Chapter 3 Rational Numbers

4.3.1 Introducing Rational Numbers 102

4.3.2 Operations with Rational Numbers 106
4.3.3 Order of Operations 110
GAME: Target One 114
UNIT 4 Revision 115

UNIT 5 MEASUREMENT
Getting Started 117
Chapter 1 The Pythagorean Theorem
5.1.1 The Pythagorean Theorem 119
5.1.2 Applying the Pythagorean Theorem 122
Chapter 2 Linear and Area Relationships
5.2.1 Area and Perimeter Relationships 125
CONNECTIONS: Pentominos 128
GAME: Pentominos 129
5.2.2 Scale Drawings 130
5.2.3 EXPLORE: Estimating the Area of a Circle 134
5.2.4 The Formula for the Area of a Circle 136
CONNECTIONS: The History of Pi 138
5.2.5 Applying Area Formulas 139
CONNECTIONS: Tangrams 142
Chapter 3 Volume and Surface Area
5.3.1 Volume of a Rectangular Prism 143
5.3.2 Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism 157
UNIT 5 Revision 150

UNIT 6 PROBABILITY AND DATA

Getting Started 151
Chapter 1 Probability
6.1.1 Complementary Events 152
GAME: Unlucky Ones 155
CONNECTIONS: Simpson's Paradox 156
6.1.2 Simulations 157

CONTENTS v
Chapter 3 Volume and Surface Area
5.3.1 Volume of a Rectangular Prism

Try This
A. Nidup is using 2 cm cubes to build larger cubes.
How many 2 cm cubes does he need to build a cube
with an edge length of 4 cm?
4 cm
• The volume of a 3-D object is a measure of the amount of space it takes up.
Here are the most common units of volume:
Cubic metre (m3) Cubic decimetre (dm3) Cubic centimetre (cm3)
1,000,000 cm3 1,000 cm3 1 cm3
1 m3 0.001 m3 0.000001 m3

- A cubic centimetre, 1 cm3, takes up the same amount of space as

a 1 cm-by-1 cm-by-1 cm cube.
- A cubic decimetre, 1 dm3, takes up the same amount of space as
a 1 dm-by-1 dm-by-1 dm cube or
a 10 cm-by-10 cm-by-10 cm cube.
- A cubic metre, 1 m3, takes up the same amount of space as 1 m3
a 1 m-by-1 m-by-1 m cube,
a 10 dm-by-10 dm-by-10 dm cube, or
a 100 cm-by-100 cm-by-100 cm cube.
10 × 1 dm3
• To understand the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism, you can
find a pattern by using 1 cm3 cubes to create prisms with the same base but
different heights:
- The area of the base of this rectangular prism is 2 cm × 3 cm = 6 cm2.
The prism's height is 1 cm.
The prism's volume is 6 cm3. Notice that 6 cm2 × 1 cm = 6 cm3.

- If you build prisms with heights of 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm, the volumes are
6 cm2 × 2 cm = 12 cm3, 6 cm2 × 3 cm = 18 cm3, and 6 cm2 × 4 cm = 24 cm3.

V = (2 × 3) × 2 V = (2 × 3) × 3 V = (2 × 3) × 4

- So, the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism is

V = Area of base × height or V = l × w × h h V=l×w×h

w
l
Measurement 143
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• The amount that a container can hold is a measure of its capacity.
Here are the most common units of capacity:
kilolitre (kL) litre (L) decilitre (dL) centilitre (cL) millilitre (mL)
1000 L 1L 0.1 L 0.01 L 0.001 L
1,000,000 mL 1000 mL 100 mL 10 mL 1 mL

• In the metric system, there is a special relationship among units of volume,

capacity, and mass for water.
- A 1 cm3 cube has a capacity of 1 mL. 1 cm3 of water = 1 mL
and has a mass of 1 g.
- 1 mL of water has a mass of 1 g.

You can use this relationship to estimate the mass of liquids that are mostly water.

B. When you double each dimension of a cube, what happens to its volume? Use
the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism to explain why this happens.

Examples
Example 1 Relating Dimensions and Volume
Draw and label two different rectangular prisms, each with a volume of 96 cm3.
Solution Thinking
• I needed to find
4 cm × 4 cm × 6 cm 6 cm three dimensions with
= 96 cm3 a product of 96.

4 cm • I factored 96 and then

4 cm chose two different sets
of factors:
4 cm
96 = (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 3)
3 cm =4×4×6
8 cm
8 cm × 4 cm × 3 cm = 96 cm3 96 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × 3
=8×4×3

Example 2 Developing the Formula for the Volume of a Cube

Write a formula for the volume of a cube with edge length e.
Solution Thinking
• I used the volume formula
e for a rectangular prism.
e • For each of the three
e
dimensions, l, w, and h, I used
V = l × w × h = e × e × e = e3 e instead because the length,
The formula for the volume of width, and height of a cube are equal so
a cube is V = e3. 1 = e, w = e, and h = e.

144 UNIT 5 Reprint 2024

Example 3 Relating Volume, Capacity, and Mass
a) What single unit of volume is equivalent to 1 L?
b) What is the mass of 1 L of water in kilograms?
Solution Thinking
a) 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm 3
a) I knew that
1000 cm = 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm = 1 dm 1 L = 1000 mL,
3 3

1 mL = 1 cm3, and
1 dm = 10 cm.

10 cm = 1 dm

1 L = 1 dm3 b) I knew that

1 mL of water has a mass of 1 g, so
b) 1 L of water has a mass of 1 kg.
1000 mL has a mass of 1000 g.

Example 4 Calculating Volume, Capacity, and Mass

Find the volume and capacity of each rectangular prism. Then find the mass of
water each prism could hold if it were a container.
a) b)

3 dm
8 cm
2.5 dm
4 dm
40 mm
5 cm

Solution Thinking
a) 40 mm = 4 cm • For part a), I changed
V = l × w × h = 5 × 4 × 8 = 160 40 mm to 4 cm so all
The volume is 160 cm3. the dimensions would be in
The capacity is 160 mL. the same units.
It holds a mass of 160 g of water. • I used these volume-capacity-mass
relationships for water to find the capacity
b) V = l × w × h = 4 × 2.5 × 3 = 30 and mass for both prisms:
The volume is 30 dm3. 1 cm3 = 1 mL
The capacity is 30 L. 1 dm3 = 1 L
It holds a mass of 30 kg of water.
1 mL = 1 g
1 L = 1 kg

Measurement 145
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Practising and Applying
1. If these containers are filled with 7. Which is the best price for the buyer?
water, what is the volume, capacity, Explain your choice.
and mass of the water in each? A. A 1 L carton for Nu 40
a) b) B. An 8 cm cube for Nu 20
3 dm C. 700 cm3 for Nu 30
30 mm
2 dm
50 cm 8. A rectangular prism container holds
2 cm 24 L of water. Sketch and label the
2 cm container, showing one possible set of
dimensions.
c) d)
1m
4 cm 9. The base of a 1 L rectangular prism
10 dm carton has an area of 50 cm2. How tall
100 cm is the carton?
2.5 cm
2.5 cm 2 cm
10. a) How many of
2. Copy and complete the chart. these dice will fit into
a box that measures
V l w h Capacity
5 cm by 4 cm by 7 cm?
(cm3) (cm) (cm) (cm) (mL)
Estimate and then check.
48 4 3
b) How much extra space is there?
105 10 3
12 5 720 11. Gom Raj has a cube-
shaped planter that is
3. Which rectangular prism has the 22.5 cm on each edge.
greatest volume? Estimate and then He has 8 L of soil.
check your answer. Does he have enough
A. 9 cm by 9 cm by 9 cm soil to fill the planter?
How can you tell without
B. 10 cm by 12 cm by 6 cm
calculating the exact
C. 8 cm by 8 cm by 11 cm volume? 22.5 cm

4. a) What is the volume of an 8 cm cube?

12. Create and solve a problem that
b) What are the dimensions of a cube involves estimating the dimensions of
with a volume of 8 cm3? a cube when you know its volume.
5. What is the edge length of a cube 13. a) What happens to the area of
with each volume? a rectangle when you triple each
a) 64 cm3 dimension?
b) 125 cm3 b) What happens to the volume of
c) 1,000,000 cm3 a rectangular prism when you triple
each dimension?
6. a) How many cubic centimetres are c) Why is the volume increase in
there in 1 m3? part a) greater than the area increase
b) How many litres are in 1 m3? in part b), even though each dimension
was multiplied by the same amount?
c) What is the mass of 1 m3 of water
in grams? in kilograms? in tonnes?

146 UNIT 5 Reprint 2024

5.3.2 Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism

Try This
This net folds to make a box
that is 12 cm by 8 cm by 4 cm.

A. What is the area of the net?

• The total surface area of a 3-D object is a measure of the total amount of area
that covers all of its surfaces. Surface area units are the same as area units:
Square metre (m2) Square centimetre (cm2) Square millimetre (mm2)
1 m2 0.0001 m2 0.01 cm2
10,000 cm2 100 mm2 1 mm2

For example:
- This rectangular prism has dimensions 2 cm by 3 cm by 4 cm.
- Its total surface area is the sum of the areas of all six faces:
4 cm
Two faces are 2 cm by 3 cm, each with an area of 6 cm2.
Two faces are 3 cm by 4 cm, each with an area of 12 cm2. 2 cm
3 cm
Two faces are 2 cm by 4 cm, each with an area of 8 cm . 2

- The total area of all six faces is 2 × (6 + 12 + 8) cm2 = 2 × 26 cm2 = 52 cm2

The total surface area of the prism is 52 cm2.
• To develop a formula for the total surface area of a rectangular prism, you can
find the total surface area of a prism with dimensions l units, w units, and h units.
- Total surface area of a rectangular prism is the sum of the areas of all six faces:
Two faces (front and back) are h units by l units,
each with an area of h × l square units.
Two faces (top and bottom) are l units by w units, h
each with an area of l × w square units. w
Two faces (at the ends) are w units by h units, l
each with an area of w × h square units.
- The total area of all six faces is 2 × (h × l + l × w + w × h) square units.
The formula for the total surface area
of a rectangular prism is
h SA = 2 × (h × l + l × w + w × h)
w
l

B. Why is the area of the net in part A equal to the total surface area of the box?
C. Why is surface area measured in square units?

Measurement 147
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Examples
Example 1 Calculating Surface Area
What is the total surface area of this box?

600 cm

4m
4m

Solution Thinking
SA = 2 × (h × l + l × w + w × h) • I changed 600 cm to 6 m so all
SA = 2 × (4 × 6 + 4 × 4 + 6 × 4) the units would be the same.
= 2 × (24 + 16 + 24) • I found the sum of the areas
= 2 × 64 of the front, top, and side
= 128 rectangular faces. Then I doubled the sum.
The total surface area is 128 m2.

Example 2 The Formula for the Total Surface Area of a Cube

Write a formula for the total surface area of a cube with sides e.
Solution Thinking
SA = 2 × (h × l + l × w + w × h) • I used the surface area
SA = 2 × (e × e + e × e + e × e) formula for a rectangular prism.
= 2 × (e + e + e )
2 2 2
• For each of the three
= 6e2 dimensions, l, w, and h, I used e
The formula for the total surface instead because the length,
area of a cube is SA = 6e2. width, and height of a cube are equal,
so 1 = e, w = e, and h = e.

Example 3 Solving a Surface Area Problem

The total surface area of this box is 62 cm2.
What is the height of the box?

2 cm
3 cm
Solution Thinking
SA = 2 × (h × l + l × w + w × h) • I used the formula for
62 = 2 × (h × 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x h) the total surface area
62 = 2 × (3h + 6 + 2h) to create an equation.
62 = 12 + 10h • I solved the equation for h
50 = 10h (the height of the box).
5=h
The height of the box is 5 cm.

148 UNIT 5 Reprint 2024

Practising and Applying
1. Find the total surface area of each. 5. Find the total surface area of each.
a) b) a)
3 cm 4 cm
3 cm
1 cm
2.5 cm 4 cm
20 mm 4 cm
2 cm
b)
1 cm
c) d)
6 cm
4 cm 1m
6 cm
10 dm
2.5 cm 100 cm c) Predict which prism has the greater
3 cm
volume. Check your prediction.
2. Copy and complete the chart.
6. a) List the dimensions of all the
SA l w h rectangular prisms with a volume of
(cm2) (cm) (cm) (cm) 12 cm3. Each dimension should be
6 1.5 1 a whole number of centimetres.
10 2 1 b) Which prism has the greatest total
76 4 2 surface area? Describe its shape.
150 5 5 c) Which prism has the least total
surface area? Describe its shape.
3. a) Find the total surface area of this
7. How much wood (in cm2) does Nima
cube.
need to make this box with no top?

6 cm
60 cm

6 cm
6 cm 90 cm
130 cm
b) What is the volume of the cube? 8. Suppose you cut a cube in half.
c) What do you notice about the two a) How does the combined volume of
measurements? Do you think this is the two halves compare to the original
true for all cubes? Explain your answer. volume? Why does this happen?
b) How does the combined surface of
4. a) What happens to the total surface the two halves compare to the original
area of a rectangular prism when you surface area? Why does this happen?
double each dimension? Explain your
answer.
b) What happens to the total surface
area of a rectangular prism when you
triple each dimension?

Measurement 149
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