ล

282

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

FISHING

INDUST
Rider

Muh
amm
adP
ERS
)
 283

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, which is a map of the southern coastline of Pakistan. (May/June 2019)

IRAN

Kev:
Arabian Sea
INDIA

=
|||
283

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, which is a map of the southern coastline of Pakistan. (May/June 2019)
 IRAN

INDIA

Key:
Arabian Sea

international boundary

province-level boundary
fishing port

Name two fishing ports on this coastline.

• Jiwani;
• Gwadar;
• Pasni;
• Ormara;
• Sonmiani;
• Karachi / Keamari.
100
L

km

uhammad IFHXIS
(ii) State two uses of fish,
• Fish waste for fertiliser;
• Money/income / export / selling;
•

Fish waste for poultry feed / livestock fodder;

Oil / oil extracted (to provide a source of nutrition - vitamins A & D) / medicines;
Food supply/white meat / consumption / eating / healthy food.

284
200

[2]
ས་
 [2]

121

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(iii) Complete the passage about types of marine fishing in Pakistan. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Fish that is caught and sold for profit is

known as commercial.
fishing. Many families depend on this type of fishing for their main source

of
income

consumption is known as
Fish that is caught by the family for their own

subs is Dance fishing. Many

people
who live near the coast rely on fish as the main component of their

..does.
[2]
 catch
commercial
diet
large

small
subsistence
traditional
income

er
Fish that is caught and sold for profit is known as commercial fishing. Many families depend on this type of fishing as their sole
source of income. Fish that is caught by the family for their own consumption is known as subsistence
fishing. Many people who live near the coast rely on fish as the main component of their diet.
284

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(iii) Complete the passage about types of marine fishing in Pakistan. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Fish that is caught and sold for profit is

known as commercial.
fishing. Many families depend on this type of fishing for their main source

of
income

consumption is known as
Fish that is caught by the family for their own

subsis Dance fishing. Many

people
who live near the coast rely on fish as the main component of their

does
[2]
 catch
commercial
diet
large

small
subsistence
income

Hercom
e
traditional

Fish that is caught and sold for profit is known as commercial fishing. Many families depend on this type of fishing as their sole
source of income. Fish that is caught by the family for their own consumption is known as
subsistence fishing. Many people who live near the coast rely on fish as the main component of their
diet.

(iv) Describe three fishing methods used in marine waters.

• Traditional sailboats / wooden sailboats / small sailboats;
• Traditional small (rope / hand crafted) fishing nets used cannot go deep / surface fishing only catch small amount of fish;
• Fishing rods / lines (with hooks) / fishing poles;
• Trawlers / gill netters / mechanised boats/boats with engines;
• Modern boats can go further out up to 50-60 kms from the coast;
• Stay at sea for 5-15 days / one to three weeks;
• Traditional sailboats do not go far from coast;
• Radar system / sonar / radios /navigation equipment / fish finders;
• Large (nylon/rope) nets which go deep into the sea and catch a large amount of fish / gill nets;
• Dynamite / bombs / explosives.

(b) (i) What is a fish farm?

A fish farm is a (rectangular) artificial pool / pond made for breeding / growing fish.

(ii) Describe the characteristics of a fish farm.

• Rectangular / square / circular ponds;
• Man-made / made by humans;
Concrete or cemented impervious base;
Side is edged with solidified mud / edged with concrete;
Trees planted around the fish farm.
[3]

[1]
E

121
[2]
Fishing Industry
285

(Compiled by Asif Haider)

The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(iii) Classify the following fish into the correct category in the table below. An example has
been done for you.
[3]

shark

drum
Marine fish

Croaker.

Skate/Catfish.
Inland or freshwater fish

manaseer

rahu.

Palla.

Shalla.

Choose from:

drum
rahu
croaker
catfish
skate
 285

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(iii) Classify the following fish into the correct category in the table below. An example has
been done for you.
[3]

shark

drum
Marine fish

Croa ker

Skate/Catfish.
Choose from:
Inland or freshwater fish

manaseer

rahu.

Palla

Shalla.

drum
rahu
croaker
catfish
skate

palla
trout
ray
Answer Key:

Marine fish
Inland or freshwater fish

Drum
Rahu

Croaker
Palla

Catfish
Trout

Skate
Thalla

Ray

Asif
 Haid
thalla
grass carp

Grass carp

(c) Explain two problems caused by the fishing industry on the natural environment. You
should develop your answer.

⚫ Overfishing; removes young fish and causes a reduction in species (dev);

• Water pollution; from spillage of oil from the fishing boats (dev);

⚫ Damage to ecosystem/ ecology; food chains disrupted / species become

• Threat to mangroves; die in polluted water so breeding grounds for many fish are lost/ habitats lost (dev);

endangered / extinct (dev);

⚫ Air pollution; from trawlers releasing fumes / named fumes, e.g. carbon dioxide into air
(dev);
• Nets / anchors / dynamite fishing; damage/erode sea bed / corals (dev);
Using illegal nets; removes young fish (dev);
• Fish farming; chemicals run off into soils / water leading to eutrophication (dev);
Propeller blades; damage / kill fish (near surface) (dev);

Fishing Industry
286

(Compiled by Asif Haider)

[4]
 The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(d) Fishing is an important and growing economic activity in Pakistan. Read the following
two views about ways to develop the fishing industry in Pakistan sustainably:
A

Developing inland fish

farming has greater
benefits for the people
and economy and is more
sustainable.
B

Developing marine fishing

has greater benefits for
the people and economy
and is more sustainable.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples
you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. DEVELOPING
INLAND FISH FARMING
Greater return to fishermen / fishing industry;
• Increased employment;
Use of technology and upgrading of skills will ensure increased fish production;
Favourable impact on foreign exchange earnings;
Reduces burden on crop and livestock;

DEVELOPING THE MARINE FISHING INDUSTRY

der
• Improved facilities are being developed along the coast for preservation and storage:
[6]
286

Fishing Industry
 (Compiled by Asif Haider)
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(d) Fishing is an important and growing economic activity in Pakistan. Read the following two views about ways to
develop the fishing industry in Pakistan sustainably:
A

Developing inland fish

farming has greater
benefits for the people and
economy and is more
sustainable.
B

Developing marine fishing

has greater benefits for
the people
and economy and is
more sustainable.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples
you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. DEVELOPING
INLAND FISH FARMING
• Greater return to fishermen / fishing industry;
• Increased employment;
• Use of technology and upgrading of skills will ensure increased fish production;
• Favourable impact on foreign exchange earnings;
• Reduces burden on crop and livestock;

DEVELOPING THE MARINE FISHING INDUSTRY

• Improved facilities are being developed along the coast for preservation and storage;
• Almost all communities along the coast of Balochistan depend on fishing for their livelihood;
• Infrastructure facilities provided at Gwadar, Ormara and Pasni;
• Ice factories and cold storage developed at Gwadar;
• One fish harbour has been constructed at Pasni;
[6]

. Could set up fish processing for further employment opportunities / potential to catch a lot of fish;

pero manifeder
(a) (i) A Name a species of fish reared on a fish farm. Trout: brown / rainbow / Palla /
Thalla / Catfish; Carp: Mahseer (Mahasher) / rahu / grass

B Give two uses for the products of fish farms.

• Animal/poultry feed;
/catla / mrigal.

⚫ Local consumption / sold in local markets / fulfil requirements / food

supply;
Source of protein;
Fish oil extracted / used in medicine;
• Fish fertiliser / manure;
·

⚫ Breeding / saving species from extinction.

• Export;

(ii) Describe the methods used to rear fish on fish farms.

 Rectangular / man-made ponds;
• Lined / concrete base / cemented endings;
Fill pond with water;
• Add fish or stock / nursery/ different fry, juveniles, etc.;
• Selective breeding programme;
• Trees planted on farms [to prevent losses from evaporation / for shade];
• Water enriched with nutrients / fertilised with manure

Feed added to water / food provided;

• Water filtered / changed / refilled / health and hygiene checked or maintained / chemicals or medicine to prevent disease.
[1]

E
E
[2]

[3]

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows changes in farm size in Pakistan between 1980 and 2010.

부
Farm size hectares (ha)
1980
Percentage of farms
1990
2000
2010

Under 5
 74
81
86
89

5-20
24
17
13
10

21 and over
2
2
1
1

(i) in which year was the percentage of farms under 5 hectares (ha) the smallest? 1980

(ii) Identify the two main changes in farm size over the whole period 1980-2010.
Changes:
Under 5 / (74 to 89) increases
5-20/(24 to 10) decreases
[1]

[2]

E
&
• Add fish or stock / nursery/ different fry, juveniles, etc.;
•

Selective breeding programme;

• Trees planted on farms [to prevent losses from evaporation / for shade];
• Water enriched with nutrients / fertilised with manure
• Feed added to water / food provided;
• Water filtered / changed / refilled / health and hygiene checked or maintained / chemicals or medicine to prevent disease.

Fishing Industry
287

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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2
(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows changes in farm size in Pakistan between 1980 and 2010.

Farm size hectares

(ha)
Percentage of farms
1980
1990
 2000
2010

Under 5
74
81
86
89

5-20
24
17
13
10

21 and over
2
2
1
1

(i) in which year was the percentage of farms under 5 hectares (ha) the smallest?
1980

(ii) Identify the two main changes in farm size over the whole period 1980-2010.
Changes:
Under 5 / (74 to 89) increases
5-20/(24 to 10) decreases
21 and over/ (2 to 1) decreases/halved

(iii) Suggest a reason for one of the changes you have identified in (b) (ii).
Reasons:
[1]

[2]

E
E
[1]

Under 5 / (74 to 89): Increasing sub-division of family plots because of inheritance laws Increasing population
causing pressure on land
5-20/(24 to 10): Redistribution of landlord holdings / land reform reducing landlord holdings / consolidation of holdings
21 and over / (2 to 1): Continues to represent a minority of farms in Pakistan / agriculture in Pakistan
primarily subsistence

(iv) Explain how farm size can affect production on farms in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
For smaller farms:
• Higher proportion wastage / longer time manoeuvre machinery);
[4]

harvest (since less able to use machinery / difficult to

• Shorter / restricted / reduced harvest time (as more likely to / can only afford to rent rather than buy machinery / tractors);
• Less able to grow crops for sale / less able to produce quality crops (as large land needed for monocultures / efficient /
economic production);
• Less able to invest in development of farm (as less likely to be able to obtain loans);
Crops less well irrigated and lower yields (as cannot afford/ do not have modern irrigation / tubewells);
Higher yields / output per ha (since farming is intensive / intensive use of labour);
• Small farms - smaller amount of crop produced than larger farms (mainly subsistence, so less for sale).
For larger farms:
• Farming inefficient or not all of land cultivated (Zamindari system provides less incentive as large
landlords are absent / workers are landless);
e

Larger farms - larger amount of crop can be produced than smaller farms.
 288

Fishing Industry
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5 (c) (i) Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast. [1]

Karachi / Korangi
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(Oct/Nov 2016)

[4]
(ii) Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing industry.
Gutting/washing / cleaning (initial preparation of fish for other processes / ensure hygiene)
Freezing (preserve (freshness) / for export)
Canning (preserve / for export)

Salting (so that the fish is preserved)

Converting to fishmeal (for domestic poultry feed)

Curing (dehydrates the fish so it can last longer / preserve)

Smoking (preserves the fish and gives it a unique taste)
Storage (of fish in refrigerators allows maximum storage time) / refrigerating (keeps the fish in its original state
for eating)
Packaging (preparing for transport / preparation for sale / protects the fish from contamination /
288

Fishing Industry
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5 (c) (i) Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast. [1]

Karachi / Korangi
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(Oct/Nov 2016)

(ii) Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing industry. [4]
Gutting/washing / cleaning (initial preparation of fish for other processes / ensure hygiene)
Freezing (preserve (freshness) / for export)
Canning (preserve / for export)
Converting to fishmeal (for domestic poultry feed)
Salting (so that the fish is preserved)
Curing (dehydrates the fish so it can last longer / preserve)
Smoking (preserves the fish and gives it a unique taste)
Storage (of fish in refrigerators allows maximum storage time) / refrigerating (keeps the fish in its original state for
eating)
Packaging (preparing for transport / preparation for sale / protects the fish from contamination / prevents spoilage)
Boat making / making nets / repairing boats / repairing nets (preparing for the process of catching fish)
 Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

(d) To what extent is it possible to develop the fish processing industry further in Pakistan?
Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied. [6]

Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses)

Possible
Long undeveloped coastline (1050 km / Makran Coast 750 km)
Gwadar being developed as a new port / fish harbour with modern facilities / EPZ (providing base for linkage to central
Asian states)
Potential at Pasni / Jiwani / Sur Bandar / Ormara (allowing more fish to be refrigerated / preserved for transport to Karachi)
Government support (provides essential facilities for a fishing port to allow sustainability) Compliance with EU / international quality
standards (to remove import bans / embargoes) Increase local ice factories / refrigerated
storage / packing/canning facilities (to reduce need to transport to Karachi)
Training/education (could provide employment of local educated youth)
Value added products made for export (make more foreign exchange)

Not possible
Limited private sector and/or government investment / expensive to expand/contributes little to exports / focus on other industries (meaning
technology and skills are not upgraded)
Many processing plants under capacity / out of operation (showing that the future development is uncertain)
Few skilled workers

Coastline remote / poor transport links (e.g. no railway / small airports / delayed new road links)
Canning factories have been unhygienic and a cause for import bans (to EU / Saudi Arabia) Unreliable export
market (about 30% worldwide)
Low profits (6% of foreign exchange)
Foreign competition
Urban centres prefer fresh fish (so processed fish only to a few large department stores)

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4 (c) (i) Name two fishing ports on the Makran Coast. [2]
Any two of Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani

(ii) Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing.

Trawl / gill nets
Mechanised boats / trawlers / gill-netters
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(May/June 2016)

Satellite navigation/use of radio for weather conditions/sonar/'fish finders'

Storage/refrigeration facilities on boat
Up to 60km from the coast
Remain at sea 5-15 days/weeks'
Throughout the year/10 months or more per year
[3]
 (d) To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in Pakistan? Give reasons to
support your answer.

Possible
By avoiding overfishing
[6]
289

fishing Industry
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4 (c) (i) Name two fishing ports on the Makran Coast. [2]
Any two of Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani

(ii) Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing.

Trawl / gill nets
Mechanised boats / trawlers / gill-netters
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(May/June 2016)

[3]

Satellite navigation/use of radio for weather conditions/sonar/'fish finders'

Storage/refrigeration facilities on boat
Up to 60km from the coast
Remain at sea 5-15 days/weeks'
Throughout the year/10 months or more per year

(d) To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in Pakistan? Give
reasons to support your answer.

Possible
By avoiding overfishing
By having quotas/government licences
Secure fishing grounds from foreign fishing boats/fines/policing
Limit number of months in year able to fish (to allow breeding)
Only catch adult fish (by using nets with larger mesh)
Laws to protect of mangrove forests
Laws/fines to prevent marine pollution/oil spills
Education in sustainable methods

Not possible

ad Haider
Mangrove forests are being cleared (reducing breeding/feeding areas for fish/shrimps)
Sea pollution (oil from ships/industrial/domestic waste from Karachi) (poisoning fish and spreading into food chain)
Not enough capital/investment
Lack of skills/training in sustainable methods
Lack of political interest/will (fishing only makes up about 0.5% of GDP)
[6]
 L3
5-6
marks
6- At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible
AND not possible) with evaluation

5- At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible

AND not possible)

L2
3-4 marks
4
Two developed statements about either aspect (possible AND/OR not possible). No evaluation

L1
1-2
marks
3 One developed statement about one aspect (possible OR
Not possible)

N
2- Two simple statements about either aspect (possible AND/OR
Not possible)

1- One simple statement about one aspect (possible OR

not possible)

0
- No valid response

290

Fishing Industry
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2 Study Fig. 2, which shows a map of the coast of Pakistan.

The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(May/June 2013-RS)
Balochistan

... whi...
Ormara
Gawadar.
Tiwari
Karachi.
 Arabian Sea

Key
international boundary
provincial boundary
coastline
•

ports

Fig. 2
(a) (i) Name on the map, two of the ports shown.
Any 2 correctly located from
1/____L: /__D_d Decimal

ider
0
75

km
Sindh

[2]
ས
0 - No valid response

290

Fishing Industry
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2 Study Fig. 2, which shows a map of the coast of Pakistan.

The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(May/June 2013-RS)

Balochistan

...Pub......
Ormara
Gawadar.
Finan
Karachi.

Arabian Sea
 Key
international boundary

51-5

provincial boundary
coastline
•

ports

Fig. 2
(a) (i) Name on the map, two of the ports shown.
Any 2 correctly located from

Frider
Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Karachi (or Port Qasim) - from west to east
(ii) Name two types of fish caught in the sea near Pakistan.
shark, croaker, skate, drum, cat fish, rays, sardine (must be marine fish)
0
75

km

(b) Study Fig. 3, which shows the contribution to Gross National Product (GNP) of the
fishing industry in Pakistan.

GNP Rs000 million

60

50

Muha

0
10
2000
20
30
2002
2004
2006

Fig. 3
year

(i) What was the contribution to GNP of the fishing industry in 2010? 56
million rupees

(ii) By how much has this figure increased since 2006?

38.5 million rupees
 Overfishing:
Why occur:
too many fish caught
small fish caught
too young to breed
291
2008

Fishing Industry
(Compiled by Asif Haider)
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(iii) What is meant by 'over-fishing'? Why does it occur?

is when more fish are caught than replaced naturally
[3]

N
caught in breeding season

(c) Study Fig. 4, which shows the main districts for fish farming in Pakistan.

Peshawar
2010-

[1]

[1]
E
[2]
[2]
Sindh
291
 Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(iii) What is meant by 'over-fishing'? Why does it occur?

[3]
Overfishing:
is when more fish are caught than replaced naturally
Why occur:
too many fish caught
small fish caught
too young to breed
caught in breeding season

(c) Study Fig. 4, which shows the main districts for fish farming in Pakistan.

Quetta

Arabian Sea

Karachi

Muhamma
Peshawar

Key
Lahore

international boundary

river

fish farming
disputed international boundary

300

kmi

Fia. 4

(i) Describe the distribution of fish farming in Pakistan.

KPK(NWFP) by rivers from mountains / in foothills
Swat, Chitral, Dir, Malakand, Manshera, FATA
also Dera Ismael Khan, Kohat, Mardan, Swabi, Abbottabad Punjab in irrigated areas or where
rainfall is sufficient Sheikhpura, Gujranwala, Attock
--

Sindh on the Indus foodplain

Thatta, Badin, Dadu

(ii) Describe how fish are reared on a fish farm.

clean water, fed, health care, separated according to size etc.

(d) Give an example of primary, secondary and tertiary employment in the fishing industry.
removed when big enough to sell.

Primary
fisherman/worker on a fish farm
Secondary Tertiary
factory worker/canner / freezer
lorry driver / office worker
292
[3]

[4]

[3]

Fishing Industry
(Compiled by Asif Haider)
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[6]
(e) What are the benefits and problems of developing either marine fishing or inland fish
farming in Pakistan?
Choice

Advantages
Candidates must choose either marine fishing or fish farming

more food, more work, higher incomes

more infrastructure, more exports (named)
reasons for sustainability
Disadvantages
Old methods / lack of investment, Poor infrastructure, Lack of education / skills
Overfishing, Reasons for unsustainability
Named pollution, Danger of marine fishing
 1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert).
(Oct/Nov 2011)
Photograph A for Question 1

Hai
Tertiary
lorry driver / office worker
[3]
292

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[6]
(e) What are the benefits and problems of developing either marine fishing or inland fish
farming in Pakistan?
Choice

Candidates must choose either marine fishing or fish farming

Advantages
more food, more work, higher incomes
more infrastructure, more exports (named)
reasons for sustainability
Disadvantages
Old methods / lack of investment, Poor infrastructure, Lack of education / skills Overfishing,
Reasons for unsustainability
Named pollution, Danger of marine fishing

1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert).

(Oct/Nov 2011)
Photograph A for Question 1

Muham
Hai
(i) State three ways in which the owner has improved the site for fish farming.
Rectangular / man-made ponds for better management etc.
Separation of ponds/embankment for different ages / species
Roads / ponds lined to prevent contamination / mud / dust / leakage etc.
Brick/stone / Pucca road for vehicles / for easy access
Trees for shade / shelter / beauty
Ponds full of water for healthy fish / good conditions

(ii) Name two species of fish reared on fish farms.

Any two of
Manaseer, Rahu, Palla, Thalla, Trout, Carp, shrimp, catfish, croaker, perch (Damral)

293

Fishing Industry
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(iii) Describe the fishing methods used on a fish farm.

Prepare ponds / half fill for insects
Hatch eggs / buy smelt (small fishes) / breeding
Of single species / improved type of stock
(Regular) feeding (with poultry waste)
Health care / regular checks
Top up ponds / check water levels clean water
Transfer between ponds by size
Catch fully grown fish / fish of market size etc. By net

(b) Study Fig. 1, which shows fish production in Pakistan.

Thousand
tonnes
800

600

400
[3]
 [2]

The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[4]

Marine

Inland and fish farms

Any two of
Manaseer, Rahu, Palla, Thalla, Trout, Carp, shrimp, catfish, croaker, perch (Damral)

Fishing Industry
293
 (Compiled by Asif Haider)

(iii) Describe the fishing methods used on a fish farm.

Prepare ponds / half fill for insects
Hatch eggs / buy smelt (small fishes) / breeding
Of single species / improved type of stock
(Regular) feeding (with poultry waste)
Health care / regular checks
Top up ponds / check water levels clean water
Transfer between ponds by size
Catch fully grown fish / fish of market size etc. By net

(b) Study Fig. 1, which shows fish production in Pakistan.

Thousand
tonnes
800

600

400

200

1997
2007

Fig. 1
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[4]
(i) Which type of fishing increased from 1997 to 2007?
Inland (and fish farms) /both types

(ii) In which year was marine fish production lowest?

1997

(iii) How did the overall total production change from 1997 to 2007?
Increased overall / 1997-2007
Marine

Inland and fish farms

[2]

E
 E
E
E
[1]

[1]

Increased then decreased / highest in 2002

(c) Explain why fishing and fish farming are important industries in Pakistan.
Nutritious food / good quality / healthy
[4]

Content of food including fish oil, e.g. protein, white meat, low in cholesterol, vitamins (max 1)
Bones for fertiliser / other waste product and use
Source of income
Source of employment
Export / earns foreign exchange - of named type of fish / shellfish / product or to a named country or area

294

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[3]
(d) (i) State three ways in which fish can be stored and processed before sale.
Chilled/refrigerated
 Frozen in freezer
Gutted
Filleted / de-boned
Dried
Salted
Canned
(ii) At the present time, most of the fish catch is processed in Karachi. The ports of
Balochistan such as Gwadar and Pasni have the potential for development.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing fish processing industries in the ports of
Balochistan?
[6]
Advantages (res 2)
Stimulates development of fishing industry / port facilities (other than processing)
Gwadar Port
Reduced cost of transport (than to Karachi)
More fresh / no delay / no need for storage
Infrastructure development, e.g. roads, power, telecommunications
294

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[3]
(d) (i) State three ways in which fish can be stored and processed before sale.
Chilled/refrigerated
Frozen in freezer

Filleted/de-boned
Gutted

Dried
Salted
Canned
(ii) At the present time, most of the fish catch is processed in Karachi. The ports of
Balochistan such as Gwadar and Pasni have the potential for development.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing fish processing industries in the
ports of Balochistan?
Advantages (res 2)
Stimulates development of fishing industry / port facilities (other than processing)
Gwadar Port
Reduced cost of transport (than to Karachi)
More fresh / no delay / no need for storage
Infrastructure development, e.g. roads, power, telecommunications
Adds value to fish

Also credit the following ideas with reference to Balochistan

Asider
Income higher living standards, better housing, jobs linked to income or economy Trade with named country or
area - more visitors, contact with other areas etc., e.g. Middle East
Economic development, e.g. investment, entrepreneurs (with some detail)

Disadvantages (res. 2)
Undeveloped infrastructure
Lack of infrastructure, e.g. roads, power, water, ports, etc.
Small market / population
Long way from major centres of population, e.g.
Karachi
Uneducated / unskilled population
Lack of interest from investors or government / high cost of any development Inhospitable climate / relief
Named pollution linked to processing (max 1)
Effects of increase in urban population (max 1)
Poor quality product / canned fish banned in some countries
[6]

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1 (b) Study Fig. 2, which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996-2006.(Oct/Nov 2010)

500,000

metric tonnes
400,000

300,000-
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
 year

Fig. 2

The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. (i) Suggest
two reasons for this decrease. Over-fishing
Water pollution / oil spills etc.
Loss of breeding / shelter / feeding areas (i.e. mangroves)
Fishing in closed season / when breeding
Fishing by boats from other countries

Haider
[2]

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a
Fishing Industry
(Compiled by Asif Haider)
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

1 (b) Study Fig. 2, which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996-2006.(Oct/Nov 2010)

500,000

metric
tonnes 400,000 -

300,000+
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006

year

Fig. 2
The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996.
(i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease.
Over-fishing
Water pollution / oil spills etc.
Loss of breeding / shelter / feeding areas (i.e. mangroves)
Fishing in closed season / when breeding
Fishing by boats from other countries
[2]

(ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. [3]
Increases and decreases / fluctuates
Highest in 2002
Two peaks
Lowest in 2006

lanad A Haider
No increase since 2003/ decline from 2004
Max and min. figures (only)

(c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved.

Boats with engines
Can go further offshore
Can stay at sea for several days
Cold storage on boat
Mechanised equipment/winches
Nylon/bigger / stronger/ nets or ropes
Weather forecasts
Sonar to locate fish
Satellite navigation Training/education
 [5]

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Fishing Industry

(d) Study Fig. 3.

(Compiled by Asif Haider)
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

communications

employment
education

food
FISHING
trade

technology
sustainability

pollution

Fig. 3
With reference to Fig. 3, explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry
in Pakistan.

Advantages (res. 2)
More food
NB: This can include fish farming / freshwater fishing

Healthier food / more protein etc.

More employment / more income/ less unemployment
Exports to - or of (e.g. shrimps to Japan, dried fish to Middle East, to Sri Lanka)
Better communications with - (e.g. better roads, telecommunications in Balochistan)
More education by teaching skills

madlaid
More technology - introduction of engines, machines, radar, satellite navigation Growth of
other industries e.g. Processing, boat building
 Sustainability as fish are 'free', should not 'run out'

Disadvantages (res. 2)
Education - lack of skilled labour

Technology costs money, imported

Water pollution - kills, damages fish, Pakistan's rivers are polluted, mangroves polluted Restrictions -
marine fishing banned in June and July
[6]
Satellite navigation Training/education

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(d) Study Fig. 3.

communications

employment
education

food
FISHING
trade

technology
sustainability

pollution

Fig. 3

[6]
With reference to Fig. 3, explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry
in Pakistan.

Advantages (res. 2)
More food
NB: This can include fish farming / freshwater fishing

Healthier food / more protein etc.

More employment / more income/ less unemployment
-

Exports to or of (e.g. shrimps to Japan, dried fish to Middle East, to Sri Lanka) Better
communications with - (e.g. better roads, telecommunications in Balochistan) More education by
teaching skills
pr
e
p
ur
D
e
 u
r
More technology - introduction of engines, machines, radar, satellite navigation Growth of
other industries e.g. Processing, boat building
Sustainability as fish are 'free', should not 'run out'

Disadvantages (res. 2)
Education - lack of skilled labour
Technology costs money, imported
Water pollution - kills, damages fish, Pakistan's rivers are polluted, mangroves
polluted Restrictions - marine fishing banned in June and July
- controls on net size
-

Quality some products banned by western countries

- can be poisonous / makes them unsuitable to eat Income -
not large, delayed profit

Sustainability issues of over-fishing

4 (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani

(ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen.

Shark
[2] (May/June 2008)

[2]
 Drum
Croaker
Cat fish Skate
Herring
Mackerel
Sardine Pomfret

Ray

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Fishing Industry

(iii) Describe subsistence fishing

methods.
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[3]
Small/wooden boats
Sailing/rowing boats
Traditional/hand made nets
Coastal only
Lack of machines/simple engines
Rod and line method
Fish kept in baskets of ice

(iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial.
Engines
24

[4]
Shark
Herring
Drum Croaker
Mackerel

Cat fish
Sardine Pomfret
Skate
Ray

297

(Compiled by Asif Haider)

The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

[3]
Fishing Industry
 (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods.
Small/wooden boats
Sailing/rowing boats
Traditional/hand made nets
Coastal only
Lack of machines/simple engines
Rod and line method
Fish kept in baskets of ice

(iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial.
Engines
Gill netters/nylon nets/stronger nets
Can go further offshore
Radios
Chilled storage on boat
Trawlers
Loans for ---
Education/training for------

(b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore?

In ice/cold storage/refridgerated
Gutted
Canned
Dried
Frozen

Asif
Haider
Salted
Fish-fingers/other product
Fish oil

(ii) Why is fish processing called 'value-added'?

Can be sold for more money/more profit

PL
U
(iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the fishing
industry difficult?
Poor roads/no railway for transport
Lack of electricity/power for processing
Poor telecommunications to markets Lack of fresh/clean water for processing
Illiteracy/lack of training/lack of
education
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[4]

[3]

[1]
EE
[4]
 The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(c) Study Fig. 3, a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in
Pakistan.

fish catch (1000 metric

tonnes)
500

400

300
Marine
窗
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Fishing Industry
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(c) Study Fig. 3, a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in
Pakistan.

500
 400

300

fish catch (1000 metric

tonnes)

200

100-

0
1960
Marine

Inland

Fig. 3

ad A
1980

year
2000

(i) Compare the changes shown in the graph.

Both increase
Marine increases more than inland/faster than inland
[3]

Marine increases/continuously but inland had little increase until early 1970s
Inland increased to nearly 10 times bigger/marine only 5
times bigger Comparative figs (max 1) units not required
(ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing.
More people live near rivers, lakes etc.
Maintenance of ponds
Hatcheries
Feeding
Harvesting (catching)
Transport
Government encouragement/loans etc.

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3 (a) Study Photograph A (insert) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan.
(May/June 2004)
Photograph A for Question 3

Fishing Industry
(Compiled by Asif Haider)
The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

3 (a) Study Photograph A (insert) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan.
(May/June 2004)
Photograph A for Question 3
 [4]
(i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm.
- Large/big/extensive

Muromad Asif
Ha
- Grid pattern/regular pattern
- Ponds/lakes/toba
- Several/at least 4 ponds
- Rectangular ponds/long (and thin)
- (Ponds separated by) earth(en) banks/embankments/raised
edges/mud walls/brick/paved road/path
wide, flat, straight
- (Line of) trees
- Trees for shade
- Rough ground/bare ground/dung on edge of ponds

(ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds?
-

- Flat land/plain land

Large area
Easy to use machinery for digging out ponds
Unconsolidated rock/soil/alluvial deposits/soft soil
- Easy to dig/excavate
- Impervious alluvium/clay/rock/high water table
- Retains water/water collects

(iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the
ponds?
From the area dug out for the ponds

300
[3]
E
[1]
Fishing Industry
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(b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name
a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms.
Fish bred:
Grass/moore/rahu/silver/tallah (thalla)/manaseer/palla/trout/carp
Why:
- Growing population
- Lack of protein in diet/important part of diet
- Education on nutrition

- Fish are rich in protein/low in cholesterol

- Provides alternative income for farmers
Provides employment
- Water available from irrigation schemes/lakes/reservoirs

2 (a) Study the following.

Fish

Group 1 - crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, shark

Group 2 - hila, mahseer, palla, trout
Group 3 - herring, mackerel, sardines, shark

Fishing Areas

A inland fisheries (freshwater)

B- Makran (Balochistan) Coast
C-Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast

(i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught?

Area C
141

(Oct/Nov 2002)
T

300

Fishing Industry
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The Environment of Pakistan-Paper 2

(b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a
species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms.
Fish bred:
 Grass/moore/rahu/silver/tallah (thalla)/manaseer/palla/trout/carp
Why:
- Growing population
Lack of protein in diet/important part of diet
- Education on nutrition
- Fish are rich in protein/low in cholesterol
- Provides alternative income for farmers
- Provides employment
- Water available from irrigation schemes/lakes/reservoirs

2 (a) Study the following.

Fish!

Group 1 - crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, shark

Group 2 - hila, mahseer, palla, trout
Group 3-herring, mackerel, sardines, shark

Fishing Areas

A inland fisheries (freshwater)

B- Makran (Balochistan) Coast
C-Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast

(i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught? Area C

(ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? Area A
141

(Oct/Nov 2002) T

(iii) Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the
fish caught.
[6]
Makran coast is 600 KM in length, covering two-third of Pakistan coast, but accounts for only one- third of marine fish, mainly subsistence fishing
but commercial is also done, Gawadar, Pasni, Ormara and Sonmiani are chief fishing ports,
Herring, Mackerel, Sardine and Shark are common species while Croaker, catfish, skates and rays are also caught,
Gill-netter, sail boats, mechanized motor boats and trawlers are used, Fish are dried and exported. main use of fish is to make poultry feed,
fish waste can be used as fertilizer.

(iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing
fish.

Fish farms are common in Punjab and Sindh. Fish are cultured in small man-made tanks, easy to dig in soft soils,
small fish from hatcheries are taken for farms,
Nutritional diets, antibacterial medicines are used during growing period.
Source of water: Tube-wells and canals.
Fisheries deptt of provincial government help in this regard by providing technical
knowledge/financial assistance.

(v) Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast?
River Indus brings sufficient quantity of fish food, mangrove provides, breeding and spawning ground, its roots are best
shelter, trap for food and safety from predators.
[4]
 14)

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ider