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ACS Final Formula Sheet

The ACS General Chemistry Final Formula Sheet provides essential formulas and concepts across various topics including atomic structure, chemical bonding, solutions, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Key equations include those for calculating molarity, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and equilibrium constants. This sheet serves as a quick reference for important chemical principles and calculations.

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2K views2 pages

ACS Final Formula Sheet

The ACS General Chemistry Final Formula Sheet provides essential formulas and concepts across various topics including atomic structure, chemical bonding, solutions, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Key equations include those for calculating molarity, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and equilibrium constants. This sheet serves as a quick reference for important chemical principles and calculations.

Uploaded by

em.ritondo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACS General Chemistry Final Formula Sheet

1. Atomic Structure & Quantum Mechanics


• Average Atomic Mass = Σ (mass of isotope × relative abundance)

• Speed of Light Equation: c = λν

• Photon Energy: E = hν

2. Chemical Bonding & Molecular Properties


• Formal Charge = (valence electrons) - (non-bonding electrons) - ½(bonding electrons)

3. Solutions
• Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution

• Molality (m) = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent

• Mole Fraction (X) = moles of A / total moles

• Freezing Point Depression: ΔTf = i Kf m

• Boiling Point Elevation: ΔTb = i Kb m

• Dilution Formula: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

4. Stoichiometry
• Percent Yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%

5. Thermochemistry (Energetics)
• Heat Transfer: q = mcΔT

• Enthalpy of Reaction from ΔH°f: ΔH°rxn = Σ ΔH°f(products) - Σ ΔH°f(reactants)

• Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Energies: ΔH°rxn ≈ Σ Bond Energies(reactants) - Σ Bond


Energies(products)

• Gibbs Free Energy: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

• Relationship between ΔG° and K: ΔG° = -RTln K


6. Chemical Kinetics (Dynamics)
• Integrated Rate Laws:

- Zero-order: [A]ₜ = -kt + [A]₀

- First-order: ln[A]ₜ = -kt + ln[A]₀

- Second-order: 1/[A]ₜ = kt + 1/[A]₀

• Half-lives:

- Zero-order: t₁/₂ = [A]₀ / 2k

- First-order: t₁/₂ = ln 2 / k

- Second-order: t₁/₂ = 1 / k[A]₀

• Arrhenius Equation: k = A e^(-Ea/RT)

7. Chemical Equilibrium
• Equilibrium Constants:

- Kc = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b

- Kp = (PC)^c(PD)^d / (PA)^a(PB)^b

• Relationship between Kc and Kp: Kp = Kc(RT)^Δng

• Reaction Quotient: Q = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b

• Acid/Base Equilibria:

- Ka = [H₃O⁺][A⁻] / [HA]

- Kb = [BH⁺][OH⁻] / [B]

- Kw = [H₃O⁺][OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ (at 25 °C)

- pH = -log[H₃O⁺], pOH = -log[OH⁻], pH + pOH = 14 (at 25 °C)

• Solubility Product: Ksp = [Mn⁺]^x [Xm⁻]^y

8. Electrochemistry
• Standard Cell Potential: E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode

• Nernst Equation: Ecell = E°cell - (RT / nF)ln Q

• ΔG° = -nFE°cell

• ln K = nFE°cell / RT

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