Mathmission For Xii (2025-26) - by O.P. Gupta
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MATHMISSION FOR XII (2025-26)
For CBSE Board Exams Maths (041)
By O.P. Gupta (Indira Award Winner)
Detailed Theory with Examples
Subjective type Questions (Chapter-wise : 2, 3 & 5 Markers)
Selected H.O.T.S. Questions (from recent CBSE 2025 Exams)
COMPETENCY FOCUSED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choices Questions (Chapter-wise)
Assertion-Reason (A-R) Questions (Unit-wise)
Case Study / Passage Based Questions (Unit-wise)
ANSWERS of all Questions
SOLUTIONS OF MATHMISSION FOR XII (2025-26)
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By O.P. Gupta (Indira Award Winner)
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MATHMISSION FOR XI
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MATHMISSION FOR X
CBSE 21 SAMPLE PAPERS FOR XII
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NTA-CUET (UG) MATHS QUESTION BANK
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MATHMISSION FOR XII
For CBSE 2025-26 Exams Class 12 Maths (041)
By O.P. Gupta
Indira Award Winner
Detailed Theory with Examples
Subjective type Questions (2, 3 & 5 Markers)
Selected H.O.T.S. Questions (from CBSE 2025 Exams)
COMPETENCY FOCUSED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choices Questions (Chapter-wise)
Assertion-Reason (A-R) Questions (Unit-wise)
Case Study / Passage Based Questions
ANSWERS of all Questions
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S. No. TOPICS PAGES
01. FORMULAE CLUSTER (01 - 13)
a. Number System; Indices; Componendo and Dividendo;
Algebraic identities; Solving a Quadratic equation
b. Recap of important & relevant concepts of class XI
c. Exponential; Logarithmic and some other series
d. Concept of infinity; Mensuration formulae
02. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES & DETERMINANTS (14 - 73)
a. Definition of matrices and various types
b. Algebraic operations on matrices
c. Transpose of matrices
d. Existence of Inverse of Square matrices
e. Definition of determinants, minors, cofactors
f. Properties of determinants
g. Adjoint and inverse of Square matrices
h. System of linear equations and solution
i. Application based problems
03. RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS (74 - 105)
a. Definition of relation and its various types viz. reflexive,
symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations
b. Definition of a function; one-one function, onto function,
bijection and Inverse of a function; Composition of
functions (brief idea)
04. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (106 - 131)
a. Domain and range of inverse trigo. functions
b. Principal value of inverse trigo. functions
c. Graphs of inverse trigo. functions
d. Various formulae (properties) of inverse trigo. functions
05. CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY (132 - 195)
a. Continuity of a function
b. Differentiability of a function
c. Derivatives of various types of functions viz. inverse trigo.
functions, logarithmic and exponential functions,
differentiation using logarithmic formulae, implicit
functions, parametric functions; second order derivative
06. APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES (196 - 225)
a. Rate of change
b. Increasing and decreasing functions
c. Maxima and minima of functions; application based
problems
07. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS (226 - 292)
a. Integration as reverse process of differentiation
b. Integration using Substitution method and, completing the
perfect square method
c. Integration using trigonometric formulae
d. Integration using Partial fraction and By parts method
e. Miscellaneous forms of integrals
08. DEFINITE INTEGRALS (293 - 340)
a. Properties of definite integral and their proof
b. Problems based on evaluation of definite integration
c. Problems based on properties of definite integrals
09. APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS (341 - 353)
a. Area bounded by lines
b. Area related to triangle
c. Area of curves viz. parabola, circle, ellipse etc.
d. Area bounded by trigonometric functions
10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (354 - 375)
a. Definition of a D.E., its order and degree
b. Solving a D.E. using Variable separable method
c. Identifying and solving a homogeneous D.E.
d. Solving Linear differential equations
11. LINEAR PROGRAMMING (376 - 385)
a. Maximization or minimization of objective function
b. Bounded and unbounded feasible region
12. VECTOR ALGEBRA (386 - 413)
a. Definition of vector, and various types
b. Direction cosines, direction ratios of a vector
c. Triangular and parallelogram law of vectors
d. Product of vectors (Dot and Cross products)
e. Scalar triple product of vectors
13. THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (414 - 436)
a. Equation of lines in various forms and other related
aspects viz. angle between two lines, distance between
skew and parallel lines, image of a point in the line
b. Miscellaneous problems
14. PROBABILITY (437 - 463)
a. Conditional probability, and types of events
b. Total probability, Bayes theorem
c. Some miscellaneous type of problems
15. Competency Focused Questions (464)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Chapterwise MCQs (465 - 533)
Unitwise Assertion-Reason (A-R) Questions (534 - 555)
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
Unitwise Case-study & Passage-based Questios (556 - 611)
16. ANSWERS FOR ALL EXERCISES (612 - 658)
17. Selected H.O.T.S. Questions from recent CBSE Exams (659 - 687)
(held on 08 March, 2025)
All mathematical truths are relative and conditional.
In this chapter, we shall learn
Definition of Matrix, notation, related terminologies & type of matrices
Algebraic operations on matrices viz. addition, subtraction and multiplication
Understanding various properties viz. commutative, associative properties for algebraic operations on
matrices, Equality of matrices
Transpose of matrix, Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices
Existence of inverse of a matrix; problems based on the definition of inverse of matrices
Defining determinant of a square matrix (up to 3rd order matrices)
Minors, Co-factors, Application of determinants in finding the area of
Properties of determinants
Adjoint of matrix and inverse of square matrix by determinant method
Consistency & inconsistency of system of linear equations (two or three variable system of linear
equations) and their solutions using inverse of matrix
Real life - Application based Problems
BASIC ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
INTRODUCTION
Matrices are very powerful tools not only in the field of Maths but also in Economics, Computers, and
Cryptography etc. In computer based programming, these matrices play a vital role in the projection of
three-dimensional image into a two-dimensional screen, creating the realistic motion pictures. Matrices
and their inverse matrices are used by a programmer for coding or encrypting a message. A message
consists of a sequence of numbers in a binary format that is used for the communication. The process
of coding and decoding requires coding theory that involves solving the linear equations. These
equations are solved with the help of matrices. With these encryptions only, the internet is functioning
and even financial institutions are able to transmit sensitive and private data securely.
IMPORTANT TERMS, DEFINITIONS & RESULTS
01. Matrix - a basic introduction :
Def. A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (real or complex) or functions which are
known as elements or the entries of the matrix.
A matrix is denoted by the upper case letters i.e. A, B, C etc.
The array is enclosed by brackets , the parentheses and the double vertical bars .
1 x 2 x
1 2 4 7 0 3 tan x sin x 2
For example, B , M , C cos x 2sec x , D x 4 6 .
0 6 1 5 9 x 3 5x 2 0
a11 a 12 ... a1j ... a1n
a
21 a 22 ... a 2 j ... a 2n
Consider a matrix A given as, A .
a i1 a i2 ... a ij ... a in
a m1 a m2 ... a mj ... a mn mn
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Here in the matrix A depicted above, the horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute rows of the
matrix A and vertical lines of elements are said to constitute columns of the matrix A .
Thus matrix A has m rows and n columns. Note that, m, n N (set of natural numbers).
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m n (read as ‘m by n’
matrix). And a matrix A of order m n is depicted as A aij ; i, j N .
mn
Also in general, aij means an element lying in the i th row and j th column.
No. of elements in the matrix A aij is given as ( m)( n) .
mn
02. Types of Matrices :
a) Column matrix : b) Row matrix :
A matrix having only one column is called a column A matrix having only one row is called a row
matrix or column vector. matrix or row vector.
0
8 e.g. 1 2 3 4 , 2 5 0 13
e.g. 1 , . 14
5
2 31 21
General notation: A [aij ]m1 . General notation: A [a ij ]1n .
c) Square matrix :
It is a matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns i.e., an m n matrix is
said to constitute a square matrix if m n and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’.
1 2 5 3 4
8
e.g. 3 7 4 is a square matrix of order 3; 7 is a square matrix of order 2.
5 9
0 1 2 3 3
11 2 2
General notation: A [aij ]nn .
d) Diagonal matrix :
A square matrix A [a ij ]mm of order ‘m’ is said to be a diagonal matrix if a ij 0 , when i j i.e., all
its non-diagonal elements are zero.
2 0 0 0 0 0
e.g. 0 5 0 is a diagonal matrix of order 3; 0 0 0 is a diagonal matrix of order 3.
0 0 4 33 0 0 8 33
1 0
Also is a diagonal matrix of order 2.
0 5 2 2
Also there is one more notation specifically used for the diagonal matrices.
For instance, consider the matrix depicted above, it can be also written as diag . 2 5 4 .
Note that the elements a11 ,a22 ,a33 ,...,amm of a square matrix A aij of order m are said to
m n
constitute the principal diagonal or simply the diagonal of the square matrix A. These elements
are known as diagonal elements of matrix A.
The secondary diagonal of a square matrix is the diagonal that runs from the lower left corner to
the upper right corner. It's also known as the minor-diagonal, counter-diagonal, or anti-diagonal.
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 15
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
e) Scalar matrix :
A diagonal matrix A [a ij ]mm is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal i.e.,
0, when i j
a ij .
k, when i j for some constant k
5 0 0
e.g. 0 5 0 is a scalar matrix of order 3 . Is it a diagonal matrix?
0 0 5 33
Can you define scalar matrix using a square matrix?
f) Unit matrix or Identity matrix :
A square matrix A [a ij ]mm is said to be identity matrix if the element a ij is given by
1, if i j
a ij .
0, if i j
A unit matrix can also be defined as the scalar matrix each of whose diagonal elements is unity (i.e., 1).
We denote the identity matrix of order m by I m or, I .
1 0 0
1 0
e.g. I 0 1 0 , I .
0 1
0 0 1
Here first identity matrix is of order 3 whereas the second identity matrix is of order 2.
Do you agree that both of these matrices in above examples can also be treated as Scalar matrices?
g) Zero matrix or Null matrix :
A matrix is said to be a null matrix if each of its elements is ‘0’ (zero).
It is denoted by English alphabet ‘O’.
0 0 0
0 0
e.g. 0 0 0 , , 0 0 .
0 0
0 0 0
h) Horizontal matrix :
A m n matrix is said to be a horizontal matrix if m n i.e., if number of rows is less than the number
of columns in the matrix.
5
1 2 0 7
1 2 0
e.g. , 4 3 7 9 .
5 4 7 23
1
5 6 8
2 34
i) Vertical matrix :
A m n matrix is said to be a vertical matrix if m n i.e., if number of rows is more than the number
of columns in the matrix.
4 5 7
2 5
0 1 3
e.g. 0 7 , .
5 6 9
3 1
32
8 1 2 43
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j) Triangular matrices :
Lower triangular matrix Upper triangular matrix
A square matrix is called a lower triangular A square matrix is called an upper triangular
matrix if a ij 0 when i j . matrix if a ij 0 when i j .
1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 4 1 3 9
e.g. 2 2 0 , 0 0 0 , 3 2 0 . e.g. 0 5 8 , 0 0 0 .
0 5 3 0 5 0 4 5 7 0 0 3 0 0 5
03. Equality of matrices :
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal and written as A = B, if they are of the same orders and
their corresponding elements are identical i.e. a ij bij for all i and j.
That is a11 b11 , a 22 b 22 , a 23 b 23 , a 32 b32 , a 33 b33 etc.
04. Addition of matrices :
If A and B are two m n matrices, then another m n matrix obtained by adding the corresponding
elements of the matrices A and B is called the sum of the matrices A and B and is denoted by ‘ A B ’.
Thus if A [a ij ], B [bij ] A B [a ij bij ] .
Properties of matrix addition :
(a) Commutative property : A B B A
(b) Associative property : A (B C) (A B) C
(c) Cancellation laws : (i) Left cancellation - A B A C BC
(ii) Right cancellation - B A C A BC.
(d) Existence of additive identity : For any matrix A , A O O A A ; such that the
matrix A and null matrix O are of same order. That is, O is the additive identity for
matrix addition.
(e) Existence of additive inverse : For any matrix A , A ( A) ( A) A O .
Here ( A) is the additive inverse of A or negative of A .
05. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar :
If an m n matrix A is multiplied by a scalar k (say), then the new kA matrix is obtained by
multiplying each element of matrix A by scalar k. Thus if A [a ij ] and it is multiplied by a scalar k
then, k A [k a ij ] , i.e., A [ a ij ] k A [k a ij ] .
2 1 2 1
e.g. A 3A 3
6 4 6 4
6 3
3A .
18 12
WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
(i 2j)2
Ex01. (a) Construct a 2 2 matrix A [a ij ] whose elements are given by a ij .
2
2i j
(b) Write the element a 32 of a 3 3 matrix A (a ij ) where a ij .
4
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 17
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
a a12
Sol. (a) Consider A a ij 11 be the required matrix.
a 21 a 22
[i 2 j] 2 [1 2(1)] 2 9 25
As a ij , so we have a11 , a12 , a 21 8, a 22 18 .
2 2 2 2
9 25
So, the required matrix is A 2 2 .
8 18
2i j
(b) Since a ij
4
2 3 2 8
a 32 2.
4 4
a b 2a c 1 5
Ex02. Find the value of a, if .
2a b 3c d 0 13
a b 2a c 1 5
Sol. We have
2a b 3c d 0 13
By equality of matrices, we get : a – b = –1, 2a + c = 5, 2a – b = 0 and 3c + d = 13.
Solving these equations, we get : a = 1.
7 0 3 0
Ex03. Find the matrix X, if X Y and X Y .
2 5 0 3
7 0 3 0
Sol. We have X Y and X Y .
2 5 0 3
7 0 3 0
On adding these two, we get : X Y X Y
2 5 0 3
10 0
2X
2 8
5 0
X .
1 4
1 0 y x
Ex04. (a) For what value (s) of x, the matrix 0 0 0 is a diagonal matrix?
0 xy6 5
6 0 0
(b) For what value (s) of a x , the matrix 0 2a 6 0 is a scalar matrix?
0 0 x 3
Sol. (a) a ij 0 if i j for a diagonal matrix so, y x 0, x y 6 0.
On solving, we get : x 3
(b) a ij k i j for a scalar matrix so, 6 2a 6 x 3.
On solving, we get : a 0, x 3.
Therefore, a x 0 3 3 .
2 5 0 2
Ex05. (a) If A , then find the matrix A.
3 7 1 3
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5 0 4 3
(b) If 3A B and B , then find the matrix A.
1 1 2 5
2 5 0 2
Sol. (a) Here A
3 7 1 3
2 5 0 2
AA A
3 7 1 3
2 5 0 2
A
3 7 1 3
2 5 0 2
A
3 7 1 3
2 3
A .
2 10
5 0 4 3
(b) 3A B and B
1 1 2 5
5 0 4 3
3A B B
1 1 2 5
9 3 1 9 3
3A A
3 6 3 3 6
3 1
A .
1 2
2 2 0 2 0 2
Ex06. Find a matrix A, such that 2A 3B 5C O, where B and C .
3 1 4 7 1 6
Sol. As 2A 3B 5C O
2A 3B 5C
6 6 0 10 0 10
2A
9 3 12 35 5 30
16 6 10
2A
26 2 18
1 16 6 10
A
2 26 2 18
8 3 5
A .
13 1 9
x 2 5x 2
Ex07. Find the values of x and y, if 2 3 .
y 6y 3
x 2 5x 2
Sol. We have 2 3
y 6y 3
x 2 5x 6
2
y 6y 9
By equality of matrices, we get : x 2 5x 6 and, y 2 6y 9
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 19
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
x 2 5x 6 0...(i) ,
y 2 6y 9 0 …(ii)
By (i), x 2 5x 6 0 x 2 3x 2x 6 0
(x 2)(x 3) 0
x 2, 3
By (ii), y 2 6y 9 0
(y 3)2 0
y 3
Therefore, x 2, 3; y 3 .
0 2 0 3a
Ex08. If A and kA , then find the values of k, a and b.
3 4 2b 24
Hence, find (b)a k .
0 3a 0 2 0 3a
Sol. kA k
2b 24 3 4 2b 24
0 2k 0 3a
3k 4k 2b 24
By equality of matrices, we get : 2k 3a, 3k 2b, 4k 24
2(6) 3a, 3(6) 2b, k 6
a 4, b 9, k 6 .
Also, (b)a k (9)4 6 81 .
EXERCISE 1.1
Q01. If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Q02. (a) How many matrices of order 2 3 are possible with each entry 0 or 1?
(b) What is the number of all possible matrices of order 3 3 with each entry as 0 or 1?
(c) Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3.
i j
Q03. (a) Construct a matrix [a ij ]43 such that a ij .
i j
i 2j
(b) Write a 3 2 matrix B, such that bij .
3
i 2 j, if i j
(c) Construct a 2 3 matrix A whose elements are given by a ij i j, if i j .
i 3j, if i j
2 (9i j)
Q04. (a) What is the element a 23 in the matrix A a ij 33 s.t. a ij ?
3
i
(b) For a 2 2 matrix A [a ij ] , whose elements are given by a ij , write the value of a12 .
j
(c) Write the element a 23 of a 3 3 matrix A (a ij ) whose elements a ij are given by
i j
a ij .
2
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(d) Write the element a12 of the matrix A [a ij ]22 , whose elements a ij are given by
a ij e 2ix sin jx .
3 0 0
Q05. Let A 0 x 0 . For what value of x, A will be a scalar matrix?
0 0 3
cos sin
Q06. If A , then for what value of is A an identity matrix?
sin cos
2 4 2 5
Q07. If A and B , then find (3A B) .
3 2 3 4
Q08. If A diag 1 1 2 and B diag 2 3 1 , find 3A 4B .
cos sin sin cos
Q09. Simplify : cos sin cos sin .
sin cos
8 0 2 2
Q10. If A 4 2 and B 4 2 , then find the matrix X, such that 2A 3X 5B .
3 6 5 1
2 4 2 1 2 6
Q11. If A , then find the matrix A.
3 7 3 4 5 0
Q12. Solve for the unknown variables viz. w, x, y, z, a, b, c (as the case may be) in the followings :
x y 2x z 1 5 7 14 x 5 3 4
(a) (b) 2
2x y 3z a 0 13 15 14 7 y 3 1 2
x 3 z 4 2y 7 0 6 3y 2
x 2 x 2
(c) 2 3 (d) 4x 6 a 1 0 2x 3 2c 2
y 2y 9 b 3 3b z 2c 2b 4 21 0
3 4 1 y 7 0
Q13. (a) If 2 , then find (x y) .
5 x 0 1 10 5
0 3 0 4a
(b) If A and kA , find the values of k and a.
2 5 8 5b
(c) Find the value of (x y) from the following matrix equation :
x 5 3 4 7 6
2 .
7 y 3 1 2 15 14
a 4 3b 2a 2 b 2
(d) If
8 6 8 a 8b , write the value of ‘ a 2 b ’.
EXERCISE 1.2
4 6 1 0
Q01. (a) Find matrix A and B, if 2A B and A 2B .
4 2 1 1
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 21
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
1 2 1 0 1 2
(b) Find the matrix A, if A B 0 2 1 and A 3B 4 2 2 .
3 2 3 1 0 5
Q02. Solve for the unknowns x and, y in the followings :
x y 3 1 3 2x y 3y x 3 y 2 2
(a) (b) .
7 xy 7 12 0 y 2 5y 0 6
Multiplication of two matrices
01. Def. Let A [a ij ] be a m n matrix and B [b jk ] be a n p matrix such that the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B, then the m p matrix C [cik ] such that
n
Cik a ijb jk is said to be the product of the matrices A and B in that order and it is denoted by AB
j1
i.e. ‘ C AB ’.
2 3
1 2 3 1 2 (2) 4 3 2 1 3 (2) 5 3 1 0 4
e.g. (i) 4 5
4 2 5 23 2 1 (4) 2 2 4 5 2 (4) 3 2 5 5 1 22 10 3
32
2 1 1 1 0 2 1 (1)( 2) 2(1) (1) 1 2 0 (1)(3)
(ii)
3 4 22 2 1 3 23 3 1 4(2) 3(1) 4 1 3 0 4(3) 23
4 3 3
.
5 1 12
For better illustration, we need to follow a few more examples (to be discussed in the class).
02. Properties of matrix multiplication :
(a) Note that the product AB is defined only when the number of columns in matrix A is
equal to the number of rows in matrix B.
(b) If A and B are m n and n p matrices respectively, then the matrix AB will be an
m p matrix i.e., order of matrix AB will be m p .
(c) In the product AB, A is called the pre-factor and B is called the post-factor.
(d) If two matrices A and B are such that AB is possible, then it is not necessary that the
product BA is also possible.
(e) If A is a m n matrix and both AB as well as BA are defined, then B will be a n m
matrix.
(f) If A is a n n matrix and In be the unit matrix of order n, then A In I n A A .
(g) Existence of multiplicative identity; for every square matrix A there exists an identity
matrix of same order such that I A A I A .
(h) Matrix multiplication is associative i.e., A( BC) (AB)C .
(i) Matrix multiplication is distributive over the addition i.e., A( B C) AB AC .
(j) If A and B are diagonal matrices of same order, then we always have AB BA .
03. Powers of a square matrix :
Let A be a square matrix of order n, then AA is defined and it is also a square matrix of order n.
That is A1 A , A 2 AA , A3 A 2 A AA 2 AAA , …, A m A m1A AA m1 ; for all positive
integers m .
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Idempotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be an idempotent matrix if A 2 A .
1 0 0
0 1
For example, 0 1 0 , .
0 1
0 0 1
WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
2 3
1 2 3
Ex01. If A and B 4 5 and BA (b ij ) , find b 21 b 32 .
4 2 5 2 1
2 3 2 1 3 (4) 2 (2) 3 2 2 3 3 5
1 2 3
Sol. Here BA 4 5 4 1 5 (4) 4 (2) 5 2 4 3 5 5
2 1 4 2 5 2 1 1 (4) 2 (2) 1 2 2 3 1 5
10 2 21
BA 16 2 37 (bij )
2 2 11 Scan me!
So, b 21 b32 16 (2) 18 .
1 0 2 x
Ex02. Find x, if [x 5 1] 0 2 1 4 O .
2 0 3 1
1 0 2 x
Sol. We have [x 5 1] 0 2 1 4 O
2 0 3 1
x
x 1 (5) 0 (1) 2 x 0 (5) 2 (1) 0 x 2 (5) 1 (1) 3 4 O
1
x
x 2 10 2x 8 4 O
1
(x 2)x (10) 4 (2x 8) 1 O
x 2 48 0
By equality of matrices, we get : x 2 48 0
x 4 3 .
1 2 3 7 8 9
Ex03. (a) Find matrix X, so that X .
4 5 6 2 4 6
2 1 1 8
(b) Find matrix A, such that 1 0 A 1 2 .
3 4 9 22
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1 2 3 7 8 9
Sol. (a) Assume that P , Q .
4 5 6 2 4 6
Since order of P is 2 3 and that of Q is also 2 3 so, matrix X must be of order 2 2 .
u v
Let X X 22 P23 Q 23
a y
u v 1 2 3 7 8 9
a y 4 5 6 2 4 6
u 4v 2u 5v 3u 6v 7 8 9
a 4y 2a 5y 3a 6y 2 4 6
By equality of matrices, we have :
u 4v 7, 2u 5v 8, 3u 6v 9, a 4y 2, 2a 5y 4,3a 6y 6
On solving these equations simultaneously, we get : u 1, v 2, a 2, y 0 .
1 2
Hence, X .
2 0
m n
(b) Let A .
x y
2 1 1 8
1 0 A 1 2
Now
3 4 9 22
2 1 1 8
m n
1 0 1 2
3 4 x y 9 22
2m x 2n y 1 8
m n 1 2
3m 4x 3n 4y 9 22
By def. of equality of matrices, we get :
2m x 1, 2n y 8, m 1, n 2, 3m 4x 9, 3n 4y 22
So, clearly m 1, n 2, x 3, y 4.
1 2
Hence, A .
3 4
0 6 7 0 1 1 2
Ex04. If A 6 0 8 , B 1 0 2 and C 2 , then verify that A B C AC BC .
7 8 0 1 2 0 3
0 6 7 0 1 1 0 7 8
Sol. A B 6 0 8 1 0 2 5 0 10
7 8 0 1 2 0 8 10 0
0 7 8 2 0 14 24 10
A B C 5 0 10 2 10 0 30 20 …(i)
8 10 0 3 16 20 0 36
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0 6 7 2
Also AC 6 0 8 2
7 8 0 3
0 12 21 9
AC 12 0 24 12
14 16 0 30
0 1 1 2 0 2 3 1
and, BC 1 0 2 2 2 0 6 8
1 2 0 3 2 4 0 6
9 1 10
AC BC 12 8 20 …(ii)
30 6 36
By (i) and (ii), it is clear that A B C AC BC .
The property, given in the above example, is the Distributive property of matrix addition.
EXERCISE 1.3
Q01. A matrix X has a b rows and a 2 columns while the matrix Y has b 1 rows and a 3
columns. Both the matrices XY and YX exist. Find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
1 0 1 1
Q02. If (2 1 3) 1 1 0 0 A , then write the order of matrix A.
0 1 1 1
6
Q03. If A 1 3 2 and B 2 , then find the matrix AB.
3
Q04. Give an example of two non-zero 2 2 matrices A and B such that AB O .
i 0
Q05. If it is given that A , then find A 2 . Here i 1 .
0 i
0 1
Q06. If A , then write the matrix A4.
1 0
0 0
Q07. If A , then find the value of A 20 .
3 0
1 0 x
Q08. (a) Solve the matrix equation : x 1 O.
2 3 5
3 3 7x y
(b) Find the values of x, from the matrix equation : 1 5 .
2 2y 10
1 2 0 0
(c) For what values of x : [1 2 1] 2 0 1 2 O ?
1 0 2 x
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2 1 1 1
(d) Solve for x : x 2 1 1 3 0 1 O .
2 2 4 1
2
Q09. Evaluate 1 2 , if A satisfies the equation A I .
Q10. (a) If A is a square matrix, such that A 2 A , then what is the value of (I A)3 7A ?
(b) If A is a square matrix, such that A 2 I , then find the simplified of (A I) 3 (A I)3 7A .
2 0 7 x 14x 7x
Q11. For what value (s) of x, the matrix product 0 1 0 0 1 0 equals an identity
1 2 1 x 4x 2x
matrix?
EXERCISE 1.4
0 6 7 0 1 1 2
Q01. If A 6 0 8 , B 1 0 2 , C 2 , then calculate A C, BC and (A B) C .
7 8 0 1 2 0 3
Also, verify that (A B) C A C BC .
This property is known as the Distributive property of matrix addition.
2 1 1 8 10
Q02. If it is known that 1 0 A 1 2 5 , find A.
3 4 9 22 15
1 1 x 1 2 2 2
Q03. Let A , B such that A B (A B ) . Find the value (s) of x and y.
2 1 y 1
x
0 tan
2 and I is an identity matrix, then show that
Q04. If A
tan x 0
2
cos x sin x
(I A) (I A) .
sin x cos x
cos x sin x 0
Q05. If (x) sin x cos x 0 , then show that (x). (y) (x y) .
0 0 1
cos 2 θ cosθ sin θ cos 2 β cosβsin β
Q06. Prove that the product of matrices 2 and is a null
cosθ sin θ sin θ cosβsin β sin 2 β
π
matrix, when θ and β differ by an odd integral multiple of .
2
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1 2 2 1 1 0
0 .
Q07. Using 1 2 0 and 3 1 , show that : 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 0
The identities 1 2 0 and 3 1 are the identities for complex cube root of unity.
Transpose of a matrix
01. Def. If A [a ij ]mn be a matrix of order m n , then the matrix which can be obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of matrix A is said to be a transpose of matrix A.
The transpose of A is denoted by A or A T or A c i.e., if A [a ij ]mn then, A T [a ji ]nm .
1
3 1 T
3 2 0 2 2 ; 1 2 0 5 2 .
For example,
1 2 6 0
0 6
5
Properties of Transpose of matrices :
(a) (A B)T A T BT (b) (A B)T A T BT
(c) (A T )T A (d) (k A)T k A T where, k is any constant
(e) (AB)T BT A T (f) (ABC)T CT BT A T
02. Symmetric matrix :
A square matrix A [a ij ]mm is said to be a symmetric matrix if A T A .
That is, if A [a ij ] then, A T [a ji ] [a ij ] AT A .
a h g 2 i 1 3
For example, h b f , 1 2 3 2i .
g f c 3 3 2i 4
03. Skew-symmetric matrix :
A square matrix A [a ij ] is said to be a skew-symmetric matrix if A T A i.e., if A [a ij ] , then
A T [a ji ] [a ij ] A T A .
0 1 3
0 2
For example, 1 0 5 , .
2 0
3 5 0
Facts you should know :
(a) For a skew symmetric matrix, all the diagonal elements are zero.
(b) The matrices AA T and A T A are symmetric matrices.
(c) For any square matrix A, the matrix A A T is a symmetric matrix and A A T is a skew-
symmetric matrix always.
(d) Also note that any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a
1 1
skew-symmetric matrix i.e., A (P) (Q) , where P A A T is a symmetric matrix
2 2
T
and Q A A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
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04. Orthogonal matrix :
A matrix A is said to be orthogonal if A.A T I , where A T is transpose of A.
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1
e.g. Let A 2 1 2 , T
A 2 1 2 .
3 3
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1
Note that, A A T
2 1 2 2 1 2 0 9 0 0 1 0 .
3 3 9
2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 9 0 0 1
So, here matrix A is an orthogonal matrix.
For an orthogonal matrix A, we always have Det.(A) 1 i.e., A 1 (to be discussed later in
the Determinants topic).
WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Ex01. (a) If A is 2 3 matrix and B is a matrix such that AB and BA are both defined. Then
what is the order of matrix B?
sin x cos x
(b) If A , then find AA .
cos x sin x
Sol. (a) Let order of matrix B be m n .
We know order of A will be 3 2 .
As AB is defined so, clearly 2 m .
Also BA is defined so, clearly n 3 .
Therefore, order of matrix B is 2 3 .
sin x cos x
(b) We have A
cos x sin x
sin x cos x
A .
cos x sin x
sin x cos x sin x cos x
AA
cos x sin x cos x sin x
sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x cos x cos x sin x
AA
cos x sin x sin x cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x
1 0
Therefore, AA I2 .
0 1
cos sin T T
Ex02. If A , find satisfying 0 when A A 2 I 2 ; where A is
sin cos 2
the transpose of A.
cos sin
Sol. Here A
sin cos
cos sin
AT
sin cos
Since A A T 2 I2
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cos sin cos sin
2 I
sin cos sin cos
2 cos 0 1 0 2 0
2 0 1
0 2 cos 0 2
By def. of equality of matrices, we get : 2cos 2
1
cos .
2 4
Ex03. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
Sol. Let A [a ij ] be a square matrix such that it is skew-symmetric.
So, A A T .
That is, [a ij ] [a ji ] .
For its diagonal elements, we have [a ii ] [a ii ] which implies, 2[a ii ] O
(Replacing j by i)
[a ii ] [0]
a ii 0 .
Hence, all the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
3 2 3
Ex04. Express A 4 5 3 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
2 4 5
3 2 3 3 4 2
Sol. For the matrix A 4 5 3 , we have A 2 5 4 .
T
2 4 5 3 3 5
6 6 5 0 2 1
A A 6 10 7 and A A 2 0 1
T T
5 7 10 1 1 0
3 3 5/2 0 1 1/2
1 1
Let P A A 3
T
5 7/2 and, Q A A 1
T
0 1/2 .
2 2
5/2 7/2 5 1/2 1/2 0
T
3 3 5/2 3 3 5/2
T
We observe that, P 3
5 7/2 3 5 7/2 P
5/2 7/2 5 5/2 7/2 5
P is symmetric matrix.
T
0 1 1/2 0 1 1/2
T
Further observe that, Q 1
0 1/2 1 0 1/2
1/2 1/2 0 1/2 1/2 0
0 1 1/2
T
Q 1 0 1/2 Q
1/2 1/2 0
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Q is skew-symmetric matrix.
3 3 5/2 0 1 1/2 3 2 3
Hence we have, P Q 3
5 7/2 1 0 1/2 4 5 3 A .
5/2 7/2 5 1/2 1/2 0 2 4 5
Thus, we have expressed matrix A as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric
matrix.
Ex05. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is symmetric if
and only if A and B commute. (A and B commute means AB BA ).
Sol. Given that A and B are both symmetric matrices.
A A T and B BT …(i)
Let P AB
T
PT AB
P T BT A T
P T BA (By (i)
If A and B commute then, AB BA
P T AB i.e., PT P .
So, P is symmetric matrix.
0 a 3
Ex06. If the matrix A 2 0 1 is skew symmetric, find the value of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
b 1 0
Sol. As A is skew symmetric so, A A T i.e., a ij a ji , if A a ij .
Therefore, a12 a 21 a 2
and, a 31 a13 b (3) 3 .
Hence value of a is ‘–2’ and value of b is ‘3’.
1 2 2
Ex07. If A 2 1 x is matrix satisfying AA 9I , find x.
2 2 1
Sol. As AA 9 I
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0
2 1 x 2 1 2 9 0 1 0
2 2 1 2 x 1 0 0 1
9 4 2x 0 9 0 0
2
4 2x 5 x 2 x 0 9 0
0 2 x 9 0 0 9
By equality of matrices, we get : 4 2x 0, 5 x 2 9, 2 x 0
On solving these, we’ve : x 2 (which satisfies the given condition).
EXERCISE 1.5
cos x sin x
Q01. If A and A A T I 2 , then what is the value of x?
sin x cos x
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sin x cos x
Q02. If A , then verify that AA I .
cos x sin x
Q03. (a) If A is a matrix of 2 3 and B is of 3 5 , what is the order of (AB)T ?
(b) If A is 3 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A T B and BA T are both defined, then what
is the order of matrix B?
0 5 3
Q04. (a) Write the values of ‘p’ and ‘q’ such that the matrix A 5 p 4 is skew symmetric.
q 4 0
0 2b 2
(b) Matrix A 3 1 3 is given to be symmetric, find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
3a 3 1
Q05. Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and
a skew-symmetric matrix.
Q06. If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Q07. Show that the matrix BT AB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is the symmetric
or skew-symmetric.
Q08. If B is skew-symmetric matrix, write whether ABA is symmetric or skew-symmetric.
Q09. Show that the elements on the main diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix are all zero.
3 5
Q10. If the matrix A is written as A P Q , where P is a symmetric matrix and Q is skew
7 9
symmetric matrix, then write the matrix P.
1 0 0
Q11. When the matrix A 1 0 5 is written as A P Q , where P is a symmetric matrix and Q
2 6 8
is a skew-symmetric matrix, then write the matrix Q.
EXERCISE 1.6
0 1
2 1 2
Q01. If A and B 1 3 , then verify that (AB)T BT A T .
4 2 1 4 5
1 0 0 1 1
Q02. If A
1 2 and B
3 2 1 , then find (BA) .
1 2 2
Q03. If A 2 1 2 is a matrix satisfying AA T 9 I3 , then find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
a 2 b
Q04. Define a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
Prove that for the matrix X, X X T is skew-symmetric matrix whereas X X T , XX T and X T X
1 1
is symmetric matrix, where X .
2 4
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1 2 3 1
Q05. If A and B , show that AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
2 3 1 3
0 a b
1 1
Q06. Find A A and A A , where A a 0 c .
2 2
b c 0
2 1
Q07. Express the matrix , as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
4 5
2 4 6
Q08. Express the matrix 7 3 5 as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
1 2 4
Q09. If li , m i , n i ; i 1, 2, 3 denote the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular lines in the
l1 m1 n1
space, then prove that AA I such that A l2 m 2 n 2 .
T
l3 m3 n 3
Above Question - Q09 is based on the Concept from Three Dimensional Geometry, NCERT Part II.
Invertible Matrices
01. Def. If A is a square matrix of order m and if there exists another square matrix B of the same
order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A–1.
A matrix having an inverse is said to be invertible.
It is to note that if B is inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B.
In other words, if it is known that AB BA I , then A1 B B 1 A .
02. Inverse or Reciprocal of a square matrix :
If A is a square matrix of order n, then a matrix B (if such a matrix exists) is called the inverse of A if
AB BA I n .
Also note that the inverse of a square matrix A is denoted by A–1 and we write, A 1 B .
Inverse of a square matrix A exists if and only if A is non-singular matrix i.e., A 0 (explained
later in the Determinant section).
If B is inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B.
Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique (Uniqueness of inverse of matrices).
If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB) 1 B1 A 1 .
03. Matrix polynomial :
Let f (x) a 0 x m a1x m 1 a 2 x m 2 ... a m 1 x a m be a polynomial in variable x and A be a square matrix
of order n , then f (A) a 0 A m a1A m 1 a 2 A m 2 ... a m 1A a m is called a matrix polynomial in A.
Thus, to obtain f (A) , just replace x by A in f (x) and the constant term is multiplied by the identity
matrix (unit matrix) of the order same as that of A i.e., f (A) a 0 A m a1A m 1 ... a m 1A a m I .
The polynomial equation f (x) 0 is said to be satisfied by the matrix A, if f (A) O , where O is the
null matrix of the order same as that of A.
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WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
2 0 1
Ex01. If A 2 1 3 , then find A 2 5A .
1 1 0
2 0 1 2 0 1 5 1 2
Sol. A A.A 2
2
1 3 2 1 3 9 2 5
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 2
5 1 2 10 0 5
A 5A 9 2 5 10 5 15
2
0 1 2 5 5 0
5 1 3
Therefore, A 5A 1 7 10 .
2
5 4 2
4 2
Ex02. If A , show that (A 2I)(A 3I) O .
1 1
4 2 1 0 4 2 1 0
Sol. LHS : (A 2I)(A 3I) 2 3
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
2 2 1 2
1 1 1 2
0 0
O RHS .
0 0
2 1
Ex03. If A and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then show that A 2 4A 3I .
1 2
Hence, find A 1 .
2 1
Sol. We have A
1 2
2 1 2 1 5 4
A 2 A.A 1 2 4 5 …(i)
1 2
2 1 1 0 8 4 3 0 5 4
Also 4A 3I 4 3 ...(ii)
1 2 0 1 4 8 0 3 4 5
By (i) and (ii), we get : A 2 4A 3I .
Pre-multiplying both sides by A–1 we get : A 1AA 4A 1A 3A 1I
IA 4I 3A 1
1 0 2 1 2 1
3A 1 4I A 4
0 1 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2/3 1/3
A 1 or, A 1 .
3 1 2 1/3 2/3
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2 1 2
Ex04. If A and A A I O, then find the values of and .
1 2
2 1
Sol. We have A
1 2
2 1 2 1 2 2 (1) (1) 2 (1) (1) 2
A 2 AA
1 2 1 2 (1) 2 2 (1) (1) (1) 2 2
5 4
A2
4 5
Now we also have A 2 A I O
5 4 2 1 1 0 0 0
4 5 1 2 0 1 0 0
5 4 2 0 0 0
4 5 2 0 0 0
5 2 4 0 0
4 5 2 0 0
By equality of matrices, we get : 5 2 0, 4 0
2 5, 4
Hence, 4 and 3 .
EXERCISE 1.7
2 0
Q01. Find the matrix A, if it is given that A A2 .
3 2
1 1 2 2 0 1
Q02. If A 0 2 3 and B 9 2
3 such that AB BA I , then write A 1 .
3 2 4 6 1 2
1 3 2 3
Q03. If A and B , then write the inverse of matrix A.
0 2 0 1
4 4 4 1 1 1
Q04. Let A 7 1 3 and B 1 2 2 . Then write the inverse of B.
5 3 1 2 1 3
Q05. Given that A and B are invertible matrices of the same order; such that (AB)1 B1 A k .
Then find the value of k.
EXERCISE 1.8
0 2y z
Q01. Find the value of x, y and z, if A x y z satisfies A A 1 .
x y z
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0 2y z
OR Find the values of x, y, z; if the matrix A x y z satisfies the equation A T A I .
x y z
5 3
Q02. Show that satisfies the equation x 2 3x 7 0 .
1 2
Thus find the inverse of given matrix.
3 2 0
Q03. (a) If A 1 4 0 then, prove that (A 5I)(A 2I) O . Hence, find A–1.
0 0 5
2 1 1
(b) For the matrix A 1 2 1 , show that A 2 5A 4 I O . Hence, find A 1 .
1 1 2
1 1 1
Q04. For the matrix A 1 2 3 , verify that A3 6 A 2 5A 11 I O . Hence, find A–1.
2 1 3
3 2
Q05. If A , then find x and y so that A 2 x A y I O . Hence, find A 1 .
1 1
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
3 1
Ex01. If A , then show that A 2 5A 7 I O .
1 2
3 1
Sol. We have A
1 2
3 1 3 1
A 2 A.A
1 2 1 2
9 1 3 2 8 5
A2 …(i)
3 2 1 4 5 3
3 1 15 5
5A 5 …(ii)
1 2 5 10
1 0 7 0
And, 7 I 7 …(iii)
0 1 0 7
8 5 15 5 7 0
Adding these three equations, we get : A 2 5A 7 I
5 3 5 10 0 7
8 15 7 5 5 0 0 0
A 2 5A 7 I
5 5 0 3 10 7 0 0
A 2 5A 7 I O .
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1 0 2
Ex02. If A 0 2 1 and A 3 6A 2 7A k I 3 O , find k.
2 0 3
1 0 2
Sol. We have A 0 2 1
2 0 3
1 0 21 0 2 5 0 8
2
A AA 0 2 1 0 2 1 2 4 5
2 0 3 2 0 3 8 0 13
1 0 2 5 0 8 21 0 34
3 2
Also, A AA 0 2 1 2 4 5 12 8 23
2 0 3 8 0 13 34 0 55
3 2
Now A 6A 7A k I3 O
21 0 34 5 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 0
12 8 23 6 2 4 5 7 0 2 1 k 0 1 0 O
34 0 55 8 0 13 2 0 3 0 0 1
21 0 34 30 0 48 7 0 14 k 0 0
12 8 23 12 24 30 0 14 7 0 k 0 O
34 0 55 48 0 78 14 0 21 0 0 k
2 0 0 k 0 0
0 2 0 0 k 0 O
0 0 2 0 0 k
k 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 k2 0 0 0 0
0 0 k 2 0 0 0
By equality of matrices, we get : k 2 0
k 2 .
3 4 1 2n 4n
Ex03. If A , then show that A n n N .
1 1 n 1 2n
Sol. We shall be using principle of mathematical induction to prove this.
1 2n 4n
Let P(n) : A n n N
n 1 2n
1 2(1) 4(1) 3 4 3 4
For n = 1, P(1) : A1 A (Given A
1 1 2(1) 1 1 1 1
P(1) is true.
1 2k 4k
Assume that P(k) is true for k N i.e., P(k) : A k k N …(i)
k 1 2k
We have to show that P(k 1) is also true whenever P(k) is true i.e.,
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1 2(k +1) 4(k 1) 3 2k 4 4k
P(k 1) : A k 1
k +1 1 2(k+1) k 1 1 2k
1 2k 4k 3 4
Consider LHS : A k 1 A k A (By (i)
k 1 2k 1 1
3 6k 4k 4 8k + 4k
3k +1 2k 4k 1 2k
3 2k 4 4k
RHS.
k 1 1 2k
P(k 1) is also true.
Hence by principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is always true for all natural numbers n.
2 3 2 3
Ex04. Let A , then show that A 4 A 7 I O . Using this result, calculate A also.
1 2
2 3
Sol. Here A
1 2
2 3 2 3 1 12
A 2 A.A
1 2 1 2 4 1
1 12 2 3 1 0
A 2 4A 7 I 4 7
4 1 1 2 0 1
0 0
A 2 4A 7 I O.
0 0
Now A 2 4A 7 I O
A 2 4A 7 I
A.A 2 A(4A 7 I) (Pre-multiplying by A both sides
A 3 4A 2 7 AI 4(4A 7I) 7 A (Using A 2 4A 7 I
A 3 16A 28I 7A 9A 28I
18 27 28 0
Therefore, A3 9A 28 I
9 18 0 28
10 27
A3 .
9 10
1 2 2 4
Ex05. If A , then find A 3 I . Hence, find A .
2 1
1 2 1 2 3 0
Sol. As A 2 A.A
2 1 2 1 0 3
3 0 1 0
Therefore, A 2 3I 3
0 3 0 1
3 0 3 0 0 0
A 2 3I
0 3 0 3 0 0
A 2 3I O .
Now A 2 3I O A 2 3I
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 37
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
A4 A2. A2 A 4 (3I).(3I) 9 I.I 9 I
9 0
Hence, A 4 .
0 9
1 1 1
Ex06. If A 2 1 0 , find A2 and show that A 2 A 1 .
1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
Sol. A 2 AA 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 2
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Note that, A 2 A 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 I
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
Now A 2 A I
Post-multiplying both sides by A–1, we get : A 2 AA 1 IA 1 A 2 I A 1 A 2 A 1 .
3 2 1 0
Ex07. If A and I , find the value of ‘k’ so that A 2 kA 2I .
4 2 0 1
3 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 2
Sol. For A , A A.A 4 2 4 2 4 4
4 2
2
A kA 2 I
1 2 3 2 2 0
k
4 4 4 2 0 2
1 2 3k 2 2k
4 4 4k 4
By equality of matrices, 4k 4 k 1.
EXERCISE 1.9
2 3
Q01. (a) If A be such that A 1 kA , find the value of k.
5 2
2 3 1
(b) If A , show that A 1 A .
5 2 19
4 2
Q02. If A and f (x) x 2 5x 6 , then find f (A).
1 1
2 0 1
Q03. If A 2 1 3 and f (x) x 2 5x 6 , then find f (A).
1 1 0
2 0 1
OR If A 2 1 3 , find A 2 5A 16 I . This sum is similar to the question given above.
1 1 0
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1 0 2
Q04. If A 0 2 1 , then show that A is a root of the cubic equation x 3 6x 2 7x 2 0 .
2 0 3
1 2
3
Q05. If A 32 1 , then prove that A3 23A 40 I O .
4
2 1
2 3
Q06. Let A and f (x) x 2 4x 7 . Show that f (A) O . Use this result to find A5.
1 2
1 2
Q07. If A and A 2 2 B 7 I O , then find the matrix B.
2 1
2 0 1
Q08. If A 2 1 3 , find A 2 5A 4 I and hence find a matrix X s.t. A 2 5A 4 I X O .
1 1 0
*Q09. Prove the followings by the Principle of Mathematical Induction :
cos n sin n cos sin
(a) A n , n N if A .
sin n cos n sin cos
n
(b) a I b A a n I n a n 1b A n N , where I is the identity matrix of 2nd order, if it is
0 1
given that matrix A .
0 0
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 1 1 1
(c) A n 3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 , n N if A 1 1 1 .
3n 1 3n 1 3n 1 1 1 1
b a n 1
a n
a b
(d) A n
a 1 , n Z if A where a 1 .
0 1
0 1
*Q10. (a) If A diag a b c , show that A n diag a n bn c n for all positive integers n.
(b) If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB = BA, then prove by using
induction that ABn Bn A . Further, prove that (AB) n A n Bn for all n N .
EXERCISE 1.10
Q01. In XII class examination, 25 students from school A and 35 students from school B appeared.
Only 20 students from each school could get through the examination. Out of them, 15 students
from school A and 10 students from school B secured full marks. Write down this information in
matrix from.
8 16
Q02. Let matrix A , where first row represents the number of table fans and second row
32 48
represents the number of ceiling fans which two manufacturing units x and y makes in one day.
Compute 7A and, state what does it represents?
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 39
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
Q03. In Chennai, there are 50 colleges. Each has 30 teachers, 20 non-teaching staffs, 1 Principal, 2
Vice Principals and, 5 peons. Express this information in the form of a column matrix.
Using scalar multiplication, find the total number of posts of each type in the colleges.
Q04. A logistics company stores three products (A, B, and C) in two warehouses (W1 and W2). The
100 200 150
stock levels are represented as: X .
120 250 180
30 50 40
A new shipment of products arrives, adding the following stock: Y .
20 60 50
Find the updated stock levels after adding the shipment.
Q05. A company sells three products (P1, P2 and P3) in two cities (C1 and C2). The price per unit of
each product is: P 10 15 20 .
100 120
The number of units sold in each city is: Q 150 130 .
200 180
Find the total revenue generated from each city.
Q06. A city has three major roads (R1, R2 and R3) connecting two traffic points (A and B). The
number of vehicles (in hundreds) travelling on these roads on two different days is given by:
50 60 40
T1
30 20 10
where Row 1 represents traffic on Monday, Row 2 represents traffic on Tuesday and Columns
represent roads R1, R2 and R3.
Due to road maintenance, the traffic on each road decreases by 10% the following week. What
will be the new traffic matrix?
Q07. A company has two teams (A and B) working on three different projects (P1, P2, P3). The
10 15 20
number of hours each team spends on each project in a week is given by H .
12 18 25
500
Each team member is paid at different hourly rates (in ₹) given as in the matrix R 550 .
600
Find the total salary paid to each team.
Q08. Three vehicles (namely V1, V2 and V3) use three types of fuels (Petrol, Diesel and Gas). Their
5 10 8
daily consumption (in liters) is given in the matrix F 6 12 7 . The cost per liter for each
7 9 10
100
fuel type is C 90 . Find the total daily fuel cost for each vehicle.
80
This is only a Demo sample file of MATHMISSION FOR XII (2025-26).
The contents shown here are just glimpses of what we have provided
in the Printed book.
40 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics
DETERMINANTS, ITS PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The study of determinants is linked with the study of algebra of matrices. Determinants have many
important applications. They are used to find the inverse of a matrix, to obtain the area of a triangle, to
verify whether three given points are collinear, to solve system of linear equations etc. Later on, in the
chapter Vector Algebra, we shall use determinants to find vector product of two vectors.
IMPORTANT TERMS, DEFINITIONS & RESULTS
01. Determinants, Minors & Cofactors :
(a) Determinant :
A unique number (real or complex) can be associated to every square matrix A [a ij ] of order m.
th
This number is called the determinant of the square matrix A, where a ij i, j element of A.
a b a b
For instance, if A then, determinant of matrix A is written as A det.(A ) and its
c d c d
value is given by “ ad bc ".
a b
For memorization, A ad bc .
c d
For a square matrix A, A is read as ‘determinant of A’ and not modulus of A.
Only square matrices have determinants.
For a matrix A x of order 1 1 , its determinant value is A x .
(b) Minors :
Minor of an element a ij of a determinant (or a determinant corresponding to matrix A) is the
determinant obtained by deleting its ith row and jth column in which a ij lies. Minor of the element a ij is
denoted by M ij .
Hence, we can get 9 minors corresponding to the 9 elements of a third order (i.e., 3 3) determinant.
(c) Cofactors :
Cofactor of an element a ij , denoted by Aij , is defined by, Aij (1)i j M ij , where Mij is minor of a ij .
Sometimes Cij is used in place of Aij to denote the cofactor of element a ij .
02. Expanding a Determinant :
A determinant can be expanded along any row (or, column) as follows -
Adding the Products of each element of any row (or, column) with its corresponding Cofactor, gives the
value of the determinant.
1 2 1
e.g. 4 5 0 1(5 3 2 0) (2)[(3 4 0 (3))] (1)(4 2 5 (3))
3 2 3
15 24 23 16 . (Note that we have expanded this Det. along first row.
03. Properties of Determinants :
(a) If any two rows or columns of a determinant are proportional or identical, then its value is
equal to zero.
a1 b1 c1
e.g. a2 b2 c2 0
a1 b1 c1
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Note that R1 and R3 are the same (identical).
(b) The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
e.g. a2 b2 c2 b1 b2 b3 .
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
Here rows and columns have been interchanged, but there is no effect on the value of determinant.
In other words, the value of determinant of matrix A and its transpose AT remains the same.
(c) If each element of a row or a column of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then the
value of new determinant is k times the value of the original determinant.
a1 b1 c1 ka1 kb1 kc1 a1 b1 c1
e.g. a2 b2 c2 , 1 a2 b2 c2 k a2 b2 c2 1 k .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(d) If any two rows or columns are interchanged, then the determinant retains its absolute value,
but its sign is changed.
a1 b1 c1 a3 b3 c3
e.g. a2 b2 c2 , 1 a2 b2 c2 1 (Here R 1 R 3
a3 b3 c3 a1 b1 c1
(e) If every element of some column or row is the sum of two terms, then the determinant is equal
to the sum of two determinants; one containing only the first term in place of each sum, the other
only the second term. The remaining elements of both determinants are the same as given in the
original determinant.
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 b1 c1
e.g. a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 b2 c2 .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 b3 c3
04. Area of triangle :
Area of a triangle whose vertices are x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 and x3 , y3 is given by,
x1 y1 1
1
Magnitude of x2 y2 1 (in Sq. units)
2
x3 y3 1
(i) Since area is a positive quantity, we take absolute value of the determinant shown above.
(ii) If the points ( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) are collinear then 0 .
(iii) The equation of a line passing through the points x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 can be obtained by the
x y 1
expression given here : x1 y1 1 0 .
x2 y2 1
05. Product of Two Determinants :
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
Let 1 a 2 b 2 c 2 , 2 2 2 2 .
a 3 b3 c3 3 3 3
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a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
1 2 a 2 b2 c2 2 2 2
a3 b3 c3 3 3 3
a11 b11 c11 a1 2 b1 2 c1 2 a1 3 b13 c1 3
1 2 a 2 1 b 21 c 2 1 a 2 2 b 22 c 2 2 a 2 3 b 23 c 2 3 .
a 3 1 b31 c3 1 a 3 2 b3 2 c3 2 a 3 3 b33 c3 3
Here we have multiplied rows by rows. We can also multiply rows by columns or, columns by rows
or, columns by columns. It’s because of the fact that A A T .
Moreover AB A B B A BA , where A and B are square matrices of the same order.
06. Derivative of a Determinant :
f (x) g(x) h(x)
Let (x) p(x) q(x) r(x) .
s(x) t(x) u(x)
f (x) g(x) h (x) f (x) g(x) h(x) f (x) g(x) h(x)
(x) p(x) q(x) r(x) p(x) q(x) r(x) p(x) q(x) r(x) .
s(x) t(x) u(x) s(x) t(x) u(x) s(x) t (x) u(x)
Here we have differentiated through rows. Same can be done through columns too.
Alternatively, we can use properties of determinants to expand the determinant and, then differentiate it.
WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
x1 x1 4 1
Ex01. If , then write the value of x.
x 3 x 2 1 3
x 1 x 1 4 1
Sol. We have
x 3 x 2 1 3
(x 1)(x 2) (x 1)(x 3) 4 3 (1) 1
(x 2 3x 2) (x 2 4x 3) 12 1
7x 1 13
x 2 .
Ex02. If A aij is a matrix of order 2 2 , such that A 15 and Cij represents the cofactor
of aij , then find a 21C21 a 22C22 .
a a12
Sol. As A [a ij ]22 11 .
a 21 a 22
a a12
Consider A 11
a 21 a 22
On expanding along R 2 , A a 21C 21 a 22C 22
A 15 .
Ex03. If the points (2, –3), (k, –1) and (0, 4) are collinear, then find the value of k.
Sol. The points (2, –3), (k, –1) and (0, 4) are collinear.
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 43
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
2 3 1
So we must have, k 1 1 0
0 4 1
Expanding along third row, we get 0(3 1) 4 (2 k) 1(2 3k) 0
8 4k 2 3k 0
7k 10
10
k .
7
0 ab ac
Ex04. Without actually expanding, evaluate the determinant : b a 0 bc .
ca cb 0
0 a b a c
Sol.
Let A b a 0 b c such that A .
c a c b 0
0 ba c a 0 a b a c
Note that A a b 0
c b b a 0 b c A .
a c b c 0 c a c b 0
Now A A kA k n A , where n is order of A and, k R
A (1)3 A A A
A A
2 A 0 A 0.
Since A is skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 (odd order) so, A 0 .
1 a a2 a3 1 0 a a4
Ex05. If a a2 1 4 , then find the value of 0 a a4 a3 1 .
a2 1 a a a4 a3 1 0
1 a a2
Sol. Given that a a2 1 4 .
a2 1 a
Consider Cij be the cofactor of element aij.
Then C11 a 3 1, C12 0, C13 a a 4 ; C21 0, C22 a a 4 , C23 a 3 1 ; C31 a a 4 ,
C32 a 3 1, C33 0 .
a3 1 0 a a4
So, determinant formed by using the cofactors of is 0 a a4 a 3 1 1 say .
a a4 a 3 1 0
C11 C12 C13
As we know that C 21 C 22 C 23 31 2 .
C31 C32 C33
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n 1
Here we have used adj.A A , where n is order of A; also A A T .
Hence 1 (4) 2 16 .
1 x x1
Ex06. Prove that 2x x(x 1) x(x 1) 6x 2 (1 x 2 ) .
3x(1 x) x(x 1)(x 2) x(x 1)(x 1)
1 x x 1
Sol. LHS : Let 2x x(x 1) x(x 1)
3x(1 x) x(x 1)(x 2) x(x 1)(x 1)
1 x 2 (x 1)2 (x 1) x 2 (x 2 1)(x 2) x 2x 2 (x 2 1) 3x 2 (1 x 2 )
(x 1) 2x 2 (x 1)(x 2) 3x 2 (1 x)(x 1)
(x 1)2 (x 3 x 2 ) (x 4 x 2 )(x 2) x 2x 4 2x 2 3x 2 3x 4
(x 1) 2x 2 (x 2 3x 2) 3x 2 (1 x)2
(x 2 2x 1)(x 3 x 2 ) x 5 2x 4 x 3 2x 2 x 5x 4 5x 2
(x 1) 2x 4 6x 3 4x 2 3x 2 (1 2x x 2 )
x 5 x 4 2x 4 2x 3 x 3 x 2 x 5 2x 4 x 3 2x 2 5x 5 5x 3
(x 1) 2x 4 6x 3 4x 2 3x 2 6x 3 3x 4
x 4 x 2 5x 5 5x 3 (x 1) 5x 4 12x 3 7x 2
x 4 x 2 5x 5 5x 3 5x 5 12x 4 7x 3 5x 4 12x 3 7x 2
6x 4 6x 2
6x 2 (1 x 2 ) RHS .
EXERCISE 1.11
a ib c id
Q01. (a) Determine the value of the determinant: .
c id a ib
sin 20o cos 20o
(b) Write the value of .
sin 70o cos 70o
p 0 0
(c) Find the value of a q 0 .
b c r
cos sin
(d) If A , then for any natural number n, find the value of Det (A n ) .
sin cos
3x 3 8
Q02. Find the value of xy , if 4 .
4 4y3
3x 1 1 1
Q03. (a) If , find the value (s) of x.
5 x 7 2
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 45
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x 1 x 1 4 1
(b) If , then write the value of x.
x 3 x 2 1 3
2x 5 6 2
(c) If , write the value of x.
8 x 7 3
2sin x 1 3 0
Q04. If x R, 0 x , and , then find the values of x.
2 1 sin x 4 sin x
Q05. If A [a ij ] is a 3 3 matrix and Aij denotes the co-factors of the corresponding elements a ij ’s
then, what is the value of a 21A11 a 22 A12 a 23 A13 ?
Q06. If A [a ij ] is a 3 3 matrix and M ij ’s denotes the minors of the corresponding elements a ij ’s
then, write the expression for the value of A by expanding A by third column.
2 4 7
Q07. Find the minor of the element 8 in the following determinant : 3 6 8 .
2 3 1
Q08. (a) Find the equation of line joining the points (1, 2) and (3, 6) using determinants.
(b) Show that the points (a, b c), (b, c a) and (c, a b) are collinear.
(c) Find the value of x, if area of a is 35 sq. units with the vertices (x, 4), (2, 6) and (5, 4) .
1 2
Q09. (a) If is a complex cube root of unity, then find the value of : 2 1 .
2 1
(Use 3 1, 1 2 0 ; if needed).
1 1 1
(b) Find the maximum value of 1 1 sin 1 .
1 1 1 cos
sin A B C sin B cos C
Q10. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then find the value of sin B 0 tan A .
cos A B tan A 0
Q11. Evaluate the determinants given below:
3 2 3 2 7 65 102 18 36
(a) 2 2 3 (b) 3 8 75 (c) 1 3 4
3 2 3 5 9 86 17 3 6
1 a bc bc ca ab a b c
(d) 1 b c a (e) c a a b b c (f) a 2x b 2y c 2z
1 c ab a b bc ca x y z
1 bc a(b c)
(g) 1 ca b(c a)
1 ab c(a b)
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*Q12. Evaluate the followings using properties of determinants:
x y xy xa a a yz x x
(a) y xy x (b) b xb b (c) y zx y .
xy x y c c xc z z xy
*We are aware that Properties of Determinants are Deleted. Still we advice the learners to go
through some basic properties. It shall be helpful in 1-markers and in MCQ-based Entrance
Exams (such as CUET, NDA, JEE etc.).
EXERCISE 1.12
1 sin 1
Q01. Let A sin 1 sin , where 0 θ 2π .
1 sin 1
Let determinant of matrix A is A . Then prove that 2 4 .
Q02. Evaluate the followings:
0 b c 0 a b
(a) b 0 a (b) a 0 c
c a 0 b c 0
cos cos cos sin sin 1 x y
(c) sin cos 0 (d) 1 x y y
sin cos sin sin cos 1 x xy
1 x x2 1 1 1
2
Q03. If Δ = 1 y y , Δ1 = yz zx xy , then prove that Δ Δ1 0 .
1 z z2 x y z
x sin cos
Q04. Prove that sin x 1 is independent of .
cos 1 x
x sin cos
Q05. If sin x 1 8 , write the value of x.
cos 1 x
x 3i 1
Q06. Find the values of x and y, if y 1 i 6 11 i .
0 2i i
0 2 3
Q07. Without expanding the determinant at any stage, prove that 2 0 4 0.
3 4 0
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 47
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
Q08. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function, and 1 x 0, 0 y 1, 1 z 2 , then find value
x 1 y z
of the determinant: x y 1 z .
x y z 1
log 3x log 3y log 3z
Q09. Evaluate the determinant: log 2x log 2y log 2z .
log x log y log z
EXERCISE 1.13
Q01. Prove the followings :
1 1 p 1 p q 2ab a2 b2
2
(a) 3 4 3p 2 4p 3q 1 (b) a 2 b 2 2ab a 3 b3
4 7 4p 2 7p 4q b2 2ab a 2
1 a a 2 bc a2 1 ab ac
(c) 1 b b 2 ac 0 (d) ab b2 1 bc 1 a 2 b 2 c2
1 c c 2 ab ac bc c2 1
a ab abc xy x x
3
(e) 2a 3a 2b 4a 3b 2c a (f) 5x 4y 4x 2x x 3
3a 6a 3b 10a 6b 3c 10x 8y 8x 3x
0 b2a c2a x xy x 2y
2 2 3 3 3
(g) a b 0 c b 2a b c (h) x 2y x x y 9y 2 (x y)
a 2c b2c 0 x y x 2y x
bc a b a a2 bc ac c 2
(i) c a b c b 3abc a 3 b 3 c3 (j) a 2 ab b2 ac 4a 2 b 2 c 2
a b ca c ab b 2 bc c2
x 2 2x 2x 1 1 bc a a
3
(k) 2x 1 x 2 1 x 1 (l) b ca b 4abc
3 3 1 c c ab
a 2 ab ac 1 x x2
(m) ba b2 bc 4a 2 b 2 c 2 (2abc) 2 (n) x 2 1 x (1 x 3 ) 2
ca cb c 2 x x2 1
1 a 1 1
1 1 1
(o) 1 1 b 1 abc 1 abc bc ca ab
a b c
1 1 1 c
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b2 c2 ab ac ax y z
2 2 2 2 2
(p) ba c a bc 4a b c (q) x ay z a 2 (a x y z)
ca cb a b2
2
x y az
EXERCISE 1.14
x2 x6 x 1
Q01. Solve for x : x 6 x 1 x 2 0 .
x 1 x 2 x 6
xa x x
Q02. Solve : x xa x 0, a 0 .
x x xa
1 1
1 ab
a b
1 1
Q03. Write the value of the determinant : 1 bc .
b c
1 1
1 ca
c a
Hence, find (2026) .
a 1 0
Q04. If f (x) ax a 1 , then find the value of f (2x) f (x) . Hence, find f (x) and write the
ax 2 ax a
value of f (x) when x 0 .
Adjoint of a square matrix
01. Def. Let A [a ij ] be a square matrix. Also assume B [Aij ] where Aij is the cofactor of the
elements a ij in matrix A . Then the transpose BT of matrix B is called the adjoint of matrix A and it is
denoted by “adj.A”.
a b d b
To find the adjoint of a 2 2 matrix : Follow this, A adj.A .
c d c a
1 2 3
For example, consider a square matrix of order 3 as A 2 3 4 then, in order to find the adjoint of
2 0 5
matrix A, we find a matrix B (formed by the cofactors of elements of matrix A as mentioned above in the
15 2 6 15 10 1
definition) i.e., B 10 1 4 . Hence, adj.A B 2 1 2 .
T
1 2 1 6 4 1
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02. Singular matrix & Non-singular matrix :
(a) Singular matrix :
A square matrix A is said to be singular matrix if A 0 i.e., its determinant is zero.
1 2 3
3 4
e.g. 4 5 12 , .
3 4
1 1 3
(b) Non-singular matrix :
A square matrix A is said to be non-singular matrix if A 0 .
0 1 1
3 4
e.g. 1 0 1 , .
1 1
1 1 0
A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non-singular matrix.
03. Algorithm to find A 1 by Determinant method :
STEP 1 Find A .
STEP 2 If A 0 , then write “A is a singular matrix and hence not invertible”.
Else, write “A is a non-singular matrix and hence invertible”.
STEP 3 Calculate the cofactors of elements of matrix A.
STEP 4 Write the matrix of cofactors of elements of A and, then obtain its transpose to get adj.A
(i.e., adjoint A).
1
STEP 5 Find the inverse of A, by using the relation A 1 adj.A .
A
04. Properties associated with various operations of Matrices & Determinants :
(a) AB I BA A 1 B and B1 A (b) AA–1 I or, A–1A I, A–1I A–1
(c) (AB)1 B1A 1 (d) (ABC) 1 C1B1A 1
(e) (A 1 )1 A (f) (A T )1 (A 1 )T
(g) A adj.A adj.A A A I (h) adj. AB adj.B adj.A
(i) adj.(A T ) (adj.A)T (j) (adj.A) 1 (adj.A 1 )
n 1
(k) adj. A A where n is order of A (if | A | 0 i.e., A is a non-singular matrix)
n
(l) AB A B (m) A . adj. A A , where n is order of A
1
(n) A 1 , iff matrix A is invertible (o) A A T
A
(p) k A k n A where n is order of square matrix A and k is any scalar.
n 2
(q) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then adj.(adj.A) A A.
n 1 ( n 1)( n 1) ( n 1) 2
(r) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n, then adj.(adj.A) adj.A A A .
(s) If A is a matrix of order n, then adj.(k A) k n 1 (adjA), k R .
(t) If A is skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then A 0 .
n
(u) For a square matrix A, A n A , where n N .
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WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
3 1
Ex01. (a) If A 3 and A 1 , then write the adj.A.
5/3 2/3
8 0
(b) If for any 2 2 square matrix A, A(adj.A) , then write the value of |A|.
0 8
3 2
(c) Find the inverse of the matrix . Hence, find the matrix P satisfying the
5 3
3 2 1 2
matrix equation P .
5 3 2 1
0 1 3 5
(d) Find AB , if A and B .
0 2 0 0
p 2
(e) If A and A 3 125 , then find the value of ‘p’.
2 p
1
Sol. (a) A 1 adj.A
A
3 1 9 3
adj.A A A 1 3 .
5/3 2/3 5 2
8 0 1 0
(b) As A(adj.A) A I 8 8 I.
0 8 0 1
On comparing, we get : A 8 .
3 2
(c) Let A
5 3
3 2 3 2
A 9 10 1 , adj.A
5 3 5 3
adj.A 3 2
A 1 ...(i)
A 5 3
3 2 1 2
Now P
5 3 2 1
1
1 2 3 2
P (On post-multiplication with A–1
2 1 5 3
1 2 3 2
By (i), we get : P
2 1 5 3
3 10 2 6 13 8
P .
6 5 4 3 1 1
0 1 3 5
(d) AB A B 00 0 .
0 2 0 0
3
(e) A3 A 125
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p 2
A 5
2 p
p2 4 5
p 3 .
2sin x 3
Ex02. In the interval x , find the value of x for which is singular.
2 1 2 sin x
2 sin x 3 2sin x 3
Sol. As is singular matrix so, 0
1 2sin x 1 2sin x
4sin 2 x 3 0
3
sin 2 x
4
3 3
sin x x sin x
2 2 2
2
x .
3
Ex03. (a) If A is a 3 3 invertible matrix, then what will be the value of k if det(A 1 ) (det A)k .
(b) If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that A 1 and B 3 , then find the
value of 2AB .
(c) If A and B are square matrices, each of order 2 such that A 3 and B 2 , then
write the value of 3AB .
1
(d) If A and B are invertible matrices of order 3, A 2 and (AB)1 , find B .
6
(e) If A and B are square matrices of the same order 3, such that A 2 and AB 2 I ,
write the value of B .
(f) If A is a square matrix satisfying AA I , write the value of A .
(g) If A is a square matrix of order 3, with A 9 , then write the value of 2 adj.A .
Sol. (a) As | A 1 | | A |1 k 1 .
3
(b) 2AB 2 AB 8 A B 8(1)(3) 24 .
#We have used kA k n A , where n is order of A. Also AB A B .
(c) 3AB 32 AB 9 A B 9 3 (2) 54 .
1
(d) As P 1
P
1 1 1
(AB)1
AB A B 2 B
1 1 1
Also since (AB)1 so, .
6 2 B 6
B 3 .
(e) As AB 2I AB 2 I
3
A B 2 I
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2 B 8 1
B 4.
# Note that the order of A and B is 3 and A B 2 I so, I is also of order 3.
(f) AA I AA I A A 1
2
A 1
A 1 .
31
(g) 2adj.A 23 adj.A 8 A 8 92 648 .
Ex04. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then prove that det A 0 .
Sol. As A is skew-symmetric of order 3.
So, A A T .
Now A A T (1)3 A T A kA k n A , where n is order of A; A AT
A A 0
A 0 or, det A 0 .
# Can you prove that Det. (A) is always 0, if A is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order?
10
C4 10 C5 11 Cm
11 11 12
Ex05. Find the value of m, if C6 C7 Cm 2 0 .
12 12 13
C8 C9 Cm 4
10 10 11
C4 C5 Cm
Sol. 11
We have C6 11
C7 12
Cm 2 0 n
C r n Cr 1 n 1Cr
12 12 13
C8 C9 Cm 4
10 10
C4 C5 10C 4 11
Cm
By C2 C2 C1 , 11 C6 11
C7 11C6 12
Cm 2 0
12 12
C8 C9 12C8 13
Cm 4
10 11 11
C4 C5 Cm
11 12 12
C6 C7 Cm 2 0
12 13 13
C8 C9 Cm 4
Since 0 so, C2 and C3 must be identical so, m 5 .
5 0 4 1 3 3
Ex06. Given A 2 3 2 , B 1 4 3 , compute (AB)1 .
1
1 2 1 1 3 4
5 0 4
Sol. Here A 2 3 2 5(1) 0 4(1) 1 .
1 2 1
Consider Aij be the cofactors of element aij of matrix A.
A11 1, A 21 8, A 31 12
A12 0, A 22 1, A 32 2
A13 1, A 23 10, A 33 15
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1 8 12 1 8 12
1 1
1
So, A adj.A 0 1 2 0 1 2
A 1
1 10 15 1 10 15
1 3 3 1 8 12
Hence, (AB) B A 1
1 1 1
4 3 0 1 2
1 3 4 1 10 15
2 19 27
(AB) 2 18 25 .
1
3 29 42
1 1 2
Ex07. Verify : A(adjA) (adjA)A A I for matrix A 3 0 2 .
1 0 3
1 1 2 1 1 2
Sol. For the given matrix A 3 0 2 , A 3 0 2 11
1 0 3 1 0 3
A I 11 I …(i)
0 3 2
Now adj.A 11 1 8 .
0 1 3
1 1 2 0 3 2 11 0 0
Therefore, A(adj.A) 3 0 2 11 1 8 0 11 0 11 I
…(ii)
1 0 3 0 1 3 0 0 11
0 3 2 1 1 2 11 0 0
Also, (adj.A)A 11 1 8 3 0 2 0 11 0 11 I
…(iii)
0 1 3 1 0 3 0 0 11
By (i), (ii) and (iii), we see that, A(adjA) (adjA)A A I .
2 1 3 2 2 4
Ex08. Find the matrix A, if A .
3 2 5 3 3 1
2 1 3 2 2 4
Sol. Given A
3 2 5 3 3 1
1 1
2 1 2 4 3 2
A
3 2 3 1 5 3
1 2 1 2 4 1 3 2
A
4 3 3 2 3 1 9 10 5 3
2 1 2 4 3 2
A
3 2 3 1 5 3
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2 1 14 8
A
3 2 4 3
24 13
A .
34 18
1 a 2 1 1 1
Ex09. If A 1 2 x and A 8 7 5 , find the value of (a x) (b y) .
1
3 1 1 b y 3
1 a 2 1 1 1
Sol. Since AA I so, 1 2 x 8 7 5 I
1
3 1 1 b y 3
1 8a 2b 1 7a 2y 5 5a 1 0 0
15 bx 13 xy 9 3x 0 1 0
5 b 4 y 1 0 0 1
By equality of matrices, we get
5 5a 0 a 1; b 5 0 b 5; 4 y 0 y 4; 9 3x 0 x 3
Hence, (a x) (b y) (1 3) (5 4) 4 1 3 .
1 cot x cos 2x sin 2x
Ex10. If A , show that AA 1 .
cot x 1 sin 2x cos 2x
1 cot x 1 cot x 1 1 1 cot x
Sol. For A , A and A
cot x 1 cot x
1 1 cot 2 x cot x 1
1 cot x 1 1 cot x
LHS : AA 1
cot x 1 1 cot 2 x cot x 1
1 1 cot 2 x 2 cot x
1 cot 2 x 2 cot x 1 cot 2 x
1 cot 2 x 2 cot x 1 tan 2 x 2 tan x
2
2 2
1 cot x 1 cot x 1 tan x 1 tan 2 x
2 cot x 1 cot 2 x 2 tan x 1 tan 2 x
1 cot 2 x 1 cot 2 x 1 tan 2 x 1 tan 2 x
cos 2x sin 2x
sin 2x cos 2x
RHS.
5 0 4 1 3 3
Ex11. If A 2 3 2 and B 1 4 3 , find (AB)1 . Also, find (AB)1 .
1
1 2 1 1 3 4
5 0 4 5 0 4
Sol. For A 2 3 2 , A 2 3 2 5(1) 0 4(1) 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
Since A 0 A 1 exists.
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1 8 12 1 8 12
adj.A 1
Also, adj.A 0 1 2 A 1
0 1 2
A 1
1 10 15 1 10 15
1 3 3 1 8 12
Now (AB) B A 1 4 3 0 1 2
1 1 1
1 3 4 1 10 15
2 19 27
(AB) 2 18 25
1
3 29 42
Also, (AB)1 B1A 1 B1 A 1 1(7) 3(1) 3(1)1(5) 0 (1)(4)
(AB)1 (1)(1) 1 .
EXERCISE 1.15
Q01. (a) Let A 2B , where A and B both are square matrices of 3rd order and B 5 . Find A .
(b) If A is a square matrix such that A adjA 5 I , then determine the value of A .
(c) If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that A 5 , then determine the value of adjA .
(d) If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that adjA 64 , then find A .
(e) If A is a non-singular square matrix such that A 10 , then determine the value of A 1 .
(f) If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that A adjA 5 I , find adjA .
(g) Assume that A is a square matrix of order 3, then what will be the value of k A .
(h) If adj.A 36 , then find 3A 1 if A is a square matrix of order 3.
(i) If A is a non-singular square matrix of order 3 then, determine the value of adj.A .
(j) If A is a 3 3 matrix, |A| 0 and |3A| = k |A|, then write the value of k.
(k) If A is a square matrix such that | A | 5 , write the value of | AA T | .
(l) A and B are square matrices of order 3 each, A 2 and B 3. Find 3AB .
5 x x 1
Q02. (a) For what value of x, the matrix is singular?
2 4
2 x 3
(b) For what value of x, the matrix is non-invertible?
5 1
7 2x x 5
(c) For what value of x, the matrix is singular?
3 7
3 2sin x
(d) If 0 x , and the matrix is singular, write the value(s) of x.
2sin x 1
Q03. Prove that (A 1 ) (A)1 , where A is an invertible matrix.
2 3
Q04. If A , then write A 1 .
5 2
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1
x 0 0
Q05. If x, y, z are all non-zero real numbers, then find 0 y 0 .
0 0 z
1 2 3
Q06. Find A . (adj.A) without finding adj.A, if A 3 1 2 .
1 0 3
1 2
Q07. If A , then find the value of A 2009 5A 2008 .
3 5
r r 1
Q08. If A r and A1 A 2 ... A 2020 k 2 , find k, (k 0) .
r 1 r
EXERCISE 1.16
1 1 0 1 1 2
Q01. (a) If A , B , C and AB CD O , then find the matrix D.
2 1 2 4 1 4
2 1 5 2 2 5
(b) Let A , B and C . Find a matrix D, such that CD AB O .
3 4 7 4 3 8
2 1 3 2
Q02. Find the matrix A, satisfying the matrix equation : A 5 3 I .
3 2
2 3 1 2 1 1 1
Q03. If A , B , verify that (AB) B A .
1 4 1 3
2 1 1 0
Q04. If A and B1 1
, then find (AB) .
3 4 3 4
2 1
Q05. (a) Let A . Then verify A(adjA) (adjA)A A I .
3 4
1 3 3
(b) If A 1 4 3 , then verify that A(adj.A) A I . Also find A 1 .
1 3 4
1
θ θ
1 tan 1
2
tan
2 cos θ sin θ .
Q06. Show that : sin θ cos θ
tan θ 1 tan
θ
1
2 2
1 2 3
Q07. If A 0 1 4 , then find (A)1 .
2 2 1
Q08. Find matrix A, in the followings :
3 1 2 4 1 2
(a) A (b) A 6 I2
4 2 1 3 1 4
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1 4 1 2 1 4 16 6
(c) A (d) A
2 5 0 4 3 2 7 2
3 1 1
Q09. Find the inverse of matrix A 15 6 5 and, hence show that A 1 . A I .
5 2 2
cos sin 0
Q10. If A sin cos 0 , find adj.A and verify that A(adj.A) (adj.A)A A I3 .
0 0 1
APPLICATION OF MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
INTRODUCTION
The study of matrices and determinants can be utilized to verify the Consistency of system of linear
equations. We’ll use inverse of matrix to solve system of linear equations. We’ll also be discussing real
life based problems and see the usage of matrices and determinants to solve such problems.
IMPORTANT TERMS, DEFINITIONS & RESULTS
01. Solutions of System of Linear equations :
(a) Consistent and Inconsistent system :
A system of equations is said to be consistent if it has one or more solutions otherwise it is said to be an
inconsistent system. In other words an inconsistent system of equations has no solution.
(b) Homogeneous and Non-homogeneous system :
A system of equations AX B is said to be a homogeneous system if B O .
Otherwise it is called a non-homogeneous system of equations.
02. Solving of system of equations by Matrix method (Inverse Matrix Method) :
Consider the following system of equations,
a1x b1 y c1z d1 ,
a 2 x b2 y c2 z d 2 ,
a 3 x b 3 y c 3z d 3
a1 b1 c1 d1 x
STEP 1
Assume A a 2 b 2 c2 , B d 2 and X y .
a 3 b3 c3 d3 z
STEP 2 Find A .
Now there may be following situations:
(a) A 0 A 1 exists.
It implies that the given system of equations is consistent and therefore, the system has
unique solution.
In that case, write AX B .
Pre-multiplying by A 1 both sides, we get : A 1AX A 1B
I X A 1B
1 1
X A 1B where A adj.A
A
Then by using the definition of equality of matrices, we can get the values of x, y and z.
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(b) A 0 implies A 1 doesn’t exist.
It implies that the given system of equations may be consistent or inconsistent.
In order to check proceed as follow:
Find (adj.A) B.
Now we may have either (adj.A) B O or (adj.A) B O .
(i) If (adj.A) B O , then the given system may be consistent or inconsistent.
To check, put z k in the given equations and proceed in the same manner in the new
two variables system of equations assuming d i ci k, 1 i 3 as constant.
(ii) If (adj.A) B O , then the given system is inconsistent with no solutions.
A Note about Homogeneous System of Equations :
The system of homogeneous equations a1x b1y c1z 0, a 2 x b 2 y c 2z 0,
a 3x b3 y c3z 0 is always consistent.
a1 b1 c1
If a 2 b2 c 2 0 , then system of equations has the unique solution x y z 0 (known
a3 b3 c3
as trivial solution). But if 0 , then this system of equations has an infinite number of solution.
Hence for non-trivial solution, we can say 0 .
WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Ex01. For what values of k, the system of linear equations x y z 2, 2x y z 3, 3x 2y
kz 4 has a unique solution?
1 1 1
Sol. Let A 2 1 1 , which is matrix formed by the coefficients of x, y and z in the given
3 2 k
system of equations.
1 1 1
For unique solution A 0 so, 2 1 1 0
3 2 k
1(k 2) 1(2k 3) 1(4 3) 0
k 2 2k 3 1 0
k 0 .
Ex02. (a) For what values of k and m, the system of linear equations 2x ky 6z 8, x 2y
mz 5, x y 3z 4 has a unique solution?
(b) For what values of k, the system of linear equations 2x ky 6z 8, x 2y z 5,
x y 3z 4 has infinitely many solutions?
(c) For what values of k, the system of linear equations 2x ky 6z 8, x 2y z 5,
x y 3z 4 has no solution?
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2 k 6
Sol. (a) Let A 1 2 m , which is matrix formed by the coefficients of x, y and z in the given
1 1 3
system of equations.
2 k 6
For unique solution, A 0 so, 1 2 m 0
1 1 3
2(6 m) k(3 m) 6(1) 0
12 2m 3k mk 6 0
6 2m 3k mk 0
(k 2)(m 3) 0
. Clearly, k 2 0, m 3 0
k 2, m 3 .
2 k 6
(b) Let A 1 2 1 , which is matrix formed by the coefficients of x, y and z in the given
1 1 3
system of equations.
8
Also, let B 5 , which is matrix formed by the constants in the given system of equations.
4
Let Aij be the cofactor of element a ij of matrix A.
C11 5, C12 2, C13 1, 5 6 3k k 12
C 21 6 3k, C 22 0, C23 k 2, adj.A 2 0 4
C31 k 12, C32 4, C33 4 k 1 k 2 4 k
5 6 3k k 12 8 22 11k
Now (adj.A).B 2 0 4 5 0
1 k 2 4 k 4 k 2
For infinitely many solutions, we must have (adj.A).B O
22 11k 0
0 0
k2 0
By equality of matrices, 22 11k 0, k 2 0
k 2 .
2 k 6
Alternatively, let 1 2 1 2(k 2) ,
1 1 3
8 k 6
1 5 2 1 8(6 1) k(15 4) 6(3)
4 1 3
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1 11(k 2) ,
2 8 6
2 1 5 1 2(15 4) 8(3 1) 6(1)
1 4 3
2 0 ,
2 k 8
3 1 2 5 2(3) k(1) 8(1)
1 1 4
3 k 2 .
For infinitely many solutions, we must have 1 2 3 0
So, 2(k 2) 0 k 2 ,
1 11(k 2) 0 k 2 ,
3 k 2 0 k 2 .
Hence k 2 .
(c) For no solution, we must have (adj.A).B O
22 11k 0
0 0
(Taking value of (adj.A) B from (b)
k2 0
22 11k 0, k 2 0
k 2.
Alternatively. for no solution, we must have 0 or, any One of 1 , 2 , 3 must be nonzero.
So, 2(k 2) 0 k 2 ,
Now note that we already have 2 0 .
Then, either 1 0 or, 3 0 .
That is, 1 11(k 2) 0 k 2 ,
and, 3 k 2 0 k 2
Hence k 2 .
Note that in (b) and (c), the equations are same.
Ex03. Solve the following system of equations using matrix method :
x 2y z 7, x 3z 11, 2x 3y 1 .
Sol. The given system of equations is :
x 2y z 7,
x 3z 11,
2x 3y 1
1 2 1 x 7
Let A 1 0 3 , X y , B 11 .
2 3 0 z 1
1 2 1
Now, A 1 0 3 1(0 9) 2(0 6) 1(3 0) 18 0 .
2 3 0
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So, A 1 exists.
Let Aij be the cofactors of elements a ij in A [a ij ] . Then, we have :
A11 9, A 21 3, A 31 6 9 3 6
A12 6, A 22 2, A 32 2 adjA 6 2 2
A13 3, A 23 7, A 33 2 3 7 2
9 3 6
1 1
A 1
adjA 6 2 2
A 18
3 7 2
Now as AX B
A 1AX A 1B (Pre-multiplying by A–1 both the sides
I X A 1 B
X A 1 B
9 3 6 7
1
So, X 6 2 2 11
18
3 7 2 1
63 33 6 36 2
1 1
X 42 22 2 18 1
18 18
21 77 2 54 3
x 2
y 1
z 3
Hence by equality of matrices, we get : x 2, y 1 and z 3 .
2 3 1
Ex04. If A 1 2 2 , find A–1 and hence solve the system of equations
3 1 1
2x y 3z 13, 3x 2y z 4, x 2y z 8 .
2 3 1 2 3 1
Sol. For A 1 2 2 , A 1 2 2 16 .
3 1 1 3 1 1
Clearly A–1 exists as A 0 .
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1
Since adj.A 5 1 3 A 5 1 3
7 11 1 16
7 11 1
Now 2x y 3z 13, 3x 2y z 4, x 2y z 8
2 3 1 x 13
By using matrix method, A X B where A 1 2 2 , X y , B 4
3 1 1 z 8
1 1
Now X (A) B (A )B
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4 5 7 13
1
X 4 1 11 4
16
4 3 1 8
x 1
y 2
z 3
By using equality of matrices, we get : x 1, y 2, z 3 .
1 1 0 2 2 4
Ex05. If A 2 3 4 and B 4 2 4 are two square matrices, find AB and hence
0 1 2 2 1 5
solve the system of linear equations x y 3, 2x 3y 4z 17 and y 2z 7 .
1 1 0 2 2 4
Sol. Here A 2 3 4 and B 4 2 4
0 1 2 2 1 5
1 1 0 2 2 4
AB 2 3 4 4 2 4
0 1 2 2 1 5
6 0 0
AB 0 6 0 .
0 0 6
That is, AB 6 I …(i)
Consider the given systems of equations : x y 3, 2x 3y 4z 17 and y 2z 7
1 1 0 x 3
These equations can be expressed as : PX D where P 2 3 4 , X y , D 17
0 1 2 z 7
1
By (i), AB 6 I A 1 B
1 6
Therefore, X P 1D (A) 1 D (A 1 )D BD
6 P A P 1 A 1 B 1
6
2 2 4 3
1
So, X 4 2 4 17
6
2 1 5 7
12 x 2
1
X 6 y 1
6
24 z 4
By equality of matrices, we get :
x 2, y 1, z 4 .
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4 4 4 1 1 1
Ex06. Determine the product 7 1 3 1 2 2 and use it to solve the system of
5 3 1 2 1 3
equations : x y z 4, x 2y 2z 9, 2x y 3z 1 .
4 4 4 1 1 1
Sol. Let A 7 1 3 , B 1 2 2
5 3 1 2 1 3
4 4 4 1 1 1 8 0 0
AB 7 1 3 1 2 2 0 8 0
5 3 1 2 1 3 0 0 8
AB 8 I ...(i)
Consider the given systems of equations : x y z 4, x 2y 2z 9 , 2x y 3z 1
1 1 1 x 4
These equations can be expressed as : BX D where B 1 2 2 , X y , C 9
2 1 3 z 1
1 1 1
Therefore, X B1C AC 1
By (i), AB 8I 8 A B I B 8 A
8
4 4 4 4
1
So, X 7 1 3 9
8
5 3 1 1
x 3
y 2
z 1
By equality of matrices : x 3, y 2, z 1 .
1 1 2 2 0 1
Ex07. Use product 0 2 3 9 2 3 to solve the system of equations x 3z 9,
3 2 4 6 1 2
x 2y 2z 4, 2x 3y 4z 3 .
1 1 2 2 0 1
Sol. Let A 0 2 3 , B 9 2 3
3 2 4 6 1 2
1 1 2 2 0 1
AB 0 2 3 9 2 3
3 2 4 6 1 2
1 0 0
AB 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
That is, AB I …(i)
Consider the given systems of equations : x 3z 9, x 2y 2z 4 , 2x 3y 4z 3
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1 0 3 x 9
These equations can be expressed as : PX D where P 1 2 2 , X y , D 4
2 3 4 z 3
1 T 1 1 T
By (i), AB I A 1 B
Therefore, X P D (A ) D (A ) D
P A P (A ) B
T 1 1 T T
2 9 6 9
So, X 0 2 1 4
1 3 2 3
x 0
y 5
z 3
By equality of matrices : x 0, y 5, z 3 .
2 3 10
Ex08. If A 4 6 5 , find A–1. Using A–1 solve the following system of equations :
6 9 20
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
2, 5, 4; x, y, z 0 .
x y z x y z x y z
2 3 10
Sol. Here A 4 6 5
6 9 20
2 3 10
So, A 4 6 5 2 120 45 3 80 30 10 36 36
6 9 20
A 1200 0
A 1 exists.
Consider Aij be the cofactors of corresponding elements a ij of matrix A.
A11 75 A21 150 A31 75
A12 110 A 22 100 A32 30
A13 72 A23 0 A33 24
75 150 75 75 150 75
1
adj A 110 100 30
A 1
110 100 30
1200
72 0 24 72 0 24
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
Now 2, 5, 4
x y z x y z x y z
2 3 10 1/x 2
By using matrix method, AX B where A 4 6 5 , X 1/y , B 5
6 9 20 1/z 4
Note that, AX B
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On Pre-multiplication by A 1 we get : A 1AX A 1B
X A 1B
75 150 75 2
1
X 110 100 30 5
1200
72 0 24 4
1 x 1/2
1 y 1/3
1 z 1/5
1 1 1 1 1 1
By using equality of matrices, we get : , ,
x 2 y 3 z 5
x 2, y 3, z 5 .
Ex09. A school wants to award its students for the values Honesty, Regularity and Hard-work
with a total cash award of `6000. Three times the award money for Hard-work added to
that given for Honesty amounts to `11000. The award money given for Honesty and Hard-
work together is double the one given for Regularity.
Represent the above situation algebraically and find the award money for each value,
using matrix method.
Sol. Let the award money for the values of Honesty, Regularity and Hard-work be x, y and z (in `)
respectively.
According to question, we get : x y z 6000, x 3z 11000, x 2y z 0 .
1 1 1 6000 x
Let A 1 0 3 , B 11000 , X y
1 2 1 0 z
1 1 1
Now, A 1 0 3 6 0
1 2 1
A 1 exists.
Consider Cij be the cofactors of element aij in matrix A, we have
C11 6, C12 2, C13 2
C 21 3, C 22 0, C23 3
C31 3, C32 2, C33 1
6 3 3
So, adj.A 2 0 2 .
2 3 1
6 3 3
1 1
A 1
(adj.A) 2 0 2 .
A 6
2 3 1
As X A 1B
6 3 3 6000 3000
1 1
X 2 0 2 11000 12000
6 6
2 3 1 0 21000
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x 500
y 2000
z 3500
By equality of matrices, we get : x 500, y 2000,z 3500 .
Hence, award money given for the value of Honesty = `500, award money given for the value of
Regularity = `2000 and, award money given for the value of Hard-work = `3500.
Ex10. On her birthday Seema decided to donate some money to children of an orphanage home.
If there were 8 children less, every one would have got `10 more. However, if there were
16 children more, every one would have got `10 less.
Using matrix method, find the number of children and the amount distributed by Seema.
Sol. Let the number of children be x and the amount distributed by Seema for one child be `y.
So, (x 8)(y 10) xy
5x 4y 40...(i)
and (x 16)(y 10) xy
5x 8y 80...(ii)
5 4 40 x
To solve (i) and (ii), let A , B , X
5 8 80 y
AX B X A 1B
1 8 4 1 8 4
Now A 1
40 20 5 5 20 5 5
1 8 4 40
X
20 5 5 80
x 32
y 30
Clearly x 32, y 30 .
Hence the number of children 32 and, the amount distributed by Seema `30.
Ex11. In an electrical circuit, the voltage equations are given by:
5I 1 3I 2 2I 3 21, I1 I 2 I 3 6, 3 I1 5I 2 I 3 22
where I1 , I 2 , I 3 represent the currents in different branches.
Find the determinant of the coefficient matrix to check if the system has a unique solution.
Hence, solve the equations to obtain I1 , I 2 and I 3 .
5 3 2 I1 21
Sol. Let A 1 1 1 , X I 2 , B 6 represent the system of given equations.
3 5 1 I 22
3
5 3 2
Since A 1 1 1 5 (4) 3(2) 2 (2) 10 0 .
3 5 1
Therefore, the system has a unique solution.
Now AX B X A 1B …(i)
Consider the cofactors Aij of element a ij for matrix A.
A11 4, A12 2, A13 2; A 21 7 , A 22 1, A 23 16; A 31 1, A 32 3, A 33 2 .
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4 7 1 4 7 1
1 adj.A 1
So, adj.A 2 1 3 A 2 1 3
2 16 2 A 10
2 16 2
4 7 1 21 20
1 1
By (i), X 2 1 3 6 X 30
10 10
2 16 2 22 10
I1 2
I2 3
I 1
3
By equality of matrices, we get : I1 2, I 2 3, I3 1 .
Ex12. A class XII student, Abdul threw a basketball in the direction of the basketball hoop which
traversed a parabolic path in a vertical plane as shown below.
(Note : The image is for representation purpose only.)
The equation of the path traversed by the ball is y ax 2 bx c with respect to a xy-
coordinate system in the vertical plane. The ball traversed through the points (10, 16), (20,
22) and (30, 25). The basketball hoop is at a horizontal distance of 70 feet from Abdul. The
height of the basketball hoop is 10 feet from the floor to the top edge of the rim.
Did the ball successfully go through the hoop? Justify your answer.
Sol. Note that, the points (10,16), (20, 22) and (30, 25) shall satisfy y ax 2 bx c .
Therefore, the system of equations can be written as
100a 10b c 16 ,
400a 20b c 22 ,
900a 30b c 25.
100 10 1 a 16
Expressing the system of equations in the form AX B as 400 20 1
b 22
900 30 1 c 25
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Now A 1(18000 12000) 1(3000 9000) 1(2000 4000) 2000 , A 1 exists as A 0.
1 1 1
200 100 200
10 20 10
1 adj.A 1 2 3
Also adj.A 500 800 300 and A .
A 4 5 20
6000 6000 2000
3 3 1
1 1 1 3
200 100 200 200
a 16
1 1 2 3 21
Since X A B , then b 22
c 4 5 20 20
25
3 3 1 7
3 21
By equality of matrices, we get a , b , c7.
200 20
3 2 21
Hence, the equation of the path traversed by the ball is y x x 7.
200 20
Now when x 70 feet , y 7 feet.
So, the ball went by 7 feet above the floor that means 3 feet below the basketball hoop.
That means, the ball did not go through the hoop.
EXERCISE 1.17
Q01. Solve the given system of equations for x, y and z:
(a) x y 4, 2x 3y 9
(b) x 2y 3z 3, 2x 3y 2z 5, 3x y 4z 11
(c) x 2y z 7, x 3z 11, 2x 3y 1
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
(d) 4, 1, 2 ; x, y, z 0
x y z x y z x y z
4 1 2
(e) 3x 7xz 14, 2x 3xz 4, x 3xz 0
y y y
1 2 5
Q02. If A 2 1 1 , then find A 1 .
3 4 1
Hence, solve the following system of equations:
x 2y 3z 8,
2x y 4z 8,
5x y z 16.
2 0 1
Q03. Find the inverse of the matrix 1 2 3 .
2 2 1
Hence solve the following system of equations:
2x z 4, x 2y 3z 0, 2x 2y z 2 .
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2 3 4 6
Q04. Let A and B . Then compute AB.
1 2 2 4
Hence, solve the given system of equations : 2x y 4, 3x 2y 1 .
2 1 1 3 1 1
Q05. If A 1 2 1 , B 1 3 1 , then find the product AB.
1 1 2 1 1 3
Use this product to solve the system of equations : 2x y z 1, x 2y z 4,
x y 2z 3 .
1 1 2 2 0 1
Q06. Use the product 0 2 3 9 2 3 to solve the following system of equations:
3 2 4 6 1 2
x y 2z 1, 2y 3z 1, 3x 2y 4z 2 .
1 1 1 2 2 2
Q07. Let A 2 2 0 and B 2 4 2 , verify that BA 4 I , where I is a unit matrix.
3 3 1 0 6 4
Hence solve the given system of equations: 2y 2x 2z 0, 2x 4y 2z 2, 6y 4z 8 .
Q08. Check if the following system of equations is consistent or inconsistent. If consistent, then solve:
(a) 2x 3y 5, 6x 9y 15 (b) 2x y z 4, 3x y 2z 6, x z 2 .
EXERCISE 1.18
Q01. (a) A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’. Meenu purchased 1 pen of each
variety for a total of `21. Jeevan purchased 4 pens of ‘A’ variety, 3 pens of ‘B’ variety and 2
pens of ‘C’ variety for `60. While Shikha purchased 6 pens of ‘A’ variety, 2 pens of ‘B’ variety
and 3 pens of ‘C’ variety for `70. Using matrix method, find cost of each variety of pen.
(b) The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add second number to
it, we get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we get double of the second number. Find these
three numbers by using matrix method.
Q02. Ishan wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a school in his village. When he was asked
to give dimensions of the plot, he told that if its length is decreased by 50 m and breadth is
increased by 50 m, then its area will remain same, but if length is decreased by 10 m and breadth
is decreased by 20 m, then its area will decrease by 5300 m2.
Using matrices, find the dimensions of the plot.
Q03. Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values of Tolerance,
Kindness and Leadership. The school P wants to award `x each, `y each and `z each for the
three respective values to its 3, 2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of
`2200. School Q wants to spend `3100 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values
(by giving the same award money for the three values as school P). If the total amount of award
for one prize on each value is `1200, using matrices, find the award money for each value.
Q04. An amount of `10000 is put into three investments at the rate of interest 6%, 7% and 8%
respectively. The total income is `716. Combined income from first two investments is `140
more than the income from third. Find the amount of each investment by matrix method.
Q05. There are three families. First family consists of 2 male members, 4 female members and 3
children. Second family consists of 3 male members, 3 female members and 2 children. Third
family consists of 2 male members, 2 female members and 5 children. Male member earns `500
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per day and spends `300 per day. Female member earns `400 per day and spends `250 per day,
child member spends `40 per day. Find the money each family saves per day using matrices?
Q06. Mr. Nakul Saini has invested a part of his income in 10% (bond A) and another part of his
income in 15% (bond B). His interest during a certain period is `4000. Had he invested 20%
more in bond A and 10% more in bond B, his interest would have been increased by `500 for
the same period. Then :
(i) Represent the above situation by a matrix equation and form linear equations using matrix
multiplication.
(ii) Is it possible to solve the system of equations so obtained by matrices? If yes, solve it too.
Q07. In a parliament election in our country, a political party hired a public relation firm to promote
its candidates in 3 ways – telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact (in paise) is
given in matrix A as
140 Telephone
A 200 House Call
150 Letters
The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given in the matrix B as
Telephone House Call Letters
1000 500 5000 City X
B
3000 1000 10000 City Y
Find the total amount spent by the party in the two cities.
Q08. A trust caring for handicapped children gets `30000 every month from its donors. The trust
spends half of the funds received for medical and educational care of the children and for that it
charges 2% of the spent amount from them, and deposits the balance amount in a private bank
to get the money multiplied so that in future the trust goes on functioning regularly. What
percent of interest should the trust get from the bank to get a total of `1800 every month?
Use matrix method, to find the rate of interest.
Q09. A trust fund has `35,000 is to be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays
8% interest per annum which will be given to orphanage and second bond pays 10% interest per
annum which will be given to an N.G.O. (cancer Aid Society).
Using matrix multiplication, determine how to divide `35,000 among two types of bonds if the
trust fund obtains an annual total interest of `3,200.
Q10. A trust invested some money in two type of bonds. First bond pays 10% interest and second
bond pays 12% interest. The trust received `2800 as interest.
However, if trust had interchanged money in bonds, they would have got `100 less as interest.
Using matrix method, find the amount invested by the trust.
Q11. A typist charges `145 for typing 10 English and 3 Hindi pages, while charges for typing 3
English and 10 Hindi pages are `180. Using matrices, find the charges of typing one English
and one Hindi page separately. However typist charged only `2 per page from a poor student
Shyam for 5 Hindi pages. How much less was charged from this poor boy?
Q12. A total amount of `7000 is deposited in three different savings bank accounts with annual
1
interest rates of 5%, 8% and 8 % respectively.
2
The total annual interest from these three accounts is `550. Equal amounts have been deposited
in 5% and 8% savings accounts. Find the amount deposited in each of the three accounts, with
the help of matrices.
Q13. Three schools A, B and C organized a mela for collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of
flood victims. They sold hand made fans, mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of
`25, `100 and `50 each. The number of articles sold are given below :
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School A B C
Article
Hand fans 40 25 35
Mats 50 40 50
Plates 20 30 40
Find the funds collected by each school separately by selling the above articles. Also find the
total funds collected for the purpose.
Q14. There are 2 families A and B. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family A, and 2 men,
2 women and 4 children in family B. The recommended daily amount of calories is 2400 for
men, 1900 for women, 1800 for children and 45 grams of protein for men, 55 grams for women
and 33 grams for children.
Represent the above information using matrices. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total
requirement of calories and proteins for each of the 2 families.
Q15. To promote the making of toilets for women, an organization tried to generate awareness
through (i) house calls (ii) letters, and (iii) announcements. The cost for each mode per attempt
is given as :
(i) `50 (ii) `20 (iii) `40
The number of attempts made in three villages X, Y and Z are given below :
(i) (ii) (iii)
X 400 300 100
Y 300 250 75
Z 500 400 150
Find the total cost incurred by the organization for the three villages separately, using matrices.
Q16. Three schools A, B and C want to award their selected students for the values of Honesty,
Regularity and Hard work. Each school decided to award a sum of `2500, `3100 and `5100 per
student for the respective values. The number of students to be awarded by the three schools is
given below in the table :
School A B C
Values
Honesty 3 4 6
Regularity 4 5 2
Hard work 6 3 4
Find the total money given in awards by the three schools separately, using matrices.
Q17. The monthly incomes of Aryan and Babban are in the ratio 3 : 4 and their monthly expenditures
are in the ratio 5 : 7. If each saves `15,000 per month, find their monthly incomes using matrix
method.
Q18. A coaching institute of English (subject) conducts classes in two batches I and II and fees for
rich and poor children are different. In batch I, it has 20 poor and 5 rich children and total
monthly collection is `9000, whereas in batch II, it has 5 poor and 25 rich children and total
monthly collection is `26,000.
Using matrix method, find monthly fees paid by each child of two types.
Q19. If a circle (x h)2 (y k)2 r 2 passes through the points (5, 7), (6, 6) and (2,–2), then find its
centre (h, k), using matrix method. Also find the radius r.
Q20. The equation of the path traversed by the ball headed by the footballer is y ax 2 bx c;
(where 0 x 14 and a , b, c and a 0 ) with respect to a XY-coordinate system in the
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vertical plane. The ball passes through the points (2, 15), (4, 25) and (14, 15). Determine the
values of a , b and c by solving the system of linear equations in a , b and c , using matrix
method. Also, find the equation of the path traversed by the ball.
Q21. The curve y ax 2 bx c; (where a , b, c and a 0 ) passes through the points (1, 0) ,
(2, 12) and (3, 20). Use matrix method to determine the values of a , b and c by solving the
system of linear equations in a , b and c .
Find the equation of the curve. If y ax 2 bx c 0 , then write the real roots of quadratic
equation (if possible).
Q22. An insurance company agent Mr Raghav has the following record of policies sold in the month
of April, May and June, 2024 for three different policies - Policy A, Policy B and Policy C.
Mr Raghav is paid a fixed commission per policy sold but the commission varies for the policies
A, B and C.
Number of policies sold
Months Total commission earned
Policy A Policy B Policy C (in `)
April 8 4 6 7850
May 9 9 6 9600
June 12 9 12 15000
Use matrix method to find the fixed commission payable on the policies A, B and C per unit.
Q23. Sravan is a nutritionist. He wants to create a mixture of orange juice, beetroot juice and kiwi
juice that can provide 1860 mg of vitamin C, 22 mg of iron and 760 mg of calcium. The quantity
of each nutrient per litre of juice is shown below.
Quantities are in mg per litre Quantities are in mg per litre Quantities are in mg per litre
Using matrix method, find how many litres of each juice Sravan should add into the mixture.
This is only a Demo sample file of MATHMISSION FOR XII (2025-26).
The contents shown here are just glimpses of what we have provided
in the Printed book.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS
CASE-STUDY QUESTIONS
PASSAGE-BASED QUESTIONS
By O.P. GUPTA
Indira Award Winner
M.+919650350480
Chapter 01 - Matrices & Determinants
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. If A and B are two matrices such that A B and AB are both defined, then
(a) A and B can be any matrices
(b) A and B are square matrices not necessarily of same order
(c) Number of columns in A Number of rows in B
(d) A and B are square matrices of same order.
2 1
Q02. If A then, AA T is equal to
3 1
5 5 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) 5 (c) 5 I 2 (d)
10 5 1 2 1 2
a b c
Q03. Let A d e f 4 . Then adj.A
g h i
(a) 16 (b) 2 only (c) –2 only (d) –16
x 2
Q105. If is a singular matrix, then the product of all possible values of x is
3 x 1
(a) 6 (b) 6 (c) 0 (d) 7
1
A 1
Q106. If , where A is a 3 3 matrix, then the value of k is
2 kA
1 1
(a) (b) 8 (c) 2 (d)
8 2
0 1
Q107. If A , then A 2023 is equal to
0 0
0 1 0 2023 0 0 2023 0
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d)
0 0 0 0 0
0
2023
2 0
Q108. If
5 4 P Q, where P is a symmetric and Q is a skew symmetric matrix, then Q
2 5/2 0 5/2 0 5/2 2 5/2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5/2 4 5/2 0 5/2 0 5/2 4
Q110. If A kA , where A is a square matrix of order 2, then sum of all possible value of k is
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
Q111. Number of symmetric matrices of order 3 3 with each entry 1 or –1 is
(a) 512 (b) 64 (c) 8 (d) 4
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1 4 x
Q112. If A z 2 y is a symmetric matrix, then the value of x y z is
3 1 3
(a) 10 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 0
Q113. Let A be the area of a triangle having vertices (x1 , y1 ) , (x 2 , y 2 ) and (x 3 , x 3 ). Which of the
following is correct?
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1
(a) x 2 y 2 1 A (b) x 2 y 2 1 2A
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
2
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1
A
(c) x 2 y2 1 (d) x 2 y2 1 A2
2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
Q114. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3. If A x, then (2023) x is equal to
1
(a) 2023 (b) (c) (2023)2 (d) 1
2023
xy yz zx
Q116. The value of z x y is
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) x y z (d) 2(x y z)
Q120. If (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) are the vertices of ABC and denotes the area of ABC, then
2
a c e
b d f is equal to
1 1 1
(a) 2 2 (b) 4 2 (c) 2 (d) 4
Q157. If M is a diagonal matrix of order 3 with all the principal diagonal elements equal to p, where
p 0 , then the determinant of M 1
(a) p3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) p 3
Q158. The number of all non-zero Scalar matrices of order 3, with each entry 1 , 0 or 1, is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 39
Chapter 02 - Relations & Functions
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. The relation R {(1, 2)} on A {1, 2,3} is
(a) Reflexive only
(b) Symmetric only
(c) Transitive only
(d) Equivalence i.e., reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Q03. Let f : A B be a one-one function s.t. range of f is {b}. Then the value of n(A) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4
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Q14. For real numbers x and y, define xRy if and only if x y 2 is an irrational number. Then the
relation R is
(a) only reflexive (b) only symmetric (c) only transitive (d) equivalence
Q36. Let R be the relation in the set N given by R (a, b) : a b 2, b 6 .
Which of the following is true?
(a) (2, 4) R (b) (3,8) R (c) (6,8) R (d) (8, 7) R
3
Q37. If f (x) cos x , then f is
4
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2
Q46. A function f : defined as f (x) x 4x 5 is
2
(a) injective but not surjective (b) surjective but not injective
(c) both injective and surjective (d) neither injective nor surjective
Chapter 03 - Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. The value of cos1 (1) sin 1 (1) is
3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
π
Q20. If tan 1x , for some x R , then the value of cot 1 x is
10
π 2π 3π 4π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
1
Q23. The domain of the function defined by f (x) sin x cos x is
(a) [–1, 1] (b) [1, π +1] (c) (, ) (d)
1
Q28. The range of f (x) sin 1 2x is
2
(a) , (b) 1, 1 (c) (d) ,
2 2 2 4 4
Q35. If y sin x is invertible i.e., inverse of y sin x exists, then which of the following is correct?
3
(a) x , , y [1, 1] (b) x , , y [1, 1]
2 2 2 2
3
(c) x [1, 1], y , (d) x R, y ,
2 2 2 2
12 1
2 n
Q37. Let m cos and n sin . Then (m n) 4
2 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2
1 tan x
Q38. If x , then tan 1
4 2 1 tan x
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3 3
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x
4 4 4 4
3
Q41. If sin 1 k tan 2cos 1 , then the value of k is
2 3
1 1 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
Chapter 04 - Continuity & Differentiability
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
d 1 x x
Q01. Value of sin cos1 is equal to
dx 3 3
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d) Not possible to find
3
Q17. The derivative of x at x 0
(a) is 1 (b) is –1 (c) is 0 (d) is 1
Q18. Consider the following statements :
1
I: lim sin doesn’t exist.
x 0 x
1
II: lim x sin exists.
x 0 x
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) I only (b) II only (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Q52. If f (x) 2 x 3 sin x 6, then the right hand derivative of f (x) at x 0 is
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2
Q54. The function f (x) x x is
(a) continuous and differentiable at x 0
(b) continuous but not differentiable at x 0
(c) differentiable but not continuous at x 0
(d) neither differentiable nor continuous at x 0
xy dy
Q55. If tan k , then is equal to
xy dx
y y y y
(a) (b) (c) sec 2 (d) sec2
x x x x
1
Q58. Let f (x) x [x] , where [ . ] is a g.i.f. Then find f
2
(a) not defined (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 1
dy sin x
Q78. If y cos x y gives , then k
dx k 2y
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
2
d y
Q79. If y A sin 2x Bcos 2x and ky 0 , then the value of k is
dx 2
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1 1
(a) 4 (b) (c) 4 (d)
4 4
Chapter 05 - Applications Of Derivatives
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. If f (x) log x , then f (x) is
(a) always increasing
(b) always decreasing
(c) both increasing and decreasing
(d) neither increasing nor decreasing
Q43. The maximum value of xy , if x 2y 8, is
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 20 (d) 24
Q45. The rate of change of the surface area of the sphere of radius r when the radius is increasing at
the rate of 2 cm/s is proportional to
1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) r (d) r 2
r r
Q47. The rate of change of the volume of sphere with respect to its surface area, when its radius is 2
units, is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Q48. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The rate at which the
area increases, when side is 10 cm is
(a) 10 cm2/s (b) 3 cm 2 /s (c) 10 3 cm 2 /s (d) 10/3 cm 2 /s
Q49. If f (x) a(x cos x) is strictly decreasing in , then ‘a’ belongs to
(a) {0} (b) (0, ) (c) ( , 0) (d) ( , )
Chapter 06 - Indefinite Integrals
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. If e 2log x dx f (x) k, then f (x) is
x3 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 x x x
d
Q41. If [f (x)] ax b and f (0) 0, then f (x) is equal to
dx
ax 2 ax 2
(a) a b (b) bx (c) bx c (d) b
2 2
tan x 1
Q43. Anti-derivative of with respect to x is
tan x 1
(a) sec 2 x c (b) sec 2 x c
4 4
(c) log sec x c (d) log sec x c
4 4
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2cos 2x 1
Q44. dx is equal to
1 2sin x
(a) x 2 cos x C (b) x 2 cos x C (c) x 2 cos x C (d) x 2 cos x C
sec x
Q45. dx equals
sec x tan x
(a) sec x tan x c (b) sec x tan x c (c) tan x sec x c (d) (sec x tan x) c
Chapter 07 - Definite Integrals
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
y
dt d2 y
Q01. If x and ay , then the value of a is
0 1 9t 2 dx 2
(a) 9 (b) 5 (c) 9 (d) 5
2
dx
Q37. Value of x 2
is
0
4
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 4 8
2 /2
2
Q39. If cos x dx k cos2 x dx , then the value of k is
0 0
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
a
Q40. If 3x 2dx 8, then the value of ‘a’ is
0
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 10
1
x2
Q41. dx , x 2 is equal to
1
x2
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
Chapter 08 - Application Of Integrals
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. The area of the ellipse whose major axis is on the x-axis, is
2
(a) a b (b) (a b) (c) (a b 2 ) (d) (ab)
4 4
Q02. Area of the triangle (in square units) bounded by the sides x 0, y 0 and x y 2 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
Q26. The area cut off from the parabola y 2 px by the line y px is
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p 1 p2 p3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6p 2 3
Q27. The area of the region bounded by the curves y x 2 and y x is
1 1 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 6 3
3
Q33. Which of the following graph gives the area represented by x dx ?
1
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Chapter 09 - Differential Equations
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
dy
Q01. The general solution of the differential equation ln x 0 is
dx
(a) y e x c (b) y e x c (c) y e x c (d) y e x c
Q31. The solution of the differential equation cos x cos ydx sin x sin ydy 0 is
(a) tan x c (b) sec x sec y c (c) sec y.sin x c (d) cosec y.cos x c
Q32. The slope a curve at any point, is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate and it passes through (4, 3).
The equation of the curve is
(a) y 2 x 5 0 (b) x 2 y 5 0 (c) y 2 x 5 0 (d) x 2 y 5 0
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dx
Q34. The integrating factor of the differential equation (1 y 2 ) yx ay, ( 1 y 1) is
dy
1 1 1 1
(a) 2
(b) (c) (d)
y 1 y2 1 1 y2 1 y2
dy y 1
Q35. The number of solutions of the differential equation , when y(1) 2, is
dx x 1
(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) infinite
Chapter 10 - Linear Programming
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear constraints are (0,
10), (5, 5), (15, 15), (0, 20). Let Z px qy, where p,q 0 . Condition on p and q so that the
maximum of Z occurs at the points (15, 15) and (0, 20) both, is
(a) p q (b) p 2q (c) q 2p (d) q 3p
Q45. The number of feasible solutions of the linear programming problem given as
Maximize z 15x 30y
Subject to constraints 3x y 12, x 2y 10, x 0, y 0 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) infinite
Q46. The feasible region of a linear programming problem is shown in the figure below
Which of the following are the possible
constraints?
(a) x 2y 4, x y 3, x 0, y 0
(b) x 2y 4, x y 3, x 0, y 0
(c) x 2y 4, x y 3, x 0, y 0
(d) x 2y 4, x y 3, x 0, y 0
Q48. Which of the following points satisfies both the inequalities 2x y 10 and x 2y 8?
(a) ( 2, 4) (b) (3, 2) (c) ( 5, 6) (d) (4, 2)
Chapter 11 - Vector Algebra
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. The magnitude of the vector 6iˆ 2ˆj 3kˆ is
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 12 (d) 1
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Q64. a and b are two non-zero vectors such that the projection of a on b is 0. The angle between a
and b is
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 4
Q65. In ABC, AB i j 2k and AC 3i j 4k . If D is mid-point of BC, then vector AD
(a) 4i 6k (b) 2i 2j 2k (d) 2i 3k
(c) i j k
Q66. All the vectors of magnitude 3 3 which are collinear to vector i j k , are given by
i j k i j k i j k i j k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3
3
3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Q67. Let a i 2 j 3k and b 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ be two vectors. Then angle between a b and a b is
(a) 90o (b) 180o (c) 45o (d) 0o
Chapter 12 - Three Dimensional Geometry
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
Q01. Distance of the point (α, β, γ) from y-axis is
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 2
Q30. The value of for which the angle between the lines
and r (1 q)i (1 q )j (1 q)k is , is
r i j k p(2i j 2k)
2
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 2
1 1 1
Q32. If the direction cosines of a line are , , , then
a a a
(a) 0 a 1 (b) a 2 (c) a 0 (d) a 3
Q33. The point (x, y, 0) on the xy-plane divides the line segment joining the points (1, 2, 3) and
(3, 2, 1) in the ratio
(a) 1: 2 internally (b) 2 : 1 internally (c) 3 : 1 internally (d) 3 : 1 externally
Q34. The angle between the lines 2x 3y z and 6x y 4z is
(a) 0 (b) 30 (c) 45 (d) 90
Chapter 13 - Probability
Select the correct option (s) in the followings.
3
Q01. If A and B are independent events and P(A B) , then P(A).P(B) is
8
5 3 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 8 8
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Q35. One mapping (i.e., function) is selected at random from all the mappings of the set A {1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6} into itself. Then, the probability that the mapping selected is a one-one mapping, is
5 4 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
324 325 354 524
2
Q45. If A and B are two events such that P(A | B) 2 P(B | A) and P(A) P(B) , then P(B) is
3
equal to
2 7 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9 9
Q53. Five fair coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of the events that at least one head
comes up is
27 5 31 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 32 32 32
Q63. A matrix B of order 2 is randomly selected from all the matrices of order 2 2 with entries 0 or
1. What is the probability of matrix B to be a diagonal matrix?
1 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 4 2 4
#WE-ARE-ON-MISSION
MATHMISSION FOR XII (2025-26)
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Detailed Theory with Examples
Subjective type Questions (Chapter-wise : 2, 3 & 5 Markers)
Selected H.O.T.S. Questions (from recent CBSE 2025 Exams)
COMPETENCY FOCUSED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choices Questions (Chapter-wise)
Assertion-Reason (A-R) Questions (Unit-wise)
Case Study / Passage Based Questions (Unit-wise)
ANSWERS of all Questions
This FREE PDF is being shared to HELP teachers and students of class XII.
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step-by-step Detailed solutions for all the questions of Exercises of Mathmission.
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In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Unit 1 (Relations & Functions)
Relations & Functions, Inverse Trig. Functions
Q01. Assertion (A) : The relation R {(a, b) : a b 2} on the set R of real nos. is not reflexive.
Reason (R) : A relation on a set A is reflexive if (a, a) R a A .
Q07. Assertion (A) : Let f : R R defined as f (x) x , here . represents the greatest integer
function. Then f is not one-one.
Reason (R) : A function is one-one if f () f () implies .
Q11. Assertion (A) : Number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, 4} to itself is 24.
Reason (R) : Onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, …, n} to itself is simply a permutation on n
symbols namely 1, 2, 3, …, n.
Q27. Assertion (A) : Inverse of sin x does not exist in x R .
Reason (R) : All trigonometric functions are many-one in their respective domain.
Q30. Assertion (A) : A function f shown below by the arrow diagram, is one-one.
Reason (R) : A function f : A B is one-one if f (α) f (β) implies α β for all α, β A .
Q38. X {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}.
P is a relation on X defined by P {(0, 2), (4, 2), (4, 6), (8, 6), (2, 4), (0, 4)}.
Assertion (A) : The relation P on set X is a transitive relation.
Reason (R) : The relation P has a subset of the form {(a , b), (b, c), (a , c)}, where a , b, c X.
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Q40. Assertion (A) : Domain of y cos1 (x) is 1, 1 .
Reason (R) : The range of the principal value branch of y cos1 (x) is [0, ] .
2
Unit 2 (Algebra)
Matrices, Determinants
Q01. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.
Assertion (A) : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Reason (R) : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
5 1
Q06. Assertion (A) : The inverse of A does not exist.
2 2
Reason (R) : Matrix A is non-singular.
2 3 1 4 5
Q30. Assertion (A) : If A and B then the product AB is of order 2 3 .
4 9 6 7 8
Reason (R) : For a null matrix, all of its elements are zero.
0 0 0
Q33. Assertion (A) : Matrix M 0 0 0 is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 0
Reason (R) : A diagonal matrix is a square matrix, in which all the non-diagonal elements are
zero.
4 0 0
Q34. Assertion (A) : For matrix M 0 3 0 , determinant value M 24 .
0 0 2
Reason (R) : For a diagonal matrix diag. a b c , the det. value is given by ‘ abc ’.
Q40. Assertion (A) : A system of three linear equations in three variables always has a unique
solution if the determinant of the coefficient matrix is non-zero.
a 0 0
Reason (R) : For a diagonal matrix X 0 b 0 , det.(X) 0 .
0 0 c
Unit 3 (Calculus)
Continuity & Differentiability, Applications of Derivatives,
Integrals, Application of Integrals, Differential Equations
Q01. Assertion (A) : f (x) log x is always continuous for all real values of x.
Reason (R) : A function is always continuous at all the points of its domain.
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dy
Q19. Assertion (A) : If y x e x , then x ex e x .
dx
d dv du
Reason (R) : (u v) u v .
dx dx dx
Q25. Assertion (A) : f (x) sin 2x 3 is defined for all real values of x.
Reason (R) : Maximum value of f (x) is 4 and minimum value is 2.
3
d 2 y dy
Q42. Assertion (A) : Order of differential equation log 2 x is 2.
dx dx
Reason (R) : Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative
appearing in the differential equation.
Q52. Assertion (A) : For y 9x 2 , x 0, y 1 and y 4 , the area of the closed region in the first
14
quadrant is Sq. units.
9
x 2 y2
Reason (R) : For the ellipse 1 , the area enclosed in first quadrant is 6 Sq. units.
9 4
8
10 x
Q60. Assertion (A) : dx 3 .
2 x 10 x
b b
Reason (R) : f (x) dx f (a b x) dx .
a a
Q62. Assertion (A) : The maximum value of the function f (x) x 5 , where x [1, 1] is attained at
its critical point, x 0.
Reason (R) : The maximum of a function can only occur at points where derivative is zero.
Unit 4 (Vectors & 3 D Geometry)
Vector Algebra, Three Dimensional Geometry
Q01. Assertion (A) : Value of 2 , if a b , where a 2iˆ 4ˆj 3 kˆ , b ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ .
Reason (R) : a .b 0 implies, a b , if a and b are non-zero vectors.
Q16. Assertion (A) : If a 2 ˆi 3jˆ 4kˆ then, a .a 29 .
2
Reason (R) : a .a a .
ˆ and r 2iˆ ˆj kˆ (3iˆ ˆj 2k)
Q25. Assertion (A) : r ˆi (2iˆ 3k) ˆ are perpendicular lines.
Reason (R) : For two perpendicular lines whose d.r.’s are a1 , b1 , c1 and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 , we must have
a1a 2 b1b 2 c1c 2 0 .
Q30. Assertion (A) : The shortest distance between the lines r 8iˆ 9ˆj 10kˆ (3iˆ 16ˆj 7k)
ˆ and
r 15iˆ 29ˆj 5kˆ (3iˆ 8jˆ 5k)
ˆ is given by 14 units .
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Reason (R) : The shortest distance between the parallel lines r a1 b and r a 2 b , is
b (a 2 a1 )
given by S.D. .
b
Q32. Assertion (A) : The lines r a1 b1 and r a 2 b 2 are perpendicular, when b1 b 2 0.
Reason (R) : The angle between the lines r a 1 b1 and r a 2 b 2 is given by the
b1 b 2
expression cos .
b1 b2
Q36. Assertion (A) : The acute angle between the line r i j 2k (i j) and the x-axis is 45o .
Reason (R) : The acute angle between the lines r x1 i y1 j z1 k (a1 i b1 j c1 k)
and
a1a 2 b1b 2 c1c 2
r x 2 i y 2 j z 2 k (a 2 i b 2 j c 2 k)
is given by cos .
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c 22
Q45. Assertion (A) : For a vector p , we always have p.p 0 .
Reason (R) : If OA x and OB y , then BA x y .
Unit 5 (Linear Programming)
Linear Programming Problems
Q01. Assertion (A) : In a particular LPP whose objective function is given as Z x y , the corner
points of the feasible region are found to be (25, 0), (0, 40) and (0, 0) and so, Zmax 40 .
Reason (R) : The maximum or minimum values of objective function occur at the corner point
of the feasible region.
Q08. Corner points of a LPP are given as O(0, 0), A(7, 0), B(3, 4) and C(0, 2).
2
Assertion (A) : Let Z px y and ZA ZC then, the value of p .
7
3
Reason (R) : If Z qx y and ZA 2 ZC , then value of q .
7
Q09. The corner points of the feasible region determined by
the system of linear constraints are as shown below.
Assertion (A) : Let Z x 2y be the objective function.
Then maximum value of Z occurs at B(6, 3).
Reason (R) : For the objective function Z x 2y ,
Zmax 11 .
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Unit 6 (Probability)
Probability
2 1 1 7
Q01. Assertion (A) : If P(A) , P(B) , P(A B) , then P(A | B) .
5 3 5 10
P(A B)
Reason (R) : P(A | B) , P(A B) P(A B) and P(E) 1 P(E) .
P(B)
Q17. Assertion (A) : Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting two heads, if it
1
is known that at least one head comes up, is .
3
P(E F)
Reason (R) : Let E and F be two events with a random experiment, then P(F | E) .
P(E)
Q20. If each element of a second order determinant is either 0 or 1, then the probability that the value
of the determinant is positive is given by P . Assume that the individual entries of the
1
determinant are chosen independently, each value being assumed with probability .
2
3
Assertion (A) : P .
16
a b
Reason (R) : For A , the value of det. (A) is given by expression ad bc .
c d
Q23. Assertion (A) : Suppose a function f : is defined by
x 2 , if x 1
f (x) .
2x 1, if x 1
Then, the probability that f is continuous at x 1 is zero.
Reason (R) : For a function to be continuous at a point, its left-hand limit, right-hand limit, and
value at that point must be equal.
Scan QR-Codes for more MCQs & Video Solutions
Matrices Determinants Relations & Functions Inverse Trig. Functions
Continuity & Diff. Application of Derivatives Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals
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YouTube channel - Mathematicia By O.P. Gupta theopgupta.com
Application of Integrals Differential Equations Vector Algebra 3 D Geometry
Linear Programming Probability
#WE-ARE-ON-MISSION
MATHMISSION FOR XII (2025-26)
For CBSE Board Exams Maths (041)
By O.P. Gupta (Indira Award Winner)
Detailed Theory with Examples
Subjective type Questions (Chapter-wise : 2, 3 & 5 Markers)
Selected H.O.T.S. Questions (from recent CBSE 2025 Exams)
COMPETENCY FOCUSED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choices Questions (Chapter-wise)
Assertion-Reason (A-R) Questions (Unit-wise)
Case Study / Passage Based Questions (Unit-wise)
ANSWERS of all Questions
This FREE PDF is being shared to HELP teachers and students of class XII.
We’ve added over 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) in our MATHMISSION FOR
XII Book by O.P. GUPTA (Latest Updated Edition for 2025-26).
SOLUTIONS FOR MATHMISSION (Printed book) is also available! This book contains
step-by-step Detailed solutions for all the questions of Exercises of Mathmission.
You can buy our books on Amazon / Flipkart or, message us on WhatsApp @ +919650350480.
For Bulk order related queries at Discounted Price, ,
Please contact by WhatsApp @ +91 9650350480 (only message) )
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By O.P. GUPTA
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Useful for CBSE Exams 2025-26
Unit I - Relations & Functions
Relations & Functions, Inverse Trig. Functions
Q01. In two different societies, there are some school going students - including girls as well as boys.
Satish forms two sets with these students, as his college project.
Let A a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 and B b1 , b2 , b3 , b4
where a i ’s and bi ’s are the school going students of
first and second society respectively.
Satish decides to explore these sets for various types
of relations and functions.
Using the information given above, answer the following.
(i) Satish wishes to know the number of reflexive relations defined on set A. How many
such relations are possible?
(ii) Let R : A A , where R {(x, y) : x and y are students of same sex} . Is the relation R
an equivalence relation? Justify.
(iii) Satish and his friend Rajat are interested to know the number of symmetric relations
defined on both the sets A and B, separately. Satish decides to find the symmetric
relation on set A, while Rajat decides to find the symmetric relation on set B. What is
difference between their results?
(iv) Let R : A B , R {(a1 , b1 ), (a1 , b 2 ), (a 2 , b1 ), (a 3 , b 3 ), (a 4 , b 2 ), (a 5 , b 2 )} . Then, is R onto
or one-one or both or none? Justify.
(v) To help Satish in his project, Rajat decides to form onto function from set A to B. How
many such functions are possible?
Q06. Rahul and Priyam are students of class XII.
They are standing on either side of a light-house of 20 meters high.
Rahul is standing at A and Priyam is at C. They observe its top at the angles of elevation and
respectively (as shown in the figure below).
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The distance between the two students is 30 meters and the distance between Rahul and the
light-house is 20 meters.
Based on the above information, answer the following.
(i) Find CAB.
(ii) Find the distance AB (as shown in the figure).
(iii) Find BCA.
(iv) Find ABC.
Q07. A general election of Lok Sabha is a gigantic exercise. About 911 million people were eligible
to vote and voter turnout was about 67%, the highest ever.
ONE - NATION
ONE - ELECTION
FESTIVAL OF DEMOCRACY
GENERAL ELECTION - 2019
Let I be the set of all citizens of India who were eligible to exercise their voting right in general
election held in 2019. A relation ‘R’ is defined on I as follows.
R (V1 , V2 ) : V1 , V2 I and both use their voting right in general election - 2019 .
Based on the above information, answer the following.
(i) Two friends X and Y I .
X and Y both exercised their voting right in the general election - 2019.
Then, state if (X, Y) R is true or not. Give reason.
(ii) Mr. ‘H’ and his wife ‘W’ both exercised their voting right in general election - 2019.
Then, state if the following statement is true or not. Give reason.
“If (H, W) R then, we may or may not have (W, H) R .”
(iii) Check if R is reflexive or, symmetric. Give reasons to support your answer.
(iv) Mr. Ghanshyam exercised his voting right in general election - 2019.
While his brother (having voting right), Mr. Radheshyam went to have fun at a nearby
mall. Can we have (Ghanshyam, Radheshyam) R ? Give reason.
If Miss. Radhika (having voting right) goes with Mr. Radheshyam to the mall skipping
the voting exercise, then is it correct to say (Radhika, Radheshyam) R ? Give reason.
Q15. Pratibha Vikas is an innovative program by the Government of Delhi, where cultural and
literacy competitions are held between schools at cluster, block, district and state levels.
One of those competitions - Yogasana, is conducted
under two categories : Middle school and High
school.
From South Delhi district, three students from
middle school and two students from high school
were selected for the state level.
Let M {m1 , m 2 , m 2 } and H {h1 , h 2 } , represent the set of students from middle school and
high school respectively who got selected for the state level from that district.
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A relation R : M M is defined by R {(x , y) : x and y are students from the same category}.
On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Check if the relation R is reflexive. Justify your answer.
(ii) Check if the relation R is symmetric. Justify your answer.
(iii) Check if the relation R is transitive. Is R an equivalence relation? Justify your answer.
(iv) Let a function f : M H is defined as f {(m1 , h1 ) , (m 2 , h 2 ) , (m3 , h 2 )} .
Check whether the function f is one-one and onto. Justify your answer.
Unit II - Algebra
Matrices, Determinants
Q01. Two farmers Ramkrishna and Hari Prasad cultivated three varieties of rice namely Basmati,
Permal and Naura.
Basmati Permal Naura
The sale (in Rupees) of these varieties of rice by both the farmers in the month of September and
October are given by the following matrices ‘A’ and ‘B’ :
September Sales (in Rupees) October Sales (in Rupees)
Basmati Permal Naura Basmati Permal Naura
10000 20000 30000 Ramkrishna 5000 10000 6000 Ramkrishna
A and, B
50000 30000 10000 Hari Prasad 20000 10000 10000 Hari Prasad
Based on the above information, answer the following.
(i) Write the matrix, which represents the combined sale in September and October for each
farmer in each variety.
(ii) Write the matrix, which represents the decrease in sales from September to October.
(iii) If the farmer Hari Prasad receives 2% profit on gross sales, then find the total profit
obtained in October.
(iv) If Ramkrishna receives 2% profit on gross sales, then find the total profit obtained in the
month of October.
(v) What is the difference in the total profit earned by both the farmers in the month of
September, if both the farmers receive 2% profit on gross sales?
Q08. Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a school in his village.
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When he was asked to give dimensions of the plot, he told that :
If its length is decreased by 50 m and breadth is increased by 50 m, then its area
will remain same,
If length is decreased by 10 m and breadth is decreased by 20 m, then its area will
decrease by 5300 m2.
For the information given above, answer the following.
(i) Assume that the length and breadth of the land be x and y (in metres) respectively. Find
the equations in terms of x and y.
(ii) Using matrices, represent the linear equations obtained above in (i).
(iii) Using matrices, determine the dimensions of the land (in metres). Also write the area of
the rectangular plot of land (in square metres).
(iv) Suppose that, Manjit gave the information about his plot in the following manner :
If its length is decreased by 50 m and breadth is increased by 50 m, then its area will
remain the same, but if length is decreased by 20 m and breadth is decreased by 10 m,
then its area will be decreased by 4800 m2. In this situation, what will be dimensions of
the plot? Assume that the length and breadth of the land be x and y (in metres)
respectively. Use matrices.
Q09. Gautam buys 5 pens, 3 bags and 1 instrument box and pays a sum of `160. From the same shop,
Vikram buys 2 pens, 1 bag and 3 instrument boxes and pays a sum of `190. Also Ankur buys 1
pen, 2 bags and 4 instrument boxes and pays a sum of `250.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Convert the given above situation into a matrix equation of the form AX B.
(ii) Find A .
(iii) Find A 1 .
(iv) Determine P A 2 5A.
Unit III - Calculus
Continuity & Differentiability, Applications Of Derivatives, Integrals,
Application Of Integrals, Differential Equations
Q01. Following is the pictorial description for a particular page, selected by a school administration.
The total area of the page is 150 cm2.
The combined width of the margin at the top and bottom is
3 cm and the side 2 cm.
Using the information given above, answer the following.
(i) Find the relation between x and y.
(ii) Find the area of page where printing can be done.
(iii) Find the area of the printable region of the page, in
terms of x.
(iv) For what value of ‘x’, the printable area of the page
is maximum? Use derivatives.
(v) What should be dimension of the page so that it has
maximum area to be printed?
Q02.Mr Shashi, who is an architect, designs a building for a small company.
The design of window on the ground floor is proposed to be different than other floors.
The window is in the shape of a rectangle which is surmounted by a semi-circular opening.
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This window is having a perimeter of 10 m as shown below.
Based on the above information answer the following.
(i) If 2x and 2y represents the length and breadth
of the rectangular portion of the windows, then
find the relation between the variables x and y.
(ii) Find the combined area (A) of the rectangular
region and semi-circular region of the window
expressed as a function of x.
(iii) Find the maximum value of area A, of the
whole window.
(iv) The owner of this small company is interested in maximizing the area of the whole
window so that maximum light input is possible.
For this to happen, find the length of rectangular portion of the window.
(v) In order to get the maximum light input through the whole window, find the area (in
terms of square meter) of only semi-circular opening of the window.
Q13. A fighter-jet of enemy is flying along the parabolic path y x 2 7 .
A soldier is assigned duty to shoot down the
fighter-jet.
Based on above information, answer the following.
(i) Assume that the soldier has located himself
safely at a point (3, 7). If he decides to
shoot down the fighter-jet when it is nearest
to him, then find the function f (x) which
determines the distance between the soldier
and fighter-jet.
2 du
(ii) If u f (x) then, find .
dx
d2u
(iii) Write .
dx 2
(iv) When the soldier shoots the fighter-jet, then find the distance between him and the
fighter-jet at that instant.
(v) What will be the position of fighter-jet on the parabolic path, when the soldier shoots it
down?
Q21. A company deals in casting and molding of metal on order received from its clients.
A given quantity of metal (1000 cubic units) is to be cast into a half cylinder with a rectangular
base and semicircular ends.
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Using the information given above, answer the following.
(i) Write an express for ‘h’, in terms of ‘r’.
(ii) Express the total surface area (A) of the half-cylinder, in terms of ‘r’.
dA
(iii) Find .
dr
(iv) For what value of r, the total surface area (A) will be minimum?
(v) What is the value of h : (2r) ?
Q29. A car starts from a point P at time t 0 seconds and stops at point Q.
t
The distance x, in the metres, covered by it, in t seconds is given by x t 2 2 .
3
Based on the given information, answer the following.
(i) Find the time taken by the car to reach Q. Use derivatives.
(ii) Find the distance between the points P and Q.
Q36. A tank, as shown in the figure below, formed using a combination of a cylinder and a cone,
offers better drainage as compared to a flat bottomed tank.
A tap is connected to such a tank whose conical part is full
of water. Water is dripping out from a tap at the bottom at
the uniform rate of 2 cm3 /s.
The semi-vertical angle of the conical tank is 45.
On the basis of given information, answer the following questions.
(i) Find the volume of water in the tank in terms of its radius r .
(ii) Find rate of change of radius at an instant when r 2 2 cm.
(iii) Find the rate at which the wet surface of the conical tank is decreasing at an instant when
radius r 2 2 cm.
(iv) Find the rate of change of height ‘h’ at an instant when slant height is 4 cm.
Q41. The equation of the path traced by a roller-coaster is given by the polynomial
f (x) a (x 9)(x 1)(x 3).
If the roller-coaster crosses y-axis at a point (0, 1), answer the following questions.
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(i) Find the value of ‘a’.
(ii) Find f (x) at x 1.
Q42. The relation between the height of the plant (‘y’ in cm) with respect to its exposure to the
sunlight is governed by the following equation
1
y 4x x 2 , where ‘x’ is the number of days exposed to the sunlight, for x 3.
2
Based on the above information, answer the following.
(i) Find the rate of growth of the plant with respect to
the number of days exposed to the sunlight.
(ii) Does the rate of growth of the plant increase or
decrease in the first three days? What will be the
height of the plant after 2 days?
Q54. Ramesh, the owner of a sweet selling shop, purchased some rectangular card board sheets of
dimension 25 cm by 40 cm to make container packets without top. Let x cm be the length of the
side of the square to be cut out from each corner to give that sheet the shape of the container by
folding up the flaps.
Based on the above information, answer the following equations.
(i) Express the volume (V) of each container as function of x only.
dV
(ii) Find .
dx
(iii) For what value of x, the volume of each container is maximum?
65
(iv) Check whether V has a point of inflection at x or not?
6
Unit IV - Vectors & 3 D Geometry
Vector Algebra, Three Dimensional Geometry
Q01. A butterfly is moving in a straight path in the space.
x 1 2 y z 3
Let this path be denoted by a line l whose equation is say.
2 3 4
Using the information given above, answer the following with reference to the line l.
(i) Write the position vector of the given point on the line.
(ii) What are the direction ratios of the line?
(iii) If the z-coordinate of a point on this line is 11, then write the x-coordinate of the same
point on this line.
(iv) Write the vector equation of the given line.
(v) Write a unit vector in the direction of the vector parallel to the given line.
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Q07. Two motorcycles A and B are running at the speed more than the allowed speed on the roads
ˆ and r (3iˆ 3j)
represented by the lines r (iˆ 2ˆj k) ˆ (2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ respectively.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
ˆ and r (3iˆ 3j)
(i) Write the direction ratios of the lines r (iˆ 2ˆj k) ˆ (2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ .
(ii) Write a point, through which the line r (3iˆ 3j) ˆ (2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ passes.
(iii) Find the shortest distance between the given lines. Check if the lines intersect each other.
(iv) Will the lines intersect each other? Find the point at which the motorcycles may collide.
Q08. Teams A, B and C went for playing a tug of war game. Teams A, B and C have attached a rope
to a metal ring and are trying to pull the ring into their own area.
Team A pulls with force F1 6i 0j kN.
Team B pulls with force F 4i 4j kN.
2
Team C pulls with force F3 3i 3j kN.
Based on the above information, answer the following.
(i) What is the magnitude of the force of Team A?
(ii) Which team will win the game?
(iii) Find the magnitude of the resultant force exerted by the teams.
(iv) In what direction is the ring getting pulled?
Unit VI - Probability
Probability
Q01. The members of a consulting firm rent cars from three rental agencies :
Agency X Agency Y Agency Z
50% from agency X, 30% from agency Y and 20% from agency Z.
From past experience, it is known that 9% of the cars from agency X need a service and tuning
before renting, 12% of cars from agency Y need a service and tuning before renting and 10% of
the cars from agency Z need a service and tuning before renting.
Assume that the rental car delivered to the firm needs service and tuning.
For the information given above, answer the following.
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(i) Find the probability that the cars need service and tuning, if it came from agency Y.
(ii) Find the probability that the cars need service and tuning, if it came from agency Z.
(iii) What is the probability that the car needs service and tuning?
(iv) If the rental car delivered to the firm need service and tuning, then find the probability
that agency X is to be blamed.
(v) If the rental car delivered to the firm need service and tuning, then find the probability
that agency Z is not to be blamed.
Q07. There are three categories of students in a class of 60 students :
A : Very hard working students
B : Regular but not so hard working
C : Careless and irregular.
It’s known that 10 students are in category A, 30 in category B and rest in category C.
It is also found that probability of students of category A, unable to get good marks in the final
year examination is, 0.002, of category B it is 0.02 and of category C, this probability is 0.20.
Based on the above information answer the following.
(i) If a student selected at random was found to be the one who could not get good marks in
the examination, then find the probability that this student is of category C.
(ii) Assume that a student selected at random was found to be the one who could not get
good marks in the examination. Then find the probability that this student is either of
category A or of category B.
(iii) Find the probability that the student is unable to get good marks in the examination.
(iv) A student selected at random was found to be the one who could not get good marks in
the examination. Then find the probability that this student is of category A.
(v) A student selected at random was found to be the one who could not get good marks in
the examination. Then find the probability that this student is NOT of category A.
Q18. Three persons A, B and C apply for the job of Manager in a Private Company.
Chances of their selection (A, B and C) are in the ratio
1 : 2 : 4.
The probabilities that A, B and C can introduce
changes to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5
and 0.3 respectively.
Based on the information given above, answer the following questions.
(i) If the change takes place in the company, then find the probability that it is due to the
appointment of C.
(ii) If the change takes place in the company, then find the probability that it is due to the
appointment of A.
(iii) If the change takes place in the company, then find the probability that it is due to the
appointment of B.
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(iv) Find the probability that the change takes place in the company.
(v) If the change does not take place, then determine the probability that it is due to the
appointment of C.
Q27. In a game of Archery, each ring of the Archery target is valued. The centre-most ring is worth 10
points and rest of the rings are allotted points 9 to 1 in sequential order moving outwards.
Archer A is likely to earn 10 points with a probability of 0.8 and Archer B is likely the earn 10
points with a probability of 0.9.
Based on the above information, answer the following.
(i) Write the probability that archer A does not earn 10 points.
(ii) Write the probability that archer B does not earn 10 points.
(iii) If both of them hit the Archery target, then find the probability that exactly one of them
earns 10 points.
(iv) If both of them hit the Archery target, then find the probability that both of them earn 10
points. Also, write the probability if none of them earns 10 point.
Q31. Read the following passage and the answer the questions given below.
A shopkeeper sells three types of flowers seeds A1 , A 2 and A 3 .
These are sold as mixture, where their proportions are 4:4:2 respectively.
Also their germination rates are 45%, 60% and 35% respectively.
Let A1 : seed A1 is chosen, A 2 : seed A2 is chosen and A 3 : seed A 3 is chosen 3 .
Also let E : seed germinates.
(i) Find P(A1 ), P(A 2 ) and P(A 3 ) .
(ii) Write P(E | A1 ) P(E | A 2 ) P(E | A 3 ) .
(iii) Find the probability of a randomly chosen seed to germinate. Express your answer in %.
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(iv) Calculate the probability that it is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does
not germinate.
Q38. Read the following passage and then answer the questions given below.
There are two anti craft guns, named as A
and B. The probabilities that the shell fired
from them hits an airplane are 0.3 and 0.2
respectively. Both of them fired one shell at
an airplane at the same time.
(i) What is the probability that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane?
(ii) If it is known that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane, then what is the
probability that it was fired from B?
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566 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics
CHAPTER 01
EXERCISE 1.1
Q01. 112, 2 6,3 4, 4 3, 6 2,12 1 Q02. (a) 26 Q01. (b) 29 Q01. (c) 81
1
3 1
0 1/3 1/2
1/3
0 1/5 0 2 0 5 8
Q03. (a) Q03. (b) Q03. (c)
1/2 1/5 0 3 0 0 7
3/5 1/3 1/7 1 1
3 3
1 1
Q04. (a) 10 Q04. (b) Q04. (c) Q04. (d) e 2x sin 2x Q05. 3
2 2
8 7
Q06. 2n, n Z Q07. Q08. diag 11 9 2
6 2
10
2 3
14 1 2 8
Q09. I Q10. X 4 Q11.
3 1 2 3
31 7
3 3
Q12. (a) x 1, y 2, z 3, a 4 Q12. (b) x 2, y 9 Q12. (c) x 1, 2; y 3 3 2
Q12. (d) a 2, b 7, c 1, x 3, y 5, z 2 Q13. (a) 10
Q13. (b) k 4, a 3 Q13. (c) 11 Q13. (d) 0
EXERCISE 1.2
3/4 7/4 1/4
1 7 12 1 6 6
Q01. (a) A ,B Q01. (b) 1 1 1/4
5 7 5 5 6 0
2 3/2 7/2
Q02. (a) x 4, 3; y 3, 4 Q02. (b) x 1, y 2
EXERCISE 1.3
1 0 0 0
Q01. a 2, b 3 Q02. 1 1 Q03. 18 Q04. A , B
0 0 0 1
1 0
Q05. Q06. I Q07. O Q08. (a) x 5, 3
0 1
Q08. (b) x 2, y 1 Q08. (c) 1 Q08. (d) x 0
1
Q09. 0 Q10. (a) I Q10. (b) A Q11.
5
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EXERCISE 1.4
9 1 10
1 2 5
Q01. 12 , 8 , 20
Q02. Q03. x 1, y 4 .
30 2 28 3 4 0
EXERCISE 1.5
Q01. x 2n , n Z Q03. (a) 5 2 Q03. (b) 3 4 Q04. (a) p 0, q 3
3
0 1/2 1
2 3 3 6
Q04. (b) a , b Q08. Skew-symmetric Q10. Q11. 1/2 0 1/2 .
3 2 6 9 1
1/2 0
EXERCISE 1.6
0 0 0 0 a b
3 3 0
Q02. Q03. a 2, b 1 Q06. 0 0 0 , a 0 c
6 4 2 0 0 0 b c 0
3 5
2 11/2 5/2 0 3/2 7/2
2 2 0 2
Q07. Q08. 11/2 3 3/2 3/2 0 7/2
3 5 5 0 5/2 3/2 4 7/2 7/2 0
2 2
EXERCISE 1.7
2 0 1
2 0 1 3/2
Q01. Q02. A B 9 2 3
1
Q03.
3 2 6 1 2 0 1/2
4 4 4
1
Q04. B 7 1 3
1
Q05. k 1 .
8
5 3 1
EXERCISE 1.8
1 1 1 1 2 3
Q01. x ,y ,z Q02.
2 6 3 7 1 5
2 1
5 0
5 3 1 1 3 4 5
1 3 1 1
Q03. (a) 0 Q03. (b) 1 3 1 Q04. 9 1 4
10 10 4 11
5 3 1
1
1 1 3
0 0
5
1 2
Q05. x 4, y 1 ; A 1
1 3
EXERCISE 1.9
1 1 3
1
Q01. (a) k Q02. 12 I Q03. 1 1 10
19
5 4 4
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 613
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1 1 3 1 1 3
118 93
Q06. Q07. 6 I Q08. 1 3 10 , 1 3 10
31 118 5 4 2 5 4 2
EXERCISE 1.10
School
Q01. The given information is expressed in matrix: A B
Appeared 25 35
Got through exam 20 20
Secured full marks 15 10
56 112
Q02. 7A . It represents the number of table fans and ceiling fans that the
224 336
manufacturing units x and y produce in 7 days.
Teachers 30 1500
Non-teaching staff 20 1000
Q03. Principal 1 , Number of posts of each type 50
Vice Principal 2 100
Peon 5 250
130 250 190
Q04. Q05. City C1 : ₹7250; City C2 : ₹6750
140 310 230
45 54 36
Q06. Q07. Team A : ₹25250; Team B : ₹30900
27 18 9
Q08. Vehicle V1 : ₹2040, Vehicle V2 : ₹2240, Vehicle V3 : ₹2310.
EXERCISE 1.11
Q01. (a) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 Q01. (b) 1 Q01. (c) p q r Q01. (d) 1
2 π π
Q02. (3)1/3 Q03. (a) Q03. (b) 2 Q03. (c) 6 Q04. , Q05. 0
3 6 2
Q06. a13M13 a 23 M 23 a 33M 33 Q07. 2 Q08. (a) 2x y 0
1
Q08. (c) x 12, 2 Q09. (a) 0 Q09. (b) Q10. 0
2
Q11. (a) 0 Q11. (b) 0 Q11. (c) 0 Q11. (d) 0 Q11. (e) 0 Q11. (f) 0
3 3 2
Q11. (g) 0 Q12. (a) 2(x y ) Q12. (b) x (x a b c) Q12. (c) 4xyz
EXERCISE 1.12
Q01. [2, 4] OR 2(1 sin 2 ) Q02. (a) 0 Q02. (b) 0 Q02. (c) 1 Q02. (d) xy
Q05. –2 Q06. x 3, y 4 Q08. 1 Q09. 0
EXERCISE 1.14
7 a
Q01. Q02. Q03. 0, 1 Q04. ax(3x 2a), 2ax 2a 2 , 2a 2
3 3
EXERCISE 1.15
1
Q01. (a) 40 Q01. (b) 5 Q01. (c) 25 Q01. (d) 8 Q01. (e) Q01. (f) 25 Q01. (g) k 3 A
10
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9 2
Q01. (h) Q01. (i) A Q01. (j) 27 Q01. (k) 25 Q01. (l) 162 Q02. (a) 3 Q02. (b) 17
2
x 1 0 0
π 1 2 3
Q02. (c) 2 Q02. (d) Q04. Q05. 0 y 1 0 Q06. 14 I3
3 19 5 2
0 0 z 1
Q07. –6 Q08. 2020
EXERCISE 1.16
2 0
191 110 1 1 1 4 1
Q01. (a) Q01. (b) Q02. Q04.
0 3 77 44 1 0
5 0 5
2
7 3 3 9 8 2
Q05. (b) 1 1 0 Q07. 8 7 2
1 0 1 5 4 1
5
2 1 4 2 3 2
Q08. (a) Q08. (b) Q08. (c)
1 1 1 1 2 0
3
6 2 2 0 1 cos sin 0
Q08. (d) 11 Q09. 5 1 0 Q10. sin cos 0
2 0 1 3 0
2 0 1
EXERCISE 1.17
21 1
Q01. (a) x , y (b) x 2, y 1, z 1 (c) x 2, y 1, z 3
5 5
(d) x 2, y 3, z 5 (e) x y z 1
3 22 7
1 96 40 24
Q02. A 1
5 16 9 ; x , y , z
62 31 31 31
11 2 5
8 2 2
1
1
Q03. A 7 0 7 ; x 2, y 1, z 0
14
2 4 4
Q04. AB 2 I; x 7, y 10 Q05. AB 4 I; x 1, y 2, z 1
1 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
5 7
Q06. 0 2 3 9 2 3 0 1 0 ; x 0, y 5, z 3 Q07. x , y 1, z
2 2
3 2 4 6 1 2 0 0 1
5 3k
Q08. (a) x , yk (b) x 2 k, y k, z k .
2
EXERCISE 1.18
Q01. (a) `5, `8, `8 Q01. (b) x y z 6, y 3z 11, x 2y z 0; x 1, y 2, z 3
Q02. Length 200 m and breadth 150 m
Q03. `300, `400, `500 For Tolerance, Kindness and Leadership, respectively.
Q04. 2000, 4400, 3600 (all in `) Q05. `880, `970, `500.
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Q06. Let x and y be the initial investments by Mr. Nakul Saini in bond A and bond B respectively.
2 3 x 80000
(i) (ii) x = `10000, y = `20000.
8 11 y 300000
Q07. `9900 in the City X and, `21200 in the City Y. Q08. 10%
st nd
Q09. Investment in 1 bond is `15000. And in 2 bond, it’s `20000. Q10. `25000
Q11. One English page : `10 and one Hindi page : `15 and, Charged from this poor boy : `65 less.
Q12. Amounts deposited : 1125, 1125, 4750 (in `) Q13. `7000, `6125, `7875; `21000
Q14. 24600 calories and 576 grams of proteins are needed for Family A and 15800 calories and 332
grams of proteins are needed for Family B.
Q15. Cost incurred by the organization for villages X, Y and Z respectively, are 30000, 23000 and
39000 (in `). Q16. `50500, `40800, `41600
Q17. `90,000 and `1,20,000. Q18. `200, `1000.
1 1
Q19. (h , k) (2, 3) , r 5 . Q20. a , b 8, c 1 ; y x 2 8x 1 .
2 2
2
Q21. a 1, b 3, c 2 ; y x 3x 2 ; x 1, 2 . Q22. `250, `300 and `775.
Q23. Orange juice : 2 litres, Beetroot juice : 3 litres, Kiwi juice : 1 litre.
CHAPTER 02
EXERCISE 2.1
Q01. No Q02. R (2, 2), (2,4),(2, 6),(2,8), (4,4),(4,8) ; Dom.(R) 2, 4, Range(R) 2, 4,6,8
Q03. R {(1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3,3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (6, 6)} .
Domain for R is {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} and Range of R is {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}.
Q04. Dom.(R) 3, 2, 1, 0 , Range(R) 0,1, 2,3, 4 .
Q05. Domain of R is {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6} and range of R is {5, 6, 7,8, 9,10} .
Q06. R (1,1), (2,8), (3, 27), (4, 64) , Domain of R is {1, 2, 3, 4} and Range of R is {1, 8, 27, 64}.
Q07. R 1 (1,1), (0, 2), (1,3), (3, 5) , Domain of R–1 is {–1, 0, 1, 3} and Range of R is {1, 2, 3, 5}.
Q08. Total 16 relations can be defined on A. These relations are as follows : ,{(1,1)}, {(1, 2)},{(2,1)},
{(2, 2)} ,{(1,1), (1, 2)}, {(1,1), (2,1)}, {(1,1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2,1)},{(1, 2),(2, 2)}, {(2,1), (2, 2)},
{(1,1), (1, 2), (2,1)},{(1,1), (1, 2), (2, 2)} , {(1,1), (2,1), (2, 2)} , {(1, 2), (2,1), (2, 2)} ,
{(1,1), (1, 2),(2,1), (2, 2)} .
EXERCISE 2.2
Q01. (a) {1, 2, 3} Q01. (b) {0, 2, 4} Q01. (c) R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
Q01. (d) {8, 27} Q01. (e) [1] = [3] = [5] = {1, 3, 5}, [2] = [4] = {2, 4}
Q01. (f) [(2, 3)] {(1, 2), (2,3), (3, 4)}
Q01. (g) [3] {3,12, 27, 48} .
Q04. R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
Q05. R is neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive. Q06. R is not an equivalence relation.
Q07. R is neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive.
Q08. R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. Q11. {1, 5, 9} Q20. {1}
Q21. R is reflexive but R is non symmetric and non transitive.
Q24. [(2, 5)] = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8), (6,9)} Q27. R is an equivalence relation.
Q29. R is reflexive, R is not symmetric, R is transitive.
Q31. Number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is two. Q32. One
Q33. R1 {(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3)}, R 2 {(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3), (1, 2), (2,1)} , R 3 {(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3), (1,3), (3,1)} ,
R 4 {(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3), (2, 3), (3, 2)} , R 5 {(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3), (1, 2), (2,1),(3,1), (1,3), (2,3), (3, 2)} .
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EXERCISE 2.3
Q01. (2x 1)2 , 2x 2 1 Q02. | 5x 2 | , 5 | x | 2 Q03. sin 2 x, sin x 2
Q04. (a) x 4 6x 3 10x 2 3x Q04. (b) x
Q05. (a) fog : R R, fog x 4x 2 6x 1 Q05. (b) gof : R R, gof x 2x 2 6x 1
Q05. (c) fof : R R, fof x x 4 6x 3 14x 2 15x 5
Q05. (d) gog : R R, gog x 4x 9 Q06. f x sin x and, g x x 2 .
Q07. (a) 1 sin 2 x, sin(x 2 1) Q07. (b) fog {(2, 5), (5, 2), (1,5)} .
Q08. {(2, 7), (3, 7), (4, 11), (5, 11)}
0, if x 0
Q09. Value of fog and gof 0 x R .
4x, if x 0
Q10. gof {(1, 2), (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 2)}
EXERCISE 2.4
Q01. 1, 1 Q02. 3! i.e., 6.
Q03. (a) 9 Q03. (b) 8 Q03. (c) 60 Q03. (d) 0 Q03. (e) n!
Q04. Horizontal Line Test: The graph (b) represents the one-one function of x, because horizontal
line drawn in (b) meets the graph at only one point.
Q05. Vertical Line Test: The graph of (a) represents the function of x, because vertical line drawn in
(a) meets the graph at only one point i.e., for one x in domain there exists only one f (x) in
codomain.
Q06. f is not one-one Q09. f is one-one Q10. f is not surjective
Q22. One-one and onto both Q32. Function is invertible Q37. Function f is not one-one
Q42. Not one-one.
EXERCISE 2.5
Q01. (a) One-one and onto both. Q01. (b) f is neither one-one nor onto.
Q01. (c) One-one and onto both. Q02. (a) (, )
Q02. (b) [0, 1] Q02. (c) R–{0} Q02. (d) 3,
1 1
Q02. (e) 2, 0 0,1 Q03. (a) ,1 Q03. (b) , 0 ,
3 3
Q03. (c) 1 Q03. (d) 1, 1
8
Q04. (a) (, 2) [4, ) Q04. (b) [1, 2] Q05. , (0, )
25
1
Q06. (, 1] , .
3
CHAPTER 03
EXERCISE 3.1
π π π π 3π π
Q01. a) b) c) d) e) f)
6 4 6 6 4 4
π 2π π π π
g) h) i) j) k) π l)
3 3 3 6 2
π π π π π π
Q02. a) b) c) d) e) f)
2 2 12 3 3 3
3π π π
g) h) 0 i) j)
4 6 2
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Q03. Below are the ranges of inverse trigonometric functions other than their principal branch :
3π π π 3π
1. For sin 1 x , , , , etc.
2 2 2 2
2. For cos1 x , , 0 , , 2 etc.
3 3
3. For cos ec1x , , , , etc.
2 2 2 2
3
4. For sec 1 x , , 0 , , 2 etc.
2 2
3π π π 3π
5. For tan 1x , , , , etc.
2 2 2 2
6. For cot 1 x , , 0 , , 2 etc.
1 1
Q04. (a) – , Q04. (b) |x| 1 i.e., x ∈ [–1, 1]
2 2
Q04. (c) x [ 5, 3] [ 3, 5] Q04. (d) x R [1,1] i.e., [–1, 1]
π 3π
Q05. 1, 1 , , Q09. Range , Q10. Range , .
4 4 4 4 2
EXERCISE 3.2
π π π 2π
Q01. a) π b) c) d) e)
3 6 6 5
π π π 3π
f) g) h) i) j) 2
5 4 6 5
π
k) 3π 10 l) 3 m) 80o n)
6
7 24
Q02. a) 0 b) 0 c) d) 1 e)
17 25
π 5 3π 17
f) g) h) i)
4 12 4 6
1 2 6
Q03. x ,1 Q05. Q06. 7 2 Q07.
2 5 2
1 7
Q08. (a) x ( , 1) (b) x , 0 (c) x 1, .
4 4
EXERCISE 3.3
x x
Q02. a) sec 1 x, if x 1; sec 1 x, if x 1b) , if x 0; , if 0 x
2 2
1 4 x
c) tan 1 x d) x tan 1 e) sin 1
2 3 a
x x 3 3
f) , if x , and , if x ,
4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
1 x
g) x h) sin 1 x sin 1 x i) tan 1 x j) 3 tan 1
4 2 a
1 1 x
k) tan 1 x l) 1 x 2 m) sin 1 x n) cos1
4 2 4 2 a
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x
o) tan 1 p)
a 4
1 1 1
Q04 a) 0 b) c) d) e) 1, 0,1 f) 1
5 3 6
5 1 3 2
g) 3 h) i) j) 15 k) 4 l)
3 2 3
1 1 1 5
m) n) 0, o) 13 p) q)
3 2 2 3
EXERCISE 3.4
3
Q02. 1 Q04. Q06. tan 2 3 Q09. 1 x 2
29 12
11 3 1
Q11. Q12. 1 Q14. , 1
11 3 2
2 52 1
Q15. Least value , Greatest value Q16.
8 4 12
1
Q17. 0, –1 Q18. .
2 2
CHAPTER 04
EXERCISE 4.1
Q01. Continuous Q02. Continuous Q03. Continuous everywhere in its domain
Q04. Continuous Q05. Continuous Q06. Continuous everywhere in its domain
1
Q07. Continuous everywhere in its domain x (0, ) 1 . Q08. x R {0} Q09. x 0,
3
5
Q10. Q11. Discontinuous Q12. Continuous
3
3
Q13. Point of discontinuity : x = 1 Q14. 3 Q15.
4
Q16. 10 Q17. 4 Q18. x 0 Q19. 1/2
EXERCISE 4.2
Q01. Continuous Q02. Continuous Q03. Continuous Q04. Discontinuous
Q05. Discontinuous Q06. Discontinuous Q07. 1 Q08. –4
1
Q09. a 3, b 8 Q10. Q11. a 1, b 1 Q12. a 3, b 2
2
2
Q13. 3a 3b 2 Q14. Q16. Discontinuous Q18. 9
2
Q19. Q20. a 2, b 1
EXERCISE 4.3
π π
Q02. a 3, b 2 Q03. a , b Q05. Yes Q06. No, 1
6 12
1
Q07. 8 Q08. Discontinuous Q09. Q13. Differentiable
2
Q14. Not Differentiable Q15. a 3, b 5 Q16. p (0,1] Q19. All integers (Z)
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3 1 1 1
Q22. p , q Q23. 20, 107 Q24. p Q26.
2 2 2 4 3
1
Q27. Q28. a 1, b 1 2; a 1, b 1 Q29. a 4, b 4
2
Q30. Continuous at x = 0 & x = 1 and, non differentiable at x 0 & x 1
Q31. No point of discontinuity on [–1, 1] Q32. Continuous at x = 1 & non differentiable at x = 2
Q33. 3 and, non differentiable at x 0 Q34. non differentiable at x 1 & differentiable at x 2
1 1 1
Q35. p , q 4 Q36. k Q38. a 1, b 4 Q40. a 1, b 0, p , q 1 .
2 2 3
EXERCISE 4.4
Please note that the answers/ hints for this section are intentionally not given since you have studied
this in your previous class in the Chapter 13 on Limits & Derivatives (Class XI).
Besides, if you wish to verify your answers, you may consult with your teacher.
EXERCISE 4.5
3a 1 2x 1 1
Q01. 2 Q02. Q03.
a x2 1 x2 1 x4 2 x x2 1 x2
5a(a 2 6x 2 ) 1 6x 2 1 1 1
Q04. Q05. Q06. Q07.
(a 2 9x 2 )(a 2 4x 2 ) (1 9x 2 )(1 4x 2 ) 2 x (1 x) 1 x
2
1 x2
1 1 2
Q08. Q09. Q10.
2 1 x 2
2 1 x2 1 x2
1 1 1 2
Q11. Q12. Q13. Q14.
2(1 x 2 ) 2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
2 2 x 1 1
Q15. Q16. 2x Q17. log 2 Q18.
1 x2 1 4x 2
1 1 1 1
Q19. Q20. Q21. Q22.
2 2 1 x 2 1 x2
2 2 2
Q23. (a) Q23. (b) Q23. (c)
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
1 1 x 2
Q24. Q25. Q26. .
1 x2 2 x 1 x 1 x4 1 x2
EXERCISE 4.6
1 ab cos x
Q01. Q02. sec x Q03. sec 2x Q04.
x a2
2 a b 2 sin 2 x
2
2 2ab cos x ab sin x
Q05. 1 sec x Q06. 2sec 2x Q07. 2 2 2
Q08. 2
x a b sin x b cos 2 x a 2
2
x 1 cosec 2 x 1 5x 3 x 2
2 2sin 4x 6
Q09. Q10.
3
x sin x cos x x2 a2 x 1 1 x 2 3x(1 x )
4 2
Q11. 4 2
Q12.
x x 1 1 x4
1 (x 1)(x 2) 1 1 1 1 1
Q13.
2 (x 3)(x 4)(x 5) x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
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x 1
1 x2 1 1 2
x x 1 x 2 1
Q14. x 2 log x x x 2 2 log x
x x 1 x x x
1
1 cos x log x 1
Q15. x cos x
x 1 x2 2 x x 2
x 2
sin x cos x
sin x cosx x (1 log x) 2 tan x sec x
Q16. x cos x sin x log x
x x x sec 2 x
Q17. cos(x x ) x x 1 log x (cos x) x log cos x x tan x
x 1
Q18. 2x log x 1 log x log x log log x
log x
1
2 ecos x tan x 4
Q19. Q20. x tan x log x sec 2 x x x 2
1 x2 1 x2 x (e e )
x 1/x x cot x 1 log(x sin x)
Q21. x cos x 1 x tan x log x cos x x sin x
x2
x x (1 log x) sin x cos x (cos x cot x sin x log sin x)
Q22.
x x sin x cos x
2 2
Q23. e ax cos(x log x)(1 log x) 2a xe ax sin(x log x) Q24. x2 a2
5(3 x) log10 e
Q25. x2 a2 Q26. a2 x2 Q27. 5/3
3(1 x) x 1 (log10 x)2
cos 1 (x 1)
1 ( x 1) log x 2
Q28. x cos 2
x 2x x (x 1)
2
yx y 1 y x log y y x log y y x y 1 x x (1 log x)
Q29. (a) x 1 Q29. (b)
xy x y log x x y x 1 x y log x
y cot x cosec 2 x log y y(tan 1 x) y1 (1 x 2 )1
Q30. Q31. 1
(tan 1 x) y log tan 1 x cot x ycot x 1
EXERCISE 4.7
(x y)y 3x 2 2xy y cos(xy) sec 2 (x y) cos y y cos x
Q01. Q02. Q03.
(x y)x x 2 x cos(xy) sin x x sin y sec2 (x y)
y y2 y 2 cot x
Q04. Q05. Q06.
x 2x(1 log y) 1 y log sin x
sin x y 4x 3 4xy 2
Q07. Q10.
1 2y 4x 2 y 4y3 x
EXERCISE 4.8
x t(e t sin t)
Q01. Q02. 1 Q03. 1 Q04. tan Q05. cot t Q06.
y 1 t cos t
1 t2 (sec t) (cosec2 t) 8
Q07. Q08. 0 Q09. (a) Q09. (b) Q10. 4(5 3 3)
1 t 2 a 9a
1 1 x 2 1 1 1
Q11. Q12. 4 Q13. Q14. Q15.
2 1 4x 2 2 2 4x(1 x 2 )
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1 1 1 1 1
Q16. Q17. 2 Q18. if 0 x ; if x 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
Q19. , if we substitute x sin θ ; , if we substitute x cos θ
2 2
1 1
Q20. , if we substitute x tan θ ; , if we substitute x cot θ Q21. 4
4 4
sin x x cos x 8 2 sec3 2t
Q22. Q29. (a) Q29. (b) Q30. 1
sin 2 x cos x aπ 2at
3 b
Q32. Q34. 1 Q35. 2
2 a
EXERCISE 4.9
Q01. 0 Q02. (x log x) 1 Q03. 0
Q05. It is true only for positive values of x because for log x to be defined, x must be greater than zero.
1 3
Q06. Q07. 2 cos x o sin x o Q08. cot x
e 180 2
x x 2ln(ln x)
Q09. f '(x) Q10. 3 Q11. 1 Q12. Q13. 2cot x
x2 x x ln x
log 5 e
Q14. 0 Q15. 0 Q16. Q17. 5x 4 Q18. 0 Q19. 0
x log x
1 log10 e
Q20. Q21. Q22. 5 Q24. 8 .
4 x(1 x)sin 1 x x
EXERCISE 4.10
1 x x
Q01. sec 2 y tan y Q02. cosec x(cot 2 x cosec 2 x) Q03. cosec 2 cot
2 2 2
2 1 x 1
Q17. esin x 2 tan 1 sin 2x Q38. a x log e a Q45. 0
1 x 1 x 2 cos1 x
2 2
2x 1 2(1 x x)
Q66. 27log3 6 Q67. sin 2
2 2
Q73. x 2(1 tan log x) sec 2 log x
1 x (1 x )
x 1 2
Q74. (a) (x x ) x .x[1 2 log x] Q74. (b) x x . x x log x (log x) 2 Q76. 1 Q77. .
x 5
CHAPTER 05
EXERCISE 5.1
7 π 27 2
Q01. 1200π cm 2 /s Q02. cm 2 /s Q03. Q04. π 2x 1
3 3 8
Q05. 56π cm 2 /s 2
Q06. 64 cm /min, 16 cm/min Q07. 5cm 2 /min, 2cm/min
1 2 32 4
Q08. cm/s Q09. (a) cm/s Q09. (b) cm/s Q10. cm/min
48π 4π 27π 9π
35 147
Q11. m/hr Q12. π cm3 /s Q14. 400π cm3 /cm Q15. 48 units 2 /s
88 2
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5 1 1 3
Q16. (a) 1, , 1, Q16. (b) (2, 4) Q16. (c) ,
3 3 2 4
8
Q17. (a) 1 m/sec Q17. (b) 4 m/sec Q18. 2.5 km/hr Q19. m/s
3
32
Q21. b 3 cm 2 /s Q22. t 4sec, x m Q23. 8 cm/s2 Q24. 2x 2 3x 1
3
Q26. 1 sec, 4 sec Q27. `18.315 Q28. `260 Q29. 30.255 Q30. 0
1
Q31. 112 Q32. 2 m/sec Q33. cm/sec Q34. 20 3 cm 2s 1
1 3
Q35. 2 2 v units/sec Q36. radians/sec Q37. m/min .
20 π
EXERCISE 5.2
Q01. Increasing : (, 2] [4, ); Decreasing :[2, 4]
Q02. Increasing :[2, 1]; Decreasing : (, 2] [1, )
Q03. Increasing :[1, 2] [3, ); Decreasing : (,1] [2,3]
12 12
Q04. Increasing : (, 2] , ; Decreasing : 2,
5 5
Q05. Increasing :[1, ); Decreasing : (,1]
3 7 3 7
Q06. Increasing : 0, , 2 ; Decreasing : ,
4 4 4 4
Q07. Increasing : 0, ; Decreasing : ,
6 6 2
3 3 π
Q08. Increasing : , , ; Decreasing : 0, , Q09. Increasing : 0,
4 2 4 4 2 4 2
Q10. Increasing : (, 2] [2, ); Decreasing :[2, 2] 0
1 1 1 1
Q11. Increasing : , , ; Decreasing : , 0 0,
2 2 2 2
Q12. Increasing : (2,3]; Decreasing :[3, ) Q13. Increasing : (1, )
π
Q14. Increasing :[0, ); Decreasing : (1, 0] Q15. Increasing : , ; Decreasing : 0,
4 2 4
3 3
Q16. Increasing : 0, , 2 ; Decreasing : ,
2 2 2 2
1
Q19. Increasing :[e, ); Decreasing : (0, e] 1 Q20. k 0, Q21. a 2
3
1 1
Q22. k 2 Q23. a 0 Q27. Increasing : , ; Decreasing : 0,
e e
Q28. Increasing : (, 1]; Decreasing :[1, )
Q32. Increasing : (2, 1) (3, ); Decreasing : (, 2) (1, 3)
Q33. Increasing :[0, 2]; Decreasing : (, 0] [2, )
1 1 1 1
Q35. Increasing : , 0 , ; Decreasing : , 0, Q36. R 1
2 2 2 2
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π 7 11 π 7π 11
Q37. Strictly increasing in 0, and , and strictly decreasing in , and , .
4 12 12 4 12 12
1
Q39. Increasing : 0, Q40. Increasing : , 1
2
Q41. Yes, as I (x) 0 x R Q42. Neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing.
1
Q43. x ,
4
EXERCISE 5.3
Q01. a) Min.Value 3 b) Min.Value 4
c) Min.Value 1 d) Max.Value sin(1), Min.Value sin(1)
e) Max.Value 4, Min.Value 2 f) Both do not exist
g) Min.Value 24 h) Max.Value 2
i) Max.Value 4, Min.Value 2 j) Max.Value 3, Min.Value doesn’t exist
π π
Q02. a) Local Max. at x , f 2
4 4
3 3 7 7
b) Local Max.at x , f 2 ; Local Min.at x , f 2
4 4 4 4
1 1 3456
c) Local Max.at x 1, f (1) 0; Local Min.at x , f ,
5 5 3125
Also, Point of Inflexion at x 1 .
2 2 2 3
d) Local Max.at x , f
3 3 9
e) Local Min.at x 2, f 2 2
f) Local Min.at x , f 2
4 4
g) Local Max.at x 1, f 1 4; Local Min.at x 3, f 3 8
3 3
h) Local Max.at x ,f ; Local Min.at x , f
6 6 2 6 6 6 2 6
5
Q03. a) Absolute Max. 2, Absolute Min. 1 b) Absolute Max. , Absolute Min. 1
4
9
c) Absolute Max. 2 , Absolute Min. 0 d) Absolute Max. 18, Absolute Min.
4
2 3
e) Absolute Max. 8, Absolute Min. 10 f) Absolute Max. 14 2 , Absolute Min.
9
3 1
Q04. (a) Local Max.at x , f ; Local Min.at x , f
6 6 4 2 2 2
π π 1
(b) Local Min.at x , f
4 4 2
(c) Local Max.at x , f 3 ; Local Min.at x , f 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
624 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics
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3 3
(d) Local Max.at x ,f ; Local Min.at x , f
6 6 2 6 6 6 6 2
1
(e) Local Max.at x 2, f 2
2
295 231
Q05. Local Max.at x 0, 5, f 0 105, f 5 ; Local Min.at x 3, f 3
4 4
1
Q06. a 2, b
2
π 5π π 3π
Q08. (a) Max.at x , ; Min.at x , Q08. (b) Max.Value f (1) e 1
6 6 2 2
Q09. (a) a 3, b 9, c R Q09. (b) m 2 Q11. a 120 .
4 4
Q12. Strictly increasing in (, 2) and , and strictly decreasing in 2, .
5 5
4
Also x 2 is a point of local maximum and x is a point of local minimum.
5
EXERCISE 5.4
r
Q01. 8, 8 Q02. 420 Q03. 50 items Q07. l 2 r, b , Area r 2
2
4R
Q11. Q12. 2048π cm3 Q13. (a) (–2, –8)
3
4c 1 3 2
Q13. (b) (4, –4) Q14. units Q15. units Q16. 5 units
2 8
h2
Q17. (a) 4 cm, 1024 cm3 Q17. (b) 5 cm Q18. sq.units
4
160 120 3 112 28
Q19. (5 5 2) m Q20. (a) cm, cm Q20. (b) cm, cm
3 34 3 34 4 4
20 60 3
Q20. (c) m, m Q20. (d) 16 cm, 18 cm; Area : 34 cm2
3 3 3 3
5 π ab 1000 3
Q21. cm each Q23. , Area sq.units Q26. m
2 2 2 27π
100 100
Q27. r 3 ,h3 Q29. (b) Length of square base 3 cm and height of the box 1.5 cm.
1/3
4πR 3 50
Q30. units3 Q33. 75 3 cm 2 Q34. r , h 2r
3 3 π
Q38. Maximum profit Rs.76/- when x = 240. For charity Rs.7.60/-
2x 3 2π
Q39. 7 cm Q41. Radius = 4 cm and height = 8 cm. Q42. 1 cubic units
3 27
Q43. Four hours per day. Q46. Length: 15 cm, Breadth: 10 cm.
3 3ab
Q47. 2c ab Q49.10 m Q50. (a) units 2
4
20 10
Q50. (b) 2ab units 2 Q52. 2 : 1 Q53. (a) l : m, b : m
π4 π4
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 625
MATHMISSION FOR XII (Answers) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
12 18 6 3 1 π
Q53. (b) l : m, b : m Q55. t 0.04 , I 50
6 3 6 3 100π 2
1 2 x3 334
Q56. (b) x sq.units Q58. 100x x 2 , 6x 2 11x 50 ; x 11, Max. Profit
2 3 3
Q59. (a) Rs.1000/- Q59. (b) Rs.1920/- Q61. Rs.100/-.
CHAPTER 06
EXERCISE 6.1
Type A
x2 1 x3 x x2
Q01. log | x | 3 Q02. tan x 16x 9 cot x C Q03. 2x C Q04. C
2 x 3 2 2
2
2 x
Q05. x 5/ 2 4x 3/ 2 18 x k Q06. 2x log x k
5 2
2 x3 1 x 1 x3
Q07. (x 3)3/ 2 (x 2)3/ 2 k Q08. x log k Q09. k
3 3 2 x 1 3
a 3x 3 180
Q10. k Q11. sec x o k Q12. sec x cosec x k
3log a
Q13. log 1 cos x k Q04. 2 cos x 2x sin k Q15. 2sin x x k
11 1
Q16. x sin 2x 9 cot x k Q17. 2 tan x 3sec x k Q18. tan x tan 1 x k
2 4
x2 x x 2 x2
Q19. x k Q20. k Q21. x k Q22. sin 1 x k
4 4 2 4 4 4
Q23. , Integral constant Q24. p , q Integral constant Q25. 6x C .
4 4
EXERCISE 6.2
Type B
1 5/ 2 11 3/2 1 1
Q01. 2x 1 2x 1 k Q02. (30x 176) 3x 7 k Q03. log x 1 k
2 6 27 x 1
1 1 log x
Q04. cos(7 4x 2 ) k Q05. 4 (log x)2 log x 2sin 1 k
8 2 2
2
Q06. log 1 3 x k Q07. 2 log sec e x tan e x k Q08. log log log x k
3
2
1 6 1 1 1
Q09. e log x log x k Q10. cos 1 (log x) 2 k Q11. log 1 k
6 2 2 x
x 1 2x 1 tan 1 3x
Q12. log x log tan k Q13. 3
.22 k Q14. e k
2 log 2 3
1 1 1 1
Q15. sin cot 1 x 3 k Q16. (3x cot x ) k Q17. k
3 log 3 sin x cos x
1 2 2 2 2 1 1 cos 2 2x 2
Q18. 2 2
log a sin x b cos x k Q19. sin k Q20. 2 x cos x k
2(a b ) 4 3
Q21. log x log cos x k Q22. 2 cot x k Q23. tan x 2 C
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1 3 1
Q24. sin e x k Q25. cot (xe x ) xe x k Q26. cot k
3 x
2 11/2 4 7/ 2 2 3/2 1 3/ 2
Q27. sin x sin x sin x k Q28. 1 sin 6x k
11 7 3 9
2
Q29. tan 5/ 2 x k Q30. 2 e x 1 tan 1 e x 1 k Q31. sec 1 x k
5
3/ 2
2 2 2 2 x
Q32. (1 x 3 )3/ 2 (1 x 3 )1/2 k
9 3 n
3
Q33. log x log 1 1 x n k Q34. sin 1
a
C
1/4 2/5
1/3 2/3 1 1 1
Q35. 3log x x 4 k Q36. 1 4 k Q37. 1 5 C
x 2 x
5/ 4
4 1 2 1 2
Q38. 1 3
15 x
k Q39.
a a
(a 1) log 1 ax (2 a) 1 ax 2
1
ax k
1 x 1
Q40. 2 k Q41. sin 2 (x 2 1) k Q42. 2 9 sin 1 x k
a a2 x2 2
1 (1 x)24 (1 24x)
Q43. log x e e x k Q44. k Q45. log cos x x sin x C
e 600
1 x 2023x 1 3x
Q46. k Q47. C Q48. x xx C
2(1 cos x) 2 2023 3
n 1 n 1
1 x
1 x 2
x 1 x 2
2
Q50. 2
a
Q49.
2 n 1
n 1
C
b log a b cos x a b cos x k
x 2
Q51. log C Q52. sin 1 (cos3/2 x) k Q53. log sin x sin x k
x sin x 3
Type C
2
x 3
1 1 13 13 49 1
Q01. sin k Q02. log x x k Q03. sin 1 4x 1 k
4 3 6 6 36 2
xa ab 1 3 2x
Q04. sin 1 k Q05. log x x a x b k Q06. log k
a 2 5 1 x
1 1 ex 1 1 2x 2 1
Q07. tan 1 2e x k Q08. log x k Q09. tan 1 k
2 4 e 5 3 3
2 log x 1
Q10. log k Q11. log sin x 1 sin 2 x 2sin x 3 k
3log x 2
2 1 1 4 3cos2 x
Q12. log log x log x 9 k Q13. log x 3 x 6 a 6 k Q14. log k
3 48 4 3cos 2 x
2 2cot x 1 1 2 sin x 5
Q15. tan 1 k Q16. log k Q17. 3log x 1 k
39 39 2 2 2 sin x x 1
1 7
Q18. log x log 5x 8 k Q19. 2 x 2 4x 5 7 log x 2 x 2 4x 5 k
8 8
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 627
MATHMISSION FOR XII (Answers) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
2x 1
Q20. 2sin 1 2
2 6 xx k
5
a a
Q21. ax x 2 log x x 2 ax C OR x a tan 2 ax x 2 a log a x x k
2 2
1 1 1 1
Q22. x x 2 log x x x 2 k Q23. 1 x 2 log 1 k
2 2 x2 x
x2 1
Q24. 8sin 1 256 x 4 k Q25. sin 1 x 1 x 2 k
16 2
1 1
Q26. sin 1 5x 1 25x 2 k Q27. x 2 x 2 4x 8 2 log x 2 x 2 4x 8 k
5 2
x6 1 2x 7 9 2x 7
Q28. x 5 7 x sin 1 x 6 k Q29. 2 7x 10 x 2 sin 1 k
2 2 4 8 3
1 x 2a
Q30. x 2a 4ax x 2 2a 2 sin 1 k
2 2a
1 5 3
Q31. (2x 2 3) x 4 3x 2 1 log x 2 x 4 3x 2 1 k
8 16 2
1 1 1 1 5 2x 1
Q32. (1 x x 2 )3/ 2 x 1 x x 2 sin 1 k
3 2 2 2 8 5
2 2 1
Q33. (x 4x 3)3/2 x 2 x 2 4x 3 log x 2 x 2 4x 3 k
3 2
3 (sin x 2) sin 2 x 4sin x + 5
4 2 2
7 C
Q34. [sin x 4sin x + 5]
3 2 log sin x 2 sin 2 x 4sin x + 5
3 1 x
Q35. sin x 1 x2 3 1 x 2 C .
2 2
EXERCISE 6.3
Type D
sin 4x sin10x cos x cos 3x 1 sin 6x sin 4x sin 2x
Q01. k Q02. k Q03. x k
8 20 2 6 4 6 4 2
cos 6x cos 4x cos 2x 2
Q04. k Q05. sin 3x 2 sin x k
24 16 8 3
1 1 1
Q06. log sec3x log sec 2x log sec x k Q07. log sec 2x log sec(x ) log sec(x ) k
3 2 2
3 sin 4x sin 2x 1 sin 8x
Q08. x k Q09. sin 2x x C Q10. 3x sin 4x k
8 32 4 128 8
1 1 1
Q11. cot 3 x cot x x k Q12. tan 3 x tan x x k Q13. tan 3 x tan x k
3 3 3
1 2 1 cos 3x 3cos x
Q14. tan 5 x tan 3 x tan x k Q15. cos3 x cos x k OR k
5 3 3 12 4
1 2 1 cos 6x 1 cos3 2x
Q16. cos5 x cos3 x cos x k Q17. 3cos 2x k OR cos 2x k
5 3 64 3 16 3
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1
Q18. tan 2 x log sec x k Q19. x cos a sin a log cos(x a) k
2
Q20. x cos a sin a log sin x k Q21. x cos(b a) sin(b a) log sin(x b) k
1 1
Q22. x cos 2a sin 2a log sin (x a) k Q23. log sin 3x log sin 5x k
3 5
1 sin(x a) 1 cos(x a)
Q24. log k Q25. log k
cos(a b) cos(x b) sin(a b) cos(x b)
1 sin(x a) 1 cos(x b)
Q26. log k Q27. log k
sin(a b) sin(x b) sin(a b) cos(x a)
x
x 1 5 tan x 1 3 tan 1
1 2
Q28. tan 1 1 tan k Q29. log k Q30. log k
2 2 5 5 tan x 1 5 x
tan 3
2
x
1 3 tan
1 x 1 2 k 1
Q31. log tan k OR log Q32. log sec x tan x k
2 2 6 2 x 2 4 4
3 tan
2
x x x x x x
Q33. 2 log sec tan k Q34. 2 sin cos k Q35. 2 cos sin k
4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
x
Q36. 2 tan x k Q37. 2(cosec x cot x) x k Q38. 2(sec x tan x) x k
2
x 1
Q39. log sin x cos x k Q40. log cos 2x sin 2x k
2 4
18 1 3 4
Q41. x log 3sin x 4 cos x k Q42. x log 4 cos x 3sin x k
25 25 25 25
4 3 1 a tan x
Q43. x log 4 cos x 3sin x k Q44. tan 1 k
25 25 ab b
1 tan x 1 1 tan x 2
Q45. log k Q46. tan 1 ( 2 tan x) k Q47. log k
2 tan x 2 2 5 2 tan x 1
1 3 tan x 1 3 tan x 1 3 tan 2
Q48. tan 1 k Q49. log k Q50. log C
6 2 2 3 3 tan x 4 3 3 tan 2
2 cos a sin a cot x 2 cos a sin a tan x
Q51. k Q52. k
sin a sin a
EXERCISE 6.4
Type E
3 7 1 9
Q01. log x 1 log x 3 5log x 2 k Q02. x log x 1 log x 3 k
2 2 4 4
x 8 3 1
Q03. log x log 1 3x k Q04. x 2 log x log x 1 log x 1 k
3 9 2 2
5 1 16 x2
Q05. log x 1 log x 1 log 2x 5 k Q06. log x 1 5log k
6 14 21 x 3
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 629
MATHMISSION FOR XII (Answers) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
1 1 3 x
Q07. log | x 1| log | x 2 9 | tan 1 C
2 4 2 3
2 1 2 2x 1
Q08. log x 1 log x 2 x 1 tan 1 k
3 3 3 3
4 1 1 1 x 1 4
Q09. log x 4 log x 1 k Q10. log k
5 5 x 1 2 x 1 x 1
3 3 x2 1 1 1
Q11. log x 1 2
k Q12. x log x 1 log x 2 1 tan 1 x k
x 1 2 (x 1) 2 2 4 2
x2 1 x 1 1
Q13. 3x log x 1 8log x 2 k Q14. x log tan 1 x k
2 4 x 1 2
1 1 x 2 x 1
Q15. tan
1
tan ( 2 x) k Q16. tan 1 tan 1 x k
3 2 2 3 2 3
1 x 3 1 x
Q17. x tan 1 4 tan 2 k Q18. log cosec x cot x 2[tan x sec x] k
2 2 2
1 xn 1 x4
Q19. log e x 1 2 log e x 2 k Q20. log n k Q21. log k
n x 1 4 1 x4
1 x5 1 2 sin x 1 1
Q22. log 5 k Q23. log k
20 x 4 27 1 sin x 9(1 sin x) 6 (1 sin x)2
1 1 1 2 tan x 1
Q24. log tan 2 x tan x 1 log tan x 1 tan 1 k
6 3 3 3
1 1 1 2 tan x 1
Q25. log tan x 1 log tan 2 x tan x 1 tan 1 C
3 6 3 3
1 1 2sec x 1
Q26. log k Q27. log 1 cot 2 x k
3 2 sec x 2
2 sin x 2 1 2 log x
Q28. log k Q29. log k
1 sin x 3 2 log x
1 1
Q30. log log x log 4 (log x)2 k Q31. 2log 6 cos 2 x 4sin x 7 tan 1 (sin x 2) k
4 8
4 2 tan x
Q32. 3log 2 sin k Q33. log k
2 sin 3 tan x
x2 1
Q34. log 2 k
x 2
1 1 sin x 1
Q35. log k
4 1 sin x 2 (1 sin x)
1 1 2
Q36. log(1 cos x) log(1 cos x) log(3 2 cos x) k
10 2 5
1 1 2
Q37. log 1 cos x log 1 cos x log 1 2 cos x C
6 2 3
1
Q38. log 1 sin x log 1 sin 2 x tan 1 sin x C
2
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EXERCISE 6.5
Type F
Q01. sin x x cos x k Q02. 2 x sin x cos x k Q03. (x 2 2x 2)e x k
eax ex e 2x
Q04. a cos bx bsin bx Q05.
k sin x cos x k Q06. 2sin x cos x k
a 2 b2 2 5
1 x3 1
Q07. e (sin x 3 cos x 3 ) k Q08. x cot 1 x log(1 x 2 ) k
6 2
1 2 1
Q09. (2x 1)sin 1 x x 1 x 2 k Q10. (1 x 2 ) tan 1 x x k
4 2
2
x 1 x 1 1
Q11. cot 1 x tan 1 x k Q12. x 1 x 1 2x sin 1 x k
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 x 2 sin 1 x
Q13. x sec1 x x 1 k Q14. log k
x x
x sin 1 x
1
Q15. log 1 x 2 k Q16. 1 x 2 tan 1 x log x 1 x 2 k
1 x2 2
Q17. x 1 x 2 sin 1 x k Q18. [ 1 x 2 cos1x x] + C
x2 1 1
Q19. x(sin 1 x) 2 2 x 1 x 2 sin 1 x k Q20. (tan 1 x) 2 x tan 1 x + log(1+ x 2 ) + (tan 1 x)2 C
2 2 2
2 1
1 x 1 tan x 1
Q21. log 2
3
2 k Q22. log x log log x 1 k Q23. x(log x 1) log10 e k
6 x 3x 6x
1 x2 2 x2 x3 x3
Q24. log 1 x k Q25. x log x x k
2 2 3 9
x x 2 x2 1 x2 x2
Q26. log x 1 k Q27. x log x x k
2 4 2 2 4
Q28. x log 1 x 2 2x 2 tan 1 x k Q29. x(log x) 2 2x log x 2x k
1
Q30. x log x x 2 a 2 x 2 a 2 k Q31. x log log x k
log x
ex ex ex
Q32. e x tan 1 x k Q33. k Q34. k Q35. k
x (x 1) 2 (x 2)2
x 1 x
Q36. e x (log x) 2 k Q37. log sec x tan x e x k Q38. e k
x 1
ex ex
Q39. k Q40. k Q41. e x tan x k Q42. e x cot 2x k
1 x 1 x
x ex ex 1
Q43. e x cot k Q44. k Q45. 2 k Q46. e 2x cot 2x k
2 x2 x 1 2
x
1 e2x x x
Q47. xe tan x
k Q48. k Q49. e 2 sec k Q50. k
4x 2 log x
x x
Q51. k Q52. x sin log x k Q53. sin log x cos log x k
1 log x 2
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 631
MATHMISSION FOR XII (Answers) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
x x sin 2θ π 1
Q54. x tan k Q55. x cot k Q56. log tan θ log sec 2θ k
2 2 2 4 2
1 1
Q57. (2x 1)3/ 2 (3x 4) k Q58. cosec x cot x log cosec x cot x k
3 2
EXERCISE 6.6
Type G
1
Q01. 2x tan 1 x log 1 x 2 k (x cos 1 x 1 x 2 ) k
Q02.
2
4 1 1
Q03. x sin 1 x sin 1 x x 1 x x k
2 2
1 x
Q04. 2x tan 1 3x log 1 9x 2 k Q05. x a tan 1 ax k
3 a
x log x 1 sin 2 x 1 2
Q06. log C Q07. log k
x 1 (x 1) 2 2 sin 2 x 1 2
2 1 1 2 sin x 1 1 sin x
Q08. C Q09. log log k
cos(x/2) sin(x/2) 4 2 1 2 sin x 8 1 sin x
3 5/3 3 1 tan 2 x 1
Q10. tan x tan11/3 x C Q11. tan 1 k
5 11 2 2 tan x
Q12. tan 1 (tan 2 x) k OR tan 1[2sin 2 x 1] k OR tan 1 cos 2x k
Q13. 2 x 3x1/3 6x1/ 6 6log x1/6 1 k
1 x (1 x)1/3
Q14. 6 (1 x)1/6 log (1 x)1/6 1 k
3 2
1 x 2 1 1 x 2 2x 1 1 x 2 4x 8
Q15. tan 1 log k Q16. log 2 k
2 2 2x 4 2 x 2 2x 1 8 x 4x 8
1 x2 4 1 x2 9 1 x 2 3 2x 9
Q17. tan 1 k Q18. tan 1 log k
2 2 2 2x 6 2 3 2x 12 2 x 2 3 2x 9
1 x2 4 1 x 2 11x 4
Q19. tan 1 log k
2 5 5x 4 11 x 2 11x 4
tan x 1
Q20. 2 sin 1 (sin x cos x) k OR 2 tan 1 k
2 tan x
Q21. 2 log sin x cos x sin 2x k
1 tan x 2 tan x 1 1 tan x 1
Q22. log tan 1 k
2 2 tan x 2 tan x 1 2 2 tan x
1 3 sin x cos x
Q23. log tan 1 sin x cos x k
2 3 3 sin x cos x
1 3 sin x cos x
Q24. log tan 1 sin x cos x k
2 3 3 sin x cos x
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1 3 sin x cos x
Q25. tan 1 sin x cos x log k
2 3 3 sin x cos x
1 2 1 sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x
Q26. log tan 1 C
2 2 2 1 2 1 sin x cos x 2 2 1 2 1
1 2 sin x cos x 2
Q27. log tan 1 (sin x cos x) C
3 2 2 sin x cos x 3
1 2 sin x cos x 2 1
Q28. log tan (sin x cos x) C
3 2 2 sin x cos x 3
1 1 2 sin x cos x
Q29. sin x cos x log sec x tan x log
2 4 4 3 2 2 sin x cos x
2
tan 1 (sin x cos x) C
3
3/2 4/3
1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1
Q30. 1 2 log 1 x 2 3 k Q31. 1 3 3 log 1 x 3 4 k
3 x 4 x
1 1 tan(x/2) 1 2
Q32. sin x cos x log k
2 2 tan(x/2) 1 2
1 x
Q33. sin 1 log x a 2 x 2 k Q34. 1 x ( x 2) sin 1 x k
2 a
1
Q35. x x k Q36. log cot x cot 2 x 1 2 log 2 cos x cos 2x k
2
sin x x cos x 1 x 1 x
Q37. k Q38. log tan tan 2 k
x sin x cos x 2 2 4 2
2 cos a tan x sin a 2 cos a sin a cot x
Q39. k
cos a sin a
3 2x 2 1 2x 2 3
Q40. tan log e k
2 3 3 4x 2 8x 13
(b 2 a 2 ) 2a(a b cos x) (a b cos x) 2
Q41.
(b 2 a 2 )(a b cos x)
2 2
a 1 a 1 a b
2 2 3/ 2 log 2 2 2 2 2 2 k
(b a ) (a b cos x) b a (a b cos x) b a b a
x 1
Q42. 2log 2 cos cos x k Q43. log sin x sin 2 x sin x k
2 2
cos x
Q44. cos sin 1 2 2
sin log sin x sin x sin k
cos
1
Q45. log x x 2 1 sec1 x k
Q46. x log e 1 x 1 x sin 1 x x k
2
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 633
MATHMISSION FOR XII (Answers) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
x2
Q47. 2log x sin x cos x
x tan x 1
k
Q48. 3 (2 x 2/3 ) cos 3 x 2 3 x sin 3 x k
2/3
1 2/3 1 4/3 2/3 3 1 2 tan x 1
Q49. log 1 tan x log tan x tan x 1 tan k
2 4 2 3
2 2 4
Q50. sin 3 x x cos 3 x 2 x cos x sin x C
9 3 3
1 3 1 3
Q51. x sin 3 x x sin x cos 3 x cos x C
6 2 18 2
x cos 2x sin 2x 1 x 1 sec2 x 2 tan x
Q52. log | cos x sin x | C Q53. log C
2 8 8 4 2 4 2 sec 2 x 2 tan x
1 1 tan x 1 tan x
Q54. tan 1 tan 1 C
2 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i
x2 x 1 x 1
Q55. log C Q56. x2 1 C
2
x x 1 x x2
1
Q57. 2 tan 1 x 1 C Q58. x 2 1 x 2log x 2 2 tan 1 1 x C
x
x
Q59. C.
1 (log x)2
Type H
x2 x
Q01. 4x C Q02. R e k Q03. 1900
x2
4
Q04. Rs.2000/- Q05. C(x) (x 5)3/ 2 (3x 10) 300 .
15
CHAPTER 07
EXERCISE 7.1
Category A
1 2
Q01. 4 Q02. log 3 Q03. Q04. 1 Q05. 2 1
2 3
1 e 1
Q06. log Q07. log 3 Q08. Q09. 5log 2 3log 3
2 2 20 2
42 2 e4 e2 2 1 1
Q10. 1 Q11. Q12. Q13. Q14. tan
4 2 8 4 3 3
3 2 2 1 2
Q15. log 2 Q16. (e 1) Q17. 6 Q18. Q19.
5 8 3
64
Q20. 2 Q21. 2 Q22. 1 log 2 Q23. Q24.
231
a 6 3 1 1
Q25. Q26. Q27. log 2 Q28. log 2 Q29. 1
2 12 4 2 4 2 2
(2 2 1) 3/ 2
Q30. Q31. Q32. 2 log 2 Q33. Q34.
8 12 3 6 4 5
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4 2 8 3 log 3
Q35. log Q36. Q37. Q38. Q39.
3 3 15 16 2
a2 1 3
Q40. 1 Q41. 1 Q42. 2 log 3 Q43. Q44. log
2 2 2 3 2 2
4 2 2π
Q45. Q46. Q47. Q48. e / 2 Q49. ee
2 3 3
2
e e log 2
Q50. e 1 Q51. e Q52. Q53. Q54.
2 2 1 log 2 2 60
π 2 4π 1 6
Q55. 1 Q56. log 2 Q57. Q58. 2
4 16 2 5
1
Q59. log 2 1
3 6 2
EXERCISE 7.2
Category B
13 13 11
Q01. 2 2 Q02. Q03. Q04. Q05. 4
2 10 4
3π 1
Q06. 2 Q07. 1 Q08. Q09. 2 2
π2
5 2 1 5
Q10. 2 ( 2 1) Q11. 2
Q12. 2 1 Q13. Q14. 1
2 e 2
Q15. 3 2 Q16. 2 2 Q17. 2 Q18. 20 Q19. 17
e4 5 e 4 (e4 1)
Q20. 26 Q21. Q22. 8
2 2
EXERCISE 7.3
Category C
Q01. Q02. Q03. 0 Q04. Q05. log 2
4 12 4 2
log(1 2)
Q06. log 2 Q07. 0 Q08. (log 2) Q09. 0 Q10.
8 2
2
Q11. log(1 2) Q12. (log 2) Q13. Q14.
2 2 2 8 2
5 3
Q15. Q16. 0 Q17. 0 Q18. Q19.
3 3 2 2
1 3 2
Q20. Q21. Q22. 0 Q23. 0 Q24. 0
(n 1)(n 2) 9
1
Q25. Q26. (log 2) Q27. Q29. log 2 Q30.
4 8 4 12
8
Q31. Q34. 2 Q35. (a) 1 Q35. (b)
2 3
EXERCISE 7.4
Category D
Q01. a Q02. 0 Q03. 0 Q04. 0 Q05. 5π
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Q06. 0 Q07. 2 Q08. 2 2 Q09. log 2 Q10. 4
2 (π 4 4 2)
Q11. Q12. 0 Q13. 0 Q14. 2(e 1)
π2
1 1
Q15. 0 Q16. 2 sin 2a sin 2b . Also if a, b Z then, I 2 .
2a 2b
Q17. 2 Q18. 1 Q19. 0
EXERCISE 7.5
Category E
2
1
Q01. Q02. Q03. (log 2) Q04. (log 2) Q05. log
2 2 2 2
2
2
Q06. Q07. 0 Q08. 1 Q09.
2 2
2 1
Q10. log Q11. log 2 Q12. (log 2) Q14.
2 2 2 cos 2
2
Q15.
2ab
EXERCISE 7.6
Category F
n
Q06. 0 Q07. 2
Q08. Q09. Q10. 1
n 1 2 2
(log e x)2 2 1 5 1
Q11. Q12. Q13. Q14. Q15.
2 3 6 3 6 32 24
Q16. 40 2 Q17. log 2 Q18. 1.
CHAPTER 08
EXERCISE 8.1
# Note that all answers for area must be declared in Square units.
1 2
Q01. 9 4 5 18sin Sq.units Q02. 9 Sq. units Q03. 6 Sq.units
3
29 3 8a 2 25
Q04. Sq.units Q05. Sq.units Q06. Sq. units Q07. Sq.units
2 2 3 2
32 8
Q08. eb 2
ab sin 1 e Sq.units Q09.
3
Sq.units Q10.
3
Sq.units
10 1 5 2 3
Q11. (1, 1) , cos1 1 Sq. units Q12. Sq.units Q13. 4 Sq. units
3 10 2 3 2
4 5 4
Q14. 4 Sq.units Q15. 2 Sq.units Q16. Sq.units Q17. 6 Sq.units
3 24 3
2 9 9 1 2 ab
Q18. sin 5 Sq.units Q19. a 42/3 Q20. Sq.units
3 4 2 3 4
4 2
Q21. 4 Sq. units Q22. Sq.units Q23. 3 Sq. units Q24. Sq. units
3
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125 1 2
Q25. Q26. Sq.units Q27. 16 Sq.units Q28. a
3 3 4 2
2 41
Q29. Sq.units Q30. 25 Q31. ( 2 1) : ( 2 1) Q32. Sq. units
3 6
9 1 2 15 36 3
Q33. 2 5 9sin Sq.units Q34. 15sin 1 Sq.units
2 3 2 5 5
7 4
Q35. 12 Sq. units Q36. 1 Sq. units Q37. Q38. Sq.units
9 3
4 11 2
Q39. Sq.units Q40. Sq.units Q41. Sq.units Q42. Sq. units
3 2 24 3
32 2 19
Q43. Sq. units Q44. Sq. units Q45. 12 Sq. units Q46. (a) 26 (b) 20 (c)
3 3 2
17 13 1
Q47. Q48. 16 Q49. 9 Q50. 4 Q51. Q52. 2 Q53.
2 6 2
4 4 56 14
Q54. Q55. Q56. Q57. Q58. 4 .
3 3 9 9
EXERCISE 8.2
2 3 4(8 3) 23 9 3
Q01. Q02. Q03. Q04. 6
3 2 3 6 2
50 4 1 9 1
Q05. 2 1 Q06. Q07. 3 Q08. cos 1 Sq.units
3 3 3 2 4 3
1 2
Q09. (a) Q09. (b) ( 2) Q09. (c) a 2
4 2 4 3
5 2 1 1 1 ab
Q09. (d) sin 1 sin 1 Q09. (e) Q10. 1
2 5 5 2 3 2 2
4 3 16 4
Q11. 1: 3 Q12. Q13. [8 3] Q14. 4 Q15. 4
3 3 3
4 1
Q16. Q17. Q18. m2 Q19. 4 Q20. 4
3 3
3 1
Q21. Sq. units
4
3 3
Q22. Sq. units .
2
CHAPTER 09
EXERCISE 9.1
Q01. a) Order: 2, Degree: 1 b) Order: 3, Degree: Not Defined
c) Order: 2, Degree: 1 d) Order: 2, Degree: Not Defined
e) Order: 2, Degree: Not Defined f) Order: 2, Degree: Not Defined
g) Order: 4, Degree: Not Defined h) Order: 2, Degree: 1
i) Order: 2, Degree: 1 j) Order: 3, Degree: Not Defined
k) Order: 2, Degree: Not Defined.
Q07. (a) 2 Q07. (b) 4 Q07. (c) 3.
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 637
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EXERCISE 9.2
y3
Q01. y e3x k Q02. x cos y k
3
1 tan x cot x x
Q03. y tan 1 k Q04. y x 2 tan k
2 2 2
y x x 2 1 1 x
Q05. tan cot k Q06. y tan x k
2 2 2 2
Q07. y 1 x 2 x 1 y 2 k Q08. 2y x log x y 2 k
1 4x y 5 xy
Q09. tan 1 xk Q10. log 1 tan x k
2 2 2
xy
Q11. x tan k Q12. x tan x 2y k
4 2
1 y2 1 x3
Q13. log xy 2y k Q14. y (x 6 1) tan 1 (x 3 ) k
x 2 6 6
x2 x 2
Q15. log 1 y x k Q16. log 1 y x k
2 2
3
x
Q17. y x log x(1 y) k Q18. e y e x k
3
Q19. 3(e x e y ) x 3 k Q20. y x (x 1) log x 1 k
eax e by
Q21. k 0 Q22. e x (x 1) 1 y 2 k
a b
Q23. sin y e x log x k Q24. y x 2
Q25. ye x 1 Q26. tan x tan y k
1 [1 log | x |]2
Q27. y tan Q28. y tan 1[C(1 e x )3 ]
4 2 2
xy 1
Q29. tan 1 log (1 x )(1 y ) k
2 2
Q30. (1 sin x)(1 cos y) k
1 xy 2
1 1 x 2 1
Q31. log 1 x 2 1 y2 k Q32. x a 1 ay ky
2 2
1 x 1
1 x y 1 1 1
Q33. y log k Q34. y x k
2 x y 1 y x
Q35. (x y) log xy k Q36. e x y e x
2
Q37. y esin x
Q38. y log | x y 1|
Q39. x y e x y 1 Q40. (1 log x) 2 2log 1 y 2 1
EXERCISE 9.3
y
Q01. y 2 2xy x 2 C 2 Q02. tan log x k Q03. y 2x k x 2 y
x
y kx x3
Q04. cos log x k 0 Q05. y xe Q06. log y 3 k
x 3y
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Q07. y x 2 y 2 k x 2 Q08. 2e x/ y k log y Q09. sin y x kx
y 1 2y
Q10. sin log x k Q11. ky e y/ x Q12. x 2 y 2 kx
2x 4 x
y y
Q13. 4log x log k Q14. (y 2 x 2 ) 2 (y 2 x 2 ) Q15. y y 2 x 2 C
x x
y x log | x |
Q16. ky log 1, x 0 Q17. x y e x / y k Q18. y
x 1 log | x |
2x
Q19. x 2 y 2 2x Q20. (2y 2 x 2 )x 2 3 Q21. y
1 log x
y y
Q22. e y/ x sin cos 1 2 log x, x 0 Q23. y x cos 1 log | x |
x x
Q24. 3 | x y | | y 2x | OR 3x 2 y (y 2x)
2
Q25. x 4 6x 2 y 2 y 4 8
y
Q26. cot log | ex |
x
x/y
Q27. e y k # Note that this differential equation is solved using the concept of homogeneous
differential equation, but it isn’t a homogeneous differential equation.
x
y
Q28. 2 log y 2e y
Q29. log | x | cos Q30. log x e 1 e y/ x
x
Q31. x 2 2y 2 log y Q32. x y e y 2 k y
x/y
EXERCISE 9.4
1 x2 y4
Q01. y esin x k e sin x Q02. y e x k Q03. xy k
2 2 4
Q04. y 2(x tan 1 x 1) k 1 x 2 Q05. y e tan x tan x 1 e tan x k
1 1
Q06. xe tan y
e tan y (tan 1 y 1) k Q07. x y 3 ky Q08. y x 3 k x
5 1
Q09. ye2x e x k Q10. x sin 1 y 1 ke sin y
4
1 1
Q11. y tan x 1 ke tan x
1
Q12. xe tan y tan 1 y k
Q13. y sec x tan x sec x tan x x k Q14. y x(k x 2 )
k 2k x 2 1
Q15. y sin x Q16. y Q17. y (log x) (log x) 2 k
x 2(1 sin x) 2
1 1 1 1 x 1
Q18. ye tan x
e 2tan x k Q19. (x 2 1)y log k Q20. x y(k 3y)
2 2 x 1
y 2
Q21. 2
x tan 1 x k Q22. y x ln x x Q23. y log x 1 log x k
x 1 x
2 x 2 1 x2
Q24. y (2 x k)e 2 x
Q25. xy tan 1 x k Q26. e x tan y e k
2
x
Q27. (x 1)y 2(e x 1) Q28. 2
e y e 1 Q29. 4xy 2 x 2 2 log x 1
y
Q30. y 2 sin x Q31. 3y(1 x 2 ) 4x 3 Q32. 2y sin x
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1 1 1 e3x
Q33. xe tan y
e 2 tan y C
Q34. y (x 1) [3x 2] C
2 9
C
Q35. x cos y sin y sin y y Q36. xy sin x sin x x cos x C
e
Q38. y x 2 x C Q39. y x log x x C
EXERCISE 9.5
1 2 2
Q01. y Q03. y x ; x n, n Z
1 2x 2 4sin x
2y x 1 y
Q04. 3 tan 1 2 2
log y xy x C Q05. sin log x C
3x 2 x
2 y y
Q06. x y k x e y/ x Q07. sec kxy Q08. xy cos k
x x
2
Q09. (2 e y )(x 1) 1 Q10. 27y 27x 3 23 cos x Q11. Q12. 7
3
Q13. 4 e3x 3e 4y 7 Q14. x 0 3 e Q15. 2y sin x cos x cex
Q16. (log y 1) yx 2 cos x Cy 2y(x sin x cos x) Q17. 2ysin y 2 x 2 log x + π
1
Q18. y tan x tan x Q19. (a) 1 y 2 Q19. (b) e 2 x
Q19. (c) e tan y
1 1 1 m y
Q20. xy tan 1 x Q21. ye tan x
e (m1) tan x Q22. y 2 2x 2 sin
4 (m 1) m 1 x
2
x
1 x2
Q23. 2 2 1 c e 2 Q24. x 2 y2 x C Q25. y f (x) 1 C e f ( x)
y 2
Q26. cos x y (C x)
EXERCISE 9.6
Q01. y 3 3x 2 15 Q03. 2log e (10) units Q04. xy 100
m
Q05. v V log 0 Q06. x 2y 2 , 8.
m
CHAPTER 10
EXERCISE 10.1
7 3 3
Q01. Maximum value of z is 19 at , ; minimum value of z is 3 at 0, .
2 4 2
8 30 6
Q02. Minimum value of z is 26 Q03. Maximum value of z is 22 at , .
13 13 13
Q04. Maximum value of z is 10 Q05. Max. Value = 16
Q06. Max. Value = 16 at (2, 4) Q07. Min. Value = 12 at (4, 0)
Q08. Max. Z 400 at (0, 200)
Q09. (i) Max. Z 12 at E(4, 0) , Min. Z –32 at A(0, 8)
(ii) p q ; number of optimal solutions is infinite.
Q10. (i) Maximum value of Z is 43 at B(3, 4)
2 2
(ii) Value of p ; change in the value of p .
7 7
Q11. Minimum value of Z is 60 at B(5, 5).
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Maximum value of Z is 180 and it occurs at C(15, 15) and D(0, 20). Note that, this value of
Z 180 occurs at each point of the line segment joining the points C and D.
Q12. Maximum value of Z is 17.4, when x 10.2, y 7.2 .
But number of books can not be in decimals.
The shelf can carry a maximum of 10 and 7 books of type I and type II respectively.
Q13. Maximum value of Z is 2412.
8 30 6
Q14. (i) Maximum value of z is 22 . (ii) Maximum value of z is attained at , .
13 13 13
(iii) Possible constraints for the given feasible region are
x 0, y 0, y 1, 2x 3y 6, 3x 2y 6.
Q15. Maximum value of Z is 69 at x 2, y 3 ; maximum value of Z is 5.
Q16. Minimum value of Z is –35.
Q17. (i) The minimum value of F occurs at any point on the line segment joining the points (0, 2) and
(3, 0). Also, the maximum value of F occurs at (6, 8).
Required difference between Maximum and Minimum value of F 60 .
(ii) 3m 5n 0 .
Q18. Max. value of Z is 230 at (2, 3). Q19. Minimum value of Z is 40.
Q20. (i) x 0, y 0, 5x 8y 200, 10x 8y 240.
(ii) Maximum value of Z is 1600 and it occurs at the corner point B(8, 20) .
Minimum value of Z is 1200 and it occurs at the corner point C(24, 0) .
Q21. Minimum value of Z is 6 at (0, 6).
Q22. Maximum value of Z 6750 , when x 20 and y 15 .
Q23. Maximum value of Z is 168000, when x 12 and y 6 .
Q24. (i) Maximum value of Z is 14. (ii) (7, 0).
(iii) x 0, y 0, x y 7, 2x 3y 6 0, y 3 .
Q25. (i) Minimum value of Z is 5. (ii) Maximum value of Z is 32 at (3, 4).
(iii) 14m 5n 0 .
Q26. Minimum value of Z is 6; maximum value of Z is 63.
EXERCISE 10.2
Q01. Let the number of necklace and bracelets made per day be x and y respectively.
To maximize: Z = ` (100x 300y)
Subject to constraints : x y 24, x 2y 32, x 1, y 1 .
Q02. Let the distance covered with speed of 25 km/h be x km and the distance covered with speed of
40 km/h be y km.
To maximize : Z x y
Subject to constraints :
x 0, y 0, 4x 5y 200, 8x 5y 200 .
Q03. Let x be the number of cakes of one kind and y be the number of cakes of other kind.
To maximize: Z = (x y)
Subject to constraints: 2x y 50, x 2y 40, x 0, y 0 .
Q04. Maximum profit : `510; 16 small cylinders and 3 large cylinders.
CHAPTER 11
EXERCISE 11.1
Q02. 4 (iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ ˆ 6ˆj, 0kˆ
Q03. 7, 6, 0; 7i, Q04. 38 Q05. 0, 1
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Q06. x 2, y 2, z 1 Q11. α 3, β 1 Q13. 2 Q14. 12
2 1 ˆ 2 ˆ 3 ˆ 3 ˆ 4 ˆ 2
Q16. Q17. i j k Q18. i j k̂
3 14 14 14 29 29 29
16 ˆ 8 ˆ 4 ˆ 3 ˆ 2
Q19. i j Q20. i j k̂
5 5 29 29 29
1 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 1 2 3
Q21. (3ˆi 6ˆj 2kˆ ), (i 2 j 8k ) Q22. Q23. , ,
7 69 3 14 14 14
1 2 2 1 ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ
Q24. , , ; 2, 4, 4 Q28. , aˆ i j k
3 3 3 3 2 2 2
1 3ˆ 3 3jˆ 5iˆ
Q30. (a) cos θ ˆi sin θ ˆj (b) ˆi j Q31. Q32. Two vectors
2 2 2
3iˆ 3jˆ 2kˆ 1 5iˆ 5 3 ˆj 1 1 2
Q33. Q34. Q35. Q36. 1, 1, 2; , , .
22 2 2 2 6 6 6
EXERCISE 11.2
7a 4b a 2b
Q01. a 7b Q02. (i) (ii) a 8b Q03.
3 3
5a
Q04. (i) (ii) 4b a Q05. 3iˆ 2ˆj kˆ Q09. 3a 5b Q11. 2 : 3
3
14 5a + 3b 34
Q12. 5iˆ ˆj 6kˆ Q13. Q14. OC 2b a Q15. units Q16. 3a 4b .
3 8 2
EXERCISE 11.3
1
Q02. 46 Q04. cos1 Q05. 3 Q06. 0 Q07. 2 Q08. λ 5
3
35 6 31 41
Q09. 5 Q10. π Q11. A cos1 , B cos 1 Q12. ,
41 41 12 12
16 2 2 2
Q13. , Q14. 3 Q15. ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ 7iˆ 2ˆj 5kˆ
3 7 3 7
3ˆ 1ˆ 1 3
Q16. 1 i j, 2 ˆi ˆj 3kˆ Q17. b (4iˆ 2ˆj 4k)
ˆ (3iˆ 4ˆj k)
ˆ Q18. 2
2 2 2 2
5(iˆ 2ˆj k)
ˆ π
Q19. 4 Q20. Q21. 3iˆ 2kˆ Q22. ˆi 2ˆj kˆ Q23.
6 6
π 3
Q24. Q27. 25 Q28. Q29. a b 1 Q31. 3
3 2
2π 1
Q33. 120o or, Q34. 5 2 Q35. –10 Q38. cos1 Q40. –14
3 3
1 16 8 21
Q42. cos1 Q43. Q44. Q45. 1 Q46.
3 5 7 2
Q47. 3 Q48. (0, 1) Q49. 40 units Q50. 6 units .
EXERCISE 11.4
Q01. 180o (or, ) Q02. 45o Q03. 2kˆ ˆi ˆj Q04. 2a 2 Q05. 6 21
27
Q06. λ 3, μ Q07. 27, 9 Q08. 15 2 Sq.units Q09. 5 3 Sq.units
2
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21
Q10. 4iˆ 5k,
ˆ 2ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ (or, 2iˆ 2ˆj 3k)
ˆ Q11.
2
1 1 10
Q12. sin1 , Sq.units (if dot product is used, then the required angle will be cos1
51 2 102
11 5 ˆ ˆ 5 ˆ ˆ
Q13. [3i 6j 2kˆ ], 11 [2 j i 8kˆ ] Q14. 2 Sq. units Q15.
7 69 4
2 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 3 1 1 3
Q16. j i k Q17. Q18. ˆi ˆj kˆ Q19. 7 (ˆi ˆj kˆ )
6 6 6 4 4 4 4
5 2 2
Q20. ˆi ˆj kˆ Q25. 60 Q26. 4 Q27. 1
3 3 3
3i 5 j 11kˆ
ˆ ˆ 155
Q30. , sin
155 156
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Q31. (a)
1 ˆ (b) j i (c) k j (d) 4k 10i 7 j
(3iˆ 8jˆ 5k)
2 2 2 165
Q32. p 8, q 4, r 2,s 11 or, p 8, q 4, r 2,s 5
2iˆ ˆj kˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
Q34. dˆ 1 and dˆ 2 or, ; 2 101 Sq.units
6 5 5
210
Q35. Sq.units Q36. 42 units 2 Q37. 3iˆ 2ˆj 2kˆ Q38. 1 Q39. 1
2
Q40. 4 Sq.units Q41. 11iˆ 122ˆj 85kˆ ; 46iˆ 66ˆj 34kˆ Q42. (iˆ 11jˆ 7k)
ˆ .
EXERCISE 11.5
3ˆ 1ˆ
Q01. [0, 12] Q02. 3 Q03. i j Q05. 4 Q06. 0
2 2
5 3 5 1 π
Q08. 0 Q11. 3 units Q13. , Q14. Q15. 60o
2 2 3 3
11 ˆ 10 ˆ 2 ˆ 2
Q16. (6, 11) Q17. i j k Q19. , Q20. 5iˆ 5ˆj 5kˆ
15 15 15 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
4i 5j k 3 5 2
Q21. Q22. 1, Q24. 61 Q25. cos1 .
8 2 2 3
EXERCISE 11.6
Q01. a.(b c) 36, (a b).c 36 Q03. (a) 6 (b) 6 Q04. (a) 2
Q07. λ 5 Q09. x 2 Q10. 0
CHAPTER 12
EXERCISE 12.1
1 1
Q01. (3, 2, 0) Q02. 1 Q03. 0, ,
2 2
9 6 2
Q04. , , Q06. For x-axis : 1,0,0 ; y-axis : 0,1,0 and for z-axis : 0,0,1 .
11 11 11
1 1 1 2 1 2
Q07. , , Q08. 34 units Q09. , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3
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EXERCISE 12.2
ˆ ; x 1 , y 2 2, z 3 3 ; x 1 y 2 z 3
Q01. r (iˆ 2ˆj 3k)
ˆ (iˆ 2ˆj 3k)
1 2 3
Q02. r (2iˆ ˆj 5k)
ˆ (iˆ ˆj k);
ˆ r (iˆ 4ˆj 2k)
ˆ (iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ
ˆ ; x 2 y 1 z 1
Q03. r 2iˆ ˆj kˆ (2iˆ 2ˆj k)
2 2 1
x 2 y 1 z 3
Q04. , r 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ (2iˆ 3jˆ 2k)
ˆ
2 3 2
ˆ ; x y z x y z
Q06. r 2iˆ ˆj kˆ (2iˆ 2ˆj k)
ˆ Q07. r 0 (5iˆ 2ˆj 3k) Q08.
5 2 3 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 4 3
Q09. , ,1 ; 2, 1, –6; r ˆi ˆj kˆ (2iˆ ˆj 6k) ˆ Q10. , ,0
3 3 3 3 5 5
x 2 y 1 z 1 x 2 y4 z5
Q11. 1, 2, 3; ; r 2iˆ ˆj kˆ (iˆ 2ˆj 3k)
ˆ Q12.
1 2 3 3 5 6
Q13. r 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ (ˆi 13jˆ 19k)
ˆ Q14. r (2iˆ 3jˆ 4k)
ˆ kˆ
Q15. r 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ (2iˆ ˆj 2k)
ˆ Q16. r ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ (4iˆ 2ˆj)
Q17. r 2iˆ ˆj 4kˆ (iˆ 2ˆj k)
ˆ Q18. r 3iˆ 5ˆj 6kˆ (iˆ 2ˆj k)
ˆ
ˆ ; x 3 y2 z5 .
Q19. r 3iˆ 2ˆj 5kˆ (0iˆ 0ˆj 11k)
0 0 11
EXERCISE 12.3
1 1 1 6 4 3 2 1 5
Q01. Q02. (a) , , ; , , Q02. (b) 0, 3, –1 Q03 , ,
3 2 3 4 61 61 61 30 30 30
2 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 2
Q07. The d.c’s of sides of triangle: , , ; , , ; , , .
17 17 17 42 42 42 17 17 17
21 1 4
21
Also, angles of the triangle are: cos1 ; cos ; cos
1
34 17 34
19 8
1 5 6
2
Q08. (a) cos1 (b) cos1 (c) cos Q09. cos 1
21 5 3 18 3
70
Q10. Q12. 0o Q14. Q18. 4
2 11
6 2 3 6 2 3
Q19. , , or, , , Q20. 90o .
7 7 7 7 7 7
EXERCISE 12.4
10 293 91 8
Q01. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2 5
59 7 30 29
56 43 111 5 x y z x 1 y 3 z
Q02. 2, 1,3 , , , Q03. units Q04.
; ; 3 units
17 17 17 29 1 0 2 1 0 0
x 5 y4 z0
Q05. Coordinates : P 5, 4,0 and Q 1, 2, 3 ; S.D. 9 units . Eq. of S.D. : .
2 2 1
644 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics
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3 6x 17 6y 1 17 6z x 5 y 7 z 3
Q06. 2 units; Q07. 14 units; ; (5, 7,3), (9,13,15)
2 1 0 1 2 3 6
Q08. r 3iˆ 8ˆj 3kˆ (6iˆ 15ˆj 3k)
ˆ Q09. (a) (1, 1, 1) Q09. (b) (4, 0, –1) Q10. λ 5
x 1 y 2 z 4
Q12. (3a, 2a,3a) and (a, a, a) Q14.
2 3 6
ˆ ; 11 units x 2 y 1 z 3 14
Q15. r (2iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ (2iˆ ˆj k) Q16. Q17. units
6 1 0 1 3
Q18. (1, 0, 7) Q19. (–2, 1, 7), (–3, –6, 10) Q20. ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ Q21. 10 units
x 1 6 y z 3
Q22. ; Length of er 13 units Q23. (3, 4,5)
0 3 2
Q24. 7; the lines are non-intersecting. Q25. 1; the given lines are not intersecting.
x y z x y z
Q26. ; Q27. a 3 Q28. m 5
1 2 1 1 1 2
Q29. r (iˆ ˆj k)
ˆ λ(10iˆ 4jˆ 7k) ˆ Q31. P(1, –2, 7), Ratio is 2 : 1 externally. Q32. (3, 1,1)
Q33. 13 units Q34. 7 units Q35. (2, 3, –1); 21 units
x 2 y 4 z 1
Q36. ; (4, 1, 3) Q37. 5iˆ 4ˆj 4kˆ ; 4 2 units .
6 3 2
EXERCISE 12.5
1 1 3 9 x 1 y 1 z 1
Q01. , , Q02. (4, 0, 1) Q03. k 1 Q04. k Q05.
2 2 2 2 3 10 17
x y z
Q07. 5i 4j and i 2j 3k ; 9 units Q08. ; 60 km, 10 3 km
2 4 4
x 3 y4 z6 x 1 y 3 z 5
Q09. Q10. p 2; (1, 3, 5) Q11.
2 3 6 13 2 3
x 1 y 2 z 5
Q12. k 2; r 3iˆ 4ˆj 7kˆ (26iˆ 33jˆ 27k)ˆ Q13. .
1 1 1
CHAPTER 13
EXERCISE 13.1
2 33 4 1 1 5
Q01. 0.4 Q02. Q03. Q04. Q05. , Q06. Q07. 0.1
5 40 7 3 2 9
1 1 1 1
Q08. (a) (b) (c) Q09. (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.05 Q10. 0.12, 0.6 Q11.
5 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 3 1
Q12. Q13. Q14. Q15. , Q16. Q17.
3 3 3 3 9 5 4
1 1 2 1 1 3 1
Q18. Q19. Q20. Q21. Q22. Q23. (a) (b) .
17 3 9 3 2 5 2
EXERCISE 13.2
3 13 1 3 16 49 56
Q01. Q02. (a) 0.4 (b) 0.1 (c) (d) Q03. Q04. , ,
4 30 60 5 121 121 121
2 2 1
Q05. Q06. 42% Q07. , Q08. A and B are independent events.
663 3 2
1 5 1 4 1 1 1 1 1
Q09. P(A) , and P(B) , Q12. P(A) , and P(B) , Q13.
5 6 6 5 2 4 4 2 3
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 645
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13 49 1 1 18 10
Q14. (i) (ii) Q15. Q16. (a) (b) (c)
15 90 5 28 28 28
EXERCISE 13.3
1 1 1 19 1 29
Q01. Q02. Q03. Q04. Q05. Q06.
2 8 17 42 2 63
673 11 19
Q07. Q08. Q09. 0.27 Q10. 0.0345 Q11. Q12. 0.016
1260 21 42
22 93 17 13 32
Q13. Q14. Q15. Q16. 0.26 Q17. Q18.
45 154 400 150 55
Q19. 0.488
EXERCISE 13.4
2 25 28 16 11 27 6
Q01. Q02. , , Q03. Q04. Q05.
5 69 69 69 31 83 52
3 4 24 11 2
Q06. Q07. Q08. Q09. Q10.
8 9 29 50 3
20 5 36 110
Q11. Q12. , Q13. 0.083 i.e., 8.3% (approx.) Q14.
21 41 41 221
14
Q15. . Interpretation of result: It is evident that if a patient follows a course of meditation and
29
yoga, then he is less likely to get heart-attack.
15
Since P(B|E) . So, a course of meditation and yoga is more beneficial as compared to the
29
intake of drugs.
22 1 12 4 8 16
Q16. Q17. Q18. Q19. Q20. Q21. 0.95 Q22.
133 2 13 9 11 31
10 20 5 3 7 9 10
Q23. Q24. Q25. Q26. Q27. Q28. Q29.
43 37 13 50 11 13 19
2 8 7 3 9 3 56
Q30. Q31. Q32. Q33. Q34. Q35. Q36.
9 9 10 5 17 5 117
4
Q37.
35
EXERCISE 13.5
3 6 5 30 31
Q01. Q02. P(A wins) = and, P(B wins) = Q03. P(A wins) = , P(B wins) =
16 11 11 61 61
36 30 25
Q04. P(A wins) = , P(B wins) and P(C wins)
91 91 91
4 81 72 64 5 2
Q05. Q06. , , Q07. Q08.
7 217 217 217 17 30
1 1 6 8 4
Q09. Q10. (a) (b) (c) Q11. 0.165 Q12.
3 15 15 15 63
2 1 22 28
Q13. Q14. Q15. Q16.
3 17 45 45
Q17. (i) 0.04 (ii) 0.74.
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ANSWER KEYS (Multiple Choice type Questions)
Chapter 01
Q01. (d) Q02. (b) Q03. (a) Q04. (a) Q05. (c) Q06. (c) Q07. (a)
Q08. (a) Q09. (b) Q10. (d) Q11. (b) Q12. (b) Q13. (b) Q14. (c)
Q15. (b) Q16. (b) Q17. (a) Q18. (a) Q19. (c) Q20. (b) Q21. (b)
Q22. (c) Q23. (b) Q24. (d) Q25. (d) Q26. (d) Q27. (d) Q28. (c)
Q29. (b) Q30. (d) Q31. (d) Q32. (d) Q33. (c) Q34. (b) Q35. (d)
Q36. (b) Q37. (a) Q38. (a) Q39. (a) Q40. (d) Q41. (a) Q42. (c)
Q43. (a) Q44. (c) Q45. (c) Q46. (c) Q47. (d) Q48. (a) Q49. (c)
Q50. (c) Q51. (c) Q52. (d) Q53. (c) Q54. (c) Q55. (c) Q56. (b)
Q57. (b) Q58. (a) Q59. (b) Q60. (c) Q61. (b) Q62. (c) Q63. (b)
Q64. (c) Q65. (a) Q66. (a) Q67. (a) Q68. (b) Q69. (b) Q70. (b)
Q71. (a) Q72. (b) Q73. (d) Q74. (a) Q75. (a) Q76. (a) Q77. (b)
Q78. (b) Q79. (a) Q80. (c) Q81. (b) Q82. (a) Q83. (b) Q84. (d)
Q85. (a) Q86. (d) Q87. (b) Q88. (a) Q89. (c) Q90. (b) Q91. (b)
Q92. (c) Q93. (d) Q94. (a) Q95. (b) Q96. (c) Q97. (d) Q98. (d)
Q99. (c) Q100. (a) Q101. (d) Q102. (d) Q103. (b) Q104. (c) Q105. (b)
Q106. (b) Q107. (c) Q108. (b) Q109. (d) Q110. (d) Q111. (b) Q112. (d)
Q113. (b) Q114. (d) Q115. (b) Q116. (a) Q117. (c) Q118. (d) Q119. (b)
Q120. (b) Q121. (d) Q122. (a) Q123. (b) Q124. (d) Q125. (d) Q126. (d)
Q127. (b) Q128. (c) Q129. (b) Q130. (c) Q131. (a) Q132. (b) Q133. (c)
Q134. (a) Q135. (c) Q136. (b) Q137. (d) Q138. (c) Q139. (c) Q140. (a)
Q141. (a) Q142. (d) Q143. (a) Q144. (d) Q145. (a) Q146. (a) Q147. (b)
Q148. (d) Q149. (b) Q150. (d) Q151. (d) Q152. (d) Q153. (b) Q154. (a)
Q155. (d) Q156. (c) Q157. (d) Q158. (c)
Chapter 02
Q01. (c) Q02. (c) Q03. (a) Q04. (c) Q05. (b) Q06. (d) Q07. (a)
Q08. (b) Q09. (c) Q10. (b) Q11. (c) Q12. (b) Q13. (b) Q14. (a)
Q15. (a) Q16. (a) Q17. (b) Q18. (d) Q19. (d) Q20. (b) Q21. (c)
Q22. (b) Q23. (d) Q24. (b) Q25. (d) Q26. (b) Q27. (a) Q28. (b)
Q29. (a) Q30. (b) Q31. (b) Q32. (c) Q33. (a) Q34. (b) Q35. (a)
Q36. (c) Q37. (d) Q38. (d) Q39. (d) Q40. (b) Q41. (a) Q42. (c)
Q43. (a) Q44. (c) Q45. (b) Q46. (d)
Chapter 03
Q01. (b) Q02. (d) Q03. (a) Q04. (a) Q05. (d) Q06. (d) Q07. (d)
Q08. (b) Q09. (d) Q10. (b) Q11. (d) Q12. (a) Q13. (a) Q14. (b)
Q15. (c) Q16. (d) Q17. (d) Q18. (a) Q19. (d) Q20. (b) Q21. (c)
Q22. (c) Q23. (a) Q24. (b) Q25. (a) Q26. (b) Q27. (b) Q28. (d)
Q29. (b) Q30. (d) Q31. (c) Q32. (d) Q33. (c) Q34. (a) Q35. (b)
Q36. (c) Q37. (b) Q38. (d) Q39. (a) Q40. (b) Q41. (c)
Chapter 04
Q01. (a) Q02. (a) Q03. (b) Q04. (d) Q05. (a) Q06. (c) Q07. (b)
Q08. (a) Q09. (a) Q10. (c) Q11. (a) Q12. (d) Q13. (a) Q14. (a)
Q15. (c) Q16. (b) Q17. (d) Q18. (c) Q19. (c) Q20. (a) Q21. (b)
Q22. (d) Q23. (d) Q24. (c) Q25. (d) Q26. (b) Q27. (c) Q28. (b)
Q29. (c) Q30. (d) Q31. (a) Q32. (c) Q33. (d) Q34. (d) Q35. (a)
Q36. (a) Q37. (a) Q38. (c) Q39. (d) Q40. (d) Q41. (b) Q42. (d)
Q43. (b) Q44. (b) Q45. (a) Q46. (c) Q47. (c) Q48. (a) Q49. (c)
Q50. (b) Q51. (d) Q52. (b) Q53. (d) Q54. (a) Q55. (b) Q56. (d)
Q57. (a) Q58. (c) Q59. (d) Q60. (b) Q61. (d) Q62. (a) Q63. (a)
Q64. (b) Q65. (c) Q66. (c) Q67. (d) Q68. (c) Q69. (c) Q70. (c)
Q71. (b) Q72. (b) Q73. (a) Q74. (a) Q75. (c) Q76. (d) Q77. (d)
Q78. (a) Q79. (c)
Chapter 05
Q01. (a) Q02. (a) Q03. (a) Q04. (d) Q05. (a) Q06. (a) Q07. (a)
Q08. (b) Q09. (c) Q10. (b) Q11. (d) Q12. (a) Q13. (c) Q14. (a)
Q15. (c) Q16. (b) Q17. (c) Q18. (b) Q19. (b) Q20. (b) Q21. (d)
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 647
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Q22. (d) Q23. (c) Q24. (a) Q25. (d) Q26. (d) Q27. (a) Q28. (a)
Q29. (c) Q30. (a) Q31. (d) Q32. (c) Q33. (c) Q34. (c) Q35. (c)
Q36. (a) Q37. (d) Q38. (a) Q39. (d) Q40. (d) Q41. (b) Q42. (b)
Q43. (a) Q44. (a) Q45. (c) Q46. (c) Q47. (a) Q48. (c) Q49. (c)
Q50. (c) Q51. (b) Q52. (b) Q53. (b) Q54. (b) Q55. (c) Q56. (c)
Q57. (a) Q58. (a) Q59. (b)
Chapter 06
Q01. (b) Q02. (c) Q03. (c) Q04. (c) Q05. (b) Q06. (a) Q07. (d)
Q08. (c) Q09. (c) Q10. (b) Q11. (c) Q12. (d) Q13. (a) Q14. (b)
Q15. (d) Q16. (d) Q17. (d) Q18. (d) Q19. (c) Q20. (a) Q21. (a)
Q22. (c) Q23. (a) Q24. (c) Q25. (c) Q26. (d) Q27. (d) Q28. (a)
Q29. (c) Q30. (a) Q31. (b) Q32. (b) Q33. (d) Q34. (c) Q35. (a)
Q36. (c) Q37. (c) Q38. (c) Q39. (c) Q40. (b) Q41. (b) Q42. (b)
Q43. (c) Q44. (b) Q45. (b) Q46. (b) Q47. (a)
Chapter 07
Q01. (a) Q02. (b) Q03. (d) Q04. (a) Q05. (d) Q06. (c) Q07. (d)
Q08. (d) Q09. (c) Q10. (c) Q11. (d) Q12. (a) Q13. (d) Q14. (d)
Q15. (b) Q16. (b) Q17. (c) Q18. (b) Q19. (b) Q20. (b) Q21. (a)
Q22. (b) Q23. (c) Q24. (c) Q25. (b) Q26. (b) Q27. (d) Q28. (d)
Q29. (b) Q30. (a) Q31. (b) Q32. (d) Q33. (b) Q34. (d) Q35. (c)
Q36. (b) Q37. (c) Q38. (a) Q39. (a) Q40. (a) Q41. (d) Q42. (b)
Q43. (c) Q44. (d) Q45. (a) Q46. (b) Q47. (d) Q48. (b)
Chapter 08
Q01. (d) Q02. (b) Q03. (b) Q04. (d) Q05. (a) Q06. (c) Q07. (b)
Q08. (b) Q09. (c) Q10. (b) Q11. (a) Q12. (d) Q13. (a) Q14. (c)
Q15. (b) Q16. (d) Q17. (a) Q18. (b) Q19. (d) Q20. (c) Q21. (b)
Q22. (a) Q23. (a) Q24. (d) Q25. (b) Q26. (b) Q27. (b) Q28. (d)
Q29. (d) Q30. (c) Q31. (b) Q32. (a) Q33. (a)
Chapter 09
Q01. (b) Q02. (a) Q03. (b) Q04. (b) Q05. (d) Q06. (c) Q07. (c)
Q08. (c) Q09. (b) Q10. (c) Q11. (d) Q12. (c) Q13. (a) Q14. (c)
Q15. (c) Q16. (c) Q17. (b) Q18. (d) Q19. (d) Q20. (d) Q21. (d)
Q22. (d) Q23. (b) Q24. (c) Q25. (c) Q26. (a) Q27. (b) Q28. (c)
Q29. (c) Q30. (d) Q31. (c) Q32. (c) Q33. (d) Q34. (d) Q35. (a)
Q36. (d) Q37. (a) Q38. (d) Q39. (b) Q40. (c) Q41. (b) Q42. (c)
Chapter 10
Q01. (d) Q02. (b) Q03. (d) Q04. (b) Q05. (c) Q06. (d) Q07. (a)
Q08. (c) Q09. (c) Q10. (b) Q11. (a) Q12. (b) Q13. (a) Q14. (a)
Q15. (a) Q16. (d) Q17. (a) Q18. (d) Q19. (b) Q20. (c) Q21. (c)
Q22. (a) Q23. (c) Q24. (a) Q25. (b) Q26. (b) Q27. (d) Q28. (c)
Q29. (b) Q30. (a) Q31. (d) Q32. (b) Q33. (a) Q34. (b) Q35. (c)
Q36. (a) Q37. (c) Q38. (c) Q39. (d) Q40. (b) Q41. (c) Q42. (a)
Q43. (c) Q44. (d) Q45. (d) Q46. (c) Q47. (c) Q48. (d) Q49. (b)
Q50. (c) Q51. (d) Q52. (b) Q53. (c)
Chapter 11
Q01. (b) Q02. (d) Q03. (a) Q04. (b) Q05. (d) Q06. (b) Q07. (c)
Q08. (a) Q09. (a) Q10. (a) Q11. (c) Q12. (d) Q13. (c) Q14. (b)
Q15. (d) Q16. (a) Q17. (d) Q18. (d) Q19. (c) Q20. (a) Q21. (c)
Q22. (c) Q23. (b) Q24. (a) Q25. (b) Q26. (d) Q27. (a) Q28. (b)
Q29. (c) Q30. (d) Q31. (a) Q32. (b) Q33. (d) Q34. (d) Q35. (c)
Q36. (b) Q37. (c) Q38. (d) Q39. (d) Q40. (a) Q41. (b) Q42. (b)
Q43. (a) Q44. (d) Q45. (c) Q46. (a) Q47. (a) Q48. (a) Q49. (a)
Q50. (a) Q51. (d) Q52. (b) Q53. (d) Q54. (b) Q55. (b) Q56. (b)
Q57. (b) Q58. (c) Q59. (c) Q60. (b) Q61. (a) Q62. (b) Q63. (b)
Q64. (a) Q65. (d) Q66. (c) Q67. (a) Q68. (c) Q69. (c) Q70. (d)
Q71. (c) Q72. (d) Q73. (b) Q74. (d)
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Chapter 12
Q01. (d) Q02. (d) Q03. (a) Q04. (a) Q05. (a) Q06. (b) Q07. (c)
Q08. (d) Q09. (a) Q10. (b) Q11. (b) Q12. (d) Q13. (a) Q14. (c)
Q15. (b) Q16. (b) Q17. (c) Q18. (d) Q19. (d) Q20. (a) Q21. (a)
Q22. (b) Q23. (a) Q24. (b) Q25. (a) Q26. (c) Q27. (a) Q28. (d)
Q29. (c) Q30. (a) Q31. (d) Q32. (d) Q33. (d) Q34. (d) Q35. (d)
Q36. (d) Q37. (d) Q38. (b) Q39. (b) Q40. (b) Q41. (d)
Chapter 13
Q01. (a) Q02. (b) Q03. (d) Q04. (c) Q05. (d) Q06. (a) Q07. (a)
Q08. (a) Q09. (d) Q10. (c) Q11. (c) Q12. (d) Q13. (c) Q14. (d)
Q15. (c) Q16. (d) Q17. (d) Q18. (d) Q19. (c) Q20. (d) Q21. (d)
Q22. (c) Q23. (c) Q24. (c) Q25. (b) Q26. (b) Q27. (d) Q28. (c)
Q29. (a) Q30. (d) Q31. (c) Q32. (a) Q33. (d) Q34. (b) Q35. (a)
Q36. (c) Q37. (a) Q38. (c) Q39. (d) Q40. (c) Q41. (c) Q42. (a)
Q43. (d) Q44. (d) Q45. (a) Q46. (a) Q47. (c) Q48. (b) Q49. (d)
Q50. (d) Q51. (c) Q52. (c) Q53. (c) Q54. (c) Q55. (c) Q56. (d)
Q57. (c) Q58. (b) Q59. (c) Q60. (c) Q61. (b) Q62. (c) Q63. (d)
ANSWER KEYS (Assertion-Reason type Questions)
Unit 1 (Relations & Functions)
Q01. (a) Q02. (d) Q03. (d) Q04. (a) Q05. (a) Q06. (d) Q07. (a)
Q08. (d) Q09. (a) Q10. (d) Q11. (a) Q12. (a) Q13. (d) Q14. (a)
Q15. (a) Q16. (d) Q17. (b) Q18. (a) Q19. (a) Q20. (a) Q21. (d)
Q22. (a) Q23. (b) Q24. (a) Q25. (a) Q26. (c) Q27. (a) Q28. (c)
Q29. (b) Q30. (d) Q31. (d) Q32. (d) Q33. (c) Q34. (c) Q35. (c)
Q36. (d) Q37. (c) Q38. (d) Q39. (c) Q40. (c)
Unit 2 (Algebra)
Q01. (b) Q02. (c) Q03. (b) Q04. (b) Q05. (b) Q06. (d) Q07. (a)
Q08. (a) Q09. (b) Q10. (a) Q11. (a) Q12. (b) Q13. (c) Q14. (a)
Q15. (a) Q16. (c) Q17. (a) Q18. (b) Q19. (d) Q20. (a) Q21. (d)
Q22. (a) Q23. (a) Q24. (a) Q25. (c) Q26. (b) Q27. (a) Q28. (a)
Q29. (a) Q30. (b) Q31. (c) Q32. (b) Q33. (a) Q34. (a) Q35. (c)
Q36. (d) Q37. (a) Q38. (a) Q39. (d) Q40. (c)
Unit 3 (Calculus)
Q01. (d) Q02. (c) Q03. (d) Q04. (a) Q05. (c) Q06. (d) Q07. (a)
Q08. (a) Q09. (c) Q10. (a) Q11. (c) Q12. (d) Q13. (d) Q14. (a)
Q15. (b) Q16. (d) Q17. (d) Q18. (a) Q19. (a) Q20. (b) Q21. (c)
Q22. (c) Q23. (d) Q24. (a) Q25. (a) Q26. (c) Q27. (d) Q28. (d)
Q29. (d) Q30. (c) Q31. (d) Q32. (c) Q33. (b) Q34. (a) Q35. (c)
Q36. (a) Q37. (b) Q38. (a) Q39. (a) Q40. (b) Q41. (b) Q42. (a)
Q43. (b) Q44. (b) Q45. (a) Q46. (b) Q47. (b) Q48. (a) Q49. (a)
Q50. (b) Q51. (c) Q52. (c) Q53. (d) Q54. (a) Q55. (b) Q56. (a)
Q57. (a) Q58. (a) Q59. (d) Q60. (a) Q61. (a) Q62. (d)
Unit 4 (Vectors & 3 D Geometry)
Q01. (b) Q02. (a) Q03. (a) Q04. (b) Q05. (a) Q06. (c) Q07. (a)
Q08. (a) Q09. (c) Q10. (a) Q11. (d) Q12. (a) Q13. (d) Q14. (c)
Q15. (d) Q16. (a) Q17. (c) Q18. (a) Q19. (c) Q20. (a) Q21. (a)
Q22. (b) Q23. (a) Q24. (b) Q25. (a) Q26. (b) Q27. (a) Q28. (b)
Q29. (b) Q30. (b) Q31. (d) Q32. (a) Q33. (c) Q34. (a) Q35. (d)
Q36. (a) Q37. (c) Q38. (d) Q39. (d) Q40. (c) Q41. (b) Q42. (a)
Q43. (d) Q44. (c) Q45. (d)
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 649
MATHMISSION FOR XII (Answers) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
Unit 5 (Linear Programming)
Q01. (a) Q02. (c) Q03. (d) Q04. (d) Q05. (b) Q06. (a) Q07. (d)
Q08. (c) Q09. (c) Q10. (d) Q11. (b) Q12. (c)
Unit 6 (Probability)
Q01. (a) Q02. (a) Q03. (d) Q04. (c) Q05. (c) Q06. (b) Q07. (a)
Q08. (d) Q09. (c) Q10. (c) Q11. (b) Q12. (a) Q13. (a) Q14. (a)
Q15. (d) Q16. (a) Q17. (b) Q18. (d) Q19. (c) Q20. (c) Q21. (d)
Q22. (a) Q23. (d)
ANSWERS OF CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
# Unit I - Relations & Functions
Q01. (i) 220 . (ii) R is equivalence relation. (iii) 210 (31) .
(iv) R is not a function. (v) 240 .
1
Q02. (i) y 2 , x 0. (ii) x (0, ) , y (0, ) .
x
1
(iii) As f () f () implies , so, y f (x) , x 0 is a one-one function.
x2
3
(iv) .
16
Q03. (i) R, [–1, 1].
(ii) When suitable restriction is imposed on the domain of sine function, it becomes
invertible. Therefore, the sine function becomes one-one and onto both.
3
(iii) 2 , 2 . (iv) 2 , 2 . (v) .
4
Q04. (i) Transitive only. (ii) Transitive but not symmetric.
(iii) Reflexive and identity, both. (iv) 212 . (v) 26 64 .
Q05. (i) Transitive only. (ii) Transitive but not symmetric.
(iii) Reflexive and identity, both. (iv) 210 . (v) 26 64 .
3 1
Q06. (i) . (ii) 20 2 m . (iii) tan 1 (2) (iv) cot 1
4 4 2
Q07. (i) (X, Y) R is true. (ii) Given statement is not true. (iii) R is symmetric.
(iv) We can not have (Ghanshyam, Radheshyam) R , (Radhika, Radheshyam) R is a
correct statement.
Q08. (i) 64 . (ii) 8. (iii) R is an equivalence relation.
(iv) f is not bijective.
Q09. (i) R is symmetric. (ii) R is transitive.
(iii) Set of all lines related to the given line is given by y 3x c, c .
(iv) The relation S is symmetric, but relation S is not transitive.
3 2
Q10. (i) A , (ii)
2 2 3
(iii) See the graph in the Theory section of this Chapter.
(iv) Domain : x [0, 2] ; range : [, ] .
Q11. (i) (a) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (a)
Q12. (i) (c) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (d) (v) (b)
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Q13. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv) (b) (v) (a)
Q14. (i) 64 (ii) {(g1 , g1 ) , (g 2 , g 2 )}
(iii) (A) (b1 , b1 ), (b 2 , b 2 ), (b3 , b3 ), (b 2 , b3 ) .
Note that, it can be any one of the pair from, (b3 , b 2 ), (b1 , b3 ), (b3 , b1 ) in place of the
pair (b 2 , b3 ) also.
(B) (b1 , b1 ), (b 2 , b 2 ), (b3 , b3 ), (b 2 , b3 ), (b3 , b 2 ) .
(iv) f is one-one and onto.
Q15. (i) R is reflexive relation (ii) R is symmetric.
(iii) R is transitive; R is an equivalence relation. (iv) f is not one-one; f is onto.
# Unit II - Algebra
Q01. (i) Combined Sale in September and October,
Basmati Permal Naura
15000 30000 36000 Ramkrishna
A+B
70000 40000 20000 Hari Prasad
(ii) Decrease in Sales in September to October,
Basmati Permal Naura
5000 10000 24000 Ramkrishna
AB
30000 20000 0 Hari Prasad
(iii) `800. (iv) `420. (v) `600.
5 4 3 x 11000
4 3 5 y 10700
Q02. (i) .
1 1 1 z 2700
(ii) 5x 4y 3z 11000, 4x 3y 5z 10700, x y z 2700.
(iii) Consistent system with unique solution. (iv) `1000. (v) `4600.
20 5 x 9000
Q03. (i) 20x 5y 9000 and 5x 25y 26000 . (ii) 5 25 y 26000 .
(iii) `200. (iv) `1000. (v) `800.
Q04. (i) `7000. (ii) `14000. (iii) `21000.
(iv) `21250. (v) 330.
Q05. (i) x y z 7000, x y 0, 10x 16y 17z 110000 .
1 1 1 x 7000
(ii) 1 1 0 y 0 . (iii) 2x z 7000, 26 x 17z 110000 .
10 16 17 z 110000
(iv) `1125. (v) `4750.
10 3 145 x
Q06. (i) AX B; where A , B , X .
3 10 180 y
(ii) 91 . (iii) `10. (iv) `15. (v) `65.
Q07. (i) x y z 21, 4x 3y 2z 60, 6x 2y 3z 70 .
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 651
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1 1 1 x 21
(ii) AX B where A 4 3 2 , X y and B 60 .
6 2 3 z 70
(iii) 5 . (iv) 4. (v) `5.
1 1 x 50
Q08. (i) x y 50, x 2y 500 . (ii) 2 1 y 550 .
(iii) Dimensions of the land are : length 200 m and breadth 150 m.
Area of land 30000 m 2 . (iv) x 200 m, y 150 m .
5 3 1 x 160
2 1 3 y 190
Q09. (i) . (ii) 22 .
1 2 4 z 250
2 10 8 7 5 13
1
(iii) 5 19 13 . (iv) 5 8 2 .
22
3 7 1 8 3 3
3 4 x 180
Q10. (i) 1 1 y 50
(ii) System of matrix equations so obtained is consistent.
(iii) No. of scholarships given to girl students is 20 and that of meritorious achievers is 30.
(iv) ` 170000 .
Q11. (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv) (b) (v) (c)
Q12. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (b) (v) (c)
Q13. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) (v) (c)
# Unit III - Calculus
150
Q01. (i) xy 150 . (ii) (x 3)(y 2) . (iii) 156 2x 3 .
x
(iv) x 15 cm . (v) x 15 cm , y 10 cm .
1 50
Q02. (i) 4y 10 (π 2)x (ii) A = 10x 2 π x 2 (iii) A m2 .
2 π4
20 50
(iv) m. (v) 2
m2 .
π4 (π 4)
C x2 C x x3 C
Q03. (i) x 2 4xy C . (ii) y . (iii) . (iv) x units .
4x 4 3
C C
(v) units 3 .
6 3
2 2 C2 y2 C 2 y y3
Q04. (i) y 4xy C . (ii) x . (iii)
4y 4
C C3
(iv) y units . (v) units 3 .
3 6 3
Q05. (i) 3x 2 90x 600 . (ii) x 10, 20 . (iii) 20 trees.
(iv) `2000. (v) `2500.
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Q06. (i) 2x 2 40x 1140 . (ii) 4x 40 . (iii) x 10 m .
(iv) x 15 m . (v) 10 m .
Q07. (i) f (x) 24x 22x 2 4x 3 . (ii) f (x) 24 44x 12x 2 .
2 20 200 3
(iii) x m. (iv) m. (v) m .
3 3 27
16000
Q08. (i) x 2 4hx . (ii) 4000 x 2 h . (iii) 2x .
x2
(iv) x 20 m . (v) 1200 m2 .
Q09. (i) ` (250x x 2 ) . (ii) 300 6x . (iii) 50 bulbs.
(iv) ` 7488 . (v) 100 bulbs.
Q10. (i) 150000 200x x 2 . (ii) 200 2x . (iii) 2 .
(iv) `100. (v) `10000.
1/3
v 2v v
Q11. (i) h . (ii) r2 . (iii) r .
r2 r
1/3
v
(iv) h . (v) rh.
2
40 x x2 x x 40 120 3
Q12. (i) A . (ii) . (iii) m.
4 12 3 6 3 8 43 3
160 400
(iv) m. (v) m2 .
43 3 43 3
Q13. (i) f (x) (x 3)2 x 4 (ii) 2(x 3) 4x 3 (iii) 2 12x 2 .
(iv) 5 units . (v) (1, 8).
R2 2 R1 K
Q14. (i) R R1 1 . (ii) 1 . (iii) R1 .
K K 2
K
(iv) R1 R 2 . (v) R .
4
2
Q15. (i) 2x 2y y 1000 . (ii) (1000x 2x 2 ) . (iii) x 250 m .
2
1000 250000 2
(iv) x m. (v) A m .
4 2
Q16. (i) V x2 y . (ii) C ` 5(3x 2 4xy) .
4V
(iii) C ` 5 3x 2 . (iv) x 8 m , y 12 m . (v) ` 2880 .
x
1000 2000
Q17. (i) h 2 . (ii) S r2 . (iii) r 10 m .
r r
(iv) h 10 m . (v) 300 m 2 .
27 x 27x x 3 27 3x 2
Q18. (i) y . (ii) V . (iii) .
4x 4 4 4 4 4
3
(iv) x 3 cm . (v) 13.5 cm .
Q19. (i) y 6 3x . (ii) x 2 3 6(2x x 2 ) . (iii) 2x 3 12(1 x) .
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 653
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12 12 3
(iv) m. (v) m2 .
6 3 13 4 3
2A
Q20. (i) L x 2y . (ii) Lx . (iii) x 10 2 units .
x
(iv) y 5 2 units . (v) L 20 2 units .
2000 2000 4000
Q21. (i) h . (ii) A r2 .
r2 r r
1/3
dA 2000 4000 ( 2)
(iii) 2 2 r . (iv) r 10 2 . (v) :( 2) .
dr r r2
6 6
5 5
Q22. (i) 6 36 x 2 dx (ii) 6 6 36 x dx
2
(iii) 15 Sq.units .
0
(iv) 30 Sq.units . (v) 15 Sq.units .
Q23. (i) ( 3, 1), ( 3, 1) . (ii) Sq.units . (iii) Sq.units .
3
(iv) 4 Sq.units .
Q24. (i) 2 Sq.units . (ii) 2 Sq.units . (iii) 2 Sq.units .
(iv) 2 Sq.units . (v) 2 Sq.units .
1
1 1
Q25. (i) Sq.units . (ii) ( x x 2 ) dx . (iii) Sq.units .
3 0
3
1
(iv) Sq.units . (v) A1 A 2 A3 .
3
rt
dP P r
Q26. (i) . (ii) P P0 e100 . (iii) 20 log e 2 13.86 years .
dt 100
(iv) 6.93% . (v) ` 1648 .
Q27. (i) Continuous and differentiable in x (0, 12) . (ii) m 0.1 .
(iii) f is strictly increasing in (0, 6), f is strictly decreasing in (6, 12).
(iv) x 6 is the point of absolute maximum and the absolute maximum value of the
function 102.2 .
x 0, 12 both are the points of absolute minimum and the absolute minimum value
of the function 98.6.
2 5000 2
Q28. (i) y 2x 200 . (ii) A (100x – x 2 ) . (iii) A m .
2 1 dS 2x
(iv) S (100x – x 2 ) (100 x) 2 , , x 0 m.
dx
32
Q29. (i) t 4 seconds . (ii) m.
3
Q30. (i) 10x 1250 . (ii) x 125 . (iii) ` 78155 .
(iv) P(x) is strictly increasing in the interval x (0, 125) .
3 1
Q31. (i) 2r x . (ii) 3r h . (iii) cm/s . (iv) cm/s .
6 2
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3x 2 3x
Q32. (i) P(x) 15x 25 . (ii) 15 . (iii) 10 units, ` 50 .
4 2
(iv) 10 units, ` 50 .
12 5
Q33. (i) A x 25 x 2 , x (0 , 5). (ii) x .
5 2
(iii) Length : 5 2 units, width : 3 2 units.
(iv) Length : 5 2 units, width : 3 2 units.
Q34. (i) 1 metre/hour . (ii) 62.8 m 2 /hour .
Q35. (i) 2x y 200 ; A(x) 200x 2x 2 (ii) 5000 m 2 .
1 1
Q36. (i) V r3 . (ii) cm/s . (iii) 2 cm2 /s . (iv) cm/s .
3 4 4
Q37. (i) For year 2000, value of t must be 0; V(0) 2 , which does not make any sense.
So, the function V can not be used to estimate number of vehicles in the year 2000.
(ii) Show that V(t) 0 .
2500000000 dC 10000000000
Q38. (i) C 5000 x 2 . (ii) 10000x .
x4 dx x5
(iii) x 10 m .
(iv) C(x) is not an increasing function, when x 0.
Q39. (i) Since h(t) is a polynomial function, so it is continuous everywhere when t 0 .
13
(ii) t seconds .
14
(75 r r 3 ) dV (75 3r 2 )
Q40. (i) V . (ii) .
2 dr 2
(iii) r 5 cm . (iv) The statement is false.
1 20
Q41. (i) a . (ii) f (1) .
27 27
dy
Q42. (i) 4 x.
dx
(ii) Rate of growth of the plant decreases for the first three days ; Height of the plant after 2
days is 6 cm .
5 5 4
Q43. (i) tan 1 (ii) 2 rad/m (iii) rad/s (iv) 15 m/s .
x x 25 101
36 V 1 125 186
Q44. (i) F (ii) (iii) km/h (iv) l.
5 250 4 2 5
Q45. (i) x 450 units (ii) ` 125 .
72
Q46. (i) A 30 2x (ii) Length : 9 cm , breadth : 6 cm .
x
Q47. (i) P e kt c or, P e kt , where ec (ii) k log (2) .
Q48. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) (v) (d)
Q49. (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) (v) (a)
Q50. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) (iv) (d) (v) (c)
Q51. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) (v) (a)
Q52. (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) (v) (c)
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 655
MATHMISSION FOR XII (Answers) By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
Q53. (ii) y2 x 2 C x
Q54. (i) V 2 (2x 3 65x 2 500x) cm3 (ii) 4(3x 50)(x 5)
65
(iii) x 5 cm (iv) x is a point of inflection for V.
6
# Unit IV – Vectors & 3 D Geometry
Q01. (i) ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ . (ii) 2, –3, 4. (iii) 5.
ˆ ˆ ˆ 2iˆ 3jˆ 4kˆ
(iv) r i 2 j 3k (2iˆ 3jˆ 4k)
ˆ . (v) .
29
5 3 3ˆ 3ˆ 3 3 ˆ
Q02. (i) 4 ˆi . (ii) ˆi j . (iii) i j.
2 2 2 2
(iv) 6 3 kˆ . (v) 3 3 Sq.units .
Q03. (i) . (ii) ABC is right angled and scalene triangle. (iii) 0.
2
174 174
(iv) Sq.units . (v) .
2 35
ˆi 7ˆj 10kˆ
Q04. (i) 3iˆ 3jˆ . (ii) ˆi ˆj 4kˆ . (iii) .
2
(iv) 3 2. (v) 3 2.
Q05. (i)
OB 5i 3j . (ii) OD 8i 8j . (iii) BC iˆ 4ˆj
(iv) 6 2. (v) 10 .
x 1 y 4 z 2 1 1 3
Q06. (i) 1, –1, 3. (ii) . (iii) , , .
1 1 3 11 11 11
(iv) Lines are perpendicular. (v) Lines AB and CD are parallel.
Q07. (i) 1, 2, –1; 2, 1, 1. (ii) (3, 3, 0).
(iii) S.D. 0 units; the lines will intersect each other.
(iv) The lines will intersect each other. Motorcycles may collide at (1, 2, –1).
3
Q08. (i) 6 kN . (ii) Team A (iii) 2 kN (iv) .
4
5iˆ 2jˆ 4kˆ 11 11
Q09. (i) 113 units (ii) (iii) cos1 (iv) .
3 5 45 2 3 5
4
Q10. (i) 4 (ii) cos1 .
42
# Unit V – Linear Programming
Q01. (i) 12 (ii) pq.
Q02. (i) x 2y 10, x y 6, 3x y 8, x 0, y 0
(ii) Minimum value of Z 112 and it is obtained when x 2, y 4 .
# Unit VI - Probability
45 81
Q01. (i) 12% . (ii) 10% . (iii) 10.1% .
. (v) . (iv)
101 101
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34 5 5
Q02. (i) 1% . (ii) 12% . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
1000 34 34
Q03. (i) 0.9 . (ii) 0.01 (iii) 0.999 .
10
(iv) 0.0826 0.083 or , 8.3% (v) 0.01089 .
121
3 11 9
Q04. (i) . (ii) 1. (iii) . (iv) 1. (v) .
5 15 11
2 5
Q05. (i) n 5. (ii) . (iii) . (iv) 1. (v) 1.
5 12
200 31 231 1 230
Q06. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
231 231 3000 231 231
2 1 13 1 1
Q07. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
5 10 30 60 5
1 1
Q08. (i) E1 E3 {B1B2 } . (ii) . (iii) .
4 3
1
(iv) . (v) 1.
2
12 2 3
Q09. (i) or, 48%. (ii) or, 40%. (iii) 43% . (iv) 88% . (v) .
25 5 5
110
Q10. (i) 0.999 . (ii) 0.001989 . (iii) 2000 . (iv) .
221
(v) 0.999 .
1 13 3 45 1
Q11. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
2 150 26 52 52
9 5 1 5 3
Q12. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
14 14 7 9 5
4 2 6 1
Q13. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) 1.
7 7 7 7
21 5 2 1 4
Q14. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
100 14 7 6 21
5 1 1 1 2
Q15. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
6 6 3 2 3
2 4 1 3 7
Q16. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
5 15 3 7 10
22 26 4 1 1
Q17. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) . (v) .
425 425 17 26 221
5 4 20 390
Q18. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) or, 0.039 .
13 39 39 10000
19
(v) .
39
7
Q19. (i) 0.12 or, 12% . (ii) 0.6 . Q20. (i) 0.54 . (ii) .
9
1 3
Q21. (i) . (ii) . Q22. (i) 0.30, 0.05 . (ii) 0.5 .
4 4
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Q23. (i) 0.2 . (ii) 0.1 . (iii) 0.26 . (iv) 0.72, 0.02 .
17
Q24. (i) 0.008 . (ii) 0.03 . (iii) . (iv) 0.009, 0.047, 1 .
47
9
Q25. (i) 8.8% . (ii) .
44
4 4 2 16
Q26. (i) , , (ii) 1.4 . (iii) 49% . (iv) .
10 10 10 51
13 16
Q27. (i) 0.35 . (ii) 0.5075 . (iii) . (iv) .
29 29
23
Q28. (i) 0.23 . (ii) 0.04 . (iii) . (iv) 0.45 .
36
1
Q29. (i) 0.17 . (ii) 0.76 . (iii) . (iv) 0.39 .
3
17
Q30. (i) 0.008 . (ii) 0.047 . (iii) . (iv) 1.
47
7
Q31. (i) 0.38 . (ii) .
19
109 37
Q32. (i) (ii) .
300 109
199999980
Q33. (i) 99.99999% (ii) 195% (iii) 99.9999995% (iv) .
199999999
3 1 13 3
Q34. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) .
5 3 30 20
14
Q35. (i) 0.3 (ii) 0.4 (iii) 0.68 (iv) .
17
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SELECTED H.O.T.S. QUESTIONS
FROM CBSE 2025 EXAMINATIONS
This document is an excerpt
Unit I - Relations & Functions from MATHMISSION FOR
XII By O.P. GUPTA
Relations and Functions; Inverse Trig. Functions
01. For real x, let f (x) x 3 5x 1 . Then
(a) f is one-one but not onto on (b) f is onto on but not one-one
(c) f is one-one and onto on (d) f is neither one-one nor onto on
n
, if n is even
02. If f : N W is defined as f (n) 2 . Then f is
0, if n is odd
(a) injective only (b) surjective only
(c) a bijection (d) neither surjective nor injective
03. If R be a relation defined as a R b iff a b 0; a , b , then R is
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric (c) transitive (d) symmetric and transitive
Direction : Following Questions are Assertion (A) and Reason (R) based carrying 1 mark each.
Two statements are given, one labeled Assertion (A) and other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct
answer from the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
04. Assertion (A) : Let Z be the set of integers. A function f : Z Z defined as f (x) 3x 5,
x Z is a bijective.
Reason (R) : A function is a bijective if it is both surjective and injective.
05. Assertion (A) : Let A {x : 1 x 1} . If f : A A be defined as f (x) x 2 , then f is not
an onto function.
Reason (R) : If y 1 A , then x 1 A .
06. Assertion (A) : Let f (x) e x and g(x) log x . Then (f g) x e x log x , where domain of
(f g) is .
Reason (R) : Dom.(f g) Dom.(f ) Dom.(g) .
07. Let R be a relation defined over N, where N is set of natural numbers, defined as “ m R n if and
only if m is a multiple of n; m, n N .” Find whether R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
or not.
08. Prove that f : N N defined as f (x) a x b, (a , b N) is one-one but not onto.
09. If f : is defined as f (x) log a x , (a 0 and a 1) , prove that f is a bijection.
( is a set of all positive real numbers.)
10. Let A {1, 2, 3} and B {4, 5, 6} . A relation R from A to B is defined as R {(x , y) :
x y 6, x A , y B} .
(i) Write all elements of R.
(ii) Is R a function? Justify.
(iii) Determine domain and range of R.
11. A student wants to pair up natural numbers in such a way that they satisfy the equation
2x y 41; x , y N . Find the domain and range of the relation. Check if the relation thus
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 659
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
formed is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, state whether it is an equivalence relation
or not.
12. Show that the function f : defined by f (x) 4 x 3 5, x is one-one and onto.
13. Let R be a relation defined on a set N of natural numbers such that R {(x , y) : xy is a square
of a natural number; x , y N}. Determine if the relation R is an equivalence relation.
14. The graph of a trigonometric function is as shown. Which of the following will represent graph
of its inverse? Assume that the given function is made invertible after domain restrictions.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
15. The given graph illustrates
660 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics
YouTube channel - Mathematicia By O.P. Gupta theopgupta.com
(a) y sec 1 x (b) y cot 1 x (c) y tan 1 x (d) y cosec 1 x
16. The following graph is a combination of
(a) y sin 1 x and y cos 1 x (b) y cos 1 x and y cos x
(c) y sin 1 x and y sin x (d) y cos1 x and y sin x
17. The graph shown below depicts
(a) y sec 1 x (b) y sec x (c) y cosec1 x (d) y cosec x
18. Domain of f (x) cos 1 x sin x is
(a) (b) (1, 1) (c) [1, 1] (d)
1 2
19. Domain of sin (2x 3) is
(a) (1, 0) (1, 2) (b) ( 2 , 1) (0, 1)
(c) [ 2 , 1] [1, 2] (d) ( 2 , 1) (1, 2)
1
20. If y sin x , 1 x 0 , then the range of y is
(a) , 0 (b) , 0 (c) , 0 (d) , 0
2 2 2 2
3
21. The principal value of sin 1 cos is
5
MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics 661
MATHMISSION FOR XII By O.P. GUPTA (INDIRA Award Winner)
7 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 10 10 5
Direction : Following Questions are Assertion (A) and Reason (R) based carrying 1 mark each.
Two statements are given, one labeled Assertion (A) and other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct
answer from the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
3
22. Assertion (A) : Set of values of sec 1 is a null set.
2
Reason (R) : sec x is defined for x (1, 1).
1
23. Find domain of sin 1 x 1 .
24. Find the domain of sec1 (2x 1) .
25. Find the domain of f (x) sin 1 ( x 2 ) .
26. Find the domain of sin 1 (x 2 3) .
27. Find the domain of the function f (x) cos 1 (x 2 4) .
2x
28. Solve for x : 2 tan 1 x sin 1 2
4 3.
1 x
x
29. Simplify sin 1 .
2
1 x
30. A class-room teacher is keen to assess the learning of her students on the concept of “relations”
taught to them. She writes the following five relations each defined on the set A {1, 2, 3} .
R1 {(2, 3) , (3, 2)}
R 2 {(1, 2) , (1, 3) , (3, 2)}
R 3 {(1, 2) , (2, 1) , (1, 1)}
R 4 {(1, 1) , (1, 2) , (3, 3), (2, 2)}
R 5 {(1, 1) , (1, 2), (3, 3) , (2, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
The students are asked to answer the following questions about the above relations.
(i) Identify the relation which is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
(ii) Identify the relation which is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(iii) (a) Identify the relations which are symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
OR
(iii) (b) What pairs should be added to the relation R 2 to make it an equivalence relation?
31. A school is organizing a debate competition with participants as speakers S {S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 }
and these are judged by judges J {J1 , J 2 , J 3 } . Each speaker can be assigned one judge. Let R
be a relation from S to J defined as R {(x , y) : speaker x is judged by judge y; x S, y J} .
662 MATHEMATICIA By O.P. GUPTA : A New Approach in Mathematics
YouTube channel - Mathematicia By O.P. Gupta theopgupta.com
Based on the above, answer the following.
(i) How many relations can be there from S to J?
(ii) A student identifies a function from S to J as f {(S1 , J1 ) , (S2 , J 2 ) , (S3 , J 2 ) , (S4 , J 3 )} .
Check if it is bijective.
(iii) (a) How many one-one functions can be there from set S to set J?
OR
(iii) (b) Another student considers a relation R1 {(S1 , S2 ) , (S2 , S4 )} in set S. Write minimum
ordered pairs to be included in R 1 so that R 1 is reflexive but not symmetric.
32. Let A be the set of 30 students of class XII in a school. Let f : A N , N is a set of natural
numbers such that function f (x) Roll Number of student x.
On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Is f a bijective function?
(ii) Give reasons to support your answer to (i).
(iii) (a) Let R be a relation defined by the teacher to plan the seating arrangement of students in
pairs, where R {(x , y) : x , y are Roll Numbers of students such that y 3x} .
List all the elements of R. Is the relation R reflexive, symmetric and transitive? Justify your
answer.
OR
(iii) (b) Let R be a relation defined by R {(x , y) : x , y are Roll Numbers of students such that
y x 3} . List the elements of R. Is R a function? Justify your answer.
We have released Set of 2 Books for CBSE
XII Maths (041) useful for session 2025-26.
1. MATHMISSION FOR XII
COMPLETE THEORY & EXAMPLES
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
COMPETENCY FOCUSED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions
Assertion-Reason Questions
Case-Study Questions
Passage-Based Questions
H.O.T.S. Questions from recent exams.
2. SOLUTIONS OF MATHMISSION
Step-by-step Detailed Solutions
(For all Exercises of MATHMISSION)
To access the Detailed Solutions of the
SELECTED H.O.T.S. QUESTIONS
(from CBSE 2025 Examinations),
please Scan the QR-Code.
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