THEFUNDAMENTALSOFTELECOMMUNICATION
FUNDAMENTALSOFTELECOMMUNICATION
Whatistelecommunication?
Telecommunicationissignalsthataretransmittedoverashortorlongdistanceanditspurposeisforhumanbrainstobeableto
communicatetheirthoughtsbyspeech.
TheearlyinventorsintelecommunicationwereinventorslikeAlexanderGrahamBellwhichhehadstudiedinhowthehuman
brainandearsproducesensationfromcommunicatingwithspeech,ElishaGray,AntonioMeucci,GugliemoMarconiandJohn
LogieBairdwerealsodisputedoftheinventionofphonesandtelecommunications.Thebasicelementsoftelephonyconsistof
transmitters,transmissionmediums,andreceivers.Now,anddayswehave2typesofsignalswhicharedigitalandanalog.
AnalogCircuitsandhowitworks?
Telephonestransmitinformationthrucopperwiresusingvoltage,current,frequencyortotalcharge.Acontinuoussignalis
sentwhichtimesvaryinfeatures.Thentheinformationbeingsentgetstransformedtoanelectricalsignalbytransducerwhich
convertsatypeofenergytoanothertype.Thesoundofthevoiceisrecordedwhichthenitspassedthroughasvoltagestoits
receiverend.Thevoltageisarepresentationoranalogofvoice.
DigitalCircuitsandhowitworks?
Digitalcircuitutilizesasarepresentationofsignalsanumericintegrationof1sand0sthatistheconversionofdataandvoice
thatgetcompressedandstoragesuchasvoicemail.Itssystemrepresentssignalsdiscreetlywhichoperateintwolevelsof
voltagecalledtheHighandLow.Theusageinvoltsismorethanthatofananalogcircuitboard.Digitalismadeupsmall
circuitscomponentscalledLogicGateswhichisthelogicaloperationthatproducessingleoutputsperformance.Itsfunctionis
torunundertheBooleanlogicthatisusedinmanysystemsthatusesitscompletesystemforlogicaloperationsthatisdefined
asanalgebraicsysteminlogic.ElectricitysurgethrutheLogicGatewhichcancontrolmorethanonegate.ProgrammableLogic
deviceisanotherDigitalcircuitthatisconstructedforlookuptablesthatperformsfunctionsonlogicGatesasdoesinmachines.
TheVoiceBand:
VoiceBandistherepresentationinwhichahumantypicallyfrequencyhearingrangeiswhichis20Hzto20kHz.
Telecommunicationsnormalvoicevibrationbandrangesfrom3003330Hz.Thefrequencyofthebandwidthisameasurement
ofthechannelcapacity.Thestandardizedavailablevoicebandchannelconsistsof4kHz.Therearesomerestrictionstovoice
bandwhichconsistofeconomicexpensivelargercapacityneedsmorenetworkswhichareexpensivetoobtain,inan
internationalmeetingin1874itwaschosenthattotransmitvoiceinformationclearlytothelistenerandspeakerselected4kHz
astheidealfrequenciesinwhichvoicewouldbetransmitted.
P.O.T.S(PlainOrdinaryTelephoneServices)
CentralOffice
LoopTwistedPair
CustomerPremise
P.O.T.S(PlainOrdinaryTelephoneService)
POTSareabasictelephoneservicethatisusedforresidentialandsmallbusinessandwereintroducedinthelate19thcentury.
POTselectricalwiresarecoveredinplasticandtwistedtogethertominimizetheantennaeffectwhichisthetwistedpairas
shownonthediagramabove.Thetwistedpairwiresaretwoconductorswhichpurposesaretocanceloutanyelectromagnetic
interference.Telephonewavesoperatethesameasthewavesyouseeintheocean.
HookSwitch
Tip
LineVoltage
RotaryDial
Ring
Rotarydialisusedforaddresssignalingwhichopensthetelephoneswitchproducingapulsewhichsubsequentlysendsthe
electricalpulsestoaswitchboardortelephone.Patchcordswereusedtelephoneoperatorstoconnectlooportrunkdepending
onthedestinationandoriginofcall.Thepatchcordthatwereusedwereelectricalcordsthatconductedanelectricalsignalto
anotherdevicethatareusedforsignalrouting,thepreferredvoltagesusedwas()48voltsbecauseitdidntdeterioratedeasily
dotothenegative()voltagechargethatisused.Mostoralltelephonycompanieschargeonnegative()voltage.
DTMF(DualToneMultiFrequency)
HighGroup(Hz)
LowGroup(Hz)
1209
1336
1477
697
770
852
941
DTMFKeyPad
1633
A
B
C
D
DTMF(DualToneMultiFrequency)
DualTonesignalingisacommonlyusedmethodinvoicefrequencybandintelephony.Cabletelevisionbroadcastersalsoused
DTMFtoindicatethestartandstopofcommercialoutputtime.BellLabsdevelopedthisfeatureinthe1940callingittheMulti
FrequencywhichwasusedlateronbyAt&tTelecommunicationNetwork.Inbandvoicetransmissionaveragesfrom300
3330Hz.YearsafterthedevelopmentofDTMFwasemployedphonecompaniesallovertheUSandCanadadeclinedtheusage
oftheA,B,C,andDontheDTMFkeypadwhichwereusedearliertoaccesscomputersandsurveys.
SS7(SignalingSystem#7)orCCSS7(CommonChannelSignalingSystem#7)
ItsaninbandsignalinglikeDTMFwiththepurposetotearthetelephonecallsupanddown,whichisusedinSMS(short
messageservices).SS7areprotocolsthatareusedtosignaltelephony.SS7wasfirstintroducedin1975whichweredeveloped
bymajortelecommunicationcompanies.Itsearlierusewastosetupcallinformationthroughinbandsignalingsoonafterits
signalinginformationwasswitchedtoanoutofbandsystem,tofacilitatethesecurityproblemsthataroseearlierinits
developmentprocess.WhichthenleadtothedevelopmentoftheSS7oralsoknownastheCommonChannelInteroffice
SignalingSystems(CCIS)withtheintentionintranslatingintoIPviaSIGTRANprotocols.ShortlyafterprotocolsforVOIP
networkswerealmostimmediatelyadapted.
SS7Diagram:
EndUser
MTP
SSP
SCP
EndUser
SSP
EquipmentinTelecommunication
Switches(DMS)orExchange
Telecommunicationswitchesconsistofelectricalcomponentsthatinterruptthecurrentwhilebreakinganelectrical
circuitwhichalsoreroutesfromoneconductortoanotherwhichcaninadditionallybeoperatedmanually.Thisallows
connectingfromcentralofficetoloopsortrunkstoenduser.Switchesinadditionimplementsroutingfromloopto
trunk,looptoloop,ortrunktotrunk.
Linecards
Arethecircuitsthatbecomeacquiredthroughcopperwireorfiberopticwhileaccessingthetelecommunication
network.
Copper,andFiberConnection
Computers
DigitalInwards:8000bytes/persec
PBXvs.CENTREX
PBX(privateBranchExchange)whichprovidescallstolocallyandextensioninbusinessoffice
WhatisaPBXtelephone?
PBX(PrivateBranchExchange)isatelephoneexchangeservicesthatprovidesbusinessconnectionsamongstprivate
organizationandbusinesswhichallowsthelinestointerconnectwithPSTN(publicswitchedtelephonenetwork)viatrunklines.
SeveraloftheadvantagesbusinessesobtainPBXsystemisforthereasonthatitscostefficient.ThefirstusageofthePBXwas
pioneeredinthelate1970swhichwasintroducedwithanarrayoffeaturesandcapabilities.
PBXPros&Cons:
TechnologyChangesRapidly
ExpensiveUpgrades
CompaniesPlacingMoreFocusonCoreBusiness
Marketexpansiononly5%
Thedepthofthesystemmanagementmayberestricted
Featuresarewellconcentratedindepth
CustomerPremise
PBXSwitch
CentralOffice
PBXTrunk
Switch
PBX1
PBX3
PBX2
WhatisCentrex?
CentrexisaserviceprovidingswitchsimilartothePBXsystem,whichcustomersdonthavetoprovidetheirowninhouse
infrastructuretoacquireusageoftheCentrextelephonesystem.Centrexwasdevelopedinthemid1960sbythedepartmentof
engineeringofNewYorkTelephonewhichlaterinterchangedthePBXforthenewlyestablishedCentrex.Inthelate1960sBell
LabsobtainedthedevelopmentoftheCentrex,whichprovidedtheircustomerswithanarrayofserviceslikethePackaged
Centrex,CentrexData,andtheCustomizedCentrex.
CENTREXPros&Cons:
ContinuedDevelopmentOfCapabilities
ISDN
CompaniesEstablishingVirtualWorkforce
DesktopIntegrationOfVoice
SmallDataUsers
Reducesanorganizationsinvolvementwithitstelecommunicationnetwork
Theirfeaturesaresometimeslimitedandareincrementallycostly
CENTREX
CENTREXService
CentralOfficeSwitch
PBXCustomer
Premise
VoiceVPN
AcomputernetworksthatisexistingiscalledtheVirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)whichallowsnetworksystemstoconnectto
VPNwhichsharesexistinginfrastructureasittransportstraffic.ShouldntbeconfusedwiththeVPNonIPnetworks.VPNisa
securecommunicationtechnology.ThatprovidesanauthenticatedtunnelthatwasestablishedfortheusageofVPN.
CALLCENTER
CallerInfo
InboundTrunking
IVR
CustomerCare
Voice
System
Switch
CustomerDataScreen
ACD
POP
CustomerDataScreen
POP
Agent
VoiceData
BasicsofaCallCenter:
IVRInteractiveVoiceResponseSystem
Isatechnologythatenablescomputertointeractwithhumansbydetectingvoiceandkeypadinputs.IVRsystemiscommonly
usedfromdiminutivetoenterpriselevelestablishment.IVRallowsittobecustomizedwithitsdynamicallygeneratedfunction.
Itsdevelopmentbeganin1941whenBellsystemsreleaseditsnewlypioneeredDualtoneTelephone.BellsDualTone
appearancewasin1962attheWorldFairin1962inSeattle,Washington.PABXorswitchboardsoonafterbecamereplacedby
the(VAD)VoiceActivatedIVRsystem.
PSTNSwitchingCenterbeforeCompetition
RegionalCenter
SectionalCenter
PrimaryCenter
TollCenter
CentralOffice
