Journal for Re Attach Therapy and Developmental Diversities

eISSN: 2589-7799
2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

Design Of Raw Water & Waste Water Treatment Plant

Preeti Singh*
1*
Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.), India -495509

*Corresponding Author: Preeti Singh

*Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Civil Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (C.G.), India -495509

Abstract

This research work which emphasizes the wise approach to systematically put the wastewater to pretreatment to treat the
water to the desired degree as per the standards, prior to its disposal, so that the water may also be made eligible for its
reuse/ recycle for irrigation etc. purpose and thus the waste be transformed successfully to a resource. The objectives of
this work are complete design of raw water & Waste water treatment plant with limiting input data and Excel spreadsheet
for the above waste water treatment plant design have been prepared for quick design of desired units with varied input
data within the specified range. The proposed treatment plant is efficient for bringing down the wastewater characteristics
to the desired standard of disposal as applicable for Mahoba Town in U.P. For the design purpose, the average discharge
for fresh water treatment and design discharge for waste water treatment has been adopted 16500 m 3/day and 26400
m3/day respectively, various treatment units have been successfully designed as per standards and have been proposed
for a population of 1 lakh people (Mahoba town). The treatment plant has been designed with the design period of 25
years.

Keywords: Skimming Tank, Grit chamber, Aeration tank,

Introduction

Absolute pure water is never found in nature but contains suspended, colloidal & dissolved impurities. Hence treatment
of water to absolute removal of these impurities. The world is facing today, the water scarcity. Due to the mismanagement
of water, the fresh water is been harnessed with great pace and generation of waste water and hence its safe disposal has
become a concern. To cope up with the present problem of water scarcity, the wastewater treatment and it’s recycling are
given the prime importance everywhere. The wastewater if treated to the desired degree will be helpful to reuse/ recycle
it for activities like irrigation, air conditioning, washing and other industrial usage etc. As a result, the fresh
underground/surface water may be spared and the water scarcity problem may be properly addressed. In context to the
above, the wastewaters generated in the municipal vicinity are required to be properly disposed by adopting proper
sanitation techniques and giving the pre-treatment to it. The salient design units of raw water treatment include intake,
pumping, pre-sedimentation (in some cases), coagulation, flocculation, clarification, adsorption, filtration, disinfection,
storage, and pumping to treat water for consumption. And salient design units of waste water treatment include receiving
chamber, Screens (Coarse/ Fine), pumping units, Grit chamber, Skimming Tank, PST, ASP, Aeration tank, SST, Sludge
drying beds and disinfecting tank.
Methodology

The population to be served during such period will have to be estimated with due regard to all the factors governing the
future growth and development of the city in the industrial, commercial, educational, social and administrative spheres.
There are various methods to estimate the population. Three methods are considered for Estimation of papulation for 25
years are given below.

S.No. Forecasting Methods Papulation (P2046)

1. Arithmetical increase method 56708.5 (person)
2. Geometrical increase method 93574.59 (person)
3. Incremental increase method 72190(person)

Expected Papulation after 25 years = 1,00,000 Persons

Quantity= Per capita demand x Population
Calculation of Water Demand: (AS PER IS: 1172:1993)
Expected population after 25 years: -1,00,000 (person)
Domestic demand, public use etc.: - 135 lpcd
For forecasted population = (135 x 100000) lpcd =13.5 MLD

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Journal for Re Attach Therapy and Developmental Diversities
eISSN: 2589-7799
2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

Industrial demand: - 30 lpcd

For forecasted population = (30 x100000) lpcd =3 MLD
So, Average daily demand = (13.5+3) MLD =16.5 MLD
Max. daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand= (1.8 x 16.5) MLD =29.76 MLD
Max. daily demand = 30 MLD
By assuming 5 % losses in WTP,
Max. daily demand = 31.5 MLD=32 MLD
Fire Requirement:
It can be assumed that city is a residential town (low rise building) Water for fire demand (As per government of India
recommendation formula)
Q =100√P
Where, Q = Fire demand in kilo litre /day,
P = Population in thousands.
So, Q =100√100 =1000 (kilo liter) =1 MLD
Coincident draft = MDD + Fire demand = (32 +1) MLD = 33 MLD
Assuming 10% losses in distribution system =36.3 MLD
The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to be designed requires following
data: (i) Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head), (ii) Population to be served. Water quality
is determined by physical, chemical and microbiological properties of water. These water quality characteristics
throughout the world are characterized with wide variability. Actual data is compared with standard data in given table 1.

Table 1 - Comparison of Actual Data⋆ and Standard Data

S. No. Characteristics Acceptable Cause for Rejection Actual Value
1. Turbidity 5 10 25
2. pH 6.5 to 8.5 <6.5 & >8.5 7.5
3. Total hardness (as Ca CO3) 300 600 550
4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 500 2000 1500
5. MPN (no. 100) 0 50 3.5
6. Alkalinity (Total) 200 600 500
7. Chloride 250 1000 200
8. Fluoride 1 1.5 1
9. iron 0.1 1 1.5
10. Nitrate (as NO3) 45 100 0
11. Manganese 0.05 3.0 3.5
12. Carbonate 60 120 110
⋆ - Water testing Laboratory, Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, Mahoba (U.P.)

Due to analysis following units are required to be designed for water treatment plant
Intake Structure:
Intake well
Jack well
Rising main
Pumping unit
Treatment unit
Raw water Reservoir
Aeration unit
Coagulant dose
Lime soda dose
Chemical dissolving tank
Chemical house
Flash mixer
Clariflocculator
Rapid sand filter
Chlorination unit
Storage unit
Underground storage tank

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Journal for Re Attach Therapy and Developmental Diversities
eISSN: 2589-7799
2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

Elevated service Reservoir

Design of units
Intake structure- Intake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir
and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. There is a reservoir intake in this intake unit. It is Situated in ‘URMIL
DAM’.
Specification of Intake structure
Height- 18.34m,
Length- 4700m,
Gross storage capacity-116.35m3
Reservoir area- 2770m2

Intake well- Intake consists of opening. Strainer or grating through which the water enters, end the conduct conveying the
water, usually by gravity to a well or sump from the well, the water is pumped in to the main or treatment plant. Intakes
should also be so located and designed that possibility of interference with the supply is minimized and where uncertainty
of continuous serviceability exists, intakes should be duplicated.
Specification of intake well
Detention time-10 to 15 min
Diameter- 5 to 10 m (max 15 m)
Depth - 4 to 10 m
Velocity of flow -1.0 to 1.5 m/sec
Number of units- 1 to 3 (max 4)
Free board- 5 m
Design Assumptions
Detention time = 10 min
Design Calculation
Flow of water required = [32 MLD / (3600 x 24 x 10 3)] =0.370 m3/sec
Volume of well = (flow of water req. x detention time) = (0.370 x 10 x 60) cum.m= 222 m3
Cross-sectional area of intake well = 222 / 4 =55.5 m2
Dia of intake well = √ (4 x 55.5)/ π = 8.40 m (10 m < ok)
So, we will provide a intake well of diameter = 8.40 m

Summary

Table 2– Design of intake well

S.No. Particular Description
1. Number of intake wells 1 unit
2. Diameter of intake wells 8.4 m

Pen stock -These are the pipes provided in intake well to allow water from water body to intake well. These pen stocks
are provided at different levels, (as H.F.L., W.L., L.W.L.). Trash racks of screens are provided to protect the entry sizeable
things which can create trouble in the penstock. At each level more than one penstock is provided to take account of any
obstruction during its operation. This penstock is regulated by valves provided at the top of intake wells.
Specification Pen stock
Velocity through penstock - 0.6 to 1.0 m/s
Diameter of each penstock - less than 1 m
Number of penstocks for each intake well - 02
Design Assumptions
Number of penstocks for each intake well = 2
Assuming velocity =1 m/s
Design calculation
Cross sectional area of pen stock =[0.370/ (1 x 2)] = 0.185 m2
Dia of pen stock = 0.485 m=0.5 m

Summary

Table 3 - Design of Pen Stock

S.No. Particular Description

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eISSN: 2589-7799
2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

1. No of pen stock 2 unit

2. Dia. Of pen stocks 0.5 m

Specification of Coarse Screens

Q (m3/s) - 0.370 m3/s
Velocity - 0.9 to 1.5 m/sec
Space between the bars - 30 mm
Dia. Of bars - 1cm
Design Calculation
Area of screen = (Q/V) = (0.370/0.9) m 2 = 0.42 m2
Width of screen = (Area/ depth) = (0. 42/0.5) m= 0.84 m
No. of opening = (Net width / clear spacing between two bars) = (0.84/0.050) = 16.8=17 (assume)
No of bars = (No. of opening – 1) = (17 – 1) =16
No of plate = 2
Total no. of bar = 16 +2= 18
Total width = [ (No. of opening x clear spacing) + (no of bars x dia. of bars)]
= [(17 x 0.05) + (18 x 0.01)] =1.03 m
At 60 0, Length of screen = (2/√3 x depth) = 0.577 m

Summary

Table 4 - Design of Coarse Screens

S.No. Particular Description
1. Width of screen 0.84 m
2. No. of opening 17
3. Total no. of bar 18
4. Total width 1.03 m
5. Length of screen 0.577 m

Jack well
This structure serves as a collection of the sump well for incoming water from the intake well from where the water is
pumped through the rising main to the various treatment units
Design criteria
Detention time = 0.5 x detention time of intake well= (0.5 x 10) min= 5 min
Design calculations
Capacity of Jack well = (0.370 x 5 x 60) = 111 m3
Cross sectional area of jack well = (111/4) m2 = 27.75 m2
Dia. of jack well = 5.94m

Summary

Table 5 – Design of jack well

S.No. Particular Description
1. Dia. Of jack well 5.94 m
2. Capacity of Jack well 111 m3
3. Detention time 5 min

Rising main: - These are the pressure pipes used to convey the water from the jack well to the treatment units.
Specification Rising main
Velocity- 0.9 to 1.5 m/sec
Diameter- < 0.9 m
Design Calculation
Economical diameter D = 0.97 √𝑄 To 1.22 √𝑄= 0.590 TO 0.742= 0.7 m
Cross sectional area of pipe = 0.384 m2
Velocity = (Q/A) = (0.370/0.384) m/s= 0.97 m/s

Summary:

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eISSN: 2589-7799
2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

Table 6 – design of Rising main

S.No. Particular Description
1. Economical diameter 0.7 m
2. Velocity 0.97 m/s

Pumps- In the water treatment plant, pumps are used boost the water from the jack well to the aeration units.
Design of pump: -
Friction loss in rising main = (F.P. V2/2gd) = [{0.06 x160 x (0.97)2}/ (2 x 9.81 x0.7)] =0.65
Total head of pumping =hs+ hd + hf+ minor losses= (4.20 + 4.80+ 0.65+ 1) m =10.65 m
Pump Capacity = (9.81 x 1.73 x 10.65) / 0.735 x 0.75= 328 HP

Summary

Table 7– Specification for pump

S.No. Particular Description
1. Velocity 0.97 m/s
2. Frictional head 0.06
3 Capacity 328 HP

The aim of water treatment is to produce and maintain water that is hygienically safe, aesthetically attractive and palatable;
in an economical manner. Conventional treatment including perchlorinating, aeration, flocculation and sedimentation,
rapid gravity filtration and post chlorination are adopted for highly polluted surface waters laden with algae or microscopic
organisms.
1. Raw water reservoir - Raw water reservoir is designed for the storage of raw water taken from the intake structure. The
main purpose for this construction is to create a working process under the action of gravity so that treatment process may
not get affected by the failure of pumping units.
Design Calculation -:
Capacity of reservoir = 50 000 m3
Detention time = 24 hr
Discharge required for pumping = (50 x 10 6)/ (103 x 24 x 3600) = 0.578 m3/second
Depth = 15 m
Area of reservoir = 50000/15 = 3333.34 m2

Summary:

Table 8 – design of Raw water reservoir

S.No. Particular Description
1. Capacity of reservoir 50 x103 m3
2. Depth 15 m
3. Area of Reservoir 3333.34 m2

Design of Aeration Unit- Aeration is necessary to promote the exchange of gases between the water and the atmosphere.
Design criteria for Cascade aerator
Height of structure =2m
Surface loading rate = 0.015 – 0.045 m2/m3/hr
Design calculation
Discharge Q = 0.370 m3/s
Assuming surface loading rate = 0.04 m2/m3/hr
Surface loading rate = Area / flow rate
Area = (surface loading rate *flow rate) = {(0.04 m2/m3/hr)*(0.370*3600)m3/hr}= 53.28 m2
Area of cascade aerator =53.28 m2 ≃ 54 m2
Diameter of cascade = 8.2 m
Assuming tread length = 0.5 m
Total number of treads = (diameter of cascade – diameter of central shaft) / tread length
= (8.2 – 1) / 0.5 = 14.4 ≃ 16

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eISSN: 2589-7799
2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

Number of treads on one side = 16/2 = 8

Number of rise = 8
Assuming height of rise = 0.2 m
Total height of cascade aerator = 8 x 0.2 = 1.6 m
Summary :

Table 9 – design of Cascade Aerator

S.No. Particular Description
1. Diameter 8.2 m
2. Area 54 m2
3 Number of rise 8
4 Number of tread 8
5 Total height 1.6 m

The coagulant dose in the field should be judiciously controlled in the light of the jar test values. Alum is used as coagulant

Design Criteria for Alum Dose

Alum required in particular season is given below
Monsoon = 30 mg/L
Winter = 15 mg/L
Summer = 5 mg/L
Alum required: Per day alum required = 30x 10-6 x 32 x 106 = 960 kg/day
For one months (30 days) = 960 x 30 = 28800 kg
Number of bags when 1 bag is containing 50 kg= 576,
If 15 bags in each heap = 39 heaps
If area of one heap be 0.2 m², then total area required=7.8 m².

Design Criteria for Lime-Soda Process:

Lime And Soda Required
Molecular weight of CaCO3 =40+12+48 = 100
CaO = 40+16 = 56.
100 mg/L of CaCO3 alkalinity requires = 56 mg/L of Cao
110 mg/L of CaCO3 requires = (56/100) x 110 = 61 .6 mg/L of Cao
Lime Required for Magnesium:
24 mg/L of magnesium requires = 56 mg/L of CaO.
1 mg/L of magnesium requires = 56/24 mg/L of Cao
3.5 mg/L of magnesium requires = (56/24) x 3.5 = 8.2 mg/L of CaO.
Hence, the total pure lime required = 61.6 + 8.2 = 69. 8 mg/L
56 kg of pure lime (Cao) is equivalent to 74 kg of hydrated lime
Hence hydrated lime required = (69.8 x 74) / 56 = 92.23 mg /L
Total quantity of lime required for WTP = 92.23 x 10-6 x 32 x 106= 2951.36 Kg/day
For 1 months = 2951.36 x 30 = 88540 kg
One bag contains 50 kg. Number of bags required = 1770 bags
If 15 bags in each heap, number of heaps = 118 heaps
If area of one heap is 0.2 m² = 23.6 m
Soda (Na2CO3)
Soda is required for non – carbonate hardness as follows
100 mg/L of NCH requires = 106 mg/L of Na₂CO3 = 63.6 mg /L
Total quantity of soda required = 63.6 x 10 -6 x 32 x 106 = 2035.2 Kg / day
For one month = 61056 Kg
Number of Bags (if each bag contains 50 Kg) = 1222 bags
If 15 bags in each heap = 82 heaps
Area covered = 16.4 m2
Total area for all the chemicals = 7.8 + 23.8 + 16.4 = 48 m2
And 30 % additional storage for chlorine
Total area required foe chemicals = 63 m2
Provide a chemical house room = 8m x 8m
Chemical dissolving tank:

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2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

Total quantity of chemicals = 960 + 2952 + 2035 = 5947 Kg / day

Total area required = 1.6 m2
Dimension of tank = 2.0 m x 2.0 m
Summary:
Table 10 - Design Of Chemical House
S.No. Particular Description
1. Alum required 960 kg / day
2. hydrated lime required 2952 Kg/day
3. soda required 2035 Kg / day
4. Chemical house 8m x 8m
5. Chemical dissolving tank 2.0 x 2.0 m

Flash Mixer - Rapid mixing is and operation by which the coagulant is rapidly and uniformly dispersed throughout the
volume of water to create a more or less homogeneous single or multiphase system. Flash mixture is one of the most
popular methods in which the chemicals are dispersed. They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds.
Design Criteria for Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit
Detention time = 30 to 60 seconds
Velocity of flow = 4 to 9 m/sec
Depth = 1 to 3 m
Impeller Speed = 100 to 250 RPM
Ratio of tank height to diameter 1 to 3:1
Design Calculation
Design flow = 0.370 m3/ sec
Detention time = 30 sec
Ratio of tank height to diameter = 2:1
Rotational speed of impeller = 120 RPM
Volume of flash mixer = detention time x inlet flow = 30 x 0.370 = 11.1 m3
Volume of tank = Height x area
11.1 = 2 D x 0.785 D2
Diameter = 1.91 (provide 2 m) And free board = 0.5 m
Power required for agitation or mixing units
Power = μ x G2 x volume of tank= 1.0087 x 10-3 x 600 x 600 x 11.1= 4030 Watt = 4.03 KW
Design of impeller in flash mixer
Diameter of impeller = 0.4 x dia of tank = 0.4 x 2 = 0.8 m
Velocity of tip of impeller Vr = 2π r n / 60 = 2 x 3.14 x 0.4 x 120 / 60 = 5.0 m/s
Area of Blade of impeller As P = ½ x Cd x 1000 x Ap x (5.0)3
Ap = 0.035 m2
Then, provide 4 blades of size of 0.1 m x 0.085 m

Summary:

Table 11 - Design Of Flash Mixer

S.No. Particular Description
1 Rotational speed of impeller 120 RPM
2 Volume of flash mixer 11.1 m3
3. Power required for agitation or mixing units 4.03 KW
4. Diameter of impeller 0.8 m
5. Number of blades 4

Clariflocculator- Clariflocculator is a combination of flocculation and clarification in a single tank. It has two concentric
tanks where inner tank serves as a flocculation basin and the outer tank serves as a clarifier.
Design calculation:
(a) Flocculation unit:
Discharge = 32 MLD = 22.22 m3 / minutes
Assuming detention time = 30 min
Volume = td x Q = 30 x 22.22 = 666.67 m3
Let depth = 4 m,

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Aera = Volume / Depth = 666.67 / 4 = 167.7 m2

Diameter = 15 m
Power Required P = μ x G2 x volume of tank= 0.89 x 10-3 x 40 x 40 x 666.67 = 949.33 Watt
P= 950 Watt
(b) Design of Clarifier:
Detention time = 3 hrs = 180min
Discharge = 0.370 m3 /sec = 1332 m3/ hr
Volume of tank = 3 x 1332 = 3996 m3
Assuming surface overflow rate = 40 m 3/m2/day
Surface area of Clariflocculator = 1332 x 24 / 40 = 800 m2
Diameter of clarifier unit = 35 .27 m
Depth = 3996 / 800 = 5 m
Sludge depth = 0.5 m
Free board = 0.5 m

Summary:

Table 12 – Design of Clariflocculator

S.No. Particular Description
1. Volume of flocculator 666.67 m3
2 Depth 4m
3 Diameter 15 m
4 Power required to impeller 950 Watt
5. Volume of clarifier unit 4000 m3
6. Diameter 35 m
7. Total depth (including free bord & sludge depth) 5m

Design Rapid sand filter- Rapid sand filtration is a purely physical drinking water purification method. Rapid sand filters
(RSF) provide rapid and efficient removal of relatively large suspended particles.

Design calculations:
Required flow of water = 1332 m3/hr
Quantity of water used in backwashing = 4 %
So, design flow for filter = 1.04 x 32 x 10 3 /23.5 = 1416 m3/ hr
Assuming rate of filtration = 5 m3/m2/ hr
Aera = design flow / rate of filtration = 1416 / 5 = 283.2 m2
Number of units = 1.22 √Q = 1.22√32 = 6.9
for safe side we will provide 10 filter units
area of each unit = 28.32 m2
provide filtration unit of 7m x 5 m
Design calculation for back washing:
Back washing time = 30 minutes
Wash water rate = 40 m3/m2/ hr
Wash wate discharge = 40 x 28.32 = 1132.8 m3/ hr = 0.314 m3/sec
No. of trough = 4
Discharge per unit trough = 0.0785 m3/sec
Free board = 0.1 m

Summary:

Table 13– Design of filters

S.No. Particular Description
1 Design flow 1416 m3/ hr
2 Number of units 10
3 Size 7mx5m
4 Back washing time 30 minutes
5 Wash wate discharge 1132.8 m3/ hr

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2022 June; 5 (2): 418-435

Disinfection unit- Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms.
Design calculation -:
Chlorine dose (in form of free chlorine) = 0.5 mg/L
Residual chlorine = 0.2 mg /L
So, chlorine required per day = 32 x 10 6 x 0.5 x 10-6 = 16 Kg/ day
For one month = 16x 30 = 480 kg

Summary:

Table 14 – Design of Disinfection unit

S.No. Particular Description
1. Chlorine residual 0.2 mg/L
2. Chlorine dose 16 kg / day

Distribution system- A water distribution systems is one in which the drinking water is transported from the centralised
treatment plant. These systems aim to preserve the quality and quantity of water, as well as maintain sufficient pressures
in the distribution of water.
Underground storage reservoir (U.S.R.)
This reservoir is used for storing the filtered water. from this water is pumped to E.S.R.
Assuming pumping hours = 8 hr per day
Detention time of reservoir =4 hours
Free board = 0.5 m
Capacity of Reservoir = Q x detention time = (32 x 10 6 x 4 x 10-3) / 24 = 5333.34 m3
Say 5400 m3
Depth = 4 m, Aera = 1350 m2

Summary:

Table 15 – Design of Underground storage reservoir

S.No. Particular Description
1. Capacity 5400 m3
2 Detention time 4 hr

Elevated Service Reservoir- The treated water from the underground reservoir is pumped to the E.S.R. and then supplied
to the consumers
Water demand for distribution = 37 MLD
Assuming 25 % of storage for reserve stock = 37 + 9.25 = 46.25 MLD
Design flow = 46.25 x 106/ 103 x 8 x 3600 = 1.60 m3/ sec
Power of pumping unit = (9.81 x 1.60 x 10.65) /0.735 x 0.75 = 303 HP
Capacity of Reservoir = Q x detention time = 46.25 x 10 6 x 4 x 10-3 / 24 = 7708 m3
Provide 2 E.S.R. at different sites
Each of capacity = 3850 m3

Summary:
Table 12 – Design of Elevated service reservoir
S.No. Particular Description
1. Design flow 1.6 m3/sec
2 Power of pumping unit 303 HP
3 No. of units 2
4 Capacity of Reservoir 3850 m3

The treatment of Wastewater consists of many complex functions. The degree of treatment depends upon the
characteristics of the raw inlet Wastewater as well as the required effluent characteristics. Treatment processes are often
classified as:
Preliminary treatment
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment

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Preliminary Treatment- It consist solely in separating the floating materials like tree branches, papers, pieces of rags,
wood, etc, and heavy settable inorganic solids. The processes under this are: Screening, Grit chamber And Skimming
tank.
Primary Treatment- Primary treatment removes the materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater and
disposed of. The main purpose of the primary clarification stage is to produce both a generally homogeneous liquid capable
of being treated biologically and a sludge that can be separately treated or processed.
Secondary Treatment- It is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the wastewater such as are derived
from human waste, food waste, soaps, and detergent. The majority of municipal and industrial plants treat the settled
Wastewater liquor using aerobic biological processes.
Tertiary Treatment- The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality
before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.).

Table 13- Characteristics Of Wastewater

S. No. Parameter Tested value
1 BOD 240 mg/l
2 COD 550 mg/l
3 pH 6.5
4 Oil and grease 65 mg/l
5 Total suspended solids 600 mg/l
6 Nitrogen 75 mg/l
7 Total coliform 100000 MPN/ml
8 Total dissolved solids 760 mg/l
⋆ - Water Testing Laboratory, Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, Mahoba (U.P.)

Calculation Of Population and Discharge

Total Wastewater Discharge (in lpcd) = 80% of water consumption
Total water consumption = 16.5 MLD
Total wastewater = 80% of 16.5 MLD = 13.2 MLD
Assuming peak factor = 2
Discharge = 26.4 MLD = 26400 m3/ day
Receiving Chamber- it is the structure to receive the raw Wastewater collected through Underground Wastewater
System. It is a rectangular shape tank constructed at the entrance of the Wastewater treatment plant. The main sewer pipe
is directly connected to this tank.
Design of Receiving Chamber
Wastewater collecting tank is designed for peak Wastewater flow i.e. 26.4 MLD
Capacity of tank = 27 MLD
Volume =27000 m3
Note -: From the convenience point of view, we will provide 2 receiving chambers.
Volume of each chamber = 27000 m3/2 = 13500 m3
Detention period =24 hr
Depth =15 m
Area of tank = (13500 /15) m2 = 900 m2
Design Of Coarse Screen:
Peak discharge of Wastewater = 0.306 m3/sec
The velocity at average flow is not allowed to exceed 0.7 m/sec
Net area of screen openings required, A = Q/V = 0.437 m3/s
Net width of screen = Area /depth = (0.437 /1) = 0.437 m
We are using rectangular steel bars in the screen, having 1 cm width, and placed at 5 cm clear spacings, and width of water
= 1m
Gross area = [(0.437 *6) /5] = 0.437 m
NO. of opening =net width/clear spacing = (0.437/0.05) = 8.74
Hence, we are assuming 10 opening No. of bars = (No. of opening – 1) = (10 – 1) = 9
With including end bars Total no. of bars = (9+2) =11
Total gross width = [(no. of opening * clear spacing between bars) + (no. of bars * dia. Of bars)] = [(10*0.05) +(11*0.01)]
= 0.61m
Length of screen = [(2/√3 *depth)] = [(2/√3 *1)] = 1.15 m
Gross area = [(2/√3 *0.524)] = 0.60 m2

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Table 14 – Specification of Coarse Screens

S.No. Particular Description
1. Q (m3/s) 0.306 m3/s
2. Velocity 0.7 m/sec
3. Space between the bars 50 mm
4. Gross area of screen needed (m2) 0.60 m2

Design of Pumping unit -:

Wastewater flow for pumping = [(27 *10 6)/ (103 *10* 3600)] = 0.750 m3/sec
Total head of pumping = 10.65 m
Assuming efficiency of pump = 75 %
Pump capacity = [(9.81*0.750*10.65)/(0.735 *0.75)] = 142.14 HP
Note -: Provide a pump of capacity 150 HP.
Economical Diameter (D) = 0.97√𝑄 To 1.22 √𝑄 = 0.536 m to 0.674 m (Q = 0.306 m3/sec)
Avg. diameter =0.605 m
Area of pipe = 0.287 m2
Velocity = Q/A= 0.306/ 0.287 = 1.06 m / sec

Table 15 – Specification of pumping unit & rising main

S.No. Particular Description
1 Wastewater flow for pumping 0.750 m3/sec
2 Pump capacity 150 HP
3 Diameter of Rising main 0.605 m

Design Of Grit Chamber

Peak flow rate = 0.306 m3/sec
Let horizontal velocity of flow (Vh) = 0.2 m/sec
Now, Q = Vh × A
Where A =Q/ Vh = 0.306/0.2 = 1.53 m2
Assuming average detention period = 180 sec
Volume = Q * detention period = 0.306 * 180 = 55.08 m3
For periodically routine cleaning there will two champers are used
The volume of one chamber = (55.08/2) =27.54 m3
Assuming depth of 1.5m and width to depth ratio 2:1
Width of channel =1.5*2 = 3 m
Length of channel = 28/ (1.5*3) = 6.22 m
Increasing the length by about 20% to account for inlet & outlet
Provide length = (6.22 +1.2444) = 7.5 m
Note -: The grit chamber should be designed for the size of 7.5 m *3m *1.5m

Table 16 – Specification of Grit Chamber

S.No. Particular Description
1. Flow rate 0.306 m3
2. The volume of one chamber 27.54 m3
3. Length of Grit chamber 7.5 m
4 Width of Grit chamber 3m

Design of fine screens -:

Design flow = 0.306 m3 /sec
At avg. flow design velocity =0.8 m/s
Area required = 0.306/0.8 = 0.382 m2
Side water depth provided of = 0.5m
At peak flow design velocity = 1.6 m/s
We are providing bars at 400 to the horizontal

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Clear area = [(0.306)/ (1.6 sin 400) = 0.297 m2 = 0.3 m2

Clear opening of fine screens = 10 mm = 0.010 m
So, size of bars = 50 mm * 10 mm
Net clear width of channel = 0.3/1 = 0.3 m
No of openings = net width/clear opening = 0.3/0.01 = 30 openings
No of bars = 30 -1 = 29
Including End bars = 29 +2 = 31 bars
Width of channel = [(31*10) + (30 +10)] = 610 mm = 0.61 m
Note -: The fine screen is designed for the size of 0.6m* 0.5m (SWD) *0.5m (FB).

Table 17 – Specification of Fine Screens

S.No. Particular Description
1. Q (m3/s) 0.306 m3/s
2. Velocity 0.8 m/sec
3. Space between the bars 10 mm
4. Number of bars 31
5. Width of Channel 0.61 m

Design Of Skimming Tanks

Surface area required for the tank =[(6.22*10-3*Q) / (Vr)]
Where Q = Rate of flow of Wastewater in m3/ day
Vr =minimum rising velocity of the oily material to be removed in mm/ day
Q = 0.306 m3 /s = (0.306 *60*60*24) m3 /day = 26400 m 3/day
Vr =0.25 m/min = (0.25 *60*60*24) m/day = 360 m /day
So; Area = [(6.22*10-3 *26400)/360]= 0.46 m2 = 0.5 m2
Depth of skimming tank = 3m
Length to breadth ratio = 1.5 :1
Therefore L =1.5B
L*B =1.5B2
B = 0.577m
L = 0.866 m
Note -: Skimming Tank is designed for the size of 0.866 m *0.577m *3m

Table 18 – Specification of Skimming tank

S.No. Particular Description
1 Peak flow rate 0.306 m3/s
2 Area of tank 0.5 m2
3. Length of tank 0.9 m
4. Width of tank 0.6 m

Design Of Primary Sedimentation Tank:

Total Amount of wastewater to be treated = 26.4 MLd
Peak Wastewater flow = 0.306 m3/sec
Assuming surface loading = 40 m3/m2/day
Assume detention time = 2 hrs
Volume of Wastewater = [(26400*2) /24] = 2200 m3
Provide effective depth = 2.5 m
Surface area = (2200 / 2.5) = 880 m2
The surface area of the tank = 26400/40 = 660 m2
By using a greater area of above two (i.e. – 880 m2)
880∗4
Thus, Diameter of tank = √ = 33.48 m = 33.50 m
𝜋
Note -: Primary sedimentation tank is designed for [33.5 m (dia.) + 2.5 (depth) + 0.5 (FB) ]

Table 19 – Specification of Primary sedimentation tank

S.No. Particular Description
1 Peak Wastewater flow 0.306 m3/sec
2 The surface area of the tank 880 m2

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3 Diameter of tank 33.50 m

4 Detention period hours
Design Of Aeration Tank
No. of Aeration tank = 2
Peak Flow of Wastewater (Q) = 0.306 m3/s = 26400 m3/day
Peak flow at each tank = 13,200 m3/ day
Initial Bod (Yo) = 240 mg/liter
Final Bod (Ye) = 20 mg /liter
Efficiency(ή) =[{(initial Bod – final Bod) *100}/Initial Bod]=[{(240-20)*100}/240]=91.7 %
F/M ratio = 0.4 & MLSS(Xt) =3000 mg /l
Volume of tank required(V) = [(Q*Yo)/{(F/M) * Xt}]= [(13200*240)/(0.4*3000)] = 2640 m 3
Assume The depth of tank = 4.5 m
The width to depth ratio (B/D) = 2.5 m
B = 11.25 m (D =4.5 m) = 12 m
Now D = 4.5 m B = 12 m
Then L= [Volume / (b*d)]= [(2640)/ (4.5*12)] = 48.8 m say 50 m
Note -: The Aeration tank is designed for 50m* 12m * 4.5m
Volume provided = (50 * 12 *4.5) m 3 = 2700 m3
Salient Checks For Design:
(i) Check for Aeration period / HRT
Hydraulic retention time (t) = [(V*24) / Q]= [(2640*24) / 13200] = 4.8 hrs
Since, hydraulic retention time (t) lies between 3-6 hrs Hence, It is ok
(ii) Check for volumetric loading
Volumetric loading =[(Q*Yo) /V] = [(13200* 240)/2640] = 1200 g/m3 = 1.2 kg /m3
Since, Volumetric loading lies between 1.0 to 1.5 Hence It is ok
(iii) Check for return sludge ratio
Return Activated sludge = (Qr)/Q = [(Xt)/ {(106/S.V. I) -Xt}]
S.V.I = Sludge volume index
Q = Peak flow at each tank
Qr = sludge recirculation rate
Xt= MLSS
So; Return Activated sludge = [(3000)/ {(10 6/115) – 3000}] = 53 %
(iv) Check for S.R.T (θc)
V *Xt = [{(αy*Q) * (Yo-Ye) * θc} / {1+ (ke* θc)}]
Here, Constant for municipal Wastewater w.r.t MLSS (α y) = 0.5
Constant for municipal Wastewater (ke) = 0.06 d-1
Initial Bod (Yo) = 240 mg/liter Final Bod (Ye) = 20 mg /liter
Volume (V) = 2640 m3 MLSS (Xt) =3000 mg/liter
Peak flow at each tank (Q) = 13200 m3/day
So, 2640 *3000 = [{(0.5*13200) * (240 – 20)}/ {1+(0.06 * θc)}]
θc = 8.13 = 8 days
Aerator & Air diffusors -:
BOD5 applied to each tank = 240 mg /liter
Avg. flow in each tank = 13200 m3/day
BOD5 removed in each tank = (13200 * 0.240) kg / day =3168 kg / day = 132 kg / hr
Oxygen requirement = 1kg / kg of BOD applied
Peak oxygen demand = 125 %
Oxygen transfer capacity of the aerator for standard condition =1.41 kg /HP/hr
Oxygen transfer capacity at field condition = (0.9 * 1.41) kg/hp/hr = 1.269 kg/HP/hr
Oxygen to be applied to each tank = (1.0 *132 *1.25) kg/hr = 165 kg /hr
H.P. Of aerator in each tank = (165 /1.269) HP = 130 HP
Hence, provide 4 aerators of 40 HP each.

Table 20 – Specification of Aeration tank

S.No. Particular Description
1 Peak flow in aeration tank (m3/day) 0.306 m3/sec
2 BOD in inlet (mg/litre) 240 mg/l
3 BOD at the outlet (mg/liter) 20 mg/l

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4 BOD removed in the activated plant (mg/liter) 220

5 F/M ratio 0.4
6 The required volume of the tank (m3) 2640 m3
7 Depth of aeration tank (m) 4.5 m
8 Length of aeration tank (m) 50 m
9 Width of aeration tank (m) 12 m

Design Of Secondary Sedimentation Tank

No. of secondary clarifier =1
Wastewater flow (Q)= 26400 m3/day
Re-circulated flow is 53% of Q
Re-circulated flow =13992 m3/day
Total in-flow = (26400 +13992) m3 /day= 40392 m3/day
Hydraulic detention period = 2 hours
The volume of the Tank= [ 40392/ (2/24)] m 3= 3366 m3
Assuming liquid depth = 3.5 m
Area =(volume/depth) = (3366/3.5) =961.74 m2
Surface loading rate of avg. flow = 25 m 3/m2/ day
Hence, The surface area provided = [Wastewater flow / Surface loading rate of avg. flow]
= [26400/25] m2 = 1056 m2
Using a greater of two value Surface area (A) = 1056 m2
1056∗4
Diameter = √ = 36.7 m = 37 m
𝜋

Table 21 – Specification of Secondary sedimentation tank

S.No. Particular Description
1 Quantity of Wastewater (m3/day) 26400
2 The volume of the tank (m3) 3366
3 Detention period (hours) 2
4 The surface area of the tank (m2) 1056
5 Depth of tank (m) 3.5
6 Diameter of the tank (m) 37

Designing of sludge drying bed

Sludge applied = 0.09 Kg/day
Peak flow rate = 26400 m3/day
Sludge applied = 26400 x 0.09= 2376 kg/day
Assume specific gravity = 1.015
Solid content = 2%
Sludge generated 2376
the volume of sludge = = = 117.04 m3/day
1000 x specific gravity x solid content 1000 x 1.015 x 0.02
According to the weather condition of the location, the beds get dried out about 10 days
Number of the cycles in one year = 365/ 10 = 37 cycles
Period of each cycle = 10 days
Volume of sludge per cycle = 117.04 x 10 = 1170 m3
Assume spreading layer of 0.3 m/ cycle
Area of bed required = 1170 /0.3 = 3900 m2 ≈ 4000 m2
Provide 10 numbers of beds.
Area of each bed = 400 m2
Note -: Bed dimensions = 25m x 16m.

Table 22– Specification of Sludge drying beds

S. No. Particular Description
1 Flow (m3/day) 26400
2 The volume of sludge (m3/day) 117.04
3 Width of bed (m) 16
4 Length of bed (m) 25

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Designing Of Disinfection Tank -:

Peak rate flow = 26400 m3/day
Assume depth of tank = 4.5 m
Detention period = 30 min = 1800 seconds
Volume of tank = flow x detention period = (26400 x 1800)/(60 X 60 X 24) = 550 m3
Surface area = 550 / 4.5 = 123 m2
Assuming dosage of Cl2 = 5 mg/ l
Cl2 required = 26400 x 5 x 1000 =132000 g/day = 132 Kg/day

Fig1- Schematic Diagram for Complete Raw water and Wastewater Treatment

Conclusion

The present work emphasizes the wise approach to systematically put the complete Row water and wastewater to
pretreatment to treat the water to the desired degree as per the standards, prior to its disposal, so that the water may also
be made eligible for its reuse/ recycle for irrigation etc. purpose and thus the waste be transformed successfully to a
resource. The design of the water supply treatment plant (starting from the source to the supply reservoir) and the treatment
of the waste water for the small Mahoba town at U.P., carried. Excel spreadsheet for the design of various treatment units
of both Raw water and the waste water treatment plant have been prepared for quick design of the desired units with varied
input data within the specified range. This design has been carried out with reference to the 1 lakh population with the
design discharge of 26400 m3/ day and the design period adopted is 25 years period. Various treatment units have been
designed as per Indian standards. The excel spreadsheet prepared for the raw water supply treatment plant and also for the
waste water treatment plant are ready reference for the design of desired units using the varied input data within the set
limitations.

DESIGN DETAILS OF RAW WATER TREATMENT PLANT

FORECASTED POPULATION OF TOWN = 100000 Person
WATER DEMAND
MAXIMUM DAILY DEMAND = 32 Mld
INTAKE SOURCE GROSS CAPACITY = 116.35 cum
DIAMETER OF INTAKE WELL = 8.4 m
INTAKE STRUCTURE
CAPACITY OF RAW WATER RESERVOIR = 50000 cum
PUMP CAPACITY = 330 hp
DIAMETER OF CASCADE AERATOR = 8.2 m
AERATION UNIT
TOTAL HEIGHT OF CASCADE AERATOR = 1.4 m
ALUM REQUIRED = 960 kg/day
TOTAL LIME REQUIRED FOR WTP = 2950 kg/day
CHEMICAL HOUSE
TOTAL SODA REQUIRED FOR WTP = 2035.2 kg/day
TOTAL AREA OF CHEMICAL HOUSE = 61.724 m2
VOLUME OF FLASH MIXING TANK = 11.1 m3
FLASH MIXING UNIT
POWER REQUIRED FOR FLASH MIXING = 4030 watt
VOLUME OF FLOCCULATION TANK = 666 m3
CLARIFLOCCULATO
DIAMETER OF FLOCCULATION TANK = 15 m
R
VOLUME OF CLARIFIER UNIT = 3996 m3

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DIAMETER OF CLARIFIER UNIT = 32 m

DESIGN FLOW FOR FILTERS = 1416.17 cum/hr
FILTRATION UNIT NUMBER OF FILTRATION UNIT = 10
AREA OF FILTRATION UNIT = 28.32 m2
DISINFECTION UNIT CHLORINE REQUIRED PER DAY = 16 kg/day
CAPACITY OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE RESERVOIR
5333 m3
(U.S.R.) =
DESIGN FLOW FOR DISTRIBUTION = 1.736 cum/sec
DISTRIBUTION UNIT
POWER OF PUMPING UNIT = 330 hp
CAPACITY OF ELEVATED SERVICE RESERVOIR (E.S.R.) = 25000 m3
AREA OF E.S.R. = 2500 m2

DESIGN DETAILS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT UNITS

FORECASTED POPULATION AFTER DESIGN PERIOD
100000 persons
INPUT DATA =
PEAK SEWAGE FLOW = 26400 m3/day
GROSS AREA OF SCREEN NEEDED = 0.61 m2
SCREEN
AREA REQUIRED FOR SCREEN = 0.3825 m2
CHAMBER
NUMBER OF BAR IN FINE SCREEN = 31 bars
VOLUME OF TANK = 55.08 m3
NUMBER OF CHAMBER = 2
GRIT CHAMBER WIDTH OF CHAMBER = 3 m
DEPTH OF TANK = 1.5 m
LENGTH OF CHAMBER = 7.344 m
PEAK SEWAGE FLOW TO TANK = 26400 m3/day
AREA OF TANK = 0.46 m2
SKIMMING TANK DEPTH OF TANK = 3.00 m
WIDTH OF TANK = 0.55 m
LENGTH OF TANK = 0.827 m
DETENTION PERIOD = 2 hours
PRIMARY AREA OF PST = 881 m2
SEDIMENTATION DIAMETER OF TANK = 33.51 m
TANK DEPTH OF TANK = 2.50 m
FREE BOARD = 0.50 m
NUMBER OF TANKS = 2
INITIAL BOD = 240 mg/l
FINAL BOD = 20 mg/l
EFFICIENCY = 91.67 %
VOLUME OF TANK = 2640 m3
HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME = 4.8 hours
VOLUMETRIC LOADING RATE = 1.2 kg/day/m3
AERATION TANK
RETURN SLUDGE RATIO = 43 %
SOLID RETENTION TIME = 8 days
DEPTH OF TANK = 4.5 m
TOTAL WIDTH OF TANK = 11.25 m
TOTAL LENGTH OF AERATION TANK = 52 m
OXYGEN REQUIRED FOR EACH TANK = 165 kg/hr
POWER REQUIRED FOR AERATION = 130 HP
RECIRCULATED FLOW = 14012.35 m3/day
SECONDARY TOTAL INFLOW = 40450.752 m3/day
SEDIMENTATION VOLUME OF TANK = 3370.896 m3
TANK AREA OF TANK = 1058 m2
DIAMETER OF TANK = 37 m
SLUDGE APPLIED = 2376 kg/day
SLUDGE DRYING
VOLUME OF SLUDGE = 117.04 m3/day
BED
PERIOD OF CYCLE = 10

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SURFACE AREA= 3901.48 m2

NO. OF BED PROVIDED= 10
VOLUME OF BED = 499.2 m3
BREADTH OF BED = 16 m
LENGTH OF BED = 24 m
DETENTION TIME= 30 min
VOLUME OF TANK= 550 m3
DISINFECTION LENGTH OF TANK = 13.5 m
TANK BREADTH OF TANK = 9 m
DEPTH OF TANK = 4.5 m
QUANTITY OF CHLORINE REQUIRED= 132 kg/day

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