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13-1.
The owner of a travel bureau has built a successful business by promoting specialty ecotourism
packages to wealthy clients who are interested in visiting exotic environments and cultures. She
reads an article concerning a tourist destination in Morocco which is both extremely popular with
her clients and profitable for her business. The article chronicles the devastating effect of tourism
on Berber culture in Morocco. In the village of lmilchil, an annual engagement ritual takes place in
which thousands of young Berber men and women come together to find their life partners. At the
end of the colorful 3-day festival several hundreds of young couples are married. Unfortunately, the
Berbers are a private people and the presence of several hundred visitors has drastically reduced
the number of young people attending the festival. In 2001, only four couples were married .
Thanks to tourism, a significant part of this culture is rapidly disappearing.

13-2.
Athletes' intensity can be affected by how they perceive the importance of the competition and the
difficulty of the opponent. Athletes who see little importance in the competition may experience
underintensity, and poor performance s is likely to follow. In such instances, the athlete needs to
raise the personal importance of the competition by finding value in the competition and resetting
his competitive goals according to those new perceptions . If the competition isn 't seen as
important or the opponents aren't viewed as challenging, then athletes need to shift their
motivation and focus from the outcome to other aspects of the competition that will maintain
intensity and maximize performance, such as working on new technique or tactics. By altering their
perceptions about the competition and changing their goals in a way that will challenge and
motivate them, athletes can internally elevate their intensity and maintain a high level of
performance.

14-1.
Through play and child therapist's use of a child-led, childcentered approach, a child can begin to
experience complete acceptance and permission to be himself without the fear of judgment,
evaluation, or pressure to change. Through a commentary on the child's play, the therapist
provides a mirror, figuratively speaking, by which the child can understand inner thoughts and
feelings and develop an inner self-awareness. Play can also provide the opportunity for the child to
realize the power within to be an individual in one's own right, to think for oneself, make one's own
decisions, and discover oneself. Since this is often a unique experience, Meares noted that the field
of play is where, to a large extent, a sense of self is generated. He concluded that play with an
attuned adult present is where experiences are generated that become the core of what we mean by
personal selves.
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14-2.
If the social world were simpler, we could just trust our eyes and ears to tell us why people act the
way they do. But research on self-presentation and social cognition teaches us that our eyes and
ears don't always take in the full story. Not only do other people try to hide their own motives in
very skillful ways, but in turn our own minds often distort, oversimplify, or deny what we see and
hear. If we could clear away all these cognitive and motivational biases, there would still be our
limited perceptual capacities and the constraints of reality to add confusion. Even a microscope
won't allow us to see how different genes interact with one another and with earlier life experiences
to affect how different people respond to their everyday social encounters. Persons and situations
interact in highly complex and reciprocal ways that can make the search for causal relationships
extremely difficult.

15.
English speakers have one of the simplest systems for describing familial relationships. Many
African language speakers would consider it absurd to use a single word like "cousin" to describe
both male and female relatives, or not to distinguish whether the person described is related by
blood to the speaker's father or to his mother. To be unable to distinguish a brother-in-law as the
brother of one's wife or the husband of one's sister would seem confusing within the structure of
personal relationships existing in many cultures. Similarly, how is it possible to make sense of a
situation in which a single word "uncle" applies to the brother of one's father and to the brother of
one's mother? The Hawaiian language uses the same term to refer to one's father and to the father's
brother. People of Northern Burma, who think in the Jinghpaw language, have eighteen basic
terms for describing their kin. Not one of them can be directly translated into English.

16-1.
One group of scientists, known as the Neptunists, were convinced that everything on the Earth,
including sea shells found in impossibly high places, could be explained by rising and falling sea
levels. They believed that mountains, hills and other features were as old as the Earth itself, and
only when water sloshed over them during periods of global flooding were they changed. Opposing
them were the Plutonists, who claimed that volcanoes and earthquakes continually changed the
face of the planet and that this owed nothing to over-energetic seas. The Plutonists also raised
awkward questions about where all the water would have gone when it wasn't in flood. If there had
been enough of it at times to cover the Alps, then where did it go the rest of the time? They
believed, rightly, that the Earth was subject to huge internal forces as well as surface ones.
However, they still couldn't explain how all those clam shells got up the mountain.
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16-2.
Both August and Clara came to the United States from Sweden and were proud of their heritage.
Carl Sandburg, the second of their seven children, spoke Swedish before he spoke English; but he
wanted to be an American and was afraid that being Swedish meant that he was less American. By
the time he reached second grade, he had convinced everyone, including his teachers, to call him
Charlie instead of Carl. Not until many years later did he use the name Carl again, finally proud of
being both Swedish and American. Because his father worked for the C. B. & Q., Sandburg could
get rail passes. When he was eighteen, his father let him take the train to Chicago alone. He walked
all over the city, admiring its busy streets and the beautiful Lake Michigan. Little did he know then
that Chicago, the powerful and exciting city he had always wanted to see, would become his home
and the subject of many of his poems.

17-1.
Quite apart from whatever benefits art may have for the total society, it is generally agreed that art
is a source of personal gratification for both the artist and the viewer. It would be hard to imagine a
world in which people engaged only in pursuits s that met their basic survival needs. Although
people devote most of their time and energy to meeting those needs, it is equally true that all
people derive some enjoyment from art because it provides at least a temporary break from those
practical pursuits. Only after the crops have been harvested does the African horticulturalist have
time to dance, tell stories, and derive pleasure from making or viewing pieces of art. Likewise, as a
diversion from their workaday lives, many Westerners seek gratification by attending a play, a
concert, or a museum. No doubt, it was this personal gratification derived from art that prompted
Richard Selzer, an American surgeon and author, to comment: "art is necessary only in that
without it would be unbearable."

17-2.
Although the first time I flew on a plane was many years ago , I can still remember how afraid I was
that day. All my life, I had wondered what it would be like to fly in an airplane. Finally, in March
1972, I boarded my first flight. I flew from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Managua, Nicaragua, on
SAHSA Airline. It was a Boeing 727 jet. There three seats on each side of the aisle. It was sort of
crowded, and this only made me more nervous . Every time we hit a little turbulence, my hands
turned white. So nervous was I during the entire flight that I did not eat the meal they gave me. I
would not even go to the bathroom. I cannot tell you how relieved I was when the plane finally
landed at our destination. Since then I have been on over one hundred flights , but I can still
remember many small details of my first airplane flight.
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18-1.
Humans are so averse to feeling that they're being cheated that they often respond in ways that
seemingly make little sense. Behavioral economists —the economists who actually study what
people do as opposed to the kind who simply assume the human mind works like a calculator -
have shown again and again that people reject unfair offers even if it costs them money to do so.
The typical experiment uses a task called the ultimatum game. It's pretty straightforward. One
person in a pair is given some money —say $10. She then has the opportunity to offer some amount
of it to her partner. The partner only has two options. He can take what's offered or refuse to take
anything. There's no room for negotiation; that's why it's called the ultimatum game. What
typically happens? Many people offer an equal split to the partner, leaving individuals happy and
willing to trust each other in the future.

19-1.
The bottled water industry is reaping huge rewards by purifying water, putting it in plastic bottles
and selling it for high profit. You can purify your own water easily and help to reduce the amount of
plastic being thrown each day into landfills. In developing countries, plastic is a huge problem and
tourists only make it worse. Aquapure Traveler is a handy bottle with a filter built into the cap. All
you do is fill it up from any freshwater source, leave it to stand for 15 minutes and the water comes
out clean and pure from the top. The filter contains a physical and chemical barrier to block almost
all bacteria and pollutants. One filter cap supplies 350 litres of drinking water.

19-2.
Most people do not have the option of achieving high sport performance and developing a
professional career in sport. Instead, most of us who play a sport do it as a hobby for the love of the
game; in other words, we play as amateurs-a label that stems from the Latin word for love. We
gain intrinsic satisfaction in improving our fitness, refining our physical skills, working as part of a
team, or embracing the challenge and excitement of testing our skill against nature or other
competitors. For amateur athletes, then, the key lies not in the outcome but in the participation
itself. Sport participation is recreation , and it differs greatly from work. We participate to
rejuvenate the spirit, and we don't need extrinsic rewards for doing so.
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20-1.
Some people who like to play sports are training with virtual reality. Canadian inventor Don Wilson
has created the Virtually Perfect Golf Learning System, in which a golfer wears a pair of 3-D glasses
and stands in the center of a triangle of video cameras. A screen, viewed through the glasses, shows
the golfer her own body with an "ideal golfer" superimposed on it. This figure looks more like a
skeleton made of wire than like Tiger Woods, but it is effective at showing the student golfer how
she should be standing and moving. The golfer learns by moving along with the ideal figure in slow
motion. After trying the program, a golfer reported: "I could see everything in a new way. I noticed
that the idealized figure was holding his wrist hinged much further down than I did. In a regular
lesson, you can comnit so many errors and not even realize it. But with this, you can visualize it
perfectly."

20-2.
Because most folktales have a moral, they play an important role in socialization. Particularly in
societies without writing, folktales can be significant in revealing socially appropriate behavior. The
heroes and heroines who triumph in folktales do so because of their admirable behavior and
character traits. Conversely, people who behave in socially inappropriate ways almost always get
their comeuppance. To illustrate, tales with very strong social messages are told to Dahomean
children in West Africa around a fire. Usually held at the compound of an elder, these storytelling
sessions are designed to entertain, provide moral instruction for children, and develop the
children's storytelling skills by encouraging them to tell tales of their own. Despite the very
different settings, a storytelling session among traditional Dahomeans is quite similar to parents
reading "Jack and the Beanstalk" or "Cinderella" to their children in front of the fireplace.

21.
Cutting costs can improve profitability but only up to a point. If the manufacturer cuts costs so
deeply that doing so harms the product's quality, then the increased profitability will be shortlived.
A better approach is to improve productivity. If businesses can get more production from the same
number of employees , they're basically tapping into free money. They get more product to sell, and
the price of each product falls. As long as the machinery or employee training needed for
productivity improvements costs less than the value of the productivity gains, it's an easy
investment for any business to make. Productivity improvements are as important to the economy
as they are to the individual business that's making them. Productivity improvements generally
raise the standard of living for everyone and are a good indication of a healthy economy.
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22-1.

While people in the developed world try to preserve their level of well-being, many millions in
developing nations seek to better their lives. As fading borders increasingly facilitate population
movements within trading blocs, there will be those who will first request, and then demand, the
right for such freedom of movement to be extended. The day is not far off when freedom of
movement of all peoples of the world may be termed a "basic human right." Although this certainly
does not mean that this right will be granted, it will undoubtedly be asserted. Clearly, the
implications of this still weak but emerging pressure go far beyond the concerns of those in the
leisure and tourism field. This said, however, it is very clear that should such pressures succeed in
even a modest way, the entire landscape of leisure and tourism could change dramatically.

22-2.

Desperate to meet his guru, a Buddhist follower climbs a series of mountains and walks for many
days overland until at last he comes face to face with the man who has inspired his beliefs. As soon
as he arrives, the follower starts talking about himself and his life, almost without stopping, until
the guru intercedes to offer him a cup of tea. Somewhat taken aback at having been interrupted, the
follower nevertheless accepts. As he resumes his dialogue, the guru begins to pour the tea, and
carries on pouring until the cup is overflowing and tea is pouring off the table and on to the
follower's legs. "What are you doing?" he asks, as the hot water burns his knees. "Can you not see
that you are just like the tea cup?" says the guru. "You are so full of all the things you think you
need that there is no room for anything new.”

22-3.

Our facial expressions affect how we react to stress. Smiling while submerging your hands in ice
water for several minutes lessens stress and lead to a quicker recovery from the painful incident
than if you don't smile. There really is something to the old adage "Grin and bear it." Of course
there 1s also a catch: this smile technique works best if you don't know you are doing it-if you form
an unconscious smile rather than smile intentionally. In the latter case, the brain seems to catch on
and doesn't interpret the bodily expression as happiness. But even faking a smile is better than
nothing, because our neural circuitry doesn't always make a clear distinction between what is fake
and what is real. Even if you "smile while your heart is breaking," as the ballad suggests, at some
level your brain can't help but interpret your smiling as a sign that everything is okay.
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22-4.

One reason for upsets in sport-in which the team predicted to win and supposedly superior to their
opponent surprisingly loses the contest— is that the superior team may not have perceived their
opponents as threatening to their continued success . Their expectation of success is too high , and
the amount of effort they give is too low. Success expectations and athletes' motivation to achieve
are influenced by the perceived ability of their opponents. In many cases, low expectations of
success become self-fulfilling prophecies. In the opposite direction, however, high-quality
competitors have a very high expectation of success: they expect to win-and they often do.
Competitors are optimally motivated when they feel that they have about a 50% chance of success.
In high-risk sports such as high jumping or pole vaulting, which require explosive muscular effort,
expectations of success must be maintained or winning is far from assured.

23-1.

A fascinating characteristic of roles is that we tend to become the roles we play. That is, roles
become incorporated into our self-concept, especially roles for which we prepare long and hard and
that become part of our everyday lives. Helen Ebaugh experienced this firsthand when she quit
being a nun to become a sociologist. With her own heightened awareness of role exit, she
interviewed people who had left marriages, police work, the military, medicine, and religious
vocations. Just as she had experienced, the role had become intertwined so extensively with the
individual's self-concept that leaving it threatened the person's identity. The question these people
struggled with was "Who am I, now that I am not a nun (or wife, police officer, colonel, physician,
and so on)?"

23-2.

Regardless of whether reason is a distinctively human characteristic or not, and whether it is

confined to the human species or not, it has certainly proven an important species-survival trait in
humans. Without it, we would be severely handicapped in the struggle f or survival. It 1s therefore
easy to see how we come to recognize reason as an essentially human trait, one that pertains to
humans as humans. This does not mean that all members of the species are equally reasonable or
are equally reasonable at all times. What it does mean is that we presume that all members of the
human species have reason. In other words, they all have the capacity to cultivate and develop their
intelligence through discipline so as to solve problems. We do not restrict this presumption to
exclude any category of humans. This presumption is not gender specific. It is not restricted by age,
race, or ethnicity. It applies to all humans as humans.
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23-3.

Creating a vision is about the possibilities, whereas identifying opportunities is about the
probabilities. That is, we must have an accurate and complete survey of the landscape ahead. This
piece of the puzzle adds realism to our dreams. We must not only identify what value we offer and
who will benefit from it, but we must also look ahead to try identify tl10se tl1ings that could get in
our way. This includes the potholes, the washed-out bridges, and the hurdles or barriers in our
path. The result of this survey allows us to set out on our journey with an idea about what is
probable for us. It can help us identify what steps we might need to take in order to overcome any
obstacles we could encounter along the way. This step will help us to be more realistic about our
chai1ces for success.

23-4.

As author and New York Times columnist David Brooks put it in The Social Animal, "The sense of
identity that children brought to the first lesson was the spark that would set off all the
improvement that would subsequently happen. It was a vision of their future self." The kids who
were able to visualize themselves as musicians—who were committed to that end result-had a goal
to work for, and they dedicated themselves to achieving that goal. They were ambitious and driven
to succeed, and because they could picture the end goal they were willing to do the work it took to
get there and not get impatient when they didn't become virtuosos overnight. Patience and
determination are inextricably connected. If you're willing to do the work, you'll reap the results.
Those who didn't perhaps simply weren't that invested in the first place, and so had no reason to be
patient.

24-1.

Timing, pace and rhythm are very important in interpersonal communication. If the timing and
rhythm between two people do not match , then it is difficult for them to develop a good
relationship. To take the simplest example of this, for a conversation to develop reasonably, then
those involved have to speak in turn rather than all together. Think of situations where everyone is
talking at once. If communication has not already disappeared, it soon will. So, if you wish to have
certain outcomes, then it is important to learn the skills involved in controlling the pace and timing
of an interaction. For example, if your own natural pace is faster than the person with whom you
are interacting and you want the interaction to go in a particular way, then you will need to slow
yourself down and to be aware of the other person's manner of pausing and speaking.
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24-2.

Large, cosmopolitan cities are characterized by ruder people and more casual insult and violence
than small towns or rural areas. Nobody would dream of driving in their home suburb or village as
they do in Manhattan or central Paris shaking fists to other drivers, hooting the horn, generally
making clear their impatience. It is also widely acknowledged why this is the case. Big cities are
anonymous places. You can be as rude as you like to strangers in New York, Paris or London and
run only a minuscule risk of meeting the same people again. What restrains you in your home
suburb or village is the acute awareness of reciprocity. If you are rude to somebody, there is a good
chance they will be in a position to be rude to you in return. If you are nice to people, there 1s a
good chance your consideration will be return.

24-3.

Discipline of a young inquisitive kitten ma y be necessary to protect property and people. Harsh
physical discipline is not necessary in young animals and can have the result of making the kitten
afriad of people. Noise is an effective deterrent to kittens and can intimidate them enough to
inhibit behavior. This can be accomplished by hand clapping, shaker cans or air horns. Even
hissing at a young kitten can be intimidating. Another deterrent is the use of" remote punishment."
Remote punishment consists of using something to stop the behavior that appears unconnected to
the punisher. Examples are sprayer bottles, noise makers, and other loud noises. Remote
punishment serves to remove the association of the punishment from the person doing it and place
it on the action being performed at the time. Hopefully, this will carry over to other times when the
owner is not present and the cat will inhibit the undesirable behavior on its own.

24-4.

As a rule, the greatest market potential exists where the largest numbers of people live. This is why
many manufacturing firms today are looking to the large population centers in such countries as
India, China, and Russia for what they consider their emerging markets . The term emerging
markets refers to places within the global economy that have recently been opened to foreign trade
and where populations are just beginning to accumulate capital that they can spend on goods and
services. In China, for example, globalization has led to a huge increase in industrialization, and
these industries create jobs for people that allow them to purchase consumer goods. China's large
population base serves as both a great source of labor and an expanding consumer market. Because
China has more than 40 cities with populations exceeding a million, transnational companies find
the opportunities for low-cost production and expanding consumption there appealing.