STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Quick Recap -
Project Structure:
Model Classes:
1. Employee
2. Department
3. Address
EmpDeptDto: DTO class having some fields.
Repository Layer: Service Layer:
1. EmployeeRepository 1. EmployeeService
2. DepartmentRepository 2. DepartmentService
Database: DatabaseProxy class consists of static data
Project Structure:
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Quick Recap -
Removing Duplicates from Streams - distinct()
distinct() method is used to remove duplicates from a stream
distinct() is a Stateful Intermediate Operation that returns a
stream consisting of the distinct elements (according to Object.
equals(Object)) of this stream.
Duplicate data is a common issue and distinct() helps clean it up.
Ex. Get unique numbers from a list
Output:
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Quick Recap -
Debugging Streams - peek()
peek() is an intermediate operation - It returns a stream
consisting of the elements of this stream, additionally performing
the provided action on each element as elements are consumed
from the resulting stream.
peek() method exists mainly to support debugging.
peek() method is used to observe elements during processing
without changing them.
Output:
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Quick Recap -
Fetch ‘n’ elements from a Stream - limit()
limit(n) method returns a stream consisting of the elements of
this stream, truncated to be no longer than maxSize in length.
This is a short-circuiting stateful intermediate operation.
limit(n) stops processing the stream after retrieving n elements,
even if more elements are present; so it is a short-circuiting
intermediate operation.
limit(n) must count the elements as it processes the stream to
determine when to stop; so it is a stateful intermediate operation
Ex. Get top 3 highest paid employees (EmployeeRepository)
Output:
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Quick Recap -
Ignore ‘n’ elements from a Stream - skip()
skip(n) method returns a stream consisting of the remaining
elements of this stream after discarding the first n elements of
the stream.
If this stream contains fewer than n elements then an empty
stream will be returned.
This is a stateful intermediate operation; as it tracks and
discards the first n elements.
Ex. Skip top 3 highest paid employees and get the remaining
employees (EmployeeRepository)
Output:
#CodingWalaShree
STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Quick Recap -
Ignore ‘n’ elements from a Stream - skip()
skip(n) method returns a stream consisting of the remaining
elements of this stream after discarding the first n elements of
the stream.
If this stream contains fewer than n elements then an empty
stream will be returned.
This is a stateful intermediate operation; as it tracks and
discards the first n elements.
Ex. Skip top 3 highest paid employees and get the remaining
employees (EmployeeRepository)
Output:
#CodingWalaShree
STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
What are Terminal Operations?
Terminal operations trigger the processing of the stream and
produce a result (or a side-effect).
Terminal operations such as forEach and count return a non-
stream value and process a stream pipeline to return a result.
A stream is consumed after a terminal operation — it cannot be
reused.
List of Terminal Operations
forEach toArray
forEachOrdered allMatch
collect anyMatch
reduce noneMatch
max findFirst
min findAny
count
Highlighted Terminal operations have been covered in this
document and the associated video.
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Sequential Streams vs Parallel Streams
Sequential Streams
Processes elements one at a time, in encounter order.
Best for small to medium datasets or when order matters.
Use stream() of Collections method, Stream.of, Stream.iterate, etc.
by default create a sequential stream.
Parallel Streams
Processes elements concurrently using multiple threads.
Parallel streams do not guarantee element processing order,
even if the source is ordered.
Can boost performance on large datasets with multi-core CPUs.
If order matters, use methods like forEachOrdered() or choose
sequential streams.
Create parallel stream:
Use parallel() method on sequential stream
Use parallelStream() method on collection
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
What is Encounter Order in Java Streams?
Encounter Order refers to the order in which elements are
encountered during stream processing, based on the source's
definition (like a List or Set).
Sources like Lists, Arrays and LinkedHashSet maintain encounter
order.
In Parallel Streams, encounter order can be lost unless you
explicitly use forEachOrdered() or ordered collectors.
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
forEach() and forEachOrdered()
Both are terminal operations which executes a provided
Consumer on every element in the stream.
Both methods can produce the same result when used in a
sequential stream.
In a parallel stream, only forEachOrdered will preserve the
encounter order.
Sequential Streams
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
forEach() and forEachOrdered()
Parallel Streams
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
count()
Returns number of elements in Stream
This is a special case of a reduction and is equivalent to:
mapToLong(e -> 1L).sum();
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
min(Comparator) | min()
Returns the minimum element of this stream according to the
provided Comparator. This is a special case of a reduction.
Returns empty optional if stream is empty.
Throws NullPointerException if minimum element is null.
Primitive streams like IntStream, LongStream and DoubleStream
have min() method that takes no argument; as numbers are
naturally comparable.
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Ex. Get minimum number from DoubleStream
(Primitive stream example)
Ouput:
Ex. Get lowest paid employee
Ouput:
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
max(Comparator) | max()
Returns the maximum element of this stream according to the
provided Comparator. This is a special case of a reduction.
Returns empty optional if stream is empty.
Throws NullPointerException if maximum element is null.
Primitive streams like IntStream, LongStream and DoubleStream
have max() method that takes no argument; as numbers are
naturally comparable.
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Ex. Get maximum number from DoubleStream
(Primitive stream example)
Ouput:
Ex. Get highest paid employee
Ouput:
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
toArray() | toArray(IntFunction)
Returns an array containing the elements of this stream.
Returns an array containing the elements of this stream, using
the provided generator function to allocate the returned array
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
Ex. Get array of doubles from the stream of
Doubles – toArray()
Ouput:
Ex. Get array of employee IDs for employees with experience
less than 5 years – toArray(IntFunction)
Ouput:
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STREAM OPERATIONS - 4
Java 8+
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CodingWalaShree
Examples in this presentation are covered in my YouTube Video on
Stream API Part 6🚀
Note: As I cover more terminal operations in upcoming videos
on CodingWalaShree, I’ll update this presentation and share it
on LinkedIn — so stay tuned! 🚀
To be continued. . .
Follow me on https://www.linkedin.com/in/shrikrishna-
prabhumirashi-717b2356/ for interesting insights.
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