Blessed Are Those Who Take Mathematics As A Practical Subject For They

Shall Enjoy The Benefits Of Being Mathematicians.

TRANSFORMATION
❖ It is the operation when a set of points (object) is mapped onto a set of points
(image).
❖ An object is the original shape, the one which need to be transformed.
❖ An image is a shape obtained from an object.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMATION

• Translation, Reflection and Rotation are isometric.

➢ Translation
• This means they do not change shape or size of the
➢ Reflection
figure being transformed.
➢ Rotation • Only position changes

• Enlargement, Shear and Stretch are not isometric.

➢ Enlargement • They changes shape, appearance as well as position
➢ Shear • Under enlargement an object and an images looks
➢ Stretch similar but different sizes
• Under shear an object and an image looks different but
same area.

I. TRANSLATION
• It requires a translation vector which is used to be added to all coordinates of the
vertices of an object, the results are the coordinates of an image.
Object + (TV) Translation Vector = Image
(Always make the unknown subject of the formulae.)
II. REFLECTION
• It requires a mirror line
• A mirror line is always given in form of an equation
• An object and an image are equidistant from a mirror line; this means that the distance
from an object to a mirror line is equal to the distance from a mirror line to an image.
• The line which joins corresponding vertices cuts the mirror line at right angle.

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e.g. corresponding points A and A1.

III. ROTATION
• It requires a center of rotation, angle of rotation as well as direction of rotation
(clockwise/anti-clockwise).

90 clockwise = 270 anti-clockwise

180 clockwise =180 anti-clockwise

270 clockwise =90 anti-clockwise

1. Triangle ABC has vertices at A(4;3), B(4:1) and C(3;1). Taking 2cm to represents one unit
on both axes, draw the x and y axes for -3≤x≤4 and -2≤y≤4.Draw and label ∆ABC.
−𝟐
I. A triangle ABC has mapped onto ∆A 1B1C1by a translation vector ( ). Draw and
−𝟑
label ∆ A1B1C1.
II. A ∆ A2B2C2 is the image of ∆ ABC under a reflection in the line y=x. Draw and label ∆
A 2 B 2 C2 .
anti-clockwise
III. A rotation of 90 about (1;-1) mapped a triangle ABC onto a ∆ A 3B3C3. Draw and label
∆ A3B3C3.

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IV. ENLARGEMENT
• It is a transformation in which a shape is preserved but not size.
Enlargement when the center is the origin (0;0)
• It requires a center of enlargement,
• It requires a scale factor which is used to multiply all coordinates of the vertices of an
object; the results are the coordinates of the vertices of an image.

YOU CAN USE EITHER

1) Scalar OR 2) Operator Matrix

Scalar (Each coordinates 𝑘 0

( )(Each coordinates
of the vertices of an 0 𝑘
of the vertices of an
object) = (coordinates of
object)= (coordinates of
an image)
an image)

V. Shear : Under shear the area of an object and an image is the same.
• It requires a shear factor and an invariant line
𝟏 𝒌
• If x-axes is invariant, this means parallel to x-axes so we use ( ) where k is a
𝟎 𝟏
shearing factor.
𝟏 𝟎
• If y-axes is invariant, this means parallel to y-axes so we use ( ) where k is a
𝒌 𝟏
shearing factor.

VI. A) Stretch: There is a one-way stretch and a two-way stretch.

• It requires a stretch factor and an invariant line.
𝟏 𝟎
• If x-axes is invariant, this means parallel to y-axes so we use ( ) where k is a
𝟎 𝒌
stretching factor.
𝒌 𝟎
• If y-axes is invariant, this means parallel to x-axes so we use ( ) where k is a
𝟎 𝟏
stretching factor.

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B) Two-way Stretcher
• It is when both x and y axes are invariant.
𝒌 𝟎
• It has two stretch factors…..so we use ( ) where k (y-axes invariant and
𝟎 𝒉
parallel to x-axes) and h (x-axes invariant and parallel to y-axes) are stretch
factors.

SHEAR INVARIENT LINE PARALLEL TO MATRIX FACTOR

x-axis x-axis k
𝟏 𝒌
( )
𝟎 𝟏

y-axis y-axis k
𝟏 𝟎
( )
𝒌 𝟏

STRETCH x-axis y-axis k

𝟏 𝟎
( )
𝟎 𝒌

y-axis x-axis k
𝒌 𝟎
( )
𝟎 𝟏

TWO-WAY x-axis & y-axis y-axis & x-axis k( for y-axis

STRETCH 𝒌 𝟎 invariant and
( )
𝟎 𝒉 parallel to x-axis)
h (for x-axis
invariant and
parallel to y-axis)

2. Triangle ABC has vertices at A(4;3), B(4:1) and C(3;1). Taking 2cm to represents one unit
on both axes, draw the x and y axes for -3≤x≤4 and -6≤y≤3.Draw and label ∆ ABC.
−𝟏
IV. A triangle ABC is enlarged with center (0;0), scale factor 𝟐 onto ∆ A4B4C4. Draw and
label ∆ A4B4C4.
V. A shear with y-axis invariant and a scale factor -1 mapped shape ABC onto
A5B5C5.Draw and label ∆ A5B5C5.
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VI. ∆ ABC is mapped onto ∆A6B6C6 by a stretch of factor -2 with x-axis invariant. Draw
and label ∆ A6B6C6.

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HOW TO DESCRIBE A TRANSFORMATION?

Translation
✓ State that it is translation Translation
✓ Write down the translation vector 𝒑
(𝒒)
Reflection
✓ State that it is reflection Reflection
✓ Write down the equation of a mirror Y=mx+c
line
Rotation
✓ Name that it is rotation Rotation
✓ Write the coordinates of the center of
rotation About(x;y)
✓ State the direction of rotation Clockwise/ anti-clockwise
Enlargement
✓ Name that it is enlargement Enlargement
✓ Write the coordinates of the center of
enlargement (x; y)
✓ State the scale factor or an operator K or (
𝒌 𝟎
)
matrix 𝟎 𝒌
Shear
✓ State that it is shear Shear
✓ State the invariant line or a parallel line x-axis invariant/ y-axis invariant/
parallel to x-axis parallel to y-axis
✓ Write the matrix of shear (
𝟏 𝒌
) (
𝟏 𝟎
)
𝟎 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏
Stretch
✓ State that it is stretch Stretch
✓ State the invariant line or a parallel line x-axis invariant/ y-axis invariant/
parallel to y-axis parallel to x-axis
✓ Write the matrix of stretch (
𝟏 𝟎
) (
𝒌 𝟎
)
𝟎 𝒌 𝟎 𝟏
Two-Way Stretch
✓ State that it is a two-way stretch Two-way stretch
✓ State the two invariant lines or two
parallel lines. x-axis & y-axis
✓ Write the matrix of a two-way stretch (
𝒌 𝟎
)
𝟎 𝒉
NOTE:a matrix in transformation is used to multiply all coordinates of an object; the results
are the coordinates of an image.

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i. TRANSLATION
ALWAYS MAKE THE UNKNOWN THE SUBJECT OF THE FORMULAE

Object + T.V = Image

a) How to find the translation vector if you have given an object and an image?

T.V= Image - Object

b) How to find the coordinates of an object if you have given the translation
vector and an image?

Object= Image – T.V

ii. REFLECTION
a. How to find the position of a mirror line if you have given an object and an
image?
➢ Draw the lines which join the corresponding vertices of an object and an
image.
➢ Bisect each line perpendicularly
➢ Draw the line which pass through the intersections of each bisector and
its line.
b. How to find the coordinates of an object if you have given the coordinates of
image and a mirror line?
➢ Draw a faint line from each vertex of an image crossing the mirror line at
right angle
➢ The distance from each vertex of an image to the mirror line is equal to
the distance from the mirror line to each corresponding vertex of an
object.
iii. ROTATION
a. How to find the position of the center of rotation if you have given an object
and an image?
➢ Draw the lines which join the corresponding vertices of an object and an
image.
➢ Bisect each line perpendicularly
➢ Where the bisectors meet is where the center of rotation is.
iv. ENLARGEMENT
a. How to obtain the center of enlargement if you have given an object and an
image?

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➢ Draw the lines which connecting the corresponding points of an object

and an image.
➢ Where the lines meet is the center of enlargement
b. How to find the scale factor if you have an object and an image?

C1
B

A O A1
C

• The centre of enlargement

B1
• The meeting point of the
lines which join the
corresponding vertices

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

Scale factor = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑶𝑨₁ 𝑶𝑩₁ 𝑶𝑪₁

= or or
𝑶𝑨 𝑶𝑩 𝑶𝑪

Enlargement when the center is not an origin (0;0)

If you have given an object, the center of enlargement and a scale factor, to find the
coordinates of an image, consider the following steps

STEP 1 • Subtract the center of enlargement from each coordinate of an object.

STEP 2 • Multiply all the results from STEP 1 by a scale factor either by a scalar or an
operator matrix.
STEP 3 • Add the center of enlargement to all the results from step 2
STEP 4 • Finally draw an image using the results from step 3.
• These are the coordinates of an image

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Scale factor of enlargement

❖ When the scale factor of enlargement is positive, the image and the object are on the
same side of the center of enlargement
❖ When the scale factor of enlargement is negative, the image and the object are on the
opposite sides of the center of enlargement.

v. SHEAR.

How to find the shear factor if you have given the object and the image?
𝑨 𝒕𝒐 𝑨₁
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 (𝒆.𝒈 𝑩 𝒕𝒐 𝑩𝟏 )𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆)
𝑪 𝒕𝒐 𝑪₁
Shear factor = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

vi. STRETCH

How to find the stretch factor under one-way stretch if you have given the
object and the image?
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 (𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆.𝒈 𝑨₁) 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆.
Stretch factor = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 (𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒆.𝒈 𝑨) 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆.

AREA UNDER ONE-WAY STRETCH

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆
Area of image = ( ) x scale factor.
𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆

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Formulars

Circle semi-circle sector

r r
r
r r
𝟏 
Area=r² Area =𝟐r² Area =𝟑𝟔𝟎r²
Circumference = 2r Perimeter= r + d Perimeter = r + 2r

Kite 𝟏
Trapezium = 𝟐(the sum of
Parallel sides) x h
Quadratic formula
Parallelogram = absinC −𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
Area= 𝒙=
or B x h 𝟐𝒂
𝟏
(𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔) 𝒙 𝒉
𝟐
Pythagoras
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐

Life Is Not About

Where You Are or
Where You Have
Started but It’s about
Where You Are Going.

#@thevillageboyquotes#

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