BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

GUIDELINES FOR All DESIGN PROJECT

TO

PROJECT ADVISORS AND STUDENTS

Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Revised in 2022
CONTENTS
CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................. 3
GUIDELINES AND REQUIREMENT FOR PROJECT ............................................................... 3
I. Standards to follow ................................................................................................................. 3
C. Analysis and Contextualization of the Benchmarks ......................................................... 4
1.1 Formatting Guideline ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Margins ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2 Font Type and Size.................................................................................................... 6
1.1.3 Spacing and Indentation ............................................................................................ 6
1.1.4 Pagination .................................................................................................................. 7
1.1.5 How to Caption Tables and Figures .......................................................................... 7
1.1.6 Footnotes ................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 The Structure of Page Arrangements ............................................................................... 8
1.2.1 Title & Cover Page................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 Declaration Page ..................................................................................................... 11
1.2.3 Approval Page ......................................................................................................... 11
1.2.4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 11
1.2.5 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.6 Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 12
1.2.7 List of Abbreviations............................................................................................... 13
1.2.8 List of Symbols ....................................................................................................... 13
1.2.9 List Figures and Tables ........................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................ 15
MAIN BODY OF THE BSC PROJECT ...................................................................................... 15
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 15
2.1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 16
2.1.3 Objectives of the study ............................................................................................ 16
2.1.4 Scope of the study ................................................................................................... 17
2.1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................ 17
2.2 Design Constraints and Applicable Codes and Standards Used ............................................. 17

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 2.3 Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 21
2.4 Methodology/System Design and Modelling ................................................................. 22
2.5 Simulation Results and Discussion ................................................................................ 22
2.6 Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................................. 25
3 REFERENCES AND APPENDICES ................................................................................... 26
3.3 References ...................................................................................................................... 26
3.3.1 Citations of Print Sources ....................................................................................... 26
3.4 Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 26

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 CHAPTER 1

GUIDELINES AND REQUIREMENT FOR PROJECT

I. Standards to follow
A. Local and Regional Standards to follow

Student of the Electrical Engineering program need to follow the standards and codes in their
design project. An attempt has been made to identify regional and global references to understand
and define what such a standard shall contain. Moreover, the analysis and contextualization of
identified benchmarks that should be used in design project and material selection for the design.
The following regional standards and regulations are identified to follow:
 ES-EBCS 11-Ethiopian Standard Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air-
Conditioning in Buildings
 EBS-10-Ethiopian Building Code Standard for Electrical Installation
 EOSH - Ethiopian Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs
 Ethiopian Telecommunication Standards
 Ethiopian Information and Communications Technologies
 East African Inter-University Standards for ICT Infrastructures and Facilities
 Ethiopian Green Energy and Environmental Safety
B. Global Standards and Guidelines to follow

The following Global standards are need to be followed while developing and designing projects:
 European standard for installation, maintenance and testing of products and technologies
for a variety of security, industrial and enterprise networks
 TIA-Telecommunication Industry Association- international professional standard
 IEEE- 802 Standards- International Professional Standard, USA
 Multi-Source Agreements (MSAs) Standard, Optical Communication Industry, USA
 University of Wollongong CCTV standard, Australian
 University of Wollongong ICT infrastructure and facilities standard, Australian
 ANSI/TIA-Standards- International Professional Standard
 BICSI Standards - a global professional association supporting the advancement of the
information and communications technology (ICT) community based in USA
 Guide to Measuring Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Education,
UNESCO
 IECC – International Energy Conservation Code
 ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards

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  ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018 Part 1: Physical characteristics
 ISO/IEC 14443-2:2016 Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface
 ISO/IEC 14443-3:2018 Part 3: Initialization and anti-collision
 ISO/IEC 14443-4:2018 Part 4: Transmission protocol

Example: IEEE wireless standard

IEEE Standard Frequency/Medium Speed

802.11a 5GHz Up to 54Mbps
802.11b 2.4GHz Up to 11Mbps
802.11g 2.4GHz Up to 54Mbps
802.11n 2.4GHz/5GHz Up to 600Mbps
Example: IEEE Power System Quality

IEEE Standard 242-1986, Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial
and Commercial Power Systems, aka the Buff Book. Deals with the proper selection, application,
and coordination of the components which constitute system protection for industrial plants and
commercial buildings.
IEEE Standard 519-1992, Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electrical Power Systems.
IEEE Standard 929-1988, Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Residential
and Intermediate Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.
IEEE Standard 1250-1995, Guide for Service to Equipment Sensitive to Momentary
Voltage Disturbances.
C. Analysis and Contextualization of the Benchmarks
The identified benchmarks in the previous section lays a broad foundation that helps to understand
what other countries and organizations consider in their efforts to standardize infrastructures and
facilities. However, it demands to critically analyze and contextualize in the Ethiopian realities and
envisioned national strategies and capacities. Table 1 summarizes the main components of these
benchmarks.

Table 1: Summary of Benchmarked Standards

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1.1 Formatting Guideline

The BSc project should be written and printed with A4 paper size. Many of the BSc project
components following the title and copyright pages have required headings and formatting
guidelines, which are described in these subsections.

1.1.1 Margins
All copies of a BSc project must have the following uniform margins throughout the entire
document:

 Left: 1.18″ (3.0cm): ensure enough room for binding the work if desired

Standards Infrastructures and Facilities

Infrastructure Facilities Services/Systems/ Emerging Technologies
Solutions
East Labs & Workshops, Device and data Student Management Smart classrooms and
African classrooms, offices, center facilities System, Infrastructure offices
data centers Management System
technology
ANSI/TIA Data center, Cabling, Data center Intelligent Data Center Intelligent and automated
cooling, facility, Facilities Management buildings
System
BICSI Data center design, Educational - IoT/ Intelligent buildings
operation and code of facilities
sets
IEEE- 802 ICT infrastructure Data center AI based Management Automated building system
standards and must facilities Systems and AI based ICT
meet requirement requirements infrastructure control
European Cabling infrastructure Data center cabling Data management and Automated building system
AI based systems and AI based infrastructure
control
Australia ICT infrastructure Networking and Automated building Smart buildings and
standards and must cabling system and IoT classrooms
meet requirement
 Right: 0.79″ (2cm)
 Bottom: 0.98″(2.5cm)
 Top: 0.98″(2.5cm)

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 1.1.2 Font Type and Size

The body of the text should be 12 points in size and Times New Roman and ‘justified’ option with
line spacing of 1.5. Heading font type should be:

 HEADING 1: TIMES NEW ROMAN, font size 14 and BOLD CAPITALS,

 Heading 2: Times New Roman, font size 12 and bold, Capitalize the First Letter of
Each Words.
 Heading 3: Times New Roman with font size 12, Capitalize the First Letter of Each
Words.
 Heading 4: Times New Roman with font size 12, Capitalize the first letter of the first
word only.
 The captions of Figures and Tables should be font size 10, Times New Roman, bold
and centered.
 Superscripts and subscripts (e.g., formulas, or footnote or endnote numbers) should be
no more than 2 points smaller than the font size used for the body of the text.

1.1.3 Spacing and Indentation

Space and indent your BSc project following these guidelines:

1. The text must appear in a single column on each page (do not arrange chapter text in
multiple columns) and use 1.5-line space throughout the document.
2. New paragraphs must be indicated by a consistent tab indentation throughout the entire
document.
3. For blocked quotations, indent the entire text of the quotation consistently from the left
margin.
4. Ensure headings are not left hanging alone on the bottom of a prior page. The text following
should be moved up or the heading should be moved down. This is something to check
near the end of formatting, as other adjustments to text and spacing may change where
headings appear on the page.

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Exceptions: Blocked quotations, notes, captions, legends, and long headings must be single-
spaced throughout the document.

1.1.4 Pagination

The minimum and the maximum number of pages for BSc project work is 60 and 120 respectively
(Starting from Introduction to Conclusion). Paginate your BSc project following these guidelines:

1. Use lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) on all pages preceding the first page of
chapter one except the title page.
2. Arabic numerals (beginning with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) start at chapter one or the introduction, if
applicable. Arabic numbers must be included on all pages of the text, illustrations, notes,
and any other materials that follow. Thus, the first page of chapter one will show an Arabic
numeral 1, and numbering of all subsequent pages will follow in order.
3. Do not use page numbers accompanied by letters, hyphens, periods, or parentheses (e.g.,
1., 1-2, -1-, (1), or 1a).
4. Center all page numbers at the bottom of the page, 1/2″ from the bottom edge.
5. Pages must not contain running headers or footers, aside from page numbers.
6. If your document contains landscape pages (pages in which the top of the page is the long
side of a sheet of paper), make sure that your page numbers still appear in the same position
and direction as they do on pages with standard portrait orientation for consistency. This
likely means the page number will be centered on the short side of the paper and the number
will be sideways relative to the landscape page text.

1.1.5 How to Caption Tables and Figures

Tables, and figures, vary widely by discipline. Space permitting, headings and captions for the
associated table, or figure must be on the same page. The name of the figure should be below the
figure whereas the name of the table should be above the table and centered.

The use of color is permitted as long as it is consistently applied as part of the finished component
(e.g., a color-coded pie chart) and not extraneous or unprofessional (e.g., highlighting intended
solely to draw a reader's attention to a key phrase).

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Each table and figure inserted in the report should be explained and analyzed explicitly. Figures
and tables that are not essential to the smooth reading/understanding, but which still are of
significant interest should be put in main Appendix.

1.1.6 Footnotes

1. Footnotes must be placed at the bottom of the page separated from the text by a solid line
one to two inches long.
2. Begin at the left page margin, directly below the solid line.
3. Single-space footnotes that are more than one line long.
4. Include one 1.5-line space between each note.
5. Most software packages automatically space footnotes at the bottom of the page depending
on their length. It is acceptable if the note breaks within a sentence and carries the
remainder into the footnote area of the next page. Do not indicate the continuation of a
footnote.
6. Number all footnotes with Arabic numerals. You may number notes consecutively within
each chapter starting over with number 1 for the first note in each chapter, or you may
number notes consecutively throughout the entire document.
7. Footnote numbers must precede the note and be placed slightly above the line
(superscripted). Leave no space between the number and the note.
8. While footnotes should be located at the bottom of the page, do not place footnotes in a
running page footer, as they must remain within the page margins.

1.2 The Structure of Page Arrangements

The sequel of pages and their hierarchical arrangement play a pivotal role in structuring the project
report properly and interlinking the vital elements of the report in the best possible format.
Therefore, the best structure and format that has been devised after extensively selecting studying,
analyzing and structuring myriad and versatile project reports include the following sequel of
elements:

1. Title & Cover Page

2. Declaration

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3. Approval
4. Acknowledgements
5. Abstract or Executive Summary
6. Table of Contents
7. List of Figures
8. List of Tables
9. List of Abbreviations (if applicable)
10. List of Symbols (if applicable)
11. Introduction
12. Body of the Project & the Chapters
13. References
14. Appendices (if applicable)

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 1.2.1 Title & Cover Page
The cover page should be informative and consist
of the names of the university (BAHIR DAR

UNIVERSITY), the institute (BAHIR DAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY), the
name FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL

AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING,

the Title of the Project, the Name of Students,
Advisor, Abebe Kebede, the Month and Year
followed by the location are the last items on the
cover page. For the Binding cover the, the color
should be brown for BSc project.

The title page of a BSc project must include the

following information:

1. The title of the BSc project in all capital

letters font sized 12 and centered.
2. Your name centered 1″ below the title. Do
not include titles, degrees, or identifiers.
3. The following statement, centered, 1″
below your name: “A semester/ final year
project submitted to the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Bahir Dar
Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Bachelor of Science Degree in (write your specialization here).”
4. The logo in the title page must be color printed.

Notes on this statement:

o When indicating your degree, use the full degree name. (For example, don’t writ
BSc, it should be written as Bachelor of Science)

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 1.2.2 Declaration Page

The declaration is a statement written by the student who declares that the project comprises one’s
own work and he or she has sincerely completed his or her project. The declaration statement
concludes with the signature of the student.

1.2.3 Approval Page

The Approval page is also a confirmation from the project advisor, chairman, and project examiner
about their acceptance of the project. The approval page is endorsed with the signatures of the
heads confirming their approval of the project.

1.2.4 Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements are the author's statement of gratitude to and recognition of the people and
institutions that helped the author's project and writing. Any of these pages must be prepared
according to the following guidelines listed below:

1. Do not place a Heading on the dedication page.

2. The text of short dedications must be center of the page.
3. Headings are required for the “ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS” and “PREFACE” pages.
Headings must be in all capital letters and centered.
4. Subsequent pages of text return to the 1″ top margin.
5. The page(s) must be numbered with consecutive lower-case Roman numerals.

1.2.5 Abstract

The abstract is a concise and accurate summary of the project done. It states the problem, the
methods of investigation, and the general conclusions, and should not contain tables, graphs or
illustrations. It must not exceed 350 words and should contain relevant keywords that will make
your project more likely to be found in an electronic search. Do not put a separate list of keywords.
There must be a single abstract for the entire thesis. Do not use abbreviations for the first time in
the abstract rather write in its long format. Fore instance, ‘Proportional Integral Derivative (PID)
controller is used for load frequency control’ is correct whereas ‘PID controller is used for load
frequency control’ is wrong way of writing.

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Include an abstract page according to the following guidelines:

1. Include the heading “ABSTRACT” in all capital letters, and center.

2. The text of your abstract must be similar fonts with the body of the text and aligned with
the document's left margin with the exception of indenting new paragraphs. Do not center
or right-justify the abstract.
3. Abstracts cannot exceed one page for a BSc project.
4. Number the abstract page with the lower-case Roman numeral.
5. Avoid mathematical formulas, diagrams, references and other illustrative materials in the
abstract. Offer a brief description of your BSc project and a concise summary of its
conclusions. Be sure to describe the subject and focus of your work with clear details and
avoid including lengthy explanations or opinions.

1.2.6 Table of Contents

Include a table of contents following these guidelines:

1. Include the heading “TABLE OF CONTENTS” in all capital letters, and center.
2. Include 1.5 line space between the heading and the first entry.
3. The table of contents must list all parts of the BSc project that follow it.
4. If relevant, be sure to list all appendices and a references section in your table of contents.
Include page numbers for these items but do not assign separate chapter numbers.
5. Entries must align with the document's left margin or be indented to the right of the left
page margin using consistent tabs.
6. Major subheadings within chapters must be included in the table of contents. The
subheading(s) should be indented to the right of the left page margin using consistent tabs.
7. If an entry takes up more than one line, break up the entry about three-fourths of the way
across the page and place the rest of the text on a second line, single-spacing the two lines.
8. Page numbers listed in the table of contents must be located just inside the right page
margin with leaders (lines of periods) filling out the space between the end of the entry and
the page number. The last digit of each number must line up on the right margin.
9. Information included in the table of contents must match the headings, major subheadings,
and numbering used in the body of the BSc project.

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 10. Subdivisions of headings should not exceed three levels.
11. The Table of Contents page(s) must be numbered with consecutive lower-case Roman
numerals.

1.2.7 List of Abbreviations

If you use abbreviations extensively in your BSc project, you must include a list of abbreviations
and their corresponding definitions following these guidelines:

1. Include the heading “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS” in all capital letters, and center.
2. Arrange your abbreviations alphabetically.
3. Abbreviations must align with the document's left margin or be indented to the right of the
left page margin using consistent tabs.
4. If an entry takes up more than one line, single-space between the two lines.
5. The line space between each entry must be 1.5.
6. The List of Abbreviations page(s) must be numbered with consecutive lower-case Roman
numerals.

1.2.8 List of Symbols

If you use symbols in your BSc project, you may combine them with your abbreviations, titling
the section “LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS”, or you may set up a separate list of
symbols and their definitions by following the formatting instructions above for abbreviations. The
heading you choose must be in all capital letters and centered.

1.2.9 List Figures and Tables

If applicable, include a list of table and list of figures, following these guidelines:

1. Include the heading(s) in all capital letters and centered.

2. Include 1.5 line space between the heading and the first entry.
3. Each entry must include a number, title, and page number.
4. Assign each table, figure, or illustration in your BSc project an Arabic numeral. You may
number consecutively throughout the entire work (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.), or you
may assign a two-part Arabic numeral with the first number designating the chapter in
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 which it appears, separated by a period, followed by a second number to indicate its
consecutive placement in the chapter (e.g., Table 3.2 is the second table in Chapter Three).
5. Numerals and titles must align with the document's left margin or be indented to the right
of the left page margin using consistent tabs.
6. If an entry takes up more than one line, break up the entry about three-fourths of the way
across the page and place the rest of the text on a second line, single-spacing the two lines.
7. Page numbers must be located just inside the right page margin with leaders (lines of
periods) filling out the space between the end of the entry and the page number. The last
digit of each number must line up on the right margin.
8. Numbers, titles, and page numbers must each match the corresponding numbers, titles, and
page numbers appearing in the BSc project.
9. All Lists of Tables, Figures, and Illustrations page(s) must be numbered with consecutive
lower-case Roman numerals.

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CHAPTER 2

MAIN BODY OF THE BSC PROJECT

In the main body of the BSc project, the author presents the narrative argument. The text is divided
into major divisions (Chapters), each presenting a main point in the argument. Each major chapter
usually contains subdivisions that will aid the reader in understanding the given information. In a
longer BSc project, the following main component should be included, but not limited to:

2.1 Introduction

This is the first chapter of the BSc project. The introduction should state the background
information on the general problem or area that was investigated, and reasons of the project
problem. Typically, it should deal with “what…why…how” approach, by discussing previous
literature that support your basic hypothesis of the project and research work. Provide the
necessary background for clear understanding and putting the reader into the context of your main
project. Do not summarize your results. At the end of the introduction clearly mention the
aims/objectives and hypotheses of the proposed topic of the project that you intend to test in a
sequential manner.

The introduction includes: Brief background and clear statement of the problem, nature, symptoms,
and extent of the problem and variables influencing the problem, thus leading to a clear set of
project objectives.

When writing introduction, any reviewed literature should be properly cited and listed in the
reference list.

2.1.1 Background

The introduction helps put your project in conversation with other projects on similar topics.
Generally, the introduction provides necessary background information to your study and provides
readers with some sense of your overall work that you intend to achieve. A good introduction
should:

 Establish the general territory (real world or research) in which the project is placed.

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  Describe the broad foundations of your study, including some references to existing
literature and/or empirically observable situations. In other words, the introduction needs
to provide sufficient background for readers to understand where your study is coming
from.

2.1.2 Statement of the Problem

The problem statement is one of the most important components of your study. In 180-250 words
you need to convince the reader that this work MUST be done. Society or one of its institutions
has some pressing problem that needs (needed) closer examination. So, your problem statement
has to answer (answered) some part of this serious problem in a unique and excellent way.

The problem statement describes the context for the study and it also identifies the general analysis
approach. A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature, theory, or practice
that leads to a need for the study.

It is important that the problem stand out that the reader can easily recognize it. Effective problem
statements answer the question “why does this project really need to be done”. In short few plenty
of words, try to explicitly describe the existing problem so that you will be able to convince the
examiners that the project must be done.

2.1.3 Objectives of the study

To get right solution of right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important. The objectives
of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study. Objective should be closely
related to the statement of the problem. Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved
within the expected timeframe and with the available resources.

2.1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective is broad goals to be achieved. The general objective of the study states what
you expect to achieve by the study in general terms. General objectives can be broken down into
small logically connected parts to form specific objectives. General objective is met through
accomplishing the entire specific objectives.

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 The general objective of this project is to design and implement……..
The general objective of this project is to model and simulate……
The general objective is to mathematically design and simulate….

2.1.3.2 Specific Objectives

These are short terms and narrow in focus. The specific objectives are more in number and they
systematically address various aspects of problem as defined under the statement of the problem.

 To design temperature sensor

 To mathematically model the stepper motor
 To textetxtetextetextetetxt

2.1.4 Scope of the study

One of the first tasks for conducting a project work is defining its scope, i.e., its area (theme, field)
and the amount of information to be included. Narrowing the scope of your BSc project can be
time-consuming. Paradoxically, the more you limit the scope, the more interesting it becomes. This
is because a narrower scope lets you clarify the problem and study it at greater depth.

2.1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of the project describes what contribution your work will make to the broad
literature or set of broad educational problems upon completion. In this activity, you will draft
your significance of the study by determining what you hope will benefit others and/or how readers
will benefit or learn from your project. This part tells how the project would be specifically
beneficial to society.

2.2 Design Constraints and Applicable Codes and Standards Used

Students from the Electrical Engineering program will attain (by the time of graduation):
an ability to design electronics, control, and Electrical systems, components, or processes to
meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social,
political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.
In addition to the traditional technological and economic considerations fundamental to the
design of electrical components and systems, the modern engineer has become increasingly

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concerned with the broader considerations of realistic constraints which are particularly
related to the better-off today’s society and quality of life. The additional task challenges the
engineers to assemble all pertinent facts, and then to make good decisions through better
understanding, imagination, ingenuity, and judgment.
For your final design, you must be imaginative and ingenious enough to anticipate potentially
hazardous situations and all the factors relating to the product and make the best design
decision to address those realistic constraint issues. You also need to check government
and industry codes and standards and the pertinent technical literature to be sure that legal
requirements are complied with.

Economic:
Prices of current related or similar products on market and your cost and profit
Available budget
Potential impact to the local and global economy
Designs for public use need to consider high maintenance cost
Both over design and under design cost money
Environmental:
Vibration induced noise to workers and product users
Vibration induced noise to the public: large power transformers, road lamps
Air pollution: use electric or hybrid engines
Water pollution: toxic waste into river
Landscape: plastic bags, computer cases
Global warming: temperature control of exhaust gas
Manufacturing waste collection and processing
Space debris
Control of energy saving devices
Social:
Designs in favor of certain people but against others
worker union versus employer
Government codes are to protect society
Political:
Designs using software/hardware developed under public funding
Products (e.g., computer games, marks on clothes) that profile negative sides of a specific
race or gender
Products for use in space use on-earth patent protected designs/concepts
Products for customers who are against US
Products that are against US homeland security
Products that are physically and/or mentally destructive for people

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Ethical:
Designs without considering safety and health of workers, consumers, and/or the public
Products implicitly using patent protected designs/concepts
Products use radioactive materials
Products use materials that have better appearance but are toxic
Under design for profit
Products for secrete survey of personal private life
Health and Safety:
Safety of workers and consumers
Safety of the public
Noise causes hearing loss
Hazardous materials and environment for workers
Products require the use of radioactive materials
Products use materials that have better appearance but are toxic
Products for infants/children require special safety considerations
Design of a control system with acceptable stability margins for machinery where safety is
of concern
Manufacturability:
Designs with an impossibly small manufacturing tolerance
Designs with a required highly accurate first natural frequency
Designs with an impossibly high stiffness
Designs with a zero-friction contacting surface
Designs with a no-mass part
Perpetual machine
Machines without vibration
Can the proposed material be welded if welding is the proposed assembly method?
Is the product’s surface paintable if it is designed to have an artificial color?
No gravity for manufacturing process in space
Availability of chosen material
Titanium alloy and ceramics require special cutting tools
Design of a control system which is physically realizable with manufacturing constraints such
as amplifier saturation and bandwidth
Sustainability:
Can the business survive?
A well-defined life span under the assumed normal operation conditions
Consideration of actual environmental factors (extreme working temperature, corrosive
fluid, abrasive air, severe radiation in space, etc.) in design
All parts need to have a similar designed life span
Machines require perfect suppression of vibration to function
Reliability and durability of the product’s supposed function

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 Legality:
Products using concepts protected by patents
Design by following required codes
Products for secret survey of personal private life
Radar detection devices for cars
Inspect ability:
Designs can be inspected during maintenance service
Designs are easy for system health monitoring
Table 2.1 Summary of Constraints and Codes met by your Design
Design constraint Project application Relevant location in
report

Performance Several performance requirements were established Section XXXX

using a standard code xxx (Example Like EBCS-10) (Like section 2.2)
Serviceability Wings were designed to be easily replaced if damaged Section XXXX
A less-than ideal control unit was selected due to Section XXXX
Economic economic limitations. Spars were hand cut rather than
laser cut due to economic reasons.
The plane will produce loud noise, but noise levels were Section XXXX
Environmental
not a design criterion.
Environmental Small quantities of materials such as balsa wood were Section XXXX
Sustainability used, but sustainability was not a design criterion.
Being able to construct a flying airplane was a serious Section XXXX
design consideration. Manufacturability affected
Manufacturability
material selection and spar geometry most
significantly
This did not affect design, but we had to be aware of Section XXXX
Health and safety safety concerns associated with flying a propeller driven
RC airplane
RC airplanes provide a fun and interesting leisure Section XXXX
Social
activity, but this did not affect design

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2.3 Literature Review

The literature review is chapter two. It should be a critical analysis of relevant existing knowledge
on the BSc project topic. It includes the strengths, the limitations and gaps of previous studies. The
literature review should be relevant with recent citations on the topic. Citations within the past five
years are ideal and generally considered current. Citations ten years and older should be used
sparingly and only when necessary. Unpublished documents and lay sources like encyclopedias
are strictly discouraged. This is done by the student carefully tracking and referencing each and
every document used. Most of the literature used should be from peer-reviewed, international
journals and should be from recent years. However, in such cases where scare literature exists,
using old (past 5-10 years) literature may be appropriate. Also, if there is a ‘classical’ reference,
you should mention it. Try to use primary sources of literature, which originally proposed the main
idea. Do not use internet-sources, which are not reliable.

Whenever you include another person's information or wording in a document, you must
acknowledge the source and include a citation that will tell the reader where you obtained it. For
example, if the following documents have been referred, cite it as:
The resistance of a conductor is strongly dependent on its length and cross-sectional area (Ranzijn,
McConnochie, & Nolan, 2009)
The resistance of a conductor is strongly dependent on its length and cross-sectional area (Ranzijn
et al., 2009)
If the Table and Figures are reviewed and adopted in the literature review, for example, include
the following table as:
Table 2.2 Migration Summary - State and Territory 2013-2014

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Note: Adapted from "Migration, Australia, 2013-14 (No 3412.0)," by the Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2015. Copyright 2015 by the Australian Bureau of Statistics

2.4 Methodology/System Design and Modelling

It describes precisely what will be done and how it will be done, what data will be recorded, the
proposed tools or instruments to be used in data collection and the methods of analyzing the data.

In this chapter, the student should give clear, specific, appropriate and credible procedures that will
be followed to attain the proposed objectives of the study. The project design planned for use
should be clearly stated. The methods should be appropriate to the problem area, i.e., the statement
of the problem, the objectives and the hypotheses. The student should also address the methods of
data collection, data quality control and methods of data analysis.

This chapter of the BSc project should cover the materials that were used required for the
experiments and the different procedures and protocols followed. Experimental designs and
methods of statistical analyses should be mentioned. The mathematical derivations, system overall
block diagram, flowcharts and other explanatory diagrams are also included and discussed in this
chapter.

Clearly state the controls, treatments and design of the experiment. Someone should be able to
repeat your experiments based on what you write here, so you’ll need to include things like the
number of times each subject was tested, how results were scored, etc. Be sure to report your
procedures as past events, not as a set of directions.

The designed questionnaire or other documents that is going to be used for data collection should
be placed at appendix 1. For example, if you collect the wind speed for 15 consecutive days,
tabulate the collected data in the Appendix.

2.5 Simulation Results and Discussion

The simulation results obtained from the project work should be presented in this chapter. Tables
and figures should be given, and important points should be explained textually. Statistical
analyses should be presented in both tables and figures with appropriate significance levels. Do

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not interpret the results, just describe them. Multiple comparisons might reveal more information,
but don’t mess-up all results. Key results may be highlighted in bold. This section may be broken
into several sub-sections. The headings/sub-headings should be short, informative and represent
the actual message.

The discussion should not contain repetition of the results rather it should explore the implications
of the results which may be in agreement/disagreement with your hypothesis. It should be as
concise as possible but be provided in a logical manner. Collectively, this section should have
coordination between your results and previous literature. It is not necessary all the time that your
results should support previous reports, however, while interpreting the results should be done in
an acceptable manner.

If your results have new findings that are not yet published anywhere, don’t hesitate to discuss
those findings, but provide closely related literature to support that hypothesis. Key findings may
be kept in bold and avoid common words like good, bad, positive, negative etc. because they are
misunderstandable. For clarity and ease of tracing your output, result and discussion should be
done in parallel.

Sometimes there are projects which may not require simulation results. In this case, the outcomes
observed from the prototype must be discussed as result in this chapter.

The table and figure used should be extensively and should be cross referenced in the paragraph
residing. For instance, the resistance of a conductor at various temperature and resistivity
coefficient is shown in table 4.1 below.

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 Table 2.3: Temperature and resistance of a conductor

Temperature α=0.01 α=0.02 α=0.03 α=0.04

10 1 5 9 13

15 2 6 10 14

20 3 7 11 15

25 4 8 12 16

TextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextText
TextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextText as shown in 4.1 below.

Figure 4.1: Descriptive name of the figure

If the result and discussion have large data in terms of table and figure, it should be placed at the
Appendix (as shown in Appendix 2)

When using symbols in the BSc project, do not start a sentence with a symbol; write-out the
word or expression, or rephrase the sentence. For example, “𝑡 was found to be 0.99” should be
rephrased as: “The value of 𝑡was found to be 0.99”.

24
Symbols should not be used in running text in the same way as abbreviations. Avoid writing: “...
and K was 71.8 ...” but say instead: “... the value of K was 71.8 ...” or “... the value of the constant
was 71.8...”

Compound symbols such as eV and ΔHF are written close up, with a space between the number
and the symbol: 12.5 eV, 25 ΔHF.

2.6 Conclusion and Recommendation

2.6.1.1 Conclusion

In conclusions part, you should make comprehensive statements of your own project findings.

2.6.1.2 Recommendations

In future perspectives, you should provide information as to how your project results will be
beneficial for future extended projects.

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3 REFERENCES AND APPENDICES
3.3 References

You are required to list all the references you consulted. Your reference pages must be prepared
following these guidelines:

 Always begin references on a separate page either immediately following at the end of your
entire document.
 Select an appropriate heading for this section based on the style manual you are using
(“REFERENCES”)
 The heading in all capital letters and centered.
 References must be single-spaced within each entry.

3.3.1 Citations of Print Sources

Whenever you include another person's information or wording in a document, you must
acknowledge the source and include a citation that will tell the reader where you obtained it. If you
do not do so, you deprive your reader of the ability to locate information that he or she might want
to explore further. In addition, you may be committing intellectual theft, plagiarism. Therefore,
you should carefully list all references used (both in a reference list at the end of the document and
throughout the text as quoted.

3.4 Appendix

Appendices should be placed at the end of the BSc project. They represent important material to
support your BSc project, but too large to fit in the main frame of the text. Generally, they contain
detailed background data tables, detailed formulas, maps etc. You can also provide interesting
illustrations. Although appendices do not contain any text information, a title could be provided
for each appendix.

If your BSc project has appendices, they must be prepared following these guidelines:

1. Appendices must appear at the end of the document and not the chapter to which they
pertain.
2. When there is more than one appendix, assign each appendix a number or a letter heading
(e.g., “APPENDIX 1” or “APPENDIX A”) and a descriptive title. You may number
26
 consecutively throughout the entire work (e.g., 1, 2 or A, B), or you may assign a two-part
Arabic numeral with the first number designating the chapter in which it appears, separated
by a period, followed by a second number or letter to indicate its consecutive placement
(e.g., “APPENDIX 3.2” is the second appendix referred to in Chapter Three).
3. Include the chosen headings in all capital letters, and center.
4. All appendix headings and titles must be included in the table of contents. Page numbering
must continue throughout your appendix.

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Web Sites for Public Codes and Standards
DoE Status of State Energy Codes (HVAC):
http://www.energycodes.gov/implement/state_codes/index.stm
EPA (health):
http://www.epa.gov/
Noise Control Codes:
http://www.portlandonline.com/bds/index.cfm?&a=18493&c=38052
Thermal Pollution (environmental):
http://www.esmagazine.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,250
3,132219,00.html
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
http://www.osha.gov/
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission:
http://cpsc.gov/
American National Standards Institute:
http://www.ansi.org/
A National Resource for Global Standards:
http://www.nssn.org/
National Institute of Standards and Technology:
http://www.nist.gov/
ASME Codes & Standards:
http://www.asme.org/Codes/

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