the situation, which
political party was holding the just stand.

4. After the 2nd world war USA became the super power and the British
government was asked to hand over the power to the people.

To know the people’s mind, the Viceroy on 21 August 1945 announced the
election schedule of federal assembly and all provincial assemblies were to be
held on December 20, 1945 and February 22, 1946 respectively. All political
parties welcomed the decision.

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MANIFESTOS OF DIFFERENT PARTIES

CONGRESS
Congress gave the following points as its manifesto:
1. Freedom of India.
2. United India. No any scheme of partition of sub-continent will be
accepted.
3. Representative of the Hindus and all the minorities of India.

MUSLIM LEAGUE:
Muslim League gave the following points as its manifesto:
1. Liberation of India from British Rule
2. Partition of India (Achievement of a separate homeland for the Muslims)
3. Muslim League as the representative of All the Indian Muslims

The Muslim League highlighted partition in his manifesto. The Quaid-e-Azam

termed the elections as referendum on one issue, and the issue was ‘Pakistan
or no Pakistan’. He made it clear that the defeat of Muslim League would
mean burial of the idea of the creation of Pakistan. If the Muslims supported
All India Muslim League no power on earth would be able to stop the creation
of Pakistan.

ELECTION CAMPAIGN:
All political parties campaigned during the elections. The two major political
parties stood against each other:

CONGRESS:
The political leaders traveled from North to South and East to West. People’s
contact campaign went on full swing. Congress compromised with Majlis
Ahrar, Jamiat Ulema Hind and Unionist Party. A big election alliance of four
parties was formed against Muslim League.

MUSLIM LEAGUE:
The Muslim League did not make any compromise with any other party and
contested the entire important seats single handedly. The elections were a
matter of life and death for Muslim League. The Quaid-e-Azam toured
throughout the sub-continent and pursued the Muslims to get realized the
importance of the elections. The Quaid-e-Azam openly challenged that the
Muslim League would prove the demand for Pakistan as the only option left
for Muslims:

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‫ےلےکرںیہےگاپاتسکن‬،‫نبےکرےہاگاپاتسکن‬
‫الاہلاالاہلل‬،‫اپاتسکناکبلطمایک‬

were the slogans raised by the Muslims in the streets, bazaars, processions
and electoral meetings.

RESULTS OF ELECTION
Following were the results of the elections:

FEDERAL ASSEMBLY:
The elections of Federal Assembly were held in December, 1945 on the basis
of separate electorate. 30 seats were allocated to the Muslims. The Muslims
League won all the seats.

PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLIES:
The provincial elections were held in January, 1946. The Muslim League
defeated its opponents on 434 seats out of 495 Muslim seats.

1. BENGAL
Muslim League won 113 seats out of 119 Muslim seats from Bengal.

2. PUNJAB
Muslim League won 79 seats out of 86 Muslim seats.

3. N.W.F.P
Muslim League won 17 seats out of 36 Muslim seats.

4. SINDH
Muslim League won all the seats of Sindh assembly.

5. Assam
Muslim League won 31 seats.

6. Madras
Muslim League won 29 seats.

7. Behar
Muslim League won 34 seats.

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8. Bombay
Muslim League won 30 seats.

Muslim League came out victorious. The claim of the Quaid- proved true and
the absolute majority of the Muslims supported demand for Pakistan. Now no
power on earth could stop Pakistan from coming into being.

CONCLUSION:
The results proved that the Muslim League was the sole Muslim political party
and further that the stand of the Quaid in Shimla Conference was absolutely
just. Now no one could fix responsibility on him for the failure of Shimla
conference. These elections paved an easy way for the creation of Pakistan

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3RD JUNE 1947 PLAN

APPOINTMENT OF LORD MOUNT BATTEN
Both Shimla Conference and Cabinet Mission Plan failed to produce an
amicable solution of the constitutional and political problem India. Lord Wavell
could not unite the parties and the British government had to replace him with
Lord Mountbatten. The whole system was suspended. Now the British
government decided to test another option. The British Prime Minister
declared on 20th February 1947 that British rule in South Asia would come to
an end by 20th June 1948. The whole process of transfer of power was to be
conducted by the new Viceroy, Lord Mount Batten who immediately took the
charge.

MEETING WITH POLITICAL LEADERS

Lord Mount Batten reached India on 22nd March 1947. Soon after taking over
the charge, the last Viceroy started meeting with provincial governors,
members of Administrative Council and the leaders of the political parties. In
his meeting with the Viceroy, the Quaid-e-Azam told him in clear cut terms
that the Muslim League would never accept any formula except the partition of
India.

Lord Mount Batten prepared a plan to leave the sub-continent. He managed to

get the consent of both the parties and sent the plan to London for the
approval of the British Cabinet.

IMPORTANT POINTS OF THE PLAN

Viceroy of India officially announced the Indian division plan on 3rd June 1947.
Important points of that plan were as under: -

QUITTING THE INDIAN RULE

The British government will quit Indian rule by August 10, 1947.

APPOINTMENT OF BOUNDARY COMMISSION

Two boundary commissions would be appointed for the completion
of division work of Punjab and Bengal.
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APPOINTMENT OF COMMON GOVERNOR GENERAL

Temporarily a common Governor General would be appointed and
Lord Mount Batten would be that person.

DIVISION OF INDIA AND CREATION OF PAKISTAN

The sub-continent would be divided into two separate and
independent states as under

o HINDU MAJORITY PROVINCES:

C.P., U.P., Orissa, Bombay, Madras and Bihar were non-Muslim
majority provinces. All these provinces were to be included in
India.

o PROVINCE OF THE PUNJAB:

The decision was taken to divide Punjab province into two parts.
The Muslim majority area would go to Pakistan and non-Muslim
majority area to India, respectively. A Commission was created to
draw the line of demarcation between Pakistani Punjab and
Indian Punjab.

o PROVINCE OF BENGAL:
The principle approved for Punjab was also approved for Bengal.
The province was to be divided into East Bengal and West
Bengal. East Bengal was pre-dominantly a Muslim area while
Hindus were majority in West Bengal. A boundary commission for
the demarcation of the boundary was created by the British
government.

o PROVINCE OF SINDH
The members of the Sindh Provincial Assembly got the right to
join Pakistan or India by a majority of votes.

o BALUCHISTAN
Baluchistan had not yet been given the status of a full-fledged
province. It was decided that Shahi Jirga and Municipal
Committee Quetta would decide the future of Baluchistan by the
majority votes of their members.

o SYLHET
Sylhet was one of the districts of Assam. A very large majority of
the district was Muslim. The people living in the District Sylhet

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had to decide their own future through a referendum. They had
to opt either for Pakistan or India.

o NORTH WESTERN FRONTIER PROVINCE

The people of NWFP had to decide their fate by a referendum.
They could either join Pakistan or India.

o STATES
There were 635 states in the sub-continent where Nawabs and
Rajas were ruling over their areas and people with internal
sovereignty. The external sovereignty was lying with the British
government. Each state was given the right to join Pakistan or
India, keeping its geographical position and special
circumstances in view.

RE-ACTION OF CONGRESS
Congress was well aware of the division plan already. So it accepted all the
clauses of the plan as they were. Besides, it showed its happiness that Lord
Mount Batten would be the common Governor General and he would guide
them.

RE-ACTION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

Quaid-e-Azam feared that Pakistan would have some problem if the supporter
of congress, Lord Mount Batten was made the common Governor General.
Because of that he did not accept this condition. Because of the strong
opposition of the Quaid-e-Azam this clause was removed from the plan.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN JUNE 1947

 The non-Muslim majority provinces i.e C.P., U.P., Orissa, Bombay,
Madras and Bihar were included in India.
 In the district Sylhat of province Assam the people took part in a
referendum. A very large majority favoured Pakistan and Sylhet was
included in Pakistan and Sylhat became a district of East Pakistan.
 The members of the Sindh Assembly voted for Pakistan and Sindh
became a province of Pakistan.
 The Shahi Jirga and Quetta Municipality voted for Pakistan and
Baluchistan became a part of Pakistan.
 A referendum was held in NWFP the people had to choose either of the
two, Pakistan or India. A dominating majority voted for Pakistan and
NWFP joined Pakistan.

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 The Provinces of the Punjab and Bengal were to be divided into two
parts. Sir Radcliffe, a British lawyer, was appointed the Chairman of the
Boundary Commission. Two members each were nominated by the
Congress and Muslim League to help the Chairman. The two provinces
were divided into two parts. Sir Radcliffe did injustice with Pakistan.
Many Muslim majority areas were given to India and Pakistan was
deprived of its right share.
 The princely states themselves decided in favour of either Pakistan or
India. While taking the decision, every state kept its geographical
position and special circumstances in view. Disputes erupted in the
states of Hyderabad Daccan, Junagarh, Manavadar and Jammu and
Kashmir. Injustice was also done. India committed aggression and sent
its forces to bring these states under his control.

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SERVICES OF QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

FOR THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on December 25, 1876 in Karachi in a trader
family of Gujrat Kathiawar. He got his early education from Sindh Madrassa tul
Islam, Karachi. After completing his higher education from Lincoln's Inn
London, he started his practice as a lawyer in Bombay. He remained with
Dada Bhoy Noroji as a secretary and afterwards joined Congress. In the
beginning he was a staunch believer of Hindu Muslim Unity. Congress built
Jinnah Hall in Bombay as a memorial to his efforts for Hindu Muslim Unity.

JOINING MUSLIM LEAGUE

Quaid-e-Azam joined All India Muslim League in 1913 with the efforts of
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar. Thus he became the member of Congress
and Muslim League at the same time.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND LUCKNOW PACT

As he was a member of both major political parties and was also a great
supporter of Hindu Muslim Unity, he continued his efforts. In 1916 he
succeeded in arranging a historic agreement that is called Lucknow Pact,
between Hindus and Muslims in Lucknow. This is the only pact when Hindus
agreed to the right of separate electorate.

RESIGNATION FROM CONGRESS

He worked hard for Hindu Muslim Unity but narrow-mindedness of Hindu
leaders and rigid attitude of Congress did not allow his efforts to be
successful. At last he got fed up and realized that Hindu Muslim Unity was
impossible. So he left congress in 1920 and decided to work for Muslim cause
only.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND DELHI PROPOSALS

Moti Lal Nehru offered Quaid-e-Azam to accept all the demands of the
Muslims if the Muslims were ready to withdraw from the right of separate
electorate. Quaid-e-Azam called a meeting of the Muslim leaders in Delhi on

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March 20, 1927. They prepared some suggestions called Delhi Proposals
as a substitute for the right of separate electorate. These suggestions were
not accepted by the Hindus so Quaid-e-Azam withdrew these proposals and
the Muslims remained firm at the separate electorate.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND NEHRU REPORT

In August 1928 under the headship of Moti Lal Nehru a seven member
committee presented its report. In this report separate electorate was strongly
opposed. Quaid-e-Azam strongly reacted against this report and said,

"Hindu India and Muslim India have become separate entities now onward"

FOURTEEN POINTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM

Quaid-e-Azam presented a resolution as an answer to the Nehru Report in the
annual meeting of All India Muslim League on 25 March, 1929. The resolution
consisted of fourteen points was accepted unanimously. Later on this
resolution became popular with the name of "Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-
Azam". These fourteen points became a guide line for further political struggle
for the Muslims.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES

Quaid-e-Azam presented Muslim League in the first two round table
conferences in London. It was because of his struggle and political approach
that no anti-Muslim resolution could be passed in these conferences.

BOYCOTT OF POLITICS
In 1931 Quaid-e-Azam got fed up of the attitude of Gandhi, other Congress
leaders and cold behaviour of the Muslim leaders. He decided to say good
bye to politics and to be in London for residence.

QUAID-E-AZAM AS A PRESIDENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

In 1934 Quaid-e-Azam came back to India because of the efforts of Dr. Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and other Muslim Leaders. He was made life time President
of All India Muslim League. He re-organized Muslim League and made it an
active movement.

ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM DURING CONGRESS MINISTERIES (1937-1939)

Congress ministries, after 1937 elections, proved that under Hindu
Government, the rights of the Muslims were not secure. Quaid-e-Azam not
only criticized their wrong policies but also made Muslim League alive to
accept the future challenges.

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THE DAY OF DELIVERANCE
The Movement of Muslim League against Congress ministries succeeded and
Congress ministries had to resign. Quaid-e-Azam advised Muslims to
celebrate the day of deliverance on December 22, 1939 to show the British
that Muslims knew the importance of their rights.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND LAHORE RESOLUTION

The resolution passed in the 27th annual meeting of All India Muslim League in
Lahore was a result of the efforts of Quaid-e-Azam. This resolution was called
"Pakistan Resolution" by the Hindus. His presidential address on the occasion
proved that he had recognized the pace of the Indian politics.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND CRIPPS MISSION

Cripps mission of 1942 is one of those efforts of the British government that
they did to save their rule in India. If this mission were successful the British
Rule would be longer on India. Quaid-e-Azam not only refused to cooperate
with the mission but also refused to accept any formula other than the division
of India.

GANDHI JINNAH TALKS (1944)

Gandhi Jinnah Talks in 1944 was a plan of Congress to get the Muslims
involved in Civil Disobedience Movement, began by Gandhi but Quaid-e-
Azam got the point and refused to compromise on the demand for Pakistan.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND SHIMLA CONFERENCE

The failure of Shimla Conference called by Lord Wavell was also because of
the clear vision of Quaid-e-Azam. He refused to accept any of the plans other
than division of India. The result was the elections of 1945-46 that paved the
way for the establishment of Pakistan.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND ELECTIONS 1945-46

On the eve of elections 1945-46 Quaid-e-Azam toured the whole India and
gave a slogan, "MUSLIM HAY TO MUSLIM LEAGUE MAEN AA JAA". It was
the personality of Quaid-e-Azam that led the Muslim League to the success
and made it clear that All India Muslim League was the only representative
political party.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND CABINET MISSION PLAN

The last effort to save British Rule in India was the Cabnit Mission Plan.
Quaid-e-Azam accepted this plan and got a plus point over Congress. Quaid-

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e-Azam made it clear to the Mission that the Muslim Majority areas should
be grouped together.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND THE INTERIM GOVERNMENT

In September 1946 Nehru was invited to form a government. This was totally
unjust. Nehru invited Quaid-e-Azam also. Quaid-e-Azam intelligently decided
to be the part of the government and thus tried to defeat the conspiracies of
the Hindus. The interim government could not go long way and collapsed. The
British government had to accept the demand of Muslim League.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND 3RD JUNE 1947 PLAN

Owing to Quaid-e-Azam's intelligence the British government had to decide 3rd
June Plan. Quaid-e-Azam toured India in spite of his weak health. He also
refused to accept common Governor General and saved Pakistan from the
enemies.

QUAID-E-AZAM AND THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

On 14 August 1947 was the day when the dreams of the Indian Muslims came
true. Intelligence of Quaid-e-Azam succeeded and the conspiracies of Hindus
and British defeated. Creation of Pakistan was a historic incident that came
into existence only because of Quaid-e-Azam's intelligence.

In short Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the man behind the
successful demand for Pakistan. The establishment of Pakistan was not
possible without the magical personality of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

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CHAPTER-4

EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKSITAN

EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKSITAN

With the help of Allah Almighty, Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into being
on 14th August 1947 but Indian National Congress did not accept the creation
of Pakistan from the core of its heart. The people of Pakistan, who faced all
the problems and difficult circumstances, showed their determination to
defend the freedom.

UN-JUSTICE AWARD BY SIR RADCLIFF

According to the 3rd June 1947 Plan the Provinces of the Punjab and Bengal
were to be divided into Muslim and non-Muslim majority areas. The Muslim
majority areas would become a part of Pakistan. A commission was assigned
the duty to demarcate the boundaries of Muslim majority and Hindu majority
areas of the Punjab and Bengal. The conspiracy was hatched and Pakistan
was deprived of its true claims. Three Tehsils of District Gurdaspur namely
Pathan Kot, Batala and Gurdaspur and the Tehsil Zeera of District Ferozpur
were included in India. Sir Radcliff provided a land route to India to move into
the valley of Jammu and Kashmir. The Two head works Ferozepur Head
Works on Setluj and Madhopur Head Works on Ravi constructed on the land
of West Punjab were also handed over the India.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Hindus working in offices situated in the areas of Pakistan migrated to India
and the offices became empty. Furniture, stationery, typewriters and other
necessary items were also not available in the offices. Most of the offices
started their work under the open sky with no shelter. The Hindu officers had
destroyed the records before going to India. The Government of Pakistan
began its work under miserable conditions. How could it be done without
experienced and trained officials? The nation accepted the challenge and

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performed the duties under odd circumstances. Pakistan had to take a new
start.

ARRIVAL OF REFUGEES
Millions of Muslim families migrated to Pakistan. On the way to Pakistan, a
very large number of Muslims were martyred and the properties were looted
with the help of British forces. The number of the Muslims who finally crossed
the border was more than 1,25,00,000. The oppressed and depressed
Muslims were temporarily provided accommodations in camps.

To rehabilitate the refugees in Pakistan was a very big task for the
administration. The provision of shelter, clothing and food for them was a
great responsibility.

DIVISION OF ASSETS
The Indian National Congress took every step to crush the economy of the
new state. When the question of division of assets between the two separated
countries was raised, the Hindus once again did not do justice with Muslims.
The Indian government remained reluctant to pay the share of Pakistan out of
the cash balance of four billions. The share of Pakistan was 750 million
rupees. First installment of 200 millions issued at once but remaining amount
was delayed illegally. India inspite of world pressure became ready to pay the
amount if Pakistan would surrender Kashmir Valley to India. Gandhi interfered
in the matter and partial payment of 500 millions was released. The balance of
50 million has not been paid by India so far. A meeting was held in November
1947 in this context. The representatives of the two states signed agreement
but India took no action.

DIVISION OF ARMED FORCES

It was imperative that the military assets were also to be divided between the
two countries after the partition of the sub-continent, proportionately. Here
again the norms of justice were ignored and India refused to give the due
share. Actually India wanted to keep Pakistan weak. The Chief of the Joint
forces of the sub-continent, commander-in-chief field Marshall “Ocanlic”
favoured the principle of no division of military assets. He wanted to continue
them in joint command. All India Muslim League did not agree and
pressurised for the division of military assets. It was decided that all military
assets would be divided between the two states at the ratio of 64% and 36%.
Sixteen ordinance factories were producing weapons in the sub-continent at
the time of partition. Not a single factory was situated in the area of Muslim
majority. Indian Cabinet refused to shift any of the 16 factories to Pakistan. It

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was decided after long discussions and deliberations that India would make
payment of 60 million rupees to Pakistan.

The formula finalized for the division of military assets was not practically
implemented due to attitude of Indian government.

CANAL WATER PROBLEMS

The natural flow of rivers in the province of Punjab was affected by the
partition of the province. No state can change the course of the river and
deprive another state of its water. The canals and barrages may be built but
with the consent of the concerned state or states. India planned to build up
dams and barrages and checked the flow of water to Pakistan in April 1948.
This step affected the agriculture and economy of the West Punjab. The rivers
Ravi, Sutlaj and Bias enter the territory of Pakistan from Indian side and they
have been the major sources of irrigation in the area. Sir Radcliffe, in his un-
justice award handed Ferozpur and Madhupur Head-works to India inspite of
the fact that the project was working in Muslim majority area.

The matter was sorted out and the two countries were brought on the
negotiation table. World Bank visualized the whole situation and promised to
help Pakistan in the hours of crisis. A huge amount was allocated to solve the
issue. Indus Basin Agreement was consequently signed in 1960, between the
two countries. Pakistan conceded three rivers (Ravi, Sutluj Bias) to India and
reciprocally India left its claim on the waters of rivers Jhelum, Chenab and
Sindh.

PROBLEM OF STATES
At the time of creation of Pakistan there were 635 small and big states. These
states had given an open option to join Pakistan or India or remain
independent. There were four states on which India take control by force and
problem was arise because these state wanted to join Pakistan these state
were Kashmir, Hayderabad, Junagargh and Manavader.

PROBLEM OF TRANSFER OF GOVERNMENT SERVANTS

At the time of partition, the government employees were given the option to
choose between the two countries. But in practice, this option became a
formality as all government servants decided their future on religions
considerations. The result was that Pakistan had to face enormous difficulties
to change administrative machinery because to shift government personnel
from Indian territories to Pakistan became a huge problem. Initially, special
trains were run to bring them form Delhi to Pakistan but on 8th August, such a

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special train was blown up by dynamite. In this way, the transfer of
employees through rails became difficult.

Therefore, the government started to transport the employees to Karachi by

air. The Indian air ways companies denied transferring the emplyees from
India to Pakistan. Therefore Pakistan had to request to British Government
who did this job. The administrative structure was thus completed with much
difficulty.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS
At the time of establishment of Pakistan there was no constitution. Necessary
amendments were made in the Indian Act 1935 and it was implemented so
that government could be run. Due to lack of constitution the problems of
power became more complexes. Because of this in December 1971, East
Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh. Rest of Pakistan started
bringing the fire of prejudice and sectarianism and is still burning.

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Out of the 961 factories of United India Pakitan was given 34 factories.
Pakistan was given 14 cotton mills out of 394 mills. The financial situation of
Pakistan was also very bad. Before the partition there were 487 branches of
banks in West Pakistan which were reduced to only 69. The head offices of all
banks were in India, therefore, they had shifted all the money to India a few
months before partition. A lot of agricultural plain area of Punjab and Bengal
was also given to India by the unjust Red Cliff Award. A lot of important
mineral producing areas were also given to India so that’s why Lord Mount
Batten and his team including Congress created multi-economic problems to
weaken the Pakistan economically.

GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS
When Pakistan came into being, Pakistan was consisted of two major parts
East Pakistan & West Pakistan. East Pakistan was consisted of one province
while West Pakistan comprises of four provinces i.e. Punjab, Sindh, NWFP &
Balochistan. There was no any road link between East & West Pakistan.
There was 1750 Km Indian Areas between the two parts of the country. That
is the reason there is a great cultural difference between the two parts of the
country which create a lot of problem for Pakistan in future. Due to this reason
later the boundaries of East Pakistan could not be defended.

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PROBLEM OF KASHMIR
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the North of Pakistan and was
the largest state in the sub-continent. The total population of the state was
four million as per survey of 1941. The British government sold the whole area
of the state to a Dogra Raja, Gulab Singh for Rs. 75 Lac only in 1846. Muslims
agitated in 1930 and the struggle for independence from Dogra control started
Movement. The freedom struggle was going on when the sub-continent was
partitioned. The Kashmiris are mostly Muslims. They aspired for annexation
with Pakistan; “Kashmir Bane Ga Pakistan” was the main slogan of Kashmiri
people.

Therefore, they pressed the Raja to join Pakistan. The Hindu ruler did not
appreciate the idea. Seeing no hope of liberation, the Muslims started a
freedom movement. Raja did every thing to crush the activities of the Muslim
Kashmiris. Millions of Kashmiris were forced to migrate to Pakistan. The
oppression made the movement to get greater momentum with the passage of
time. Raja found the helpless, therefore, he appealed to Indian government to
come to his rescue. The Indian government, on the other hand, kept on
pressuring Raja to sign a document of annexation. He utterly refused and the
government prepared a fake document and declared the annexation of
Jammu and Kashmir with India.

People of Kashmir took the weapons in their hands and started fighting
against the Indian forces. The freedom movement seemed to be successful.
The Hindu forces were pushed back. When the situation became grim, the
Indian government sought the help of the Security Council of the United
Nations. The Security Council passed two resolutions. Both the parties were
advised to accept cease fire. It was also decided that future of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir would be decided according to the aspirations of the
people. To ascertain the will of the people, a referendum was to be held. The
armed struggle stopped and the Kashmiri’s waited for the next move from the
Security Council. Unfortunately the interests of major powers did not allow the
referendum. Kashmiri’s were deprived of their basic right.

PROBLEM OF PUKHTUNISTAN
After the creation of Pakistan, Afghanistan Government claims that Pushto
speaking areas of Pakistan were the part of Afghanistan earlier. A lot of
leaders of NWFP like Sarhadi Gandhi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan also started
enmity of Pakistan and they create a problem of Pukhtunistan for Pakistan.

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ENMITY OF INDIA
First of all congress leaders were against the creation of Pakistan before the
partition of sub-continent. But on the assurance of Lord Mount Batten
congress agreed on the plan that Pakistan cannot survive more than 10 years.
That is why after the creation of Pakistan congress leader like Shankar
Acharia & Pandith Nehro comment on the creation of Pakistan. “Neither the
Congress nor the nation has given up its claim of a united India”. So they
created 100 of problems and they started enmity against Pakistan as a result
first war between Pakistan and India was fought in 1948. Other two main wars
in 1965 and 1971 also fought between two countries later on.

DEATH OF QUAID-E-AZAM
By the grace of God and by the efforts of Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan came into
being on 14th August 1947. Great Quaid-e-Azam became Governor General of
Pakistan. Unfortunately Quaid had died on 11th September 1948, after only 13
months. Death of Quaid-e-Azam created a lot of problem for Pakistan.

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SERVICES OF QUAID-E-AZAM FOR THE

CONSOLIDATION OF PAKISTAN

The Quaid-e-Azam survived for 13 months after independence but in this

short spell, he showed great confidence upon his people and put them on the
track to progress and success. The Services of the Quaid-e-Azam for the
consolidation of Pakistan are as under: -

REHABILITATION OF REFUGEES
The government of Pakistan under the trusted leadership of the Quaid-e-
Azam fixed the priorities and at the top was the problem of rehabilitation of the
refugees. Quaid-e-Azam shifted his headquarter from Karachi to Lahore to
supervise the activities being carried out by the government and voluntary
associations. Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund for the refugees was set up and
invited the people to donate as much as they could. His appeal deeply
influenced the people and even the common man did not lag behind. The
social workers sincerely provided a very huge quantity of foodstuff, clothing,
medicines, blankets, tents and other things. Gradually the refugees were
shifted to different cities and towns and permanent accommodations were
managed. The evacuee properties were distributed among the refugees
according to their claims.

ADVICE TO THE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

On March 25, 1948 Quaid-e-Azam advised the government officers: -

“You should fulfill your duties as the servants of the nation. Your attitude
towards the people should be soft and friendly so that they should
consider you as friends and servants and not as rulers. You have to
perform your duties with justice, honesty, faithfulness and
righteousness. If you will work according to my advice than I am sure
that your trust, position and status in the eyes of the nation will grow.
The nation will consider you as friends and will wishers”.

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ADVICE TO ELIMINATE PROVINCIALISM & RACIALISM
The Quaid-e-Azam was fully aware of the dangerousness of provincialism and
racialism. He warned the people and advised them not to indulge in
provincialism and racialism. He emphasized the need to adopt national
outlook instead of provincial, racial and territorial differences. On 15 June
1948 he advice to the people of Pakistan: -

“So long as we are united, we will emerge victorious and strong. If we

are not united we shall become weak and disgraced. We are all
Pakistanis. None of us is Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pathan or Bengali.
Every one of us should think, feel and act, as a Pakistani and we should
feel proud of being Pakistani alone.

CONSOLIDATION OF ECONOMY
At the time of partition, the economy of Pakistan was damaged by the Hindus,
due share in assets was not paid to Pakistan; millions of refugees were
pushed across the border to create problems and confusion. The Quaid-e-
Azam boldly faced the challenges and he overcame the situation with the help
of the people. Steps were immediately taken to create a viable economy. For
that matter he involved the trade community and advised them to play there
role, required for progress of the nation. The economy was improved and
nation made it viable under the guidance of its leadership.

ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN

The Quaid felt the dire need of a central bank of Pakistan. Reserve Bank of
India could not deliver the required services for the progress of economy of
Pakistan as it was monopolized by Hindus. The great leader established the
State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948. He delivered his inaugural address
and said:-

“The Bank indicated the sovereignty of our people in the financial

sphere. The Western economic system has created many problems for
the humanity. It will not help us in setting up a workable economic order.
We should grow an economic system based on Islamic concept of
justice and equality.”

Mr. Zahid Hussain was the first Governor of State Bank of Pakistan who was
entrusted with the responsibility to build up the economy of Pakistan.

REFORMS IN ADMINISTRATION
The administrative machinery, at the time of partition, was facing tremendous

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difficulties. The Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India and the number of
experienced and educated Muslims was not enough to run the system.

Chaudhry Muhammad Ali was a bureaucrat. Later on, he held the office of the
Prime Minister of Pakistan. He presented a plan before the Quaid to re-
organize the Civil Service, Foreign Service, Accounts Service and Defense
Service. Civil Secretariat started functioning in the capital in 1948.

HEADQUARTERS OF ARMED FORCES

The Headquarters for Navy, Air Force and Army were made. The Quaid-e-
Azam erected the whole system within one year and removed all difficulties.

ESTABLISHMENT OF EMBASSIES
In many countries of the world Pakistan embassies and mission houses were
established to start relations with other countries. Quaid-e-Azam very quickly
introduced Pakistan all over the world. Special instructions were given to the
diplomats to work very hard like a missionary. He advised them to achieve the
national objectives related to political, diplomatic, military, commercial and
economic affairs.

MEMBERSHIP OF UNITED NATIONS

Pakistan emerged on the map of the world and got the membership of the
United Nations on 30 September 1947. Pakistan decided to play its role in the
world and to continue following the decisions of the UNO. Islamic countries
welcomed Pakistan with the hope that Pakistan would work for the
development prosperity and welfare of Islamic world.

SPECIAL RELATIONS WITH MUSLIM STATES

To establish good relations with all other countries is the basic principle of the
foreign policy of Pakistan. However, the special relations with Muslim
countries were the preference. Pakistan was the biggest Islamic country at the
time of its establishment that became a source of power for Muslim countries.
Pakistan openly favoured the Muslim countries.

ESTABLISHMENT OF CAPITAL AND CABINET

Quaid-e-Azam established first capital of Pakistan in Karachi. He also formed
his cabinet; Liaqat Ali Khan was nominated as first Prime Minister of Pakistan.

RELATIONS WITH INDIA

Pakistan came into being in spite of the negative tactics of Hindus. India made
many moves to weaken and damage Pakistan. The problems of water,

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demarcation of boundaries, refugee’s arrival and many other problems
were created. India hesitated to give the due share of assets to Pakistan.

Kashmir issue cropped up immediately after the independence. India invaded

the valley of Jammu and Kashmir. Junagarh, Manavadar & Hyderabad
Deccan. Quaid-e-Azam started negotiations with Indian leaders and also
advocated the cause of Kashmiris on the forum of the United Nations. The
ignoble role of India in the states like Junagarh, Manavadar, Hyderabad
Deccan and Jammu and Kashmir was exposed by Pakistan government.

ADVICE TO STUDENTS
The Quaid-e-Azam was fully aware of the effectiveness of youth force. He
always termed them as the future architects of Pakistan. The young students
constantly remained at the back and all call of their great Quaid. After the
emergence of Pakistan, the Quaid-e-Azam appealed to the students to
concentrate fully on their studies. Addressing the All Pakistan Educational
Conference on 27th November 1947, he asked the Muslim youth to be serious
in their studies to make immediate progress. He advised the students to
refrain from politics and use all energy in getting the education.

ESTABLISHMENT PAKISTAN FUND

At the time of the birth of Pakistan, everybody could see that Pakistan was to
start its life from a scratch. To solve the impending economic problems,
Quaid-e-Azam set up a “Pakistan Fund” on June 16, 1947. The masses and
especially Muslim traders donated generous by to this Fund and it was mainly
because of the Pakistan fund that India did not succeed in its design to
destabilize Pakistan by withholding Pakistani share of assets.

ADVICE TO ELIMINATE BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION

Quaid-e-Azam knew that the stability of Pakistan was not possible without
eradicating social evils. In his address to the Constituent Assembly in August
1947, he declared to launch a crusade against these evils. He said: -

“One of the biggest curses from which India is suffering in bribery and
corruption, that really is a poison. We must put that down with an iron
hand and I hope that you will take adequate measures as soon as it is
possible for the assembly to do so.”

Unfortunately, this evil could not be eliminated and Pakistan society is still
suffering from this malaise.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF FEDERAL COURT
At the time of creation of Pakistan there was no any system of justice in
Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam decided to establish the department of the Justice in
Pakistan so Federal Court and Provincial Courts were established in the
country. Later on federal court called Supreme Court of Pakistan.

ENFORCEMENT OF INTERIM CONSTITUTION

Pakistan was a new state on the map of the world so there was no any
constitution in Pakistan. According to that run the affairs of the state. Quaid-e-
Azam enforced the all India Act 1935 in Pakistan with some compulsory
amendments. This Act remained in practice in Pakistan till enforcement of the
first constitution of Pakistan (1956).

GUIDANCE FROM THE HOLY QURAN

The fact of the matter is that from the biginning of Pakistan movement till the
last day of his life, Quaid-e-Azam remained a true believer. On January 13,
1948, while addressing the students of lslamia College, Peshawar Quaid-e-
Azam said: -

“We did not demand Pakistan just to own a piece of land but we infact
wanted to have a laboratory for experimenting the true teachings of
Islam.”

CONCLUSION
The founder of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was not only a
great politician but also the best organizer. The way he took steps for the
stability of Pakistan in such short time after its creation is was indeed only his
achievement. The national interests remained safe only because of his
superior virtues and capabilities. In very short time the newly formed state of
Pakistan was on the path of progress. Defense of Pakistan became
unconquerable.

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CHAPTER-5

CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

CONSTITUTIONS OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. At the time of creation of
Pakistan There was no any constitution in Pakistan. So Quaid-e-Azam
enforced All India Act 1935, with certain amendments, in the country for the
smooth functioning of the state.

OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION (1949)

The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan presented the Objective
Resolution in the first Constituent Assembly on March 7th, 1949, which was
passed on March 12th 1949.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION

The salient features of Objectives Resolution are as follows:

SOVEREIGNTY OF ALLAH
Sovereignty belongs to Allah Almighty alone, but He has delegated it to the
state of Pakistan, and through its people to be exercised as sacred trust within
the limits imposed by Him.

ISLAMIC DEMOCRACY
State will exercise its power and authority through the elected representatives
of the people and Islamic democracy will be exercised in the country.

ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES
The Islamic principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social
justice shall fully be followed.

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ISLAMIC WAYS OF LIVING
The Muslims shall be enabled to live individually and collectively in
accordance with the teaching of Quran and Sunah.

PROTECTION TO MINORITIES
Adequate provisions shall be made for the minorities to profess, propagate
and practice their religions and develop their cultures and traditions.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Fundamental rights of freedom, equality, and property, expression of thought,
belief, worship and association shall be guaranteed to all the citizens of
Pakistan.

FREE JUDICIARY
Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political and
economic pressure.

NATIONAL LANGUAGE
Urdu will be the national language of the country.

PROTECTION OF BOUNDARIES OF PAKISTAN

Water, land and Air boundaries will be protected. It will be the responsibility of
the Government to take suitable steps for this purpose.

SOURCE OF LAW
It was mentioned in the Objective Resolution that source of law in Pakistan is
Holy Quran and Sunnah. No Law can be formed in Pakistan which is against
Holy Quran and Sunnah.

DEVELOPMENT OF BACKWARD AREAS

It was mentioned in the Objective Resolution in 1949 that remote or backward
area should be developed equally to other developed areas of the country.

ANSWERABLE GOVERNMENT
It was mentioned in the Objective Resolution that Pakistan would be free &
independent state. Government of the Pakistan would be bound to make the
decisions according to the public opinion and answerable to the people.

DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

In 1949, it was declared that democratic system of Government would be
established in Pakistan according to the Islamic concepts.

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NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
It was also declared in 1949 that the people of Pakistan would be completely
independent. Government should provide equal opportunities to the people,
for economic and social development of the people. Government will take all
possible steps in this regard.

Objective Resolution was the first step towards Islamisation in Pakistan. No-
doubt Objective Resolution has a great importance in the constitutional history
of Pakistan because all the questions related to the rights of the minorities,
basic rights of the people and nature of constitution were described in it.

CONSTITUTION OF 1956
After the approval of Objective Resolution in 1949, the “Constituent Assembly”
formed many committees including basic principles committee headed by the
Prime Minister. The Committee, under the chairmanship of Liaquat Ali Khan
presented the interim report on September 28, 1950, which was criticized due
to its incompleteness, and was asked to be revised. Second report of basic
principle committee presented to Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din in 1952 but this
report was also rejected. Later on Ch. Muhammad Ali started the
constitutional process in Pakistan, when he became Prime Minster. The Law
Minister I.I Chundrigarh presented the script of constitution on January 9,
1956 before the Constituent Assembly which was accepted on February 29,
1956. The Governor General of Pakistan Major General Iskandar Mirza
approved the constitution by signing it on March 2, 1956. This way the first
constitution was implemented in the country on March 23, 1956. This
constitution contained of 234 articles.

THE ISLAMIC PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION (1956)

Islamic provisions of constitution of 1956 are as under:

COUNTRY’S NAME
Under the constitution the name of “Islamic Republic of Pakistan” was given to
the state.

SOVEREIGNTY OF ALLAH
In the constitution of 1956, Objective Resolution was included in the preamble
of the constitution, and Sovereignty over the whole world belongs to Allah
Almighty.

ISLAMIC WAYS OF LIVING

It is mentioned is the constitution of 1956, that Islamic ways of livings will

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be introduced in the country. Full opportunities will be given to Muslim to
spend their live according to Islam.

MUSLIM PRESIDENT
According to the Constitution of 1956, the president of the country will be a
Muslim.

PROTECTION OF ISLAMIC VALUES

System of Islamic values will be implemented in the country. Un-Islamic
values will be banned in Pakistan.

ISLAMIC LAWS
No law will be enforced, which is repugnant to the teachings of Quran and
Sunnah and the existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islam.

SYSTEM OF ZAKAT
System of Zakat will be introduced in Pakistan.

ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC RESEARCH

According to the Constitution of 1956, it was declared that an organization of
Islamic Research will be established, which will do research for the legislation
and enforcement of Islamic principles.

PROTECTION TO MINORITIES
Rights of Minorities will be protected in the country. They can spend their lives
according to their own religion and culture.

ELIMINATION OF RIBA (USURY)

Riba will be eliminated from the country as soon as possible.

RELATION WITH MUSLIM COUNTRIES

Pakistan will establish good relations with other Islamic countries for the Unity
of Muslim World.

WELFARE STATE
Pakistan will be a welfare state and the government will try its best to
eliminate the poverty & illiteracy from the country. Basic facilities like food,
shelter & cloth shall be provided to the people.

END OF RACIAL & PROVINCIAL DISCRIMINATIONS

The government will try to eliminate Racial, Provincial, Communal and
other discriminations from the country.

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END OF ILLITERACY
The Government will take certain steps to eliminate the illiteracy from the
country & education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan.
Government will also take suitable steps for the adult education in the country.

COMPULSORY TEACHINGS OF HOLY QURAN

In the constitution of 1956, it was declared that the government should take
steps for the compulsory education of Holy Quran in Pakistan.

SEPARATE ELECTORATE
It was declared in the constitution of 1956 that separate electorate would be
provided to the minorities.

FREE JUDICIARY
Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political and
economic pressure.

NATIONAL LANGUAGE
Urdu & Bengali will be the national languages of the country.

CANCELLATION OF CONSTITUTION OF 1956

Constitution of 1956 was constituted after the hard struggle of the 9 years
from 1947 to 1956 but Chief of Army Staff General Ayub Khan dismissed the
constitution of 1956 on 7th October 1958. Constitution of 1956 was
implemented in Pakistan only for 2 years & 7 months. General Ayub Khan
dismissed the government and later on the President of Pakistan Sikandar
Mirza. He imposed first Martial Law in country on 7th October 1958. Later on
he became President of Pakistan.

CONSTITUTION OF 1962
On February 18, 1960, Ayub Khan took the oath as President of Pakistan.
Soon after he constituted a commission headed by Chief Justice Shahab-ud-
Din for preparation of the constitution. The Commission prepared a draft and
presented to Mr. President on 6th May 1961 in which all powers were given to
President. After certain amendments from the President Ayub Khan, the new
constitution was enforced on June 8, 1962 in the country. This constitution
contained 250 clauses.

ISLAMIC PROVISIONS OF CONSTITUTION OF 1962

Islamic Provisions of the constitution of 1962 are as under:-

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SOVEREIGNTY OF ALLAH
Objective Resolution was also included in the preamble of the Constitution,
according to which sovereignty belongs to Allah and He delegates the
authority to the Muslims, who exercise it as a sacred trust.

FORMATION OF ISLAMIC SOCIETY

It is mentioned in the constitution of 1962 that Islamic Society will be
established in the country.

COUNTRY’S NAME
The name of the country was proposed as “Republic of Pakistan”, which was
later on amended as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”.

ISLAMIC WAYS OF LIVINGS

Such an environment will be provided to the people that they live freely
according to Islam.

SOURCE OF LAW
No law will be enforced, which is against to the Islamic teachings. All the
existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islamic teachings.

ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES
Pakistan will be a welfare state. Principles of democracy, freedom, equality,
tolerance and social justice will be implemented in the country.

MUSLIM PRESIDENT
It was declared in the constitution of 1962 that the president of Pakistan would
be a Muslim.

UNITY OF MUSLIM WORLD

It was mentioned in the constitution that Government would be given special
intention towards the unity of Islamic World.

PROTECTION TO MINORITIES
Rights of Minorities will be fully protected in the country.

TEACHINGS OF HOLY QURAN

The Quranic and Islamic teachings will be made compulsory for the Muslims.

ISLAMIC ORGANIZATIONS
The Government will establish the organizations for proper maintenance of
Zakat, and Masjids.

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ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY COUNCIL
The Islamic Ideology Council will be established to recommend to both central
and provincial governments to take measures to encourage the Muslims to
live in accordance with the principles of Islam.

ISLAMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The government will establish the Islamic Research Institute to give its opinion
regarding the Islamic principles.

ELIMINATION OF RIBA (USURY)

Riba will eliminate from the country as soon as possible.

FREE JUDICIARY
Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political and
economic pressure.

END OF RACIAL & PROVINCIAL DISCRIMINATIONS

The government will try to eliminate the Racial, Provincial, Communal and
other discriminations from the country.

END OF ILLITERACY
The Government will take certain steps to eliminate the illiteracy from the
country & education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan.
Government will also take suitable steps for the adult education in the country.

SYSTEM OF ZAKAT
System of Zakat will be introduced in Pakistan.

WELFARE STATE
Pakistan will be a welfare state and the government will try its best to
eliminate the poverty & illiteracy from the country. Basic facilities like food,
shelter & cloth shall be provided to the people.

NATIONAL LANGUAGE
Urdu & Bengali will be the national language of the country.

CANCELLATION OF CONSTITUTION OF 1962

President Ayub Khan resigned on 25th March 1969 in the regard of public
movement against his government. Commander in Chief General Yahya Khan
imposed Martial Law in the country and took over the government and
cancelled the constitution of 1962. This was the 2nd Martial Law which was

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imposed in the country. All the provincial and federal governments were
dismissed and announced elections in the country.

CONSTITUTION OF 1973
General Elections were held in the country in 1970. After the General
Elections the situation became violent. East Pakistan separated from the
federation and became Bangladesh on 16th December 1971. The Military
Regime transferred the power to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on December 20, 1971,
who imposed interim constitution in the country on April 12, 1972. Then a
script of permanent constitution was presented before the Assembly on
February 2, 1973 and it was approved on April 12, 1973. The constitution was
enforced on August 14, 1973 in the country. This constitution was consisted of
280 clauses.

ISLAMIC PROVISIONS OF CONSTITUTION OF 1973

All the Islamic provisions of the previous constitutions were included in the
Constitution of 1973. Some more Islamic provisions were also added, which
are as under:

SOVEREIGNTY OF ALLAH
The Objective Resolution was included in the preamble of the constitution of
1973. According to which sovereignty over the whole world belongs to Allah.
The people of Pakistan will exercise the sovereignty within the limits as a
sacred trust of Allah.

COUNTRY’S NAME
The country’s name will be Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE STATE

The official religion of the country will be Islam.

MUSLIM PRESIDENT AND PRIME MINISTER:

The President and Prime Minister of Pakistan will be Muslims, who believe in
oneness of Allah and the finality of the Prophet Hood of Muhammad (SAW).

DEFINITION OF A MUSLIM
For the first time, the definition of a Muslim was included in the constitution of
1973. A person who does believe in oneness of Allah, the absolute finality of
Prophet Hood of Muhammad (PBUH), the day of Judgment and divine Books
of Allah, is a Muslim’.

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PROTECTION OF ISLAMIC LAWS
All the existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islamic principles and
no law will be enforced, which is repugnant to the teachings of Islam.

COMPULSORY ISLAMIC TEACHINGS & QURAN

The teaching of Quran and Islamic studies will be made compulsory in schools
and colleges.

TEACHING OF ARABIC AND PRINTING OF QURAN

The teaching of Arabic will be compulsory from 6 to 8 classes in schools and
printing of Quran will be made error free.

ISLAMIC VALUES
Islamic values for example, democracy, equity, liberty and equality will be the
main objectives of the constitution.

ZAKAT AND USHER

According to the constitution of 1973, the government will establish the system
of Zakat and Usher by establishing the Zakat & Usher Councils.

ELIMINATION OF RIBA (USURY OR INTEREST)

The government will eliminate Riba and make the economy of the country free
from Riba.

ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY COUNCIL

The Islamic Ideology Council will be established, which will guide the
legislature to make the laws in accordance with Islamic teachings and bring
the existing.

UNITY OF ISLAMIC WORLD

Government will give full intension towards the unity of Muslim world.

PROTECTION TO MINORITIES
Government will provide full right to the minorities, so they can spend their
lives according to their own religion and culture.

END OF RACIAL & PROVINCIAL DISCRIMINATIONS

The government will try to eliminate Racial, Provincial, Communal and other
discriminations from the country.

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END OF ILLITERACY
The Government will take certain steps to eliminate the illiteracy from the
country. Education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan.
Government will also take suitable steps for the adult education in the country.

WELFARE STATE
Pakistan will be a welfare state. Government tried its best to eliminate the
poverty & illiteracy in the country. Basic facilities like food, shelter & cloth shall
be provided to the people.

NATIONAL LANGUAGE
Urdu will be the national language of the country.

FREE JUDICIARY
Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political and
economic pressure.

PROTECTION OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

It is mentioned in the constitution of 1973 that President, Prime Minister,
Federal Minister, Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman Senate, Deputy
Chairman Senate, Provincial Governors, Chief Minister, Provincial Speakers,
Provincial Deputy Speakers & Provincial Minister will take Oath to be loyal
with the Ideology of Pakistan and the Islamic Ideology.

OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION AS THE PERMANENT PART

In 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq made an amendment in the constitution and
Objective Resolution declared the permanent part of the constitution.

IMPORTANCE OF CONSTITUTION OF 1973

Constitution of 1973 has a great importance in the constitutional history of
Pakistan because a lot of Islamic clauses are added in the constitution as
compared to the previous constitutions. This constitution cannot be dismissed
(Cancelled or abrogated), any persons who will dissolve it will be hanged till
death

SUSPENSION OF CONSTITUTION OF 1973

Constitution of 1973 was suspended by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 and he
imposed the 3rd Martial Law in the country. General Zia-ul-Haq re-activated
this constitution in 1985. Later on this constitution again suspended by
Pervaiz Musharaf in his regime twice partially in 1999 and 2007.

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PROCESS OF ISLAMIZATION IN PAKISTAN

The basic aim of creation of Pakistan was to implement Islamic laws in the
country under the light of the Holy Quran and Hadith. After the creation of
Pakistan, the people insisted the government that in their country Islam should
be implemented so that aim of Pakistan is fulfilled. On that, different steps
were taken in different times.

STEPS TOWARDS ISLAMIZATION BEFORE THE MARTIAL LAW

GOVERNMENT 1977

The process towards the enforcement of Islam in Pakistan is as under:-

OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION (1949)

The Objective Resolution was passed on 12th March, 1949. It laid down the
basis for future constitution. A lot of Islamic clauses like supremacy of Allah,
Protection to Minorities, Free Judiciary and Islamic Laws etc. were included in
it.

CONSTITUTION OF 1956
In 1956 Ch. Muhammad Ali Prime Minister enforced first constitution in
Pakistan that constitution was also Islamic because a lot of Islamic clauses
were included in it like Supremacy of Allah, End of Usury & Un-Islamic Values,
and Protection to Minorities, Free Judiciary and Islamic Laws etc.

CONSTITUTION OF 1962
In 1962 President General Ayub Khan enforced 2nd constitution in Pakistan
that constitution was also Islamic nature because a lot of Islamic clauses were
included in it like Supremacy of Allah, End of Usury & Un-Islamic Values,
Protection to Minorities & Judiciary, Islamic Laws etc.

CONSTITUTION OF 1973
The Islamic reflection in the Constitution of 1973 is prominent and many
Islamic provisions are added in it. The complete sovereignty of Allah over the

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world, Islam as official religion and definition of a Muslim are the specific
examples. The efforts for Islamization also continued in the country in forth
coming periods

STEPS TOWARDS ISLAMIZATION BY THE MARTIAL LAW

GOVERNMENT FROM 1977 TO TILL

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq took over the country in 1977. He took some
steps towards Islamization in Pakistan which are as follows:

ENFORCEMENT OF HADOOD
The Hudood Ordinance was issued on February 10, 1979, under which the
offences against property, the rape, the Zina and Qazf were considered
grievous crimes and their punishments were imposed.

SYSTEM OF ZAKAT AND USHER

On June 20, 1980, the system of Zakat and Usher was imposed under which
the Government was empowered to deduct 2.5 percent from the bank
deposits in saving accounts on 1st Ramadan. The Zakat collection will be
distributed by the Zakat Councils among the deserved. The collection of Usher
started in 1983 under which ten percent at the specific amount of agricultural
yield is liable to be realized.

ELIMINATION OF INTEREST
For the elimination of interest, on 1 January 1981, the profit and loss sharing
accounts were opened. All the saving accounts were converted into PLS
accounts with effect from 1 July, 1984. Moreover, all the financial institutions
under the control of government started giving loans on sharing basis.

SHARIAT COURTS
Shariat Benches in all High Courts were established on 10 February 1979
through an ordinance, in which Ulama were included as Judges. In May 1980
through an ordinance Shariat Benches were converted into Shariat Courts,
which hear appeals from the subordinate courts and interpret Islam. The
Shariat Bench of Supreme Court hears the appeals against the decisions of
the Federal Shariat Court, and can declare void any law and step, which is
repugnant to Islam.

COMPULSORY EDUCATION OF ISLAMIAT

Islamic Studies was made a compulsory subject upto degree classes in all the
educational institute of Pakistan.

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EHTRAM-E-RAMADAN ORDINANCE
An Ehtram-e-Ramadan Ordinance was issued on June 25, 1981 which
provided the complete sanctity for Ramadan and any contravention to this
Ordinance was liable to three months imprisonment or a fine of Rs. 500 or
both.

OBSERVATION OF SALAT (NAMAZ)

Arrangements for observing salat of Zuhar were made in the government and
semi-government offices, schools and colleges. Salat committees were
constituted to motivate people for salat.

COMPULSORY ARABIC TEACHING

Arabic teaching was made compulsory from class 6th to 8th.

ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

An Islamic University at Islamabad started functioning from 2 January 1981,
which makes research in every field of Islamic law.

PATRONAGE OF MADARUS
Deni Madaress were patronized and annual financial assistance was given to
them, and the Sanad (Degree) of Dars-e-Nazami was made equivalent to
degree of M.A Arabic and Islamic Studies.

REFORMS IN ELECTRONIC MEDIA

In 1979, Government also introduced reforms in the electronic media following
steps were being taken in this regard:
i) Bane on Un-Islamic programs
ii) Introduction of Azan on T.V.
iii) Teaching of Holly Quran and Islamic teachings started on T.V.
iv) Live coverage of Hajj and Mahafil-e-Shabina
v) Dupetta Policy was introduced on T.V for female anchors and
actresses.

LAWS OF QISAS-O-DIYAT
In 1979 according to the Presidential Ordinance Laws of Qisas and Diyat were
enforced in the country according to Islamic concepts.

REVOLUTION IN JUDICIARY
According to ordinance of 1979 some revolutions also introduced in Judiciary,
dress code of the Judges was changed and Shalwar & Sherwani was

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introduced in place of dress of the judiciary of the British period. Words like
My Lord and your Lordship were replaced by Sir and Madam.

REORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY COUNCIL

Islamic Ideology Council was re-organized in the regime of General
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. More powers were given to Judges and Members of
the Islamic Ideology Council also increased up to 20.

MASJID MAQTUB SCHEMES

In 1984, government introduced Masjid Maqtub Schemes in the country.
According to this scheme 4182 Masjid Maqtub were opened in the country.
The main objective of this scheme was to provide the basic educational
facilities in the areas where there was no primary institution. According to this
scheme the education provided to the students up to class three.

OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION AS THE PERMANENT PART

In 1985, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq made 8th amendment in the
constitution and Objective Resolution declared the permanent part of the
constitution.

RESPECT OF ULMAS (RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS)

For the formation of Islamic Society in Pakistan the government issued an
ordinance in the country in which the government declared the Ulama will be
given due respect.

PUNISHMENT FOR DISRESPECT OF THE PROPHET HOOD

According to section 295-C of Pakistan Penal Code, A person, who is found
guilty of disrespecting the last Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is to be
sentenced for life imprisonment or sentenced to death according to Islamic
Law.

RESPECT OF COMPANION OF HOLY PROPHET (PBUH)

According to the ordinance of 1979, it was declared that the four caliph of
Islam and other companions of Holy Prophet (PBUH) will be respected. The
person who will not give due respect to the companions of Holy Prophet
(PBUH) he will be punished for three years imprison and fine.

FACILITIES FOR HAJJ

According to the Presidential ordinance of 1979, it was declared that the
government should provide suitable and compulsory facilities to the Hajjaj-ul-

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kiram. Department of Khadam-ul-Hajjaj established for the solution of the
problems of Hajjis and provides them suitable facilities.

RE-ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY
According to the ordinance of 1979, illegal and un-Islamic literature was
declared completely ban from the country. Provincialism, racialism and other
discrimination on basis of colour caste religion and creed etc. were totally
banned. Transportation and production of illegal goods like Wine, Visky and
others were banned.

DECLARATION OF QADIYANIS AS NON-MUSLIM

Qadiyanies were declared Non-Muslim in the constitution of 1973. During Zia-
ul-Haq period some steps were taken against them to distinguish between
Muslims and Qadyanies like ban on using of Muslim name, ban to use the
name mosque for their religious places, ban on Azan.

SHARIAT BILL
In 1991 Shariat Act was passed. According to that it was declared that Shariat
ordinance would be enforced in the country step by step.

CONCLUSION
After the creation of Pakistan on the insistence of people of Pakistan, efforts
were made for the implementation of Islamic laws. The Pakistan Resolution,
constitutions of Pakistan then during the rule of General Zia-ul-Haq and
Ghulam Ishaq Khan, ordinance of Shariat, are all proof of that. But these
ordinances were never acted upon. If shariat is implemented today, Pakistan
will start progressing fastly. It is only possible when Quranic teachings are
considered more important than any other things else.

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CHAPTER-6

PAKISTAN & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

PRINCIPLES, OBJECTIVES AND DETERMINANTS OF

FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on 14th August 1947 and it
inherited the foreign policy from British India. After independence, Pakistan
made some changes in British policy according to the ideology and the
objectives of Pakistan Movement.

DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY

The foreign policy is to establish and develop relations with other countries to
watch the national interests by taking appropriate steps at international level.

PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY

Every country established its foreign policy according to own ideological,
historical, political and geographical circumstances. Foreign Policy of Pakistan
was established by Quaid-e-Azam itself. Foreign policy of Pakistan is based
on the following basic principles:

PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE
Pakistan believes in peaceful co-existence and respects the liberty, freedom
and sovereignty of other countries and expects the same from others.
Pakistan is always dis-interested in the internal affairs of others.

NON-ALIGNMENT
Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its
foreign policy. Pakistan has not shown alignment with any bloc and has
established good relationship with all the countries. Therefore, now Pakistan is
trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China, United
Kingdom France and other countries and expects the same from others of
significant importance. At present Pakistan is also a regular member of Non-
Aligned Movement (NAM).

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RELATION ON THE BASIS OF BILATERALISM:
Pakistan wants to develop its relations with all countries on the basis of
bilateralism. Pakistan also wants to solve its conflicts with neighbouring
countries on the basis of bilateralism. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India
many times to solve the Kashmir dispute by negotiation.

UNITED NATIONS CHARTER

Pakistan is a member of United Nations and follows its charter strictly.
Therefore, Pakistan has supported every action of the United Nations and
provided military assistance to implement its decisions.

SUPPORT TO RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION

Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations.
Pakistan believes that every nation must have the right of self-determination.
Therefore, Pakistan has supported every movement for the exercise of the
right of self-determination in Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has played
very important role in the struggle of independence of Kashmir, Palestine,
Bosnia, and Namibia. It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by
Russia and helped the Afghanistan to get the liberation from foreign rule.

UNITY OF ISLAMIC WORLD

Pakistan is the supporter of the unity of Islamic world and is following the
policy to establish good relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan has always
tried to solve the conflicts of Islamic world and played very important role in
Iran- Iraq war, Palestine’s and Afghanistan’s liberation. Pakistan is an active
member of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC). Pakistan has
provided a platform for Muslim countries of Central Asia to solve their
economic problems by establishing Economic Cooperation Organization
(ECO).

DE-WEAPONISATION
Pakistan is the main supporter of de-weaponisation and supported all
international efforts to de-weaponise the world. Therefore, Pakistan is not in
the race of weaponisation. Pakistan uses atomic energy for peaceful
purposes. Pakistan tries to avoid the danger of nuclear war. In the world
Pakistan has repeatedly suggested for the de-weaponisation of South Asia but
India has not responded it accordingly.

ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world.
Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa, Namibia and

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Zimbabwe. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the
minorities in Pakistan have equal rights.

ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE
Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan has
also protested against aggressive powers desires, and supported the
oppressed nations for getting the peace. Pakistan has repeatedly invited India
to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every move.

GOOD RELATIONS WITH NEIGHBOURS

Pakistan wants good relationship with all neighbours including India. Pakistan
also wants to solve all the issues with neighbouring countries including
Kashmir issue with India peacefully. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India for
talks at any time, at every level and at every place.

INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL COOPERATION

Pakistan is an active member of international and regional organization i.e.
United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of Islamic
Conference (OIC), Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and SAARC.
Pakistan always cooperates with all these organizations for the security of
world peace.

OBJECTIVES OF FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

According to Lord Parmesan:

“In the International Relations, There is no any permanent friend and

enemy but the preference is given only to the national interest any state
form its foreign policy on the base of National Security & Interest.”

The main objectives of the foreign policy of Pakistan are as under:-

NATIONAL SECURITY:
The main objective of foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or
independence. It gave due importance to the national security, while
establishing external relationships with other countries. Pakistan respects the
national integrity and the political independence of other countries and expect
from others the same.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Pakistan is a developing country and inspires for its economic development. It

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needs to establish and maintain cordial relations with those states with
whom it can maximize its trade relations or from whom it can obtain maximum
economic benefits. Pakistan has made changes in its foreign policy keeping in
view the new economic trends. It has adopted particularly free trade and
policy of privatization.

EFFORTS FOR FREEDOM OF KASHMIR

It is an important aspect of Pakistan Foreign policy to make the other
countries agree on the freedom of Kashmir. This is not only that Kashmir is
“Shah Rug of Pakistan” but geographically Kashmir is a part of Pakistan and
freedom of Kashmir is a must for Pakistan.

PROTECTION OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan is an ideological state and its foreign policy is based upon the
ideology of Pakistan or Islam. The foreign policy is meant to protect the
ideology. The stability of Pakistan is also dependent upon ideology.

BETTER RELATIONS WITH ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

Pakistan can protect its ideology by developing good relationship with Muslim
countries. All the constitutions of Pakistan emphasized on establishing good
relations with Muslim countries.

ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world.
Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa Namibia and
Zimbabwe. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities
in Pakistan have equal rights.

ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE
Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan has
repeatedly invited India to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected
every move.

DETERMINANTS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

The following are the determinants of the foreign policy of Pakistan:-

ADMINISTRATIVE TROIKA
Administrative Troika comprises the President of Pakistan, the Prime Minister
and Chief of Army Staff. It plays very important role in formulating foreign
policy. It can approve or disapprove the foreign policy of Pakistan or can make

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any change in it. However, it is very difficult to deviate from the previous
foreign commitments made by Troika.
President

Army Chief Prime Minster

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

The ministry plays very important role in formulating the foreign policy. It
comprises the specialists and experts of foreign policy and the bureaucrats of
high level. They prepare foreign policy, keeping in view the basic objectives
and principles of the policy. They formulate the policy, plans and programs
regarding the priorities of foreign policy, and fully cooperate with Troika for its
preparation.

INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES
Pakistan’s intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the formulation
of foreign policy by providing full information about the objectives of other
countries foreign policies. Keeping in view these information’s, Pakistan
formulates its foreign policy.

POLITICAL PARTIES
The political parties have deep impacts on the formulation of foreign policy.
The political parties include the priorities of foreign policy in their manifestoes
and after their success in the election they force the government to change
the priorities of foreign policy according to the changing scenario in the light of
their view points.

PARLIAMENT
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually prepares the foreign policy according to
the directions of executive and puts it before the Parliament for approval. After
discussion and debate the parliament gives approval to it or suggests some
change in it.

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ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION (OIC)

After the establishment of Pakistan the basic principle of Pakistan’s Foreign

Policy was decided. Pakistan will not leave any stones unturned for the sake
of Muslim Unity but the circumstances were not suitable at that time. Most of
the Arab countries were thinking of Arab Nationalism. They consider
themselves Arab first and then Muslims. The behaviour of super powers made
Muslim countries to be united. Muslim countries became united on the base of
Islam. In this way path was paved for the establishment of the OIC. Pakistan
rendered remarkable services for the establishment of the OIC.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORGNIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION

On August 21, 1969 establishment of OIC was unavoidable when the Jews
attempted to burn Masjid-e-Aqsa and demolished some of its parts. This was
not the problem of only Arabs. The Arabs foreign ministers suggested to call
an Islamic summit conference for looking into crucial matter. So first meeting
of the heads of Islamic countries was held in Rabat, a city of Morocco in
September, 1969. Then the Organization of Islamic Cooperation was founded.

ORGANIZATION
OIC is an International Organization. About 57 Islamic countries are its
members. Its head-office is in Jeddah. The first chairman was Shah Hussain
of Morocco and the first Secretary General was Sharif-uddin Pirzada, then the
foreign minister of Pakistan.

IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS

ISLAMIC SUMMIT
The most superior institution of OIC is Islamic Summit. All the heads of Islamic
countries are its members. According to the decision of 1981 Islamic Summit
Conference is held after three years.

CONFERENCE OF FOREIGN MINISTER

The Second Institution of OIC is the conference of Foreign Minister. Its
meeting is held at least once annually.
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GENERAL SECRETARIAT
General Secretariat is another important Institution of OIC. This is presided
over by the Secretary General who prepared agenda for every conference in a
meeting of high level officers. He also looks after the holding and proceeding
of conferences.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Following are the aims and objectives of the Organization of Islamic
Cooperation:-
1. Steps for defending Muslims States from Nuclear dangers.
2. Peaceful solution of conflicts of the Muslim countries.
3. Protection of the Muslims territories from Jewish aggression and
protection of holy places in Jerusalem.
4. Establishment of Islamic Development Bank and Islamic Stability
Fund for the sake of economic development of Muslim countries.
5. In the case of foreign aggression, defense of Muslim countries.
6. The restoration of occupied Muslim territories and especially struggle
for the liberty of Palestine.
7. Protection of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim countries.
8. Establishment of Islamic commission for cultural & social activities to
promote Islamic culture.
9. Establishment of Muslim Universities for the proclamation of Islamic
Ideology.
10. Establishment of impartial policies.
11. To save the Muslim countries from conspiracies of the super
powers.

IMPORTANT MEETINGS OF OIC

FIRST SUMMIT OF OIC (RABAT MOROCCO 1969)

First Summit of OIC was held in the city of Rabat (Morocco) in September,
1969. This Summit was inaugurated by Shah Hussain. In this meeting General
Muhammad Yahya Khan represented Pakistan. Twenty-five heads of the
Muslim countries and eleven representatives joined this session of OIC, so

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total number of Muslims countries who joined this session was 36.
Following decisions were made in this summit:-

i. End of the poverty and illiteracy from the Muslim countries

ii. To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim countries
iii. To eliminate the mutual difference of the Muslims
iv. Solution of the Palestine’s Problem

SECOND SUMMIT OF OIC (LAHORE-PAKISTAN 1974)

Second Summit of OIC was held in Lahore, Pakistan in 1974 in which 36
Muslim countries were participated. Important Islamic Leader like Shah Faisal,
Col. Muhammad Qazzafi and President Anwar Sadaat also joined this
session. At this time, Pakistan recognized Bangladesh. The following
decisions were made in this meeting: -

i. Suggestions were presented for the solution of the Palestine’s

problem
ii. End of the poverty and illiteracy from the Muslim countries
iii. To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim countries
iv. Establishment of Islamic Universities
v. Establishment of Islamic News Agency

THIRD SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (TAIF-SAUDI ARABIA 1981)

Third Summit of the OIC was held in Taif Saudi Arabia in 1981. In which 38
Muslims countries were participated and the following decisions were made in
this meeting: -

i. Put back the Russian forces from Afghanistan

ii. To stop the war of Iraq and Iran
iii. Establishment of common shipping organization among the
member countries
iv. To solve the mutual problems by negotiations of the Muslims

FOURTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (CASABLANCA, MOROCCO

1984)
Fourth Summit of the OIC was held in Casablanca, Morocco in 1984. In which
43 Muslims countries were participated and the following decisions were
made in this meeting:-

i. Solution of the Palestine’s Problem

ii. To provide the rights to the people of the Bosnia

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iii. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
iv. To stop the Iran and Iraq war
v. To favour the Afghan Mujahddin against the Russian Forces

FIFTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (KUWAIT 1987)

Fifth Summit of the OIC was held in Kuwait in 1987. In which 43 Muslims
countries were participated and the following decisions were made in this
meeting:-

i. Unity of the Muslims World

ii. Solution of the Palestine’s Problem
iii. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
iv. To stop the Iran, Iraq war
vi. To favour the Afghan Mujahddin against the Russian Forces

SIXTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (DAKAR SENEGAL 1991)

Sixth Summit of the OIC was held in Dakar Senegal in 1991. In which 24
Muslims countries were participated and Iraq boycotted this meeting. The
following decisions were made in this meeting:-

i. End of the poverty and illiteracy from the Muslim Countries

ii. To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim Countries
iii. To eliminate the mutual difference of the Muslims
iv. Solution of the Palestine’s Problem
v. Solution of the Problem of Kashmir

SEVENTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (CASABLANCA, MOROCCO

1994)
Seventh Summit of the OIC was held in Casablanca in 1994. In which 51
Muslims countries were participated. The following decisions were made in
this meeting:-

i. To end the terrorism from the world

ii. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
iii. Establishment of Islamic News Agency
iv. Suggestions were presented for the solution of the Palestine’s
problem.

EIGHTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (TEHRAN, IRAN 1997)

Eighth Summit of the OIC was held in Tehran, Iran in 1997. In which 53
Muslims countries were participated. The following decisions were made in
this meeting:-
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i. To work for the Muslim Unity
ii. To maximize the trade among the member countries
iii. Cultural, economic and political relations among the member
countries
iv. To resolve the problems of the Muslims countries

NINTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (DOHA, QATAR 2000)

Ninth Summit of the OIC was held in Doha, Qatar in 2000. In which 56
Muslims Countries were participated. The following decisions were made in
this meeting:-

i. To favour the Afghanistan Government to over-come the civil war

in Afghanistan
ii. To raise the funds for the Afghan Refugees
iii. To work for the establishment of peace in Bosnia
iv. To favour the right of Self-Determination of the Kashmiri’s
v. Solution of the problem of the Cyprus

TENTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (PATRAJIYA, MALAYSIA

2003)
Tenth Summit of the OIC was held in Patrajiya, Malaysia in 2003. In which 57
Muslims Countries were participated. The following decisions were made in
this meeting:-
i. To work for the Unity of the Muslim World
ii. To end the terrorism in the world after the incident of 9/11
iii. Solution of the problem of the Afghanistan
iv. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir

ELEVENTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE OF THE OIC (DAKAR, SENEGAL

2008)
Eleventh Summit of the OIC was held in Dakar, Senegal in 2008. In which 39
Muslims countries were participated. The following decisions were made in
this meeting:-

I. To raise the funds for the Afghan Refugees

ii. To work for the establishment of peace in Bosnia
iii. To favour the Right of Self-Determination of the Kashmiri’s
iv. Solution of the problem of the Palestine

No-doubt organization of Islamic countries is a largest organization of the

Muslim countries which tries to resolve the problems of the Muslims countries
but impact of this organization is totally failed to achieve its objectives.

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