Week 8
Chapter 7: Integer Arithmetic
What's Next
• Shift and Rotate Instructions
• Shift and Rotate Applications
• Multiplication and Division Instructions
• Extended Addition and Subtraction
• ASCII and Unpacked Decimal Arithmetic
• Packed Decimal Arithmetic
32
Multiplication and Division Instructions
• MUL Instruction
• IMUL Instruction
• DIV Instruction
• Signed Integer Division
• CBW, CWD, CDQ Instructions
• IDIV Instruction
• Implementing Arithmetic Expressions
33
MUL Instruction
• In 32-bit mode, MUL (unsigned multiply) instruction multiplies an
8-, 16-, or 32-bit operand by either AL, AX, or EAX.
• The instruction formats are:
MUL r/m8
MUL r/m16
MUL r/m32
34
64-Bit MUL Instruction
• In 64-bit mode, MUL (unsigned multiply) instruction multiplies a
64-bit operand by RAX, producing a 128-bit product.
• The instruction formats are:
MUL r/m64
Example:
mov rax,0FFFF0000FFFF0000h
mov rbx,2
mul rbx ; RDX:RAX = 0000000000000001FFFE0001FFFE0000
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MUL Examples
100h * 2000h, using 16-bit operands:
.data
val1 WORD 2000h The Carry flag
val2 WORD 100h indicates whether or
not the upper half of
.code the product contains
mov ax,val1 significant digits.
mul val2 ; DX:AX = 00200000h, CF=1
12345h * 1000h, using 32-bit operands:
mov eax,12345h
mov ebx,1000h
mul ebx ; EDX:EAX = 0000000012345000h, CF=0
36
Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX, AX, and the Carry
flag after the following instructions execute?
mov ax,1234h
mov bx,100h
mul bx
DX = 0012h, AX = 3400h, CF = 1
37
Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of EDX, EAX, and the
Carry flag after the following instructions execute?
mov eax,00128765h
mov ecx,10000h
mul ecx
EDX = 00000012h, EAX = 87650000h, CF = 1
38
IMUL Instruction
• IMUL (signed integer multiply ) multiplies an 8-, 16-,
or 32-bit signed operand by either AL, AX, or EAX
• Preserves the sign of the product by sign-extending it
into the upper half of the destination register
Example: multiply 48 * 4, using 8-bit operands:
mov al,48
mov bl,4
imul bl ; AX = 00C0h, OF=1
OF=1 because AH is not a sign extension of AL.
39
Using IMUL in 64-Bit Mode
• You can use 64-bit operands. In the two-operand
format, a 64-bit register or memory operand is
multiplied against RDX
• 128-bit product produced in RDX:RAX
• The three-operand format produces a 64-bit product
in RAX
.data
multiplicand QWORD -16
.code
imul rax, multiplicand, 4 ; RAX = FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC0 (-64)
40
IMUL Examples
Multiply 4,823,424 * −423:
mov eax,4823424
mov ebx,-423
imul ebx ; EDX:EAX = FFFFFFFF86635D80h, OF=0
OF=0 because EDX is a sign extension of EAX.
41
Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX, AX, and the Carry
flag after the following instructions execute?
mov ax,8760h
mov bx,100h
imul bx
DX = FF87h, AX = 6000h, OF = 1
42
DIV Instruction
• The DIV (unsigned divide) instruction performs 8-bit,
16-bit, and 32-bit division on unsigned integers
• A single operand is supplied (register or memory
operand), which is assumed to be the divisor
• Instruction formats:
DIV reg/mem8
DIV reg/mem16
Default Operands:
DIV reg/mem32
43
DIV Examples
Divide 8003h by 100h, using 16-bit operands:
mov dx,0 ; clear dividend, high
mov ax,8003h ; dividend, low
mov cx,100h ; divisor
div cx ; AX = 0080h, DX = 3
Same division, using 32-bit operands:
mov edx,0 ; clear dividend, high
mov eax,8003h ; dividend, low
mov ecx,100h ; divisor
div ecx ; EAX = 00000080h, DX = 3
44
64-Bit DIV Example
Divide 000001080000000033300020h by
00010000h:
.data
dividend_hi QWORD 00000108h
dividend_lo QWORD 33300020h
divisor QWORD 00010000h
.code
mov rdx, dividend_hi
mov rax, dividend_lo
div divisor ; RAX = quotient
; RDX = remainder
quotient: 0108000000003330h
remainder: 0000000000000020h
45
Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX
after the following instructions execute? Or, if divide
overflow occurs, you can indicate that as your answer:
mov dx,0087h
mov ax,6000h
mov bx,100h
div bx
DX = 0000h, AX = 8760h
46
Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX
after the following instructions execute? Or, if divide
overflow occurs, you can indicate that as your answer:
mov dx,0087h
mov ax,6002h
mov bx,10h
div bx
Divide Overflow
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Signed Integer Division (IDIV)
• Signed integers must be sign-extended before
division takes place
• fill high byte/word/doubleword with a copy of the low
byte/word/doubleword's sign bit
• For example, the high byte contains a copy of the
sign bit from the low byte:
10001111
11111111 10001111
48
CBW, CWD, CDQ Instructions
• The CBW, CWD, and CDQ instructions provide
important sign-extension operations:
• CBW (convert byte to word) extends AL into AH
• CWD (convert word to doubleword) extends AX into DX
• CDQ (convert doubleword to quadword) extends EAX into EDX
• Example:
.data
dwordVal SDWORD -101 ; FFFFFF9Bh
.code
mov eax,dwordVal
cdq ; EDX:EAX = FFFFFFFFFFFFFF9Bh
49
IDIV Instruction
• IDIV (signed divide) performs signed integer division
• Same syntax and operands as DIV instruction
Example: 8-bit division of –48 by 5
mov al,-48
cbw ; extend AL into AH
mov bl,5
idiv bl ; AL = -9, AH = -3
50
IDIV Examples
Example: 16-bit division of –48 by 5
mov ax,-48
cwd ; extend AX into DX
mov bx,5
idiv bx ; AX = -9, DX = -3
Example: 32-bit division of –48 by 5
mov eax,-48
cdq ; extend EAX into EDX
mov ebx,5
idiv ebx ; EAX = -9, EDX = -3
51
Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX
after the following instructions execute? Or, if divide
overflow occurs, you can indicate that as your answer:
mov ax,0FDFFh ; -513
cwd
mov bx,100h
idiv bx
DX = FFFFh (−1), AX = FFFEh (−2)
52
Unsigned Arithmetic Expressions
• Some good reasons to learn how to implement
integer expressions:
• Learn how do compilers do it
• Test your understanding of MUL, IMUL, DIV, IDIV
• Check for overflow (Carry and Overflow flags)
Example: var4 = (var1 + var2) * var3
; Assume unsigned operands
mov eax,var1
add eax,var2 ; EAX = var1 + var2
mul var3 ; EAX = EAX * var3
jc TooBig ; check for carry
mov var4,eax ; save product
53
Signed Arithmetic Expressions (1 of 2)
Example: eax = (-var1 * var2) + var3
mov eax,var1
neg eax
imul var2
jo TooBig ; check for overflow
add eax,var3
jo TooBig ; check for overflow
Example: var4 = (var1 * 5) / (var2 – 3)
mov eax,var1 ; left side
mov ebx,5
imul ebx ; EDX:EAX = product
mov ebx,var2 ; right side
sub ebx,3
idiv ebx ; EAX = quotient
mov var4,eax
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Signed Arithmetic Expressions (2 of 2)
Example: var4 = (var1 * -5) / (-var2 % var3);
mov eax,var2 ; begin right side
neg eax
cdq ; sign-extend dividend
idiv var3 ; EDX = remainder
mov ebx,edx ; EBX = right side
mov eax,-5 ; begin left side
imul var1 ; EDX:EAX = left side
idiv ebx ; final division
mov var4,eax ; quotient
Sometimes it's easiest to calculate the right-hand term of an
expression first.
55
Your turn . . .
Implement the following expression using signed 32-bit
integers:
eax = (ebx * 20) / ecx
mov eax,20
imul ebx
idiv ecx
56
Your turn . . .
Implement the following expression using signed 32-bit
integers. Save and restore ECX and EDX:
eax = (ecx * edx) / eax
push edx
push eax ; EAX needed later
mov eax,ecx
imul edx ; left side: EDX:EAX
pop ebx ; saved value of EAX
idiv ebx ; EAX = quotient
pop edx ; restore EDX, ECX
57
Your turn . . .
Implement the following expression using signed 32-bit
integers. Do not modify any variables other than var3:
var3 = (var1 * -var2) / (var3 – ebx)
mov eax,var1
mov edx,var2
neg edx
imul edx ; left side: EDX:EAX
mov ecx,var3
sub ecx,ebx
idiv ecx ; EAX = quotient
mov var3,eax
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