THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

GEd 104 2ND SEMESTER – MA'AM PRINCESS – MWF

The origin of writing was in the form of

carvings such as wood, stone, bones and
LESSON 4: WORLD OF IDEAS others.

3.​ The Printing Press

GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA The printing press is a device that allows
for the mass production of uniform printed
They are partners and act as a unit.
matter, mainly text in the form of books,
Situations created through globalization and
pamphlets and newspapers
media make people conceive they belong
Johannes Gutenberg further developed
to one world called global village
this in the 15th century with his invention of
the Gutenberg press.

GLOBAL VILLAGE Consequences of Printing Press

It preserved knowledge which had been
term coined by Marshall MacLuhan in the
more malleable in oral cultures. It also
early 1960’s. Idea that people throughout the
standardized knowledge. Print encouraged
world are interconnected through the use of
the challenge of political and religious
new media technologies
authority because of its ability to circulate
competing views. Printing press encouraged
the literacy of the public and the growth of
According to scholars, the world was schools.
globalized in the 1900s upon the
advancement of media and transportation 4.​ Electronic Media
technology. It refers to the broadcast or storage
media that take advantage of electronic
Changes in migration patterns where technology.
people move easily and advancement in The most powerful and pervasive mass
media which brought changes to human media is television as it brought the visual and
life heightens globalization. aural power of film with the accessibility of radio.

5.​ Digital Media

4.0 5 TIME PERIODS IN THE STUDY OF Phones and television are now
GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA considered digital while computers are
considered the most important media
1.​ Oral Communication influencing globalization.
Human speech is the oldest and most Computers give access to global and
enduring. market places and transformed cultural life.
Languages as a means to develop the
ability to communicate across cultures are the POPULAR MUSIC AND GLOBALIZATION
lifeline of globalization.
Music participates in the reinforcing of
2.​ Script boundaries of culture and identity
Writing is humankind’s principal
technology for collecting, manipulating, Popular music shows the complex
storing, retrieving, communicating and dynamics of globalization as music is highly
disseminating information. mediated, is deeply invested in meaning and
It is a system of graphic marks has proven to be an extremely mobile and
representing the units of a specific language. resourceful capital

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-​ The core value of post-modernism is

expressive individualism
WORLD MUSIC
●​ Pre-Modernist Perspective
is defined as the umbrella category which
-​ It is best represented and articulated
various types of traditional and non Western
by the Roman Catholic Church,
music are produced for Western
especially by Pope John Paul II.
consumption
-​ This suggests that even if globalization
brings about more secularization, it will
It is a label of industrial origin that refers to
not soon bring about one common,
an amalgamated global marketplace of
global worldview.
sounds as ethnic commodities

TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION GLOCALIZATION

Globalization encourages religious Throughout the 20th century migration of

pluralism. faiths across the globe has been a major
feature
Globalization further provides fertile ground
for a variety of noninstitutionalized One of these features is the
religious manifestations and for the deterritorialization of religion - that is , the
development of religion as a political and appearance and the efflorescence of
cultural resource religious traditions in places where these
previously had been largely unknown or were
at least in a minority position

4.1 PERSPECTIVES ON THE ROLE OF

RELIGION IN THE GLOBALIZATION TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION
PROCESS
is a means of describing solutions to
new-found situations that people face as a
●​ The Modernist Perspective
result of migration and it comes as two quite
-​ It is the perspective of most
distinct blends of religious universalism and
intellectuals and academics.
local particularism.
-​ The view is that all secularizations
would eventually look alike and the Transnational religion is used to describe
different religions would all end up as cases of institutional transnationalism
the same secular and “rational” whereby communities living outside the
philosophy. national territory of particular states
-​ It sees religious revivals as sometimes maintain religious attachments to their
being a reaction to the Enlightenment home churches or institutional
and modernization.

●​ Post-modernist Perspective
GLOCAL RELIGION
-​ It rejects the Enlightenment, modernist
values of rationalism, empiricism, and represents a genre of expression,
science, along with the Enlightenment, communication and individual identities
modernist structures of capitalism,
bureaucracy, and even liberalism. refers to the dynamic interplay between

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global religious traditions and local cultural TRANSNATIONALIZATION

practices.
Transnationalization in religion describes
how religious beliefs, practices, and
INDIGENIZATION organizations extend beyond national
boundaries, creating global networks and
is connected with the specific faiths with influencing communities across different
ethnic groups whereby religion and culture cultural and geographical contexts.
were often fused into a single unit
Religious transnationalization is a dynamic
It is also connected to the survival of phenomenon that fosters cultural
particular ethnic groups. exchange, preserves traditions in diaspora
communities, and shapes how faith evolves in
an increasingly interconnected world.
VERNACULARIZATION

refers to the process of adapting or

translating something, often language, LESSON 5: GLOBAL POPULATION
ideas, or cultural practices, into the AND MOBILITY
vernacular—the everyday, local language or
context of a particular community.
GLOBAL CITY
Religious texts, such as the Bible, were often
translated into the vernacular to make them an urban centre that enjoys significant
understandable to the general population competitive advantages and that serves as
a hub within a globalized economic system.

NATIONALIZATION What constitutes a global city was

primarily economic. As such, New York,
Nationalization in religion refers to the London, and Tokyo can be identified as global
process by which religious practices, cities, all of which are hubs of global finance
institutions, or ideologies are brought under and capitalism.
the control of the state or aligned closely
with national identity and governance.

Governments may exert control over 5.0 INDICATORS OF A GLOBAL CITY

religious institutions, appoint clergy, or
regulate practices to align them with national
goals ●​ Seats of Economic Power - refers to
locations, cities, or regions that hold
significant influence over the global or
Positive Impacts: Religious nationalization national economy due to their role in
can strengthen cultural identity and financial, industrial, or commercial
create a sense of unity among citizens. activities.

●​ Centers of Authority - Washington DC

Negative Impacts: It can lead to exclusion,
may not be wealthy as New York but it is
discrimination, or conflict with minority the seat of American state power.
religious groups or secular communities.

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●​ Center of Political Influence - Cities

5.1 THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC
that house major international
TRANSITION
organizations may also be considered
centers of political influence
Stage 1
●​ Centers of Higher Learning and Culture -​ pre-industrial society, death rates and
- A city’s intellectual influence is seen birth rates are high and roughly in
through the influence of its publishing balance.
industry. -​ Population growth is typically very
slow in this stage, because the society
●​ Economic Opportunities - Economic is constrained by the available food
opportunities in a global city make it supply; therefore, unless the society
attractive to talents from across the develops new technologies to increase
world. food production

Stage 2
CITIES AS ENGINES OF GLOBALIZATION
-​ Death rates drop rapidly due to
Cities are the engines of globalization. They improvements in food supply and
are social magnets, growing faster and faster. sanitation, which increase life spans and
reduce disease. Afghanistan is currently
In 2000, there were 18 megacities (over 10 in this stage.
million), such as Mumbai, Tokyo, New York -​ The improvements specific to food
City/Newark and Mexico City had populations supply typically include selective
in excess of 10 million inhabitants. Greater breeding and crop rotation and farming
Tokyo already has 35 million. techniques. Other improvements
generally include access to technology,
basic healthcare, and education.
DEMOGRAPHY
Stage 3
was derived from the Greek words demos for -​ birth rates decrease due to various
“population” and graphia for “description” fertility factors such as access to
or “writing,” thus the phrase, “writings contraception, increases in wages,
about population.” urbanization, a reduction in subsistence
agriculture, an increase in the status and
It was coined by Achille Guillard, a Belgian education of women, a reduction in the
statistician, in 1855. value of children’s work, an increase in
parental investment in the education of
demography refers to the study of children and other social changes.
populations, with reference to size and Population growth begins to level off.
density, fertility, mortality, growth, age -​ important to note that birth rate decline
distribution, migration, and vital statistics is caused also by a transition in values;
and the interaction of all these with social and not just because of the availability of
economic conditions contraceptives.

Stage 4
-​ During stage four, there are both low
birth rates and low death rates.
-​ Death rates may remain consistently
low or increase slightly due to
increases in lifestyle diseases due to

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low exercise levels and high obesity

IMMIGRANTS
and an aging population in developed
countries. By the late 20th century, birth
Those who move permanently to another
rates and death rates in developed
country
countries leveled off at lower rates.

Stage 5
WORKERS
-​ Some scholars delineate a separate fifth
stage of below-replacement fertility
Stay in another country for a fixed period
levels. Others hypothesize a different
(at least 6 months in a year)
stage five involving an increase in fertility.
The United Nations Population Fund
(2008) categorizes nations as high
REFUGEES
fertility, intermediate-fertility, or low
fertility
Also known as asylum-seekers unable or
-​ For countries with intermediate fertility
unwilling to return because of a well
rates (the United States, India, and
founded fear of persecution on account of
Mexico all fall into this category), growth
race, religion, nationality.
is expected to be about 26 percent. Low
fertility countries like China, Australia,
and most of Europe will actually see
population decline of approximately 20
5.2 REASONS FOR MIGRATION
percent.

●​ People decide to migrate because of

GLOBAL MIGRATION
push and pull factors. A push factor
induces people to move out of their
Globalization has made migration possible
present location, whereas a pull factor
and an inevitable fact. As defined by
induces people to move into a new
Cambridge dictionary.
location.
Global migration is a situation in which
people go to live in foreign countries Cultural Factor
especially to find a job -​ Cultural factor can be especially a
compelling push factor, forcing people
to emigrate from a country
-​ Forced international migration has
INTERNAL MIGRATION
historically occurred for two main
cultural reasons: slavery and political
This refers to people moving from one area
instability
to another within one country
Socio-political Factor
-​ Socio-political factors have become a
EXTERNAL MIGRATION
more prominent force to initiate
migration activities. Political instability in
This refers to the movement people who
some parts of the world is responsible for
cross the borders of one country to
migration that needs to be addressed by
another.
the scholars of the world.
-​ Lack of political rights and prevalent
exploitation of a particular group or
community in any nation state act as

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push factors for migration to get away (e.g. increased threat of natural disasters and
from such a situation. growing water stress will have to be factored
into plans for public health infrastructure)
Environmental Factor
-​ Despite the fact that human relocation is
B 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE
a fundamental piece of the history and
DEVELOPMENT
culture of the world, ecological change
assumes a contributing part in
influencing the populace movement A global framework adopted by all
especially on a local level. United Nations Member States in 2015. It aims
-​ The environmentally caused migration to promote peace, prosperity, and
can be internal as well as international. environmental sustainability for people and
-​ According to The European Commission, the planet. Agenda also identifies, in its
“The greatest single impact of climate paragraph 14, climate change as “one of the
change could be on human migration greatest challenges of our time” and worries
with millions of people displaced by about “its adverse impacts undermine the ability
shoreline erosion, coastal flooding, and of all countries to achieve sustainable
agricultural disruption—a crisis in the development. Increases in global temperature,
making.” sea level rise, ocean acidification and other
climate change impacts are seriously affecting
Economic Factor coastal areas and low-lying coastal countries,
-​ Migration is a process affecting including many least developed countries and
individuals and their families Small Island Developing States.
economically. It ensues as a response to
economic development along with
6.0 THE WORLD’S LEADING
social and cultural factors
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

●​ Depredation - caused by industrial and

LESSON 6: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE
transportation toxins and plastic in the
WORLD ground; the defiling of the sea, rivers, and
water beds by oil spills and acid rain; the
dumping of urban waste
A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND
CLIMATE CHANGE ●​ Changes in global weather patterns
(flash floods, extreme snowstorms, and
​ Sustainable development has been the spread of deserts) and the surge in
variously defined, but one of the most quoted ocean and land temperatures leading
definitions of this term is from the Brundtland to a rise in sea levels (as the polar ice
Report, also known as Our Common Future, caps melt because of the weather)
which is a publication released by the World
Commission on Environment and ●​ Overpopulation
Development in 1987. “Sustainable
development is development that meets the ●​ Exhaustion of the world’s natural non
needs of the present without compromising renewable resources from oil reserves
the ability of future generations to meet their to minerals to potable water
own needs.”
●​ Waste disposal catastrophe due to
Impacts of climate change can severely excessive amount of waste (from plastic
hamper development efforts in key sector to food packages to electronic waste)

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unloaded by communities in landfills

Food Security - exists when all people, at all
as well as on the ocean; and dumping of
times, have access to adequate, safe, and
nuclear waste
nutritious food to meet their dietary needs
and food preferences for an active and
●​ Destruction of million-year-old
healthy life
ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity
(destruction of the coral reefs and
massive deforestation) that have led to
the extinction of particular species and
decline in the number of others 6.1 4 DIMENSIONS OF FOOD SECURITY

●​ Reduction of oxygen and increase in ●​ Food Access - access to adequate

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due resources to acquire a healthy and
to deforestation, resulting in the rise in nutritious diet
ocean acidity by as much as 150 percent
in the last 250 years ●​ Food Use - use of food through
adequate diet, clean water and health
●​ Depletion of ozone layer protecting the care to reach the state of a healthy
planet from the sun’s deadly ultraviolet well-being
rays due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
in the atmosphere ●​ Availability - availability of adequate
supply of food, produced either
●​ Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil fuel through domestic or foreign import,
combustion, toxic chemicals from including as well the food aid received
erupting volcanoes, and the massive from outside the country
rotting vegetables filling up garbage
dumps or left on the streets ●​ Stability - access to sufficient food at all
times, without losing access to food
●​ Water pollution arising from industrial supply brought by either economic or
and community waste residues seeping climatic crisis
into underground water tables, rivers and
seas

●​ Urban sprawls that continue to expand LESSON 7: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

as a city turns into a megalopolis,
destroying farmlands, increasing traffic
gridlock, and making smog cloud a GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
permanent urban fixture
According to Oxfam International, global
●​ Pandemics and other threats to public citizenship is the idea that, as people, we
health arising from wastes with are all citizens of the globe who have an
drinking water, polluted environment equal responsibility for what happens on,
that become the breeding grounds for and to our world.
mosquitoes and disease carrying rodents,
and pollution Caecilia Johanna van Peski (as cited in
Baraldi, 2012) defined global citizenship “as a
●​ A radical alteration of food systems moral and ethical disposition that can
because of genetic modifications in guide the understanding of individuals or
food production groups of local and global contexts, and

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remind them of their relative responsibilities GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AND GLOBAL

within various communities.” GOVERNANCE

Increased accountability transparency are the

7.0 SALIENT FEATURES OF GLOBAL key issues.
CITIZENSHIP
Increased transparency has been aided by
various mechanism such as transnational
●​ Global citizenship as a choice and a way justice systems, international tribunals, civil
of thinking society and particularly the International.

●​ Global citizenship as they practice Like globalization, resistance to globalization

cultural empathy is multiple, complex, contradictory, and
ambiguous.
●​ Global citizenship as self-awareness and
awareness of others The World Social Forum (WSF) is centered on
addressing the lack of democracy in
●​ Global citizenship as the cultivation of economic and political affairs.
principled decision making
●​ Global citizenship as participation in the
social and political life of one’s
GLOBAL HUAREN
community
was established by a Malaysian Chinese
emigrant in New Zealand to mobilize
7.1 3 APPROACHES TO GLOBAL worldwide protests against the attacks on
ECONOMIC RESISTANCE ethnic Chinese in Indonesia

This platform played a significant role in

●​ Trade protectionism - involves the raising awareness and organizing support
systematic government intervention in for the affected communities.
foreign trade through tariffs and non
tariff barriers protest against the violence, discrimination,
and hatred experienced by Chinese residents
●​ Fair Trade - aims at a moral and in Indonesia after the 1997 Asian financial
equitable global economic system in crisis.
which, for instance, price is not set by the
market; instead, it is negotiated
transparently by both producers and
consumers.

●​ Helping the Bottom billion -

International norms and standards can
be adapted to the needs of the bottom
billion. The reduction of trade barriers
would also reduce the economic
marginalization of these people and
their nations.

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