A proposed structure for the Advanced Neural Networks and Deep Learning course:

Course Outline (Semester-Long, 10 Weeks)

1. Introduction to Deep Learning and Neural Networks

o Basics of Neural Networks
o Perceptron and Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP)
o Activation Functions and Loss Functions
2. Optimization Techniques
o Gradient Descent and its Variants (SGD, Adam, RMSProp)
o Advanced Optimization Methods (L-BFGS, Second-Order Methods)
o Hyperparameter Tuning
3. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
o Mathematical Foundations
o Architectures (LeNet, AlexNet, VGG, ResNet)
o Applications in Computer Vision
4. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and LSTMs
o Sequence Modeling
o Time Series Analysis
o Text Generation and Machine Translation
5. Transformers and Large Language Models (LLMs)
o Attention Mechanism
o BERT, GPT, and Vision Transformers
o Applications in NLP
6. Generative Models
o Autoencoders and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)
o Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
o Image and Text Generation
7. Model Interpretability and Explainability
o SHAP and LIME
o Saliency Maps
o Explainable AI Techniques
8. Applications and Case Studies
o NLP (Sentiment Analysis, Question Answering)
o Computer Vision (Image Classification, Object Detection)
o Time Series Forecasting
9. Advanced Topics
o Transfer Learning
o Federated Learning
o Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Learning
10. Project Work and Final Evaluation
o Research-oriented projects
o Code Implementation and Report Submission

Emphasizing particular areas, such as:

 Advanced architectures (e.g., CNNs, RNNs, Transformers)

 Optimization techniques (e.g., Adam, L-BFGS, second-order methods)
 Generative models (e.g., GANs, VAEs)
  Applications (e.g., NLP, computer vision, time series)
 Model interpretability and explainability

Case Study Suggestions

1. Image Classification (Computer Vision)

o Task: Classify images into different categories (e.g., cats vs. dogs).
o Dataset: CIFAR-10 or MNIST
o Why?: Allows visualization of optimization performance on convolutional
neural networks (CNNs).
2. Sentiment Analysis (Natural Language Processing)
o Task: Classify text as positive or negative sentiment.
o Dataset: IMDB Movie Reviews dataset
o Why?: Helps show the impact of optimizers on training recurrent or
transformer-based models.
3. Time Series Forecasting
o Task: Predict future stock prices or energy consumption.
o Dataset: Google Stock Prices dataset
o Why?: Demonstrates the effectiveness of optimizers on recurrent models like
LSTMs.
4. GAN Training Stability
o Task: Generate realistic images using Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs).
o Dataset: CelebA (faces dataset)
o Why?: GANs are highly sensitive to optimizer choices, making them a great
example.

Module 1: Introduction to Deep Learning and Neural Networks This will include:

1. Mathematical Foundations
o Perceptron and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) derivations
o Activation functions and their gradients
o Loss functions and their mathematical formulations
2. Theoretical Explanations
o Basics of deep learning and neural networks
o Importance of non-linearity and backpropagation
3. Code Exercises
o Implementing a simple neural network in TensorFlow/Keras
o Exploring activation functions and their effects
4. Reading Materials
o Key papers and foundational books on deep learning

Module 1: Introduction to Deep Learning and Neural Networks

1. Introduction to Deep Learning

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on neural networks with multiple
layers. These networks have revolutionized fields such as computer vision, natural language
processing (NLP), and reinforcement learning.

Key Characteristics of Deep Learning:

 Ability to learn hierarchical representations.

 Requires large amounts of data and computational power.
 Uses backpropagation for training.

2. Perceptron and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP)

2.1 Perceptron

A perceptron is the simplest type of artificial neural network. It consists of a single layer of
neurons with adjustable weights.

2.2 Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP)

An MLP extends the perceptron by introducing multiple layers of neurons, allowing for the
learning of complex patterns.
3. Activation Functions
Activation functions introduce non-linearity into neural networks, allowing them to learn
complex patterns.
 1. Sigmoid Function

2. Hyperbolic Tangent (Tanh)

3. Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)

4. Loss Functions and Optimization

To train a neural network, we minimize a loss function, which measures the difference
between predicted and actual values.

Common Loss Functions:

 Mean Squared Error (MSE) for regression:

 Cross-Entropy Loss for classification:

5. Backpropagation and Gradient Descent

Backpropagation is used to compute gradients of the loss function concerning network
parameters.
Gradient Descent Update Rule:

6. Code Implementation in TensorFlow/Keras

Below is a simple implementation of a neural network using TensorFlow/Keras.

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import numpy as np

# Generate sample dataset

X_train = np.random.rand(1000, 10)
y_train = np.random.randint(0, 2, size=(1000,))

# Define a simple MLP model

def create_mlp():
model = keras.Sequential([
layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(10,)),
layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
return model

# Create and train the model

mlp_model = create_mlp()
mlp_model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=32)
mlp_model.summary()

7. Further Reading
 Books:
o "Deep Learning" by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville.
o "Neural Networks and Deep Learning" by Michael Nielsen.
 Papers:
o "Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition" by Yann
LeCun et al.
o "Efficient Backprop" by Yann LeCun et al.

Module 2: Optimization Techniques

1. Introduction to Optimization in Deep Learning
Optimization is crucial in deep learning for training neural networks by updating weights to
minimize a loss function.

2. Gradient Descent Variants

 Batch Gradient Descent (BGD)

o Uses the entire dataset to compute the gradient.
o Slow for large datasets.
 Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
o Uses a single sample per update.
o Faster but introduces noise in updates.
 Mini-Batch Gradient Descent
o Uses small subsets (mini-batches) to update weights.
o Balances speed and stability.

3. Advanced Optimization Algorithms

 Momentum-based Optimization

Helps smooth updates.

 Adam (Adaptive Moment Estimation)

Adaptive learning rates for faster convergence.

 RMSProp

Helps prevent exploding gradients.

4. Code Implementation
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import Adam, SGD

model.compile(optimizer=Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

5. Further Reading

 "Adaptive Subgradient Methods for Online Learning" by Duchi et al.

 "Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization" by Kingma & Ba.

For Module 2: Optimization Techniques, we need a case study that effectively demonstrates
the impact of different optimizers on deep learning performance.

Case Study Suggestions

1. Image Classification (Computer Vision)

 o Task: Classify images into different categories (e.g., cats vs. dogs).
o Dataset: CIFAR-10 or MNIST
o Why?: Allows visualization of optimization performance on convolutional
neural networks (CNNs).
2. Sentiment Analysis (Natural Language Processing)
o Task: Classify text as positive or negative sentiment.
o Dataset: IMDB Movie Reviews dataset
o Why?: Helps show the impact of optimizers on training recurrent or
transformer-based models.
3. Time Series Forecasting
o Task: Predict future stock prices or energy consumption.
o Dataset: Google Stock Prices dataset
o Why?: Demonstrates the effectiveness of optimizers on recurrent models like
LSTMs.
4. GAN Training Stability
o Task: Generate realistic images using Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs).
o Dataset: CelebA (faces dataset)
o Why?: GANs are highly sensitive to optimizer choices, making them a great
example.

Module 1: Introduction to Deep Learning and Neural Networks with extended depth.
This will include:

1. Mathematical Foundations
o Perceptron and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) derivations
o Activation functions and their gradients
o Loss functions and their mathematical formulations
2. Theoretical Explanations
o Basics of deep learning and neural networks
o Importance of non-linearity and backpropagation
3. Code Exercises
o Implementing a simple neural network in TensorFlow/Keras
o Exploring activation functions and their effects
4. Reading Materials
o Key papers and foundational books on deep learning

Improve the document:

1. Expand on Deep Learning Characteristics

o Add more details on why deep learning requires large datasets (e.g.,
generalization, overfitting).
o Mention the role of GPUs/TPUs in computation.
2. Enhance Perceptron Explanation
o Provide a small numerical example showing how a perceptron makes a
decision.
3. Expand Activation Functions
o Include a brief explanation of why certain functions (e.g., ReLU) work better
in deep networks.
 o Consider adding Leaky ReLU and Softmax for completeness.
4. Clarify Loss Functions and Use Cases
o Explain when to use MSE vs. Cross-Entropy in a bit more depth.
5. Expand on Backpropagation
o Add a brief mention of chain rule usage in gradient computation.
6. Improve Code Implementation Section
o Provide a small example dataset for testing the MLP model.

The Improve Code Implementation section has a small example dataset for testing the MLP
model. I'll generate a synthetic dataset using sklearn.datasets for better reproducibility
and clarity.

python
CopyEdit
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

# Generate synthetic dataset

X, y = make_classification(n_samples=1000, n_features=10, n_classes=2,
random_state=42)

# Split into training and testing sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42)

# Normalize the dataset

scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Define a simple MLP model

def create_mlp():
model = keras.Sequential([
layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(10,)),
layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
return model

# Create and train the model

mlp_model = create_mlp()
mlp_model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=32,
validation_data=(X_test, y_test))

# Evaluate the model

test_loss, test_acc = mlp_model.evaluate(X_test, y_test)
print(f"Test Accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")

Explanation:
 1. Dataset Generation:
o We use make_classification() from sklearn.datasets to generate a
binary classification dataset.
o The dataset consists of 1000 samples with 10 features.
o The labels (y) are binary (0 or 1).
2. Preprocessing:
o The dataset is split into training (80%) and testing (20%) using
train_test_split().
o Standardization is applied using StandardScaler() to improve training
stability.
3. Model Definition:
o The MLP consists of:
 An input layer with 10 neurons.
 Two hidden layers with 64 and 32 neurons, respectively, using ReLU
activation.
 A final output layer with a single neuron and a sigmoid activation
function (suitable for binary classification).
o The model is compiled with the Adam optimizer and binary cross-entropy
loss.
4. Training and Evaluation:
o The model is trained for 10 epochs with batch size 32.
o The validation dataset (validation_data=(X_test, y_test)) helps monitor
overfitting.
o Finally, the test accuracy is printed.

Extending the example by:

1. Increasing Features and Complexity

o Expanding the dataset to include 20 features instead of 10.
o Adding a mix of informative and redundant features to make the
classification more realistic.
2. Adjusting the Model Architecture
o Adding more hidden layers to increase the depth of the MLP.
o Using Batch Normalization and Dropout for better generalization.
3. Including Visualization
o Feature distribution before and after scaling.
o Loss and accuracy plots to track training progress.

Updated MLP Model with More Features, Architecture Tweaks, and

Visualizations
python
CopyEdit
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
import seaborn as sns

# Generate synthetic dataset with more features

X, y = make_classification(n_samples=2000, n_features=20, n_informative=15,
n_redundant=5, n_classes=2, random_state=42)

# Split into training and testing sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42)

# Standardize dataset
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Visualization: Feature distribution before and after scaling

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))
sns.histplot(X[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[0])
axes[0].set_title("Feature Distribution (Raw Data)")
sns.histplot(X_train[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[1])
axes[1].set_title("Feature Distribution (After Scaling)")
plt.show()

# Define an improved MLP model

def create_improved_mlp():
model = keras.Sequential([
layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(20,)),
layers.BatchNormalization(), # Normalize activations
layers.Dropout(0.3), # Reduce overfitting

layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid') # Output layer for binary

classification
])

model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
return model

# Create and train the model

mlp_model = create_improved_mlp()
history = mlp_model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=30, batch_size=32,
validation_data=(X_test, y_test))

# Evaluate the model

test_loss, test_acc = mlp_model.evaluate(X_test, y_test)
print(f"Test Accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")

# Visualization: Plot training loss and accuracy

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

# Loss plot
ax[0].plot(history.history['loss'], label='Train Loss')
ax[0].plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
ax[0].set_title("Loss Over Epochs")
ax[0].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[0].set_ylabel("Loss")
ax[0].legend()

# Accuracy plot
ax[1].plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Train Accuracy')
ax[1].plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
ax[1].set_title("Accuracy Over Epochs")
ax[1].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[1].set_ylabel("Accuracy")
ax[1].legend()

plt.show()

Key Enhancements:

1. More Features (20 Features)

o 15 informative features that contribute directly to classification.
o 5 redundant features that introduce complexity.
2. Enhanced Model Architecture
o More Layers: Three hidden layers (128, 64, 32 neurons).
o Batch Normalization: Improves convergence by normalizing layer
activations.
o Dropout: Helps prevent overfitting by randomly deactivating neurons during
training.
o Adam Optimizer with a learning rate of 0.001.
3. Visualization
o Feature Distribution Plots: Before and after scaling.
o Loss and Accuracy Graphs: To track training progress.

Updating the implementation to include the following visualizations:

1. Feature Distribution (before and after scaling).

2. Loss and Accuracy Graphs (to track training progress).
3. Confusion Matrix (to evaluate model performance on the test set).

The complete code:

python
CopyEdit
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, ConfusionMatrixDisplay

# Generate synthetic dataset with 20 features

X, y = make_classification(n_samples=2000, n_features=20, n_informative=15,
 n_redundant=5, n_classes=2, random_state=42)

# Split into training and testing sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42)

# Standardize dataset
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Visualization: Feature distribution before and after scaling

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

sns.histplot(X[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[0])

axes[0].set_title("Feature Distribution (Raw Data)")

sns.histplot(X_train[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[1])

axes[1].set_title("Feature Distribution (After Scaling)")

plt.show()

# Define an improved MLP model

def create_improved_mlp():
model = keras.Sequential([
layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(20,)),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid') # Output layer for binary

classification
])

model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
return model

# Create and train the model

mlp_model = create_improved_mlp()
history = mlp_model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=30, batch_size=32,
validation_data=(X_test, y_test))

# Evaluate the model

test_loss, test_acc = mlp_model.evaluate(X_test, y_test)
print(f"Test Accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")

# Visualization: Plot training loss and accuracy

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

# Loss plot
ax[0].plot(history.history['loss'], label='Train Loss')
ax[0].plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
ax[0].set_title("Loss Over Epochs")
ax[0].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[0].set_ylabel("Loss")
ax[0].legend()

# Accuracy plot
ax[1].plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Train Accuracy')
ax[1].plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
ax[1].set_title("Accuracy Over Epochs")
ax[1].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[1].set_ylabel("Accuracy")
ax[1].legend()

plt.show()

# Compute and plot confusion matrix

y_pred = (mlp_model.predict(X_test) > 0.5).astype("int32")
conf_matrix = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)

plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
sns.heatmap(conf_matrix, annot=True, fmt="d", cmap="Blues",
xticklabels=["Class 0", "Class 1"], yticklabels=["Class 0", "Class 1"])
plt.xlabel("Predicted")
plt.ylabel("Actual")
plt.title("Confusion Matrix")
plt.show()

Key Features in This Implementation

1. Feature Distribution Visualization

o Histogram of one feature before and after scaling (to show preprocessing
effects).
2. Loss and Accuracy Graphs
o Helps track model performance and detect overfitting.
3. Confusion Matrix
o Displays classification performance and errors.
o Uses seaborn.heatmap to improve readability.

 Adding Precision, Recall, and F1-score to analyze performance further?

 Including ROC Curve Visualization for evaluating model thresholds?

Extending the code to include Precision, Recall, F1-score, and ROC Curve visualization
for a more comprehensive performance evaluation.

Updated Code with Performance Metrics and ROC Curve

python
CopyEdit
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, classification_report,
roc_curve, auc

# Generate synthetic dataset with 20 features

X, y = make_classification(n_samples=2000, n_features=20, n_informative=15,
n_redundant=5, n_classes=2, random_state=42)

# Split into training and testing sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42)

# Standardize dataset
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Visualization: Feature distribution before and after scaling

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

sns.histplot(X[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[0])

axes[0].set_title("Feature Distribution (Raw Data)")

sns.histplot(X_train[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[1])

axes[1].set_title("Feature Distribution (After Scaling)")

plt.show()

# Define an improved MLP model

def create_improved_mlp():
model = keras.Sequential([
layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(20,)),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
layers.BatchNormalization(),
layers.Dropout(0.3),

layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid') # Output layer for binary

classification
])

model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
return model

# Create and train the model

mlp_model = create_improved_mlp()
history = mlp_model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=30, batch_size=32,
validation_data=(X_test, y_test))

# Evaluate the model

test_loss, test_acc = mlp_model.evaluate(X_test, y_test)
print(f"Test Accuracy: {test_acc:.4f}")
# Visualization: Plot training loss and accuracy
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

# Loss plot
ax[0].plot(history.history['loss'], label='Train Loss')
ax[0].plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
ax[0].set_title("Loss Over Epochs")
ax[0].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[0].set_ylabel("Loss")
ax[0].legend()

# Accuracy plot
ax[1].plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Train Accuracy')
ax[1].plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
ax[1].set_title("Accuracy Over Epochs")
ax[1].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[1].set_ylabel("Accuracy")
ax[1].legend()

plt.show()

# Compute and plot confusion matrix

y_pred = (mlp_model.predict(X_test) > 0.5).astype("int32")
conf_matrix = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)

plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
sns.heatmap(conf_matrix, annot=True, fmt="d", cmap="Blues",
xticklabels=["Class 0", "Class 1"], yticklabels=["Class 0", "Class 1"])
plt.xlabel("Predicted")
plt.ylabel("Actual")
plt.title("Confusion Matrix")
plt.show()

# Classification report (Precision, Recall, F1-score)

print("Classification Report:")
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred, target_names=["Class 0", "Class
1"]))

# Compute ROC curve and AUC

y_probs = mlp_model.predict(X_test).ravel() # Get probability scores
fpr, tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_test, y_probs)
roc_auc = auc(fpr, tpr)

# Plot ROC Curve

plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
plt.plot(fpr, tpr, color='blue', label=f'ROC Curve (AUC = {roc_auc:.2f})')
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], color='gray', linestyle='--') # Random guess line
plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate")
plt.ylabel("True Positive Rate")
plt.title("Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Additions in This Update

1. Classification Report
o Shows Precision, Recall, and F1-score for each class.
2. ROC Curve & AUC Score
o Helps visualize the model's trade-off between sensitivity and specificity.
1. Confusion Matrix Visualization

 The confusion matrix helps analyze how well the model is classifying each class.
 The heatmap visually represents the true positive, false positive, false negative, and
true negative values.

Code Snippet

python
CopyEdit
conf_matrix = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)

plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
sns.heatmap(conf_matrix, annot=True, fmt="d", cmap="Blues",
xticklabels=["Class 0", "Class 1"], yticklabels=["Class 0",
"Class 1"])
plt.xlabel("Predicted")
plt.ylabel("Actual")
plt.title("Confusion Matrix")
plt.show()

2. Feature Distribution Before & After Scaling

 Understanding the feature distribution helps in preprocessing and normalization.

 The histograms show the raw data and the effect of standardization.

Code Snippet

python
CopyEdit
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

sns.histplot(X[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[0])

axes[0].set_title("Feature Distribution (Raw Data)")

sns.histplot(X_train[:, 0], bins=30, kde=True, ax=axes[1])

axes[1].set_title("Feature Distribution (After Scaling)")

plt.show()

3. Loss & Accuracy Curves

 Training vs Validation Loss: Helps diagnose overfitting or underfitting.

 Training vs Validation Accuracy: Tracks the model’s learning progress.

Code Snippet

python
CopyEdit
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

# Loss plot
ax[0].plot(history.history['loss'], label='Train Loss')
ax[0].plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')
ax[0].set_title("Loss Over Epochs")
ax[0].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[0].set_ylabel("Loss")
ax[0].legend()

# Accuracy plot
ax[1].plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='Train Accuracy')
ax[1].plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='Validation Accuracy')
ax[1].set_title("Accuracy Over Epochs")
ax[1].set_xlabel("Epochs")
ax[1].set_ylabel("Accuracy")
ax[1].legend()

plt.show()

4. Classification Report

 Provides a summary of Precision, Recall, and F1-score.

Code Snippet

python
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print("Classification Report:")
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred, target_names=["Class 0", "Class
1"]))

5. ROC Curve & AUC Score

 The ROC curve visualizes the trade-off between sensitivity (True Positive Rate) and
specificity (False Positive Rate).
 AUC Score quantifies model performance (1.0 = perfect, 0.5 = random guessing).

Code Snippet

python
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y_probs = mlp_model.predict(X_test).ravel() # Get probability scores
fpr, tpr, _ = roc_curve(y_test, y_probs)
roc_auc = auc(fpr, tpr)

# Plot ROC Curve

plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
plt.plot(fpr, tpr, color='blue', label=f'ROC Curve (AUC = {roc_auc:.2f})')
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], color='gray', linestyle='--') # Random guess line
plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate")
plt.ylabel("True Positive Rate")
plt.title("Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

Enhancement the implementation with the following additional improvements:

 1. Precision-Recall Curve – Useful when dealing with imbalanced datasets.
2. SHAP Analysis – Explaining individual model predictions.
3. Feature Importance – Understanding which features contribute most.
4. Hyperparameter Tuning – Using Grid Search for better model performance.

1. Precision-Recall Curve

 More informative than the ROC curve for imbalanced datasets.

 Shows trade-offs between precision and recall.

Code Snippet

python
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from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_curve, average_precision_score

# Compute precision-recall values

precision, recall, _ = precision_recall_curve(y_test, y_probs)
avg_precision = average_precision_score(y_test, y_probs)

# Plot Precision-Recall Curve

plt.figure(figsize=(7, 5))
plt.plot(recall, precision, color='purple', label=f'PR Curve (AP =
{avg_precision:.2f})')
plt.xlabel("Recall")
plt.ylabel("Precision")
plt.title("Precision-Recall Curve")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

2. SHAP (SHapley Additive Explanations) Analysis

 Helps interpret individual predictions.

 Identifies feature contributions.

Code Snippet

python
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import shap

explainer = shap.Explainer(mlp_model, X_train)

shap_values = explainer(X_test)

# Summary plot of SHAP values

shap.summary_plot(shap_values, X_test, feature_names=[f'Feature {i+1}' for
i in range(X_test.shape[1])])

3. Feature Importance (Permutation Importance)

 Helps identify which features contribute most to model predictions.

Code Snippet
python
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from sklearn.inspection import permutation_importance

result = permutation_importance(mlp_model, X_test, y_test,

scoring='accuracy')

# Sort feature importance

sorted_idx = result.importances_mean.argsort()

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.barh([f'Feature {i+1}' for i in sorted_idx],
result.importances_mean[sorted_idx], color='teal')
plt.xlabel("Feature Importance Score")
plt.ylabel("Feature")
plt.title("Feature Importance via Permutation")
plt.show()

4. Hyperparameter Tuning with Grid Search

 Searches for the best learning rate and batch size.

Code Snippet

python
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from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from tensorflow.keras.wrappers.scikit_learn import KerasClassifier

# Function to create model for tuning

def create_model(learning_rate=0.001):
model = keras.Sequential([
layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(10,)),
layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])

model.compile(optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=learning_rate),
loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
return model

# Wrap model with KerasClassifier

model = KerasClassifier(build_fn=create_model, verbose=0)

# Define parameter grid

param_grid = {
'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.001, 0.0001],
'batch_size': [16, 32, 64]
}

# Perform Grid Search

grid = GridSearchCV(estimator=model, param_grid=param_grid, cv=3)
grid_result = grid.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Display Best Parameters

print(f"Best Learning Rate: {grid_result.best_params_['learning_rate']}")
print(f"Best Batch Size: {grid_result.best_params_['batch_size']}")

Enhancements to the Model:

✅ 1. Bayesian Optimization for Hyperparameter Tuning – More efficient than Grid
Search.
✅ 2. SHAP Waterfall Plot – Provides detailed explanations for a single prediction.
✅ 3. Class-wise Performance Analysis – Analyzing per-class precision, recall, and F1-score.
✅ 4. Model Calibration Curve – Checks if probabilities reflect true confidence levels.
✅ 5. Learning Rate Scheduler – Dynamically adjusts learning rate during training.

1. Bayesian Optimization for Hyperparameter Tuning

Instead of Grid Search, we use Bayesian Optimization, which is more efficient.

Install Required Library

bash
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pip install keras-tuner

Code Snippet

python
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import keras_tuner as kt

# Define Model Builder

def model_builder(hp):
model = keras.Sequential([
layers.Dense(hp.Int('units_1', min_value=32, max_value=128,
step=32), activation='relu', input_shape=(10,)),
layers.Dense(hp.Int('units_2', min_value=16, max_value=64,
step=16), activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])

model.compile(
optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(hp.Choice('learning_rate', [0.01,
0.001, 0.0001])),
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy']
)
return model

# Define Bayesian Optimization Search

tuner = kt.BayesianOptimization(
model_builder,
objective='val_accuracy',
max_trials=10,
directory='bayesian_tuning',
project_name='mlp_tuning'
)

# Execute Search
tuner.search(X_train, y_train, epochs=10, validation_data=(X_test, y_test))
best_hps = tuner.get_best_hyperparameters(num_trials=1)[0]

# Print Best Hyperparameters

print(f"Best Units Layer 1: {best_hps.get('units_1')}")
print(f"Best Units Layer 2: {best_hps.get('units_2')}")
print(f"Best Learning Rate: {best_hps.get('learning_rate')}")

2. SHAP Waterfall Plot (Single Prediction Analysis)

To explain individual predictions, we use SHAP waterfall plots.

Code Snippet

python
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# Select a random test instance
idx = np.random.randint(0, len(X_test))
X_sample = X_test[idx:idx+1]

# Compute SHAP values for the sample

shap_values_sample = explainer(X_sample)

# Waterfall plot for detailed explanation

shap.waterfall_plot(shap_values_sample[0])

3. Class-wise Performance Analysis

Instead of only a confusion matrix, analyze per-class precision, recall, and F1-score.

Code Snippet

python
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from sklearn.metrics import classification_report

# Generate classification report

report = classification_report(y_test, y_preds, target_names=['Class 0',
'Class 1'])

print("Classification Report:\n", report)

4. Model Calibration Curve

Ensures that predicted probabilities reflect actual confidence levels.

Code Snippet

python
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from sklearn.calibration import calibration_curve

prob_true, prob_pred = calibration_curve(y_test, y_probs, n_bins=10)

plt.plot(prob_pred, prob_true, marker='o', linestyle='-', label="MLP

Model")
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], linestyle="--", label="Perfect Calibration")
plt.xlabel("Predicted Probability")
plt.ylabel("True Probability")
plt.title("Calibration Curve")
plt.legend()
plt.show()

5. Learning Rate Scheduler

Gradually decreases the learning rate to stabilize training.

Code Snippet

python
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from tensorflow.keras.callbacks import LearningRateScheduler

def scheduler(epoch, lr):

return lr * 0.95 # Reduce learning rate by 5% each epoch

lr_callback = LearningRateScheduler(scheduler)

# Train model with scheduler

mlp_model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=20, batch_size=32,
validation_data=(X_test, y_test), callbacks=[lr_callback])