SSEd 325: Basic of School Management and

Administration (Reviewer – Midterms) ALL TYPES FOR CATEGORIES

- Autocratic, democratic, nominal
Lesson 1: (from ma’am Abril – gclass)
Educational Administration ALL FUNTIONS
- is the process of integrating the - Planning, organizing, corrdinating,
appropriate human and material supervising, controlling, evaluating
resources that are made available and
made effective for achieving the ALL LEVELS
purposes of a programme of an - Central/state level, district level,
educational institution. institutional level
- is the study and practice of managing the
resources, tasks and communications EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
involved in running a school. The goal of - is a distinct process consisting of
the administrator is to keep the school’s planning, organizing, actuating and
overall process flowing smoothly, making controlling, performed to determine and
decisions that facilitate successful accomplish stated objectives by the use
education. The administrator identifies of human beings and other resources.
and articulates a school’s mission and (George R. Terry)
goals and makes them happen by - is concerned with helping the members
implementing programs, delegating tasks of an organization to attain individual as
and allocating resources. well as organizational objectives within
- is a process concerned with creating, the changing environment of the
maintaining, stimulating and unifying the organization. (Gray H.L.)
energies within an educational institution - implies a comprehensive effort to direct,
towards realization of the predetermined guide and integrate associating human
objectives. strivings, which are focused towards
some specific ends or aims set for the
CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL society.
ADMINISTRATION
- An Integrated Process Brief History of Educational Management
- Existence is in both centralization 1880’s
and decentralization - Publication of ‘Practical Handbook of
- A Human Process School Management by Teacher’s by
- Nature is functional and controlled Harding in 1872
- Form is always dynamic EARY 2000
- Objective is to bring about improvement
- Importance is given to the practicality
- Aims to bring about professional
development in the educational workers
- Seeks the cooperation of all concerned
personnel in the determination of policy
and programmes

OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION
- To provide proper education to students
- To ensure adequate utilization of all
resources
- To ensure professional ethics and - Development of Educational
professional development among Management as a field of study began in
teachers the U.S.
- To mobilize the community 1960’s
- To get the work done - In the UK, the concept of educational
- To ensure quantitative improvement of management found its place in education
education
Salient Characteristics of Educational
SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL Management
ADMINISTRATION 1. Science as well as Art
ALL LEVELS OF EDUCATION 2. Dynamic Function
- Pre-school elementary, secondaru, post- 3. Practicability
secondary, tertiary and education 4. Distinct Process
5. Group Activity
ALL FORMS OF EDUCATION 6. Universal
- Formal, non formal and adult education 7. System of Authority
general, vocational, special education 8. Goal Oriented
etc. 9. Intangible
10.Social Process school or college, government office or any
11.Factor of Production nonprofit organization.
12.Flexibility
13.Efficiency HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
14.Professional Approach MANAGEMENT THOUGHT
15.Conformity to the Social and Political - Management thought is an evolutionary
Philosophy concept. New theories and principles
of the country were suggested along with new
16.Needed at all levels of the organization developments in the business field. The
new thoughts supplemented the existing
Principles of Educational Management thoughts and theories.
1. Principle of Hierarchy
2. Principle of Unity and Integrity - Pre-Scientific Management Era
3. Principle of Span of Control “Measuring Human Capital”
4. Principle of Division of Work
5. Principle of Democracy and Human Values Classical Theory of Management / Classical
6. Principle of Cost-Effective and Sustainability School Thought:
(i) Bureaucracy (Max Weber)
Scope of Educational Management (5 M’s) (ii) Scientific Management (F. W
- Men Taylor); and
- Money (iii) Administrative Management (Henry
- Material Fayol)
- Method
- Machines Neo-classical Theory of Management/Neo-
classical School thought:
Process of Educational Management (i) Human Relations Approach
1. PLANNING (ii) Behavioral Sciences Approach
2. EXECUTION
3. STAFFING Modern Theory of Management/Modern
4. CONTROL School Thought (9 approaches)
5. SUPERVISION (i) Quantitative Approach to Management
6. MONITORING (Operations Research);
7. EVALUATION (ii) Systems Approach to Management and
8. FEEDBACK (iii) Contingency Approach to Management.
Role is dependent on utility
Classical Approach (1830-1930) (Max Weber)
Elements in Educational Process
1. Human Resources i.e. teachers, parents, Bureaucracy
children, other employees Is a form of organization characterized by
2. Material Resources i.e. buildings and division of work, a clearly defined hierarchy,
grounds, money, equipment, instructional detailed rules and regulation and impersonal
supplies relations.
3. Laws and Regulations
4. Community Needs Bureaucracy theory
- At the end of the 19th century, it was German
Group 1: sociologist and author of The Protestant Ethic
Historical Development of thought and and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), Max Weber
approaches to Management and who was the first to use and describe the term
Administration bureaucracy. This is also known as the
bureaucratic theory of management,
Management is the act of getting people bureaucratic management theory or the Max
together to accomplish desired goals and Weber theory.
objectives using available resources efficiently
and effectively. Scientific Management Approach

- According to Henry Fayol, "To manage - The concept of scientific management is

is to forecast and to plan, to organise, introduced to replace traditional concept of
to command, to coordinate and to management.
control" - It refers to the application of science to
- According to Mary Parker Fallett, management practices; it is also the methods of
"Management is the art of getting study and analysis to solve management
things done through people". problem.

Administration is a systematic process of Contributions of Scientific Management

administering the management of a business - The development of true science for
organization, an educational institution like management
- Scientific selection, training and • Primary functions of Management :
development of worker -Forecasting
- Increase production by using modern -Planning
machine and tools -Organizing
- It leads to great economic prosperity and -Commanding
helps to improve the living standard of workers -Coordinating
- Intimate and friendly cooperation -Monitoring
between management and worker.
• 14 Principles of Management:
Limitations of Scientific Management
- Focus on mechanistic approach 1. Division of Work
- Ignore human relation approach 2. Authority and responsibility
- Employee feel monotony, more work 3. Discipline
load, lack of initiation 4. Unity of command
- No focus on group work. 5. Subordination of Individual interest to general
interest
Contribution of F.W. Taylor to Management 6. Equity
Thought 7. Remuneration to personnel
- He suggested scientific approach to 8. Scalar of chain
management also called scientific management 9. Centralization
theory is rightly treated as the father of scientific 10. Spirit de crops
management. 11. Order
- He suggested the principles of scientific 12. Unity of direction
management. 13. Stability of tenure
- His concept of scientific management 14. Initiation or initiative
developed into a movement and dominated the
industrial management for several decades The Neo-classical theory of Management/neo-
after him. classical school thought: It includes the
- His concepts and principles were refined following two streams:
and popularized by several of his followers,
notable among them being Henry Gantt, The (i) Human Relations Approach
Gilberths and Emerson. (ii) Behavioral Sciences Approach.

His principles of scientific management are: Human Relation Approach

• It was developed by Elton Mayo
1. Developed a true science for each • These theories believe that successful
element of a worker’s job to replace the old rule management largely depends on a
of thumb method. manager's ability to understand and work
2. Equal division of labour should be a part with and through people who differ in
of each job cultural perceptions needs and aspiration
3. Scientific selection, training and
development of workers should be done to Elton Mayo (1880-1949)
improve the efficiency -Father of Human Relations School.
4. There should be closed cooperation -He introduced human relations approach to
between management and workers management thought.
5. Workers should work for maximum - He introduced the Hawthrone Experiment
output in place of restricted output. together with John Dewery, Kurt Lewin and
others.
Administrative Management Theory
- Concerned with the entire field of study
involving many managerial functions.
- attempts to find a rational way to design Hawthorne experiments:
an organization as a whole. The theory 1. The amount of work to be done by a worker
generally calls for a formalized is not determined by his
administrative structure, a clear division physical capacity but by the social norms.
of labor, and delegation of power and 2. Non-economic rewards play a significant role
authority to administrators relevant to in influencing the behavior of the workers.
their areas of responsibilities. 3. Generally the workers do not reacts as
individuals, but as members of
Henry Fayol group.
4. Informal leaders play an important part in
-French Industrialist and mining engineer by setting and enforcing the group norms.
profession.
-He developed the theory of administrative Behavioral Science Approach
management - It focuses on the study of attitudes,
- He was contemporary of Taylor. behavior and performance of individual
Contribution of Henry Fayol : and groups in organization.
 - It is the responsibility of management to - Earnest Dale was the founder of this
use the potentials of people by creating a school and it started around 1952.
healthy work environment, physical, Empirical means based on real
social and psychological experiences and observation rather than
theory. The empirical school believed in
The Modern Theory of Management/ modern experience and research. This school is
school thought: It includes the following three based on the evidence that management
streams of thought: problems could be solved in a better way
(i) Quantitative Approach to Management depending on the experiences of the
(Operations Research); managers.
(ii) Systems Approach to Management and
(iii) Contingency Approach to Management. (ii) Interpersonal Behaviour Approach
- Elton Mayo was the founder of this
The Modern Theory of Management/ modern school. It was started during 1930.
school thought: According to Mayo the study of
- Contributions to management thought/theory management must be interpersonal
after 1960s are covered by modern relationship oriented. It must emphasize
management theories. Modem theories are on “people” as a part of management
based on classical and neoclassical theories but
consider the management problems as they (iii) Group Behaviour Approach
developed in the recent years. There are three - This approach is concerned primarily
streams under modern management theory. with the behaviour among individuals.
Persons belonging to a particular social
Quantitative approach to management : group have common feelings and
- Management science approach, also known attitudes and they form an informal
as mathematical or quantitative measurement organization.
approach, visualizes management as a logical
entity, the action of which can be expressed in (iv) Decision Theory Approach
terms of mathematical symbols, relationships, - This approach concentrates on the decision
and measurement data. making function of management. It looks at the
- The primary focus of this approach is the basic problem of management around decision-
mathematical model. Through this device, making-the selection of a suitable course of
managerial and other problems can be action out of the given alternatives
expressed in basic relationships and, where a
given goal is sought, the model can be (v) Mathematical Approach
expressed in terms which optimize that goal. - The school believes that managing or
Systems Approach to Management: planning or decision-making can be
- A system is an organised entity i.e. a expressed in mathematical symbols and
company or a business enterprise made relationship. This serve as tools helping
up of parts connected and directed to the process of judgement. But, there are
some purpose. Each system has an other complicated areas of management
input, a process and an output. which involve people. They cannot be
- It acts as a self sufficient unit. reduced to any mathematical formula.
- Every system is interlinked with its
subsystems. Operational Approach
- The operational approach recognizes
Contingency Approach to Management or that “there is a central core of knowledge
situational approach about managing which exists only in
- A common deficiency of the classical, managements” and which can be
behavioral and quantitative schools is that they applicable to all levels of management
have stress one aspect of the organisation at the regardless of the type and size of the
cost of others. The classical approach organization. Thus, the management
emphasizes on 'task' while behavioral approach process consisting of planning,
emphasizes on 'people‘ organizing, staffing, directing and
- it is also applicable to leadership as well as to controlling was considered to be
business management. This situational universal irrespective of the type of
management approach is relatively a new enterprise.
approach to management and is an extension of
systems approach. The basic theme of System Approach
contingency approach is that organisations - “System is a set of things interdependent
have to deal with different situations in different or connected together to form a complex
ways. unit. A whole composed of parts which
are arranged in an order as per a scheme
The management theory has identified various or plan”
approaches:
(i) Empirical Approach Chester I Barnard viewed executive as a
component of a formal organization and latter as
a part of entire cooperative system involving Secondary and Special Schools), and
physical, biological, social and psycho¬logical issuing letters of appointment and
elements. entering into agreement on the terms of
contract with the staff concerned.
Lesson 2: T h e R o l e o f S c h o o l M a n a • Defining clearly the functional duties of
g e r s a n d T e a c h e r s in M a n a g e m e promotion posts, and informing the staff
ntandAdministration accordingly.
• Preparing succession plans of teaching
Roles and responsibilities of School staff to meet the needs arising from
Managers school development and the
implementation of education initiatives.
WHAT ARE THE ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
OF SCHOOL MANAGERS IN SCHOOL 2. Disciplinary action and termination of
MANAGEMENT service
1. POLICY MAKING. • Formulating a set of open, fair and formal
- Formulate school development procedures for handling termination of
strategies with attain the school vision employment.
and education goals the aim and to to
enhance learning effectiveness
- Draw up policies and priorities for
development projects
- Plan and manage school resources
- Ensure that the mission of the school is
carried out

Management
• Personal Management
- Staff appointment, promotion and
dismissal
- Staff performance management and • Handling the matters in accordance with
professional development the Education Ordinance, the Education
- Establishing effective communication Regulations, the Code of Aid, the
channels and handling complaints Employment Ordinance and other laws
as well as circulars issued from time to
• Financial management time.
- Approving school development plan,
annual school plan and school budget. 3. Performance Management
- Managing government and non • Establishing an appropriate staff
government funds properly to ensure the appraisal system.
appropriate use of resources.

• Curriculum
- Ensuring curriculum desig is in line with
government
- Ensuring provision of a coherent, flexible
broad and balanced curriculum that is in
line.

What are the Responsibilities of School

Managers in School Management?
- Ensuring the school’s decision-making • Evaluating the strengths and
and management are in compliance with weaknesses of the staff and formulating
the relevant ordinances, regulations and staff professional development policies.
rules, including the Education • Reviewing regularly the content and
Ordinance, the Education Regulations, format of the appraisal mechanism to
the Code of Aid, the Employment ensure the assessment truly reflects staff
Ordinance, the Sex Discrimination performance.
Ordinance and the Prevention of Bribery • Promoting a self-learning culture for self-
Ordinance. improvement and pursuit of excellence.
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT 4. Professional Development
1. Self appointment, promotion and
• Creating an environment conducive to
succession planning
learning and providing support and
• Observing the minimum entry
resources for staff professional
requirements for the relevant staff as
development.
stipulated in the Code of Aid (related
guidelines and forms for Primay,
 • Promoting a culture of professional
development and developing a life-long
learning attitude within the school.

5. Communication Channels
• Establishing effective communication
channels, strengthening the sense of
belonging among staff and building up a
collaborative school culture.
• Developing a set of rational, fair and
impartial policies and procedures to
handle complaints from staff as well as
from people outside the school.

SCHOOL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

- Planning, organizing, directing and
- controlling the financial activities of an
educational institutions funds and
resources.

-
-
 - Responsibilities of School Managers • As a controller
in Curriculum Development - As part of their duty, the teacher has also
to perform the duties of a controller who
- Getting a basic understanding of the exercises control over the students,
curriculum development. discipline, staff curriculum, timetable and
- Setting the direction for the development other related activities of the school.
of a school-based curriculum that suits
the conditions of the school and the What is Philosophy?
students on one hand, and meeting the Philosophy- is the study of the fundamental
overall aims of education and the nature of knowledge, reality, and existence,
objectives of the school curriculum on the especially when considered as an academic
other. discipline.
- Monitoring the progress of school
curriculum development and assessing Philosophies Applied in Education
its effectiveness. Particularly in Educational Management
- Examining the existing projects and their Idealism - is to discover and develop people’s
outcomes, and making proper use of abilities and full moral excellence so they can
financial and manpower resources to better serve society.
improve learning effectiveness.
- Approving financial budgets that tie in Some of the implications of Idealism to
with the needs of long-term curriculum education include:
development. - The preservation, enrichment and
- Creating an environment conducive to transmission of cultural values.
the promotion of a learning culture in - Idealism to education helps individuals
schools. become more rational.
- The development of a good relationship
Role of Teachers in School Management & between a student and a teacher.
Administration
- The teachers role in the educational Realism - is the belief that we should study
institution is the philosopher, friend and logic, critical thinking, and the scientific method
guide. In addition to their important role in to teach students to perceive and understand
the functioning. The teacher has to reality.
cooperate with the principal in the
administration and management of the Pragmatic method is an activity- based
educational institution. method. The essence of pragmatic method is
learning through personal experience of the
Seass has presented the teacher working in child. To a pragmatist education means
school in the following four roles according preparation for practical life.
to environment:
• As a superintendent Examples Of Pragmatism In Education
- Teachers are given several duties in 1. Experiential, Experimental And
addition to their primary duties, some of Project-Based Learning
which can be in the administration of the 2. Play Based Learning
school. They perform these duties on 3. Group Work and Negotiation
behalf of the headmaster.
WHAT IS EXISTENTIALISM?
• As a supervisor - a philosophical theory or approach which
- The teacher has also to work as a emphasizes the existence of the
supervisor in various functions of the individual person as a free and
school that fall in the realm of responsible agent determining their own
management and may be of the nature of development through acts of the will.
supervising examinations to supervising
the administrative staff in the school to Existentialists believe that every individual is
performance of various other school unique, and education must cater to the
activities. individual differences. Therefore, the objective
of education is to enable every individual to
• As a planner develop his unique qualities, to harness his
- The teacher contributes substantially as potentialities and cultivate his individualities.
a planner who helps the headmaster and
other administrative staff with planning of WHAT IS BEHAVIORALISM?
timetable periods, examination duties, - Behavioralism, also known as behavioral
results, co-curricular activities, psychology, is a theory of learning based
curriculum, textbooks, and everything on the idea that all behaviors are
else that a school needs to perform in its acquired through conditioning, and
day-to-day activities. conditioning occurs through interaction
with the environment.
Behaviorism teaches that a behavior is of their own personal growth, crucially,
controlled by its consequences. Human will within the company they have joined.
repeat a behavior that seems to produce
pleasant consequences and will avoid Chances of promotion- Employees acquire
behaviors which seems to lead to unpleasant skills and efficiency during training. They
consequences. become more eligible for promotion. They
become an asset for the organization. Increased
What is the Importance of Philosophy in productivity- Training improves efficiency and
Educational Management? productivity of employees.
• Human Service Leadership
Through philosophy, you can ensure that your • Individual Uniqueness, Cultural Diversity
student not only retains his academic and Competence
knowledge from all his completed grades but • Self-Determination
also develop a sense of humane values and • Integrity
ethics. These personal values provide a better • Ethical Dilemmas
upbringing for them to cope in the later years of
their life. • PERFORMANCE
- The definition of performance is how
Importance values in educational effective something or someone is at
management doing a good job. An example of
performance is what is checked when an
- Contribute to the shared meaning in the employee has an annual review at work.
organization - We all know defining a company's core
- Binds people together as a community values is important, but it's actually only
- Provides people with a common the first step. The greater challenge is
language how to integrate these into the day-to-day
- Tell people how to behave to achieve the life of your business. Core values provide
organizations vision. a motivation to make a difference but also
- Contribute to organizations vitality and a standard by which employees'
performance performance is judged.
- Organizational values are unique to each
company Philosophies and Importance to Educational
- Values should represent the culture of Administration
the business. It's okay to be competitive
and profit driven. IDEALISM – in philosophy is any view that
- As you're starting to plan for next year, stresses the central role of the ideal in the
think about your organizational values interpretation of experience.
and whether they're representative of
your organization. • It has affected the administration of
educational systems and institutions
Importance of Values in Various Fields directly or indirectly, in terms of its main
• RECRUITING features such as working for ideals,
- Strong and relevant core values shape a rationalism, division of labor, reward
strong culture, by providing a form of systems, and coordination.
unspoken leadership that guides and
inspires employees and the workforce as PRAGMATISM
a whole. These core values should be the - An approach that assesses the truth or
foundation of everything you do – not meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of
only at the external recruitment stage but the success of them practical application.
throughout every aspect of your
business. BEHAVIORALISM
1. Strong work ethic. - Acquires through conditioning or
2. Dependability and Responsibility. practice. So if you will apply it in
3. Positive attitude. educational management the
4. Adaptability. decisions/actions depends on the
5. Honesty and Integrity. behavior of the institution itself.
6. Self-Motivation.
7. Motivated to Grow and Learn. EXISTENTIALISM
8. Strong Self-Confidence. - Means agents/people who have control
9. Professionalism. over their choices and actions. If you
10. Loyalty. have applied in educational management
you would see mostly in private school.
• TRAINING Because private institutions have the
• Not only does training, and the potential control and freedom to create their own
it creates for internal promotion, enhance curriculum.
self-worth, it also allows employees to
see ahead, to plan a career path in terms
IMPORTANCE OF VALUES IN profession and life. They should guide the real
MANAGEMENT character of our lives as we serve our nations.
- To understand any culture, value system Value can become the basis for the behavior of
is first considered. The value system its members.
means the motives and ends of the
culture, which have been defined and 8. Personality development
considered as ultimate and paramount by - Educational Administration remain interested
their wisest men. Thus, the principles and in developing the personality of their employees
wisdom of any culture happen to be and fellow members. Personality is the sum total
preserved in the form of its value system. of a variety of factors. But the selection of moral
and basic values is an important factor because
- A value system is a set of consistent ethic values provide thoughts, right desire, and zeal
values and measures used for the to change in the right direction.
purpose of ethical or ideological integrity.
A well-defined value system is a moral 9. Work ethic
code. - skill, initiative, habits, attitude, work manners,
interpersonal vision, a challenge to change, and
Following are points highlight the role of the quality of work produced constitute
values in management: important elements in the mindset of any worker
1. Development of Teachers today.
- Educational Administration can use the value
system for the all-round development of their Batangas State University Core Values
employees. Values aid to vision. These help to - Patriotism.
develop the knowledge and moral growth of - Service.
employees. - Integrity.
- Resilience.
2. Motivation - Excellence.
- Values can act to awake your hidden talents in - Faith.
you. You have it all in you to go ahead with
courage and faith to realize your full potential.
Motivating oneself and motivating others to call
for ethical and right values in education. Values
give a right support in staying motivated all the
time, no matter how de-motivating and stressful
situations are there.

3. Helps in bringing change

- Education is united through values. Values are
facilitated organizational change when they are
re-assessed and brought in line with the
organizational structure objectives. This
practice has already transformed several
individuals and organizations.

4. Determine attitudes
- Values lay the foundation for the
understanding of attitudes, motivations, and
perceptions.

5. Promote leadership
- Educational Administration are people who
exercise their ‘leadership by values’. They can
be effective leaders by practicing the spiritual
values in their managing jobs.

6. Bring creativity
- Educational Administration can remain
creative in uncertain and ever-changing times
by observing many ethical values. Many classic
values help increase cognitive abilities that
results in a new way of viewing some problems
and situations.

7. Guide to life, profession, and character

- moral, ethical and professional values
determine the character of employees and the
educational administration. They guide their