PHYSICS

Chapter-Wise
Target Papers
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CHAPTER 01 MEASUREMENTS
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Errors (3 times)  Random error and systematic error (5 times)
 Ideal standard (2 times)  Supplementary units (4 times)
 Precision and accuracy (2 times)  Significant figures (3 times)
 Kilogram and mole (4 times)  Gravitational constant 'G' (3 times)

70% Important Defines:

 Absolute uncertainty  precise and accurate measurement
 Homogeneity  Frontiers of Physics

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Write down dimensions of: (a) Pressure (b) Density. (9 times)
2. Name several repetitive phenomenon occurring in nature which could serve as reasonable time
standard.
(6 times)
3. Does a dimensional analysis give any information on constant of proportionality that may appear in
an algebraic expression? Explain. (8 times)
4. Time Period of a Simple Pendulum is measure oy a Stop Watch. What type of errors are possible in
the Time Period? (7 times)
5. Give the drawbacks to use the period of a pendulum as a time standard. (11 times)

70% Important Exercise Questions:

1. How many nano-seconds in one year?

APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:
Uncertainty:
1. Find the uncertainty in a timing experiment of 30 vibrations completed in 54.6 sec. and the timing
device has the least count 0.1 sec.

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2. If percentage uncertainty in radius of sphere is 0.4%, then what will be total uncertainty in its
volume?
3. How do you calculate final uncertainty in a timing experiment?
4. Find the uncertainty in the average value of these measurements 1.20, 1.22, 1.23, 1.19
5. How the uncertainty is reduced in a timing experiment?
6. How uncertainty is estimated in power factors?
7. The time of 30 vibrations of a simple pendulum recorded by a stop watch accurate up to one tenth
of a second is 54.6 s. Find its period with uncertainty. (3 times)
8. When V5.2±0.1V and I=0.84 ± 0.05A, what is percentage uncertainty in 'R'?
9. Given that V = (5.2±0.1) volt. Find its percentage uncertainty. (2 times)
Dimensionally:
1. Show that E=mc2 is dimensionally consistent. (3 times)
2. Write the dimensions of: (i) Pressure (ii) Power. (2 times)
3. Show that the famous "Einstein equation" E = mc2 is dimensionally consistent. (2 times)
4. Find the dimension of coefficient of viscosity in the relation F = 6πηrv.
5. Write down dimensions of: (i) Co-efficient of viscosity. (ii) Pressure.
6. Show that the expression V = V + at is dimensionally correct.
7. Show that the equation vf =vi+at is dimensionally correct.
8. Show that S= Vit +1/2ꙍi2 is dimensionally correct
Rectangular Plate:
1. Two sides of a rectangle are 15. 3 cm and 12. 80 cm Find, the area of the plate.
2. The length and width of a rectangular plate are 15.3cm and 12.80cm respectively. Find the area of
the plate upto correct significant figures.
3. The length and width of a rectangular plate are measured to be 15.3cm and 12.80cm respectively.
Find area of the plate.
Conversion:
1. How many meters are there in one light year? Explain. (4 times)
2. How many seconds are there in one year? Explain.
3. How much distance is covered by light in one year?
Correctness:
1. How do you check the correctness of an equation?
2. Check the correctness of the relation V = where V is speed of transverse wave on a stretched
string.
Measurements:
1. Does all physical measurements are accurate or precise, yes or not, explain.
2. Can measurement taken with a Vernier caliper be more precise than a measurement taken with a
screw gauge? Explain.
3. Write down factors of prefixes atto and tera.
4. Why do we find it useful to have two units for the amount of substance, the kilogram and the mole?
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5. (8 times)
6. Distinguish between base units and derived units. (2 times)
7. How would a numerical data should be rounded off up to last significant figure?
8. An old saying is that "A chain is only as strong as its weakest link" what analogous statement can
you make regarding experimental data used in computation?
9. Add the following masses given in kg upto appropriate precision. 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32?
(2 times)
10. The length of a floor tile is 0.233 m while its breadth is 0.178 m. Find its area in significant figures.
11. Find the distance between Moon and Earth where the travel time of light from Moon to Earth is 1
min 20 sec.
12. Give four conventions for indicating units.
13. How many Radians account for circumference of a circle? How many Steradians account for surface
area of a sphere?
14. How many years are in 1 second?

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CHAPTER 02 VECTORS AND

EQUILIBRIUM
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Terms (i) unit vector and (ii) components of a  Unit vector in the direction of the vector
vector (3 times) a= 41 +3j (2 times)
 Define: (i) null vector (ii) equal vectors (2 times)  Position vector (3 times)
 Isolated system (2 times)
70% Important Defines:

 Minimum value of tension in the string?  Inertial and non inertial

 Equilibrium  Torque
 Unit vectors, i, j and k

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude? (6 times)
2. Can magnitude of a vector have a negative value? (3 times)
3. If A - B=0, what can you say about the components of the two vectors? (4 times)
4. Can you add zero to a null vector? (4 times)
5. Can a body rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight? (7 times)
6. Name three conditions that could make, A₁× A₂ =0 (7 times)
7. Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain. (6 times)
8. Can a vector have a component greater than the vector's magnitude? Explain. (5 times)
9. Can the product of two vectors be equal to the product of their magnitudes. (2 times)
10. Vector A lies in the xy-plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components be negative?
For what orientation will its components have opposite signs? (2 times)
11. The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of the vectors?
(3times)
12. If one of the rectangular components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.
(3 times)
13. Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity? Explain. (3 times)
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APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:
Vectors:
1. Draw the diagram of two cases in which components of a vector are equal in magnitude.
2. How do you subtract two vectors?
3. How would you explain "arbitrary direction" for a null vector obtained from east and west directed
two equal in magnitude vectors.
4. How do you multiply a vector by a scalar number?
5. Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged head to tail rule. What is the
sum of these vectors?
6. Show that vector addition is commutative.
7. Write down the steps for addition of vectors by rectangular component method. (2 times)
8. Can the scalar product of two vectors be negative?
9. If two perpendicular vectors have same magnitudes, Find the angle between their sum and
difference.
1. Analyze the net increase in the value of vector product when angle between two vectors are
changed from 0° to 60°.
2. A and B are two non-zero vectors. How can their scalar product be zero? How can their vector
product be zero?
3. Explain briefly the right hand rule to find the direction of vector product.
4. Prove that scalar product is commutative.
5. Why the cross product is not commutative? Explain briefly.
6. How would you verify that the dot and cross product become equal in magnitude?
Rectangular Components:
1. If Force of magnitude 20N makes an angle of 30° with x-axis then find its y - component?
2. A force of 10 N makes an angle of 60° with x-axis. Find its x and y components.
3. If force F of magnitude 10 N makes an angle of 30° with y-axis then find its x-component.
4. If F1=3 cm and F₂ = 6 cm. Let F1 is at angle 30° while F₂ is lying at an angle of 120° w.r to X-axis
respectively, then find their dot Product.
5. Give two factors on which turning effect depends.
6. If A=3i - 5ĵ, B = 7k find (Ax B) (2 times)
7. Find the projection of A= 2î--8j+k in the direction of B = 3-j- 12 k

LONG QUESTIONS
Vector , Cross And Scalar Product:
1. What is meant by cross product and explain its four characteristics?
2. Define cross product of two vectors. Give examples. Also write the characteristics of cross product.
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3. Define vector or cross product. Give examples. Give at least four characteristics of vector product.
4. What is vector product of two vectors? Why it is called cross product? Give its examples and write
down its characteristics.
5. What is a scalar product? Discuss its physical interpretation and write its three characteristics.
(3 times)
6. Define Scalar Product of Two Vectors. Write down the characteristics of Scalar Product of two
vectors.
7. Define and explain dot product of two vectors. Give two examples and write down its four
characteristics.
Rectangular:
1. Explain the addition of vector by rectangular components. Also write the main steps for addition.
2. Define rectangular component. Explain addition of vectors by rectangular components.
3. Find resultant of A and B using addition of vectors by rectangular components.
4. Find the angle between two forces of equal magnitude when the magnitude of their resultant is also
equal to the magnitude of either of these forces. (2 times)
Torque:
1. Define the term torque. What are factors upon which torque depends. Calculate torque due to force
acting on rigid body. (4 times)

100% IMPORTANT NUMERICALS

Most Important Numerical: Most Important Examples:
 2.6 (2 times)  2.5 (4 times)
 2.10 (6 times)  2.7 (2 times)
 2.13 (2 times)  2.2 (5 times)
 2.14 (2 times)  2.1 (2 Times)
 2.15 (5 times)
 2.17 (5 times)
 2.10 (3 times)

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CHAPTER 03 MOTION AND FORCE

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Linear momentum (13 times)  Elastic and inelastic collision ( 2 times)
 Uniform and variable velocity (5 times)  Ballistic missile (3 times)

70% Most Important Defines:

 Elastic collision  Velocity-time graphs
 Newton's 2nd law  Ke of a fired bullet when it penetrates into a
 Inertial frame target

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. Is this statement
true? Discuss. (5 times)
2. An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity, relative to
velocity, while the object is in air? (7 times)
3. Explain the circumstances in which the velocity v and acceleration a of a car are
(a) v is zero but a is not zero. (b) a is zero but is not zero. (8 times)
4. At what point or points in its path does a projectile have its minimum speed, its maximum speed?
(5 times)
5. Show that the range of projectile is maximum when projectile is thrown at an angle of 450 with the
horizontal. (5 times)
6. Explain the circumstances in which the velocity and acceleration a of a car are
(i) Antiparallel (ii) Perpendicular to one another (7 times)

70% Most Important Exercise Questions:

1. At what point or points in its path does a projectile has its minimum speed, its maximum speed?

APPLICATION BASED
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Application Based + Conceptual:

Projectile Motion:
1. Mention the points in the path of a projectile for minimum and maximum speed.
2. Which quantities are assumed to be constant in projectile motion?
3. Calculate Time of Flight in case of a Projectile.
4. Derive the relation for the time of flight of a projectile. (3 times)
5. Derive a formula for range of the projectile. (2 times)
6. Explain what is meant by projectile motion. Derive expression for the time of flight.
7. Why two projectiles fired with different initial horizontal velocities take same time to reach ground?
8. Derive the relation for the height of a projectile.
9. Calculate the distance covered by a free falling body during first second of its motion.
10. At the highest point in the path of a projectile its speed is minimum, why? Explain it.
Angular Velocity And Acceleration:
1. Explain the circumstances in which velocity and acceleration à are perpendicular to one another.
2. A rubber ball and a lead ball of same size are moving with same velocity. Which ball has greater
momentum and why?
3. Discuss and draw the velocity time graph when car moves with constant acceleration? (3 times)
4. Can the velocity of an object reverse the direction when acceleration is constant? If so give an
example. (3 times)
5. Can the velocity of an object reverse direction when acceleration is constant? If so give an example.
6. (2 times)
7. Calculate the force due to water when it flows out from a pipe at 3kgs-1 and its velocity changes
from 5ms-1 to zero on striking the wall?
8. A 1500 kg car has its velocity reduced from 20 m/s to 15 m/s in 3.0 second. How large was the
average retarding force?
9. Draw the velocity-time graph for uniformly retarded motion.
10. If a squash ball comes back to its starting point after bouncing several times, then what would be
its average velocity?
11. Show that the sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal lengths are also
perpendicular and of the same length.
Force And Momentum:
1. Why do we wear seat belts? Use an equation to support your answer.
2. How Force and Momentum are related to each other?
3. Does the man can jump high on the surface of moon as compare to earth 7 Explain.
4. How a rocket is propelled in space?
5. When a moving car stops quickly, in what direction passengers fall and why?
6. How do you find out the height of a tower by using one of the equation of motion. Write all steps
you take for measurement.
7. Why does a cricket player retrace his hands backward while catching?

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8. As an object is thrown vertically upwards, its velocity decreases. Is this against the law of
conservation of linear momentum?
9. Does a moving object has impulse? Explain your reasoning.
10. Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towards each other. Explain.
11. A rubber ball and lead ball of same size are moving with same velocity. Which ball has great
momentum and why?

LONG QUESTIONS
Projectile Motion:
1. Define projectile motion. Derive relation for : (i) Time of flight (ii) Range (iii) Maximum height
2. When a ball is thrown with some Initial velocity V, making an angle with the horizon. Discuss its
Motion. Also derive relation for Height, Time of Flight and Range.
3. Explain what is meant by projectile motion? Describe the expression for (i) Height of the projectile
(ii) Time of flight
4. Define projectile motion. Derive the expression for : (i) Time of flight and (ii) Height of a projectile.
5. Define projectile motion. Derive formula for (i) Horizontal range (ii) Height of projectile
6. What is projectile and projectile motion? Explain and analyse the oblique projectile as well as
horizontal projectile.
7. What is projectile motion? Work out expressions for (i) Height (ii) Time of light
Elastic Collision:
1. What do you know about collision? How would two balls collides elastically in different cases?
2. Discuss the elastic collision in one dimension and prove that speed of approach is equal to the speed
of separation. (2 times)
3. Explain Elastic Collision in One Dimension to prove that magnitude of Relative Velocity of
approach is equal to the magnitude of the relative velocity of separation and also write the
equations of V1 and V2.
4. What is Elastic Collision ? In case of Elastic Collision of two bodies in one dimension, write their
velocities after Collision. (2 times)
5. Drive the expression for the final velocities of two hard smooth balls after their elastic collision in
one dimension.
Linear Momentum:
1. Does the inertia depend on the momentum of a body? Give its reason. Also state and explain the
law of conservation of linear momentum.

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100% IMPOPRTANT NUMERICALS

Most Important Numericals:
Most Important Examples:
 3.2
 3.7  3.5 (5 Times)
 3.8 (3 times)  3.2 (8 Times)
 3.10 (11 Times)  3.7 (2 Times)
 3.12 (5 Times)
 3.13 (15 Times)
 3.3 (5 Times)

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CHAPTER 04 WORK AND ENERGY

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Energy is in (a) compressed spring (b) water in  Escape velocity (6 times)
a high dam (3 times)  Solar constant (2 times)

100% Most Important Defines:

 Fermentation  Impulse  Momentum
 Geyser and aquifer  Velocity and acceleration  Collide elastically

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. A girl drops a cup from a certain height, which breaks into pieces. What energy changes are involved?
(4 times)
2. An object has 1J of potential energy. Explain what does it mean? (8 times)
3. Calculate the work done in kilo joules in lifting a mass of 10 kg (at a steady velocity) through a vertical
height of 10 m. (8 times)

APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:
1. How pollution can be reduced? Use mass transportation and energy methods to support your answer.
2. Prove that P=F.v where P, F and v are power, force and velocity. (2 times)
3. When a rocket re-enters the atmosphere, its nose cone becomes very hot. Where does this heat energy
come from? (3 times)
4. What is meant by work done by a constant force?
5. Derive a relation between power and velocity. (3 times)
6. A girl drops a cup from certain height, which breaks into pieces. Why it happens & what energy
changes are involved?
7. A person is standing near a fast-moving train. Is there any danger that he will fall towards it?
8. (2 times)
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9. Why fog droplets appear to be suspended in air? (5 times)

LONG QUESTIONS
Absolute Potential Energy:
1. How would you describe the analytical approach of formula of absolute P.E., also derive the
formula with diagrammatic explanation.
2. Define absolute potential energy. Derive its mathematical expression U = -GMm
r
Interconversion Of Energy:
1. Discuss the interconversion of potential and kinetic energy when frictional force is not
considered.
2. Discuss interconversion of Potential energy and Kinetic energy.
Conservative Field:
1. Define Conservative Field and prove that work done is independent of the path followed by the
body in Gravitational Field.
2. Which field is produced by the earth? Prove that the work done in this field is independent of the
path followed and work done in a closed path be zero.
3. What is gravitational field? Show that gravitational field is a conservative field. (2 times)

100% IMPORTANT NUMERICALS

Most Important Numericals: Most Important Examples:

 4.3 (15 times)  4.2 (8 times)
 4.4 (8 Times)  4.3 (5 times)
 4.5
 4.7 (8 Times)
 4.8 (10 Times)

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CHAPTER 05 CIRCULAR MOTION

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Artificial satellites (2 times)  Geostationary satellite and geo-stationary
 Tangential and angular velocity (2 times) radius (2 times)
 Angular momentum and angular velocity  Moment of inertia (10 times)
(7 times)  Systolic and diastolic pressure (3 times)
 Geothermal energy (2 times)  Energy is in the (a) compressed spring (b) water
 Intelsat vi (3 times) in high dam (2 times)

70% Important Defines:

 Gps  Work-energy
 Orbital velocity  Simple pendulum
 Centripetal force  Vectors in simple situations
 Small sphere of radius "r" moving through a  Critical velocity
liquid  Artificial gravity
 Weightlessness in satellite  " aquifer"
 Angular displacement

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Why mud flies off the type of a moving bicycle, in what direction does it fly? (2 times)
2. A disc and a hoop start moving down from the top of an inclined plane at the same time. Which one
will be moving faster on reaching the bottom? (3 times)
3. Explain what is meant by Centripetal Force and why it must be furnished to an object if the object is
to follow a circular path? (2 times)
4. Show that orbital angular momentum Lo=mvr (10 times)

70% Important Exercise Questions:

1. Show that how many minimum number of geostationary satellites are required for global coverage
of T.V transmission

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APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:
Satellite:
1. Describe what should be the minimum velocity for a satellite, to orbit close to the earth around it.
2. Explain how many minimum numbers of geo-stationary satellites are required for global
coverage of T.V. transmission? (4 times)
3. Write down applications of communication satellites.
4. Orbital speed of a satellite is 7.9 Kms-¹. Calculate its period.
Centripetal Force:
1. A 1000kg car moves with a speed of 40ms round a curve of radius 100m. Find the necessary
centripetal force. (2 times)
2. How centripetal force acts and give two forces which can provide centripetal force to the
circulating system?
3. Show that work done by centripetal force is zero.
4. Why centripetal force is required to keep a body moving on a circular track?
5. Can centripetal force perform any work? Explain.
Potential Energy:
1. Discuss the relation and the importance of -ve sign in the relation Ug = GMm
r
2. An object has 1J of P.E. Explain what does it mean?
3. Show that K.E=P2/2m, where P is momentum.
4. How can we get energy from tides?
5. Calculator the work done in Kilojoules in lifting a mass of 10 kg (at a steady velocity) through a
vertical height of 10 m.
6. Calculate the rotational K.E of a disc and a hoop.
7. A boy uses a catapult to throw a stone which accidentally smashes a greenhouse window. List the
possible energy changes. (4 times)
8. A girl drops a cup from a certain height which breaks into pieces. Which energy changes are
involved? (2 times)
9. Potential energy is the property of a conservative field. Explain. (2 times)
Gravitational Field:
1. TA wheel covers 200 m distance between two points. If its radius is 0.2 m, find the
number of revolution completed by the wheel.
2. Two cylinders of equal mass but with different diameters, which has greater rotational inertia?
3. Satellites orbiting at different altitudes have different time periods. Explain why?
4. Why is it difficult for a car to turn round a corner at high speed than at lower speed?
5. Prove that v = ro.
6. When mud flies off the tyre of a moving bicycle, in what direction does it fly? Explain. (8 times)
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7. If a lift is falling freely under gravity, how weightlessness is produced. Use mathematical equations
to support your answer.
8. How do you create a gravity free system?
9. Why does a diver change his body positions before and after diving in the pool? (7 times)
10. In which case more work is done? When a 50 kg bag of books is lifted through 50cm or when a 50
kg crate is pushed through 2m across a force of 50N? (2 times)
11. Prove that 1 radian = 57.3°.
12. A chimney works best when it is tall. Why?
13. If a body of mass 10kg is allowed to fall freely what will be its weight?
14. A person is standing near a fast moving train. Is there any danger that he will fall towards it. (4
times)
15. Why an object, orbiting the earth, is said to be freely falling, use your explanation to describe why
objects appear weightless under certain circumstances.
16. Prove that aT = rα where, aT tangential acceleration, r = radius of circle, c = angular acceleration.
17. How can you describe angular equations of motion analogous with linear equations of motion?
18. Prove that, θ = s radian.
19. r
20. Prove that 2 radian = 114.6° (2 times)
21. When a rocket re-enters the atmosphere, its nose cone becomes very hot? Where does this heat
energy come from? (2 times)
22. Calculate the work done in kilo joules in lifting a mass of 10kg (at steady velocity) through a
vertical height of 10m.
23. Prove that 1kWh = 3.6Mj
24. Show that 1 rad = 57.3°
25. A person holds a bag of Groceries while standing still, talking to a friend. A car is stationary with
Its engine running. From the stand point of work, how are these two situations similar? (3 times)
26. A boy uses a catapult to throw a stone which accidently smashes a greenhouse window.
27. Show that S=rθ. (2 times)
28. If a person is falling in an elevator freely. What will be his weight Measured by himself.

LONG QUESTIONS
Real And Apparent Weight:
1. What is meant by real and apparent weight? Develop a relation between real and apparent weight
(in case of an elevator).
2. Define real and apparent weight and discuss when apparent weight increases, decreases and
becomes zero during vertical motion.
3. How would you Differentiate real weight with apparent weight on the basis of frame of reference,
also elaborate the reading of the scale as apparent weight in case of movement of lift.

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Satellites:
1. What is artificial gravity? Derive an expression for frequency of space-ship to provide the artificial
gravity.
2. How orbital radius of Geostationary orbits are calculated mathematically. Also calculate its value
and its height from the earth surface. (3 times)
3. What are Geo- stationary Orbits and Geostationary Satellites? Find the Orbital Radius of Geo
stationary Satellites.
Centripetal Force:
1. How would you analyse Moment of Inertia with mass distribution and orientation ? Also derive its
formula for a rigid body.
2. What is centripetal force? Work out an expression for centripetal force of an object of mass
'm' moving with constant speed 'v' in a circle of radius 'r'.
3. What is meant by artificial gravity? Prove that ƒ = 1 2
2π a
4. Define centripetal force and derive its formula Fc =mv2/r (2 times)
5. Define rotational kinetic energy. Also derive the expression for rotational K.E of a disc and a hoop
moving down from the top of an inclined plane.
6. Define centripetal acceleration and derive its relation.
Inertia:
1. What is moment of inertia. Discuss the moment of inertia of a rigid body.

100% IMPORTANT NUMERICALS

Most Important Numericals: Most Important Examples:

 5.1  5.5 (8 Times)
 5.2 (10 Times)  5.1 (3 times)
 5.3 (9 times)  5.2 (2 times)
 5.5 (3 times)
 5.6 (6 times)
 5.7 (12 times)
 5.9 (3 times)
 5.10 (7 times)

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CHAPTER 06 FLUID DYNAMICS

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Laminar flow and turbulent  viscosity (2 times)
flow (6 times)  Drag force (4 times)

70% Important Defines:

 Venturi relation  Av, where 'a' is area and 'v' is velocity

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Explain the term Viscosity. (4 times)
2. Explain the working of a carburetor of a motor car using Bernoulli's principle. (2 times)

Application Based + Conceptual:

1. How do you describe the behaviour of an ideal fluid flow?
2. How does swing is produced in a tennis ball?
3. How Bernoulli's equation is reduced? When a) height difference is negligible b) velocity is constant.
4. How an airplane is lifted up in the air?

LONG QUESTIONS
Equation Of Continuity:
1. State and Prove equation of Continuity A1V1 = A2V2.
2. Show that the product of cross sectional area of the pipe and fluid speed at any point along the
pipe is constant.
3. Derive a relation which shows that flow rate is a constant quantity in an ideal fluid.
Bernoulli’s Equation:
1. Derive Bernoulli's Equation for an ideal fluid. (2 times)
2. State and prove the Bernoulli's equation in dynamic fluid; that relates pressure to fluid speed and
height. (3 times)

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Terminal Velocity:
1. Define Stoke's law and show that the terminal velocity is directly proportional to square of radius
of the water droplet. (2 times)
2. Define terminal velocity and prove that Vt= 2gr2 p/9∏

100% IMPORTANT NUMERICALS

Most Important Numericals: Most Important Examples:

 6.1 (5 Times)  6.1 (5 Times)
 6.2 (20 times)  6.2 (5 Times)
 6.3 (5 Times)
 6.7 (10 Times)
 6.9 (3 times)

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CHAPTER 07 OSCILLATIONS
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Phase Angle (10 times)  Restoring force (2 times)  Resonance (5 times)

70% Important Defines:

 Vibrating body  Vibrating mass-spring system
 Amplitude and time  Transverse waves and longitudinal waves
 Hook's law  Shm
 Second pendulum  Free and forced oscillations

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Can we realize an ideal simple pendulum? (7 times)
2. Does frequency depend on amplitude for harmonic oscillator? (6 times)
3. Describe some common phenomena in which resonance plays an important role? (4 times)
4. Name two characteristics of simple harmonic motion. (3 times)
5. Does the acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator remains constant during its motion? Is the
acceleration ever zero? Explain. (3 times)

APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:
SHM:
1. For SHM, explain the equations: (a) y = A sin (wt + ф) (b) a = -w²x
2. The equation for SHM of an object is given by x-0.25 cos π t. What will be displacement
after 2 seconds?
3. Why in S.H.M the acceleration is zero when the velocity is greatest?
4. Name two characteristics of S.H.M.
5. Show that in SHM the Acceleration is zero when the velocity is greatest and the velocity is zero
when the Acceleration is greatest.
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6. Explain by graph that for a body executing SHM, its velocity leads displacement by 90°.
7. Total distance travelled by an object moving with SHM in a time equal, to its period, if its amplitude
is A (5 times)

Simple Pendulum:
1. On what factors does frequency of a simple pendulum depends?
2. Time period of a simple pendulum is 2.0 s and amplitude 20 cm, find its maximum speed.
3. Find the Time Period of Simple Pendulum, if the value of 'g 'increases by 2 times.
4. How long must a simple pendulums be in order to have a period of one second?
5. Show that when a pendulum moves from mean position to half of amplitude, time taken by it is, t
= T/12. (3 times)
Oscillation:
1. Why does the oscillation of a vibrating body eventually stop?
2. If a mass spring system is hung vertically and set into oscillations, why does the motion eventually
stop? (6 times)
3. Draw the graph between amplitude and time in damped oscillations.
Conservation Of Energy:
1. If a mass-spring system vibrates, during vibration if potential energy increases what do you
conclude about total energy?
2. Locate the position of pointer 'P' along with vibrating point 'N' at different instant of time period.
3. If a pendulum vibrates with frequency' f'. What does effect on its angular frequency, if its time
period is doubled?
4. If mass attached to a vibrating spring-mass is increased by four times, what is the effect on its
frequency?
5. Explain Damping with an example. (3 times)
6. Describe phenomenon of tunning a radio.
7. Prove the relation U = fλ
8. Write equations of Angular Motion.
9. Why the soldiers are advised to break their steps while marching on a bridge of long span? (2
times)

LONG QUESTIONS
1. A simple pendulum is 50.0 cm long. What will be its frequency of vibration at a place where g = 9.8ms-
2? (4 times)

2. A block of mass 4.0 kg is dropped from height of 0.80 m on to a spring of spring constant k = 1960 Nm -
1. Find the maximum distance through which the spring will be compressed? (4 times)

3. A 100g body hung on a spring elongates the spring by 4.0cm. When a certain object is hung on the
spring and set vibrating, its period is 0.568s. What is the mass of the object pulling the spring? (2 times)
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(2 times)
4. What is Simple Pendulum? Show that the motion of Pendulum is S.H.M. Also find relation for its Time
Period and Frequency. (5 times)
5. What should be the length of a simple pendulum whose period is 1.0 second at a place where g = 9.8
ms-2? What is the Frequency of such a Pendulum? (3 times)
6. A block weighing 4.0 Kg extends a spring by 0.16 m from its unstretched position. If the block is removed
and 0.50 kg body is hung from same spring, now what is its period of vibration? (2 times)
7. A spring, whose spring constant is 80.0 Nm vertically supports a mass of 1.0 kg in the rest position.
8. Find the distance by which the mass must be pulled down, so that on being released, it may pass the
mean position with a velocity of 1.0 ms -1
9. An 8.0kg body executes S.H.M with amplitude 30cm. The restoring force is 60N. When the
displacement is 30cm. Find (i) period (ii) speed when the displacement is 12cm
10. A car of mass 1300 Kg is constructed using a frame supported by four springs. Each spring has a spring
3 constant 20,000 Nm-1. If two people riding in the car have a combined mass of 160 Kg.
11. Find the frequency of vibration of the car, when it is driven over a pot hole in the road. Assume the
weight is evenly distributed.
12. Define and explain the phenomena of Resonance. Also give examples where Resonance plays an
important role. (4 times)
13. Discuss the motion of horizontal mass spring system. Also derive the expression for time period,
displacement and velocity of the mass attached o the spring.
14. Define simple harmonic motion. Discuss that energy is conserved for a body executing simple
harmonic motion. (2 times)

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CHAPTER 08 WAVES
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Red shift and blue shift (2 times)  Stationary waves (2 times )
 Longitudinal waves have in common with  Doppler's effect (2 times )
transverse waves (5 times)

70% Important Defines:

 Speed of Sound  Longitudinal
 Period of 300 cycles per second of sound waves  Pebble is dropped into a quiet pond
 Define the terms crest and trough.  Constructive interference and write its general
 Density on speed of sound equation
 Super position

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Why does sound travel faster in solids than in gases? (14 times)
2. Describe the term crest, trough, node and antinode. (10 times)
3. How beats are useful in tuning musical instruments? (12 times)
4. Explain why sound travels faster in warm air than in cold air? (8 times)
5. How should a sound source move with respect to an observer so that the frequency of its sound does
not change? (3 times)
6. Is it possible for two identical waves travelling in the same direction along a string to give rise to a
stationary wave? (5 times)

70% Important Exercise Questions:

1. As a result of a distant explosion, an observer senses a ground tremor and then hears the explosion.
Explain the time difference.

APPLICATION BASED
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Application Based + Conceptual:

Speed Of Sound :
1. Describe the phenomenon of sound speed regardless of temperature in air.
2. If stationary waves are set up in an organ pipe with both open ends, how does frequency varies
with length of pipe?
3. How does the speed of distant stars and galaxies are calculated?
4. How the frequency of a string of a musical instrument can be changed?
5. How will you differentiate between longitudinal and transverse wave?
6. A wave has speed 400 m/sec. Find wavelength of a wave if frequency is 2 kHz.
7. Find the temperature of air, if the velocity of sound is 340 ms-1 at the temperature.
8. Find the temperature at which the velocity of sound in air is two times its velocity at 10°C. (6
times)
9. Why Newton's formula of speed of sound has 16% error? Support your answer by proper
reasoning.
10. Speed of sound in air at 0°C is 332ms. Find its speed at 15°C.
Doppler Effects:
1. Which Phenomenon is used to detect the motion of an aeroplane in a radar?
2. How bats navigate their food? (2 times)
3. How Doppler Effect is used to monitor blood flow? Use diagrammatic explanation to support your
answer.
4. Explain 'red shift' and 'blue shift' in light. (2 times)
5. As a result of a distant explosion an observer senses a ground tremor & then hears the explosion.
Explain the time difference.
6. Why Radar cannot detect under water object?

LONG QUESTIONS
1. The frequency of the note emitted by a stretched string is 300 Hz. What will be the frequency of this
note when the tension is increased by one third without changing the length of the wire? (4 times)
2. What assumptions are made by Laplace to calculate speed of sound in air?
3. The wavelength of the signals from a radio transmitter is 1500 m and the frequency is 200 KHz. What
is wavelength for a transmitter operating at 1000 KHz and with what speed the radio waves travel?
4. An organ pipe has a length of 50cm. Find the frequency of its fundamental note when it is closed at
one end. (Speed of sound = 350 ms¹). (2 times)
5. A stationary wave is established in a string which is 120 cm long and fixed at both ends.
6. The string vibrates in four segments, at a frequency of 120 Hz. Determine its wavelength and the
fundamental frequency. (3 times)
7. How would you derive a relation for the effect of temperature on the speed of sound in a gas?
8. A stationary wave is established in a string which is 120cm long and fixed at both ends.
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9. What are stationary waves? How they generate in an air column?

10. Describe Doppler's Effect. Derive apparent frequency and discuss its results if : (i) Source is moving
towards the stationary observer. (ii) Source is moving away from stationary observer.
11. A pipe has a length of Im. Determine the frequencies of the fundamental and the first two harmonics
if the pipe is closed at one end.
12. Show that frequencies of stationary waves in a stretched string are quantized. (2 times)
13. Define and explain the phenomenon of beats. How beats are graphically represented. Also mention
the uses of beats.

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CHAPTER 09 PHYSICAL OPTICS

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Detectable interference (2 times)  Interference and diffraction of light waves
 Huygen's principle (5 times) (3 times)

70% Most Important Defines:

 Polarized light  “spherical wave front" and "plane wavefront"
 Interference of light  Define air film. Write its two examples.
 Ray and a wave front  Optically active crystals
 Spherical and plane wave  "selective absorption" in polarization

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Under what conditions two or more sources of light behave as coherent sources? (5 times)
2. Can-visible light produce interference fringes? Explain. (8 times)
3. Why the polaroid sunglasses are better than ordinary sunglasses? (3 times)
4. An oil film spreading over a wet footpath shows colours. Explain. (4 times)
5. In Young's experiment, one of the slits is covered with blue filter and other with red filter. What would
be the pattern of light intensity on the screen? (2 times)
6. How would you distinguish between un-polarized and plane-polarized lights? (8 times)
7. How is the distance between interference fringes affected by the separation between the slits of
Young's experiment? Can fringes disappear? (8 times)
8. Could you obtain Newton's rings with transmitted light? If yes, would the pattern be different from
that obtained with reflected light? (5 times)

APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:
Interference :
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1. Give two applications of Bragg's equation.

2. Which principle is helpful to determine the shape and location of new wavefront? Explain briefly.
3. Justify that a path difference is neither associated with constructive interference nor destructive
interference of light.
4. 10,000 lines Per Centimeter has been ruled on a diffraction grating. Find its Grating Element. (3
times)
5. Why the Polaroid sun glasses are better than ordinary sun glasses? (2 times)
6. It is impossible to get phase Coherent beam of light from two separate sources of light. Why?
7. How would you manage more orders of spectra by using a diffraction grating? (10 times)
8. Why interference is necessary to produce diffraction pattern? Answer this question with the
analytical approach.
9. Explain the term "Optical rotation". (2 times)
10. How interference produced in their film?
11. When mirror M, of Michelson interferometer is moved a distance 0,5 mm, 200 fringes are observed,
then calculate the wavelength of light used.
12. Explain for which colour of light, the fringe spacing in double slit experiment will be maximum.
13. Draw an interference pattern formed with white light.
14. Find the grating element of the diffraction grating containing 2000 lines / cm.
15. An Oil Flim spreading over a wet footpath shows colours. Explain how does it happen? (3 times)
16. How would you manage to get more orders of spectra using a diffracting grating?
17. Calculate the speed of light in a glass of refractive index 1.5.
18. How cohere Night beams can be produced? Explain.
19. Draw the experimental arrangement for observing Newton's ring.

LONG QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by diffraction of light? Also discuss the diffraction of light through a narrow slit?
(4 times)
2. What do you know about diffraction grating? Also derive a relation which involves that image of each
wavelength for a certain value of n is diffracted in a different direction.
3. Describe in detail the construction and working of Michelson's Interferometer. (8 times)
4. In a double slit experiment, the second order maximum occurs at θ = 0.25°. The Wavelength is 650nm.
Determine the slit separation. (4 times)
5. A light is incident normally on a grating which has 2500 lines per centimeter. Compute the
wavelength of a spectral line for which the deviation in second order is 15.0°. (5 times)
6. Describe the experiment performed by Michelson to find the speed of light. Also discuss the speed of
light reduced in other materials than vacuum.
7. X-rays of wavelength 0.150 nm are observed to undergo a first order reflection at a Bragg angle of
13.3° from a quartz (SiO2) crystal. What is the interplanar spacing of the reflecting planes in the
crystal?
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8. Sodium light λ = 589 nm is incident normally on grating having 3000 lines per centimeter. What is the
highest order of the spectrum obtained with this grating?
9. Explain diffraction of x-rays by crystals. What are the uses of diffraction of x-rays? (2 times)
10. Describe the Young's double slit experiment for demonstration of interference of light. Derive an
expression for fringe spacing. (2 times)
11. Sodium light (A = 589 mm) is incident normally on a grating having 3000 lines per centimeter. What
is the highest order of the spectrum obtained with this grating?

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CHAPTER 10 OPTICAL INSTRUMENT

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Spectrometer (7 times)  Linear magnification and angular magnifications
 Optical fibre (4 times) (3 times)
 Distinct vision (3 times)

70% Important Defines:

 Index fibre  Telescope  Repeater
 Total internal reflection  Critical angle  Near point and resolving
power

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. If a person was looking through a telescope at the full moon, how would the appearance of the moon
be changed by covering half of the objective lens? (8 times)
2. Find Magnifying Power of Convex Lens of 25cm Focal Length acts as a magnifying glass. (4 times)
3. Why would it be advantageous to use blue light with a compound microscope? (10 times)
4. How the power is lost in optical fibre through dispersion? Explain. (6 times)
5. One can buy a cheap microscope for use of children. The images seen in such a microscope have
coloured edges. Why is this so? (2 times)

70% Important Exercise Questions:

1. A magnifying glass gives a five times enlarged Image at a distance of 25 cm from the lens. Find the
Focal Length of the Lens.
2. Explain the difference between angular magnification and resolving power of an optical instrument.

APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:

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1. Use Snell's law to calculate critical angle for glass air boundary. Make a diagram to support your
answer.
2. Describe in short the construction and working of collimator.
3. How the light propagates with in a flexible glass fiber?
4. Describe briefly how light is refracted in continuous refraction?
5. Why multimode graded index fiber is better for long distances than multimode step index Fiber?
6. Given an example of a natural process that involves an increase in entropy. (4 times)
7. Explain scattering and absorption as a loss of power?
8. How a piece of paper is used to scc a print clearly?
9. How you can increase the resolving power of a telescope? (3 times)
10. Why does the pressure of a gas in a car tyre increases when it is driven through some distance?
11. Explain briefly the single mode step index fiber.
12. What is the difference between real and virtual image?
13. Distinguish between Magnifying Power and Resolving Power.
14. Write down the importance of Collimator in Spectrometer. (2 times)
15. One can buy a cheap microscope for use by the children. The images seen in such a microscope
have colored edges. Why is this so? (2 times)

LONG QUESTIONS
1. A simple astronomical telescope in normal adjustment has an objective of focal length 100 cm and
an eye piece of focal length 5.0 cm. (3 times)
(i) Where is the final image formed? (ii) Calculate the angular magnification.
2. An astronomical telescope having magnifying power of 5 consist of two thin lenses 24 cm apart. Find
the focal lengths of the lenses. (7 times)
3. Calculate the critical angle and angle of entry for an optical fiber having core of refractive index 1.50
and cladding of refractive index 1.48.
4. A glass light pipe in air will totally internally reflect a light ray if its angle of incidence is at least 39°.
5. What is the minimum angle for total Internal reflection If pipe is in water. (Refractive Index of water
= 1.33). (4 times)
6. What is Simple Microscope? Derive relation for its Magnifying Power. (3 times)
7. What is compound microscope? Describe its construction and working. Also calculate its magnifying
power. (5 times)
8. Describe the working of compound microscope, derive an expression for magnifying power and write
the formula of length of compound microscope.
9. A compound microscope has lenses of focal length 1.0 cm and 3.0 cm. An object is placed 1.2 cm
from the object lens. If a virtual image is formed, 25 cm from the eye, calculate the separation of the
lenses and the magnification of the instrument.
10. A telescope is made of an objective of focal length 20cm and an eye-piece of 5.0cm, both convex
lenses. Find the angular magnification.
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11. What is an Astronomical Telescope? Describe its construction and working. Also calculate its
magnifying Power. (3 times)

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CHAPTER 11
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
100% Most Important Defines:
 Second Law of Thermodynamics (5 times)  Heat Engine (3 times)
 Iso-thermal process (2 times)  K.E of molecules (2 times)
 Boltzman Constant  Isothermal and adiabatic processes (3 times)
 Triple point of water (3 times)  Carnot Theorem (2 times)
 Adiabatic process (3 times)

70% Important Defines:

1. What will be efficiency of an engine if it performs 100 J of work and rejects 400 J of heat energy to
the cold reservoir?

IMPORTANT EXERCISE QUESTIONS

100% Most Important Exercise Questions:
1. Can the mechanical energy be converted completely into heat energy? If so, give an example.
(5 times)
2. Does entropy of a system increase or decrease due to friction? Explain. (8 times)
3. Why does pressure of a gas in a car tyre increase when it is driven through some distance? (8 times)
4. Is it possible to Construct a Heat Engine that will not expel heat into the atmosphere ? Explain. (7
times)
5. Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than specific heat at constant volume. Why?
(6 times)
6. Why is the average velocity of the molecules in a gas zero but the average of the square of velocities
is not zero? (5 times)
7. Is it possible to convert internal energy into mechanical energy? Explain with an example. (4 times)
8. Give an example of a process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system but the
temperature of the system changes. (4 times)
9. A thermos flask containing milk as a system is shaken rapidly. Does the temperature of milk rise?

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(5 times)

APPLICATION BASED
Application Based + Conceptual:
Kinetic Molecular Theory:
1. How do you describe the all processes of strokes for petrol engine?
2. Give an example of a process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system but temperature
of system changes. (2 times)
3. Calculate the change in internal energy when 42J heat energy is transferred to the system during
the expansion and 32J work is done on the piston.
4. When 50 J of heat enter into a system and 20 J of work is done by the system. What will be the
change in internal energy of the system?
5. Derive Charles' law from Kinetic theory of gases. (3 times)
6. In which process external work is done at the expense of the internal energy of the gas molecules?
Explain it. (2 times)
7. Give at least two postulates of kinetic theory of gases. (3 times)
Law’s Of Thermodynamics:
1. Derive Boyle's Law from Kinetic Theory of Gases. (2 times)
2. How "Human Metabolism" provides an example of energy conservation and saticsfy the first law
of thermodynamics. (2 times)
3. The oceans and our atmosphere contain large amount of heat energy but we cannot convert this
energy into useful work. Why?
4. Can we say that First Law of Thermodynamics is Law of Conservation of Energy? Explain briefly.
5. As we know PVY Constant. What do you know about "y"(gama) in this relation?
6. Explain bicycle pump as an example of Ist law of thermodynamics.
Heat Engine:
1. Why spark plug is not needed in a diesel engine ?
2. Under what condition the efficiency of a Carnot Engine will be 100% ?
3. Why the entropy of the universe always increases?

LONG QUESTIONS
Pressure Of Gas:
1. Define pressure of gas. Prove that pressure exerted by the gas is directly proportional to the
average translational kinetic energy of the gas molecules.
2. Derive the relations for pressure and temperature in term of average K.E. of the molecules.

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3. How does the pressure of a gas in a container is directly proportional to average translational
kinetic energy.
4. Show that pressure exerted by the gas is directly proportional to the average translational kinetic
energy of gas molecules. (2 times)
5. Estimate the average speed of nitrogen molecules in air under standard conditions of pressure
and temperature.
6. Find the average speed of oxygen molecules in air at S.T.P.?
7. Show that the ratio of the root mean square speeds of molecules of two different gases at a certain
temperature is equal to the square root of the inverse ratio of their masses.
Carnot Cycle:
1. What is Carnot cycle? Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot engine during one Carnot cycle.
2. What is Carnot Engine? Explain its working and calculate its efficiency. (6 times)
Specific Heat:
1. Define molar specific heat at constant volume and at constant pressure and prove that Cp – Cv = R
(3 times)

100% IMPORTANT NUMERICALS

Most Important Numericals: Most Important Examples:

 11.1 (10 Times)  11.5 (7 Times)
 11.4 (12 times)  11.4 (3 Times)
 11.5 (3 Times)  11.2 (6 Times)
 11.7 (7 Times)  11.5 (6 Times)
 11.8 (13 times)
 11.9 (5 Times)
 11.11 (15 times)

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