BODY PLANES

AND
STRUCTURES
BODY PARTS
AND
REGION
CEPHALIC
CERVICULAR AND CLAVICULAR
LIMBS
CENTRAL REGION
 CEPHALIC (HEAD)

The cephalic region (head) or cranial region (skull)

is at the top of the body and visible from the front and rear.
CERVICAL & CLAVICULAR

Cervical (neck)
Clavicular (collar bone)

The cervical region (neck) starts below the

head, ends at the thorax, and is visible from the
front and rear from below the head to the
shoulders.
 LIMBS
UPPER LIMB LOWER LIMB
• Arm – extends • Thigh– extends
from the shoulder from the hip to the
to the elbow. knee.
• Forearm – extends • Leg – extends
from the elbow to from the knee to
the wrist. the ankle.
• Wrist • Ankle
• Hand • Foot
UPPER LIMB

Axillary (arm pit)

Brachial (arm)
Antecubital (front of elbow)
Antebrachial (forearm)

Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Manual (hand)
Digital (Fingers)
The upper extremities include the shoulders,
arms, forearms, elbows, wrists, and hands
and are visible from the front and the rear.
LOWER LIMB
The lower extremities include the hips, buttocks,
thighs, knees, legs, ankles, and feet. The buttocks
are visible only from the rear, but the rest of the
lower extremities are visible from the front and the
rear.
Coxal (Hips)

Femoral (thigh)
Patellar (kneecap)
Crural (leg)
Talus (ankle)
Dorsum (top of foot) Pedal (foot)
Digital (toes)
CENTRAL REGION
Trunk
• Trunk
➢Thorax (Chest
➢Abdomen (region between the thorax
and pelvis
➢Pelvis (the inferior end of the trunk
associated with the hips.
 TRUNK
Pectoral (Chest) Thoracic (Thorax)
Mammary (breast) The thorax starts immediately
Sternal (breastbone) below the neck, at the
clavicles, and ends along the
bottom of the ribcage. It’s
visible from the front.
Abdominal (abdomen)
Umbilical (navel) The abdomen starts along the
Pelvic (pelvis) bottom of the ribcage and
Inguinal (groin) extends to the hips. It’s visible
Pubic (genital) from the front.
The pelvis starts where the abdomen ends and takes up the area
between the hip bones. The perineum is between the thighs so very
little is visible in the anatomical position.
PLANES
An anatomical plane is a
hypothetical plane used to
transect the human body,
in order to describe the
location of structures or
the direction of
movements.
 BODY PLANES
Sagittal Plane
Runs vertically through the body and
separates it into right and left parts.
“sagittal” which literary means “The flight of
an arrow” and refers to the way the body would be
split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly.

Median Plane
is a sagittal plane that passes through the
midline of the body and divides it into equal right
and left halves.
MEDIAN PLANE
PLANES
Transverse or Horizontal
runs parallel to the
surface of the ground and
divides the body into superior
and inferior parts.
TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL
PLANE
PLANES
Frontal or Coronal
Plane
runs vertically from right
to the left and divides the
body into anterior and
posterior parts.
FRONTAL OR CORONAL
PLANE
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Anatomical position, or
standard anatomical position,
refers to the positioning of
the body when it is standing
upright and facing forward
with each arm hanging on
either side of the body, and
the palms facing forward. The
legs are parallel, with feet flat
on the floor and facing
forward.
 DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superior: Above, over - The nose is superior (or cranial) to the chin.
Inferior: Below, under - The knees are inferior to the pelvis.

Anterior: In front of, front - The toes are anterior (or ventral) to the
heel.
Posterior: After, behind, - The spine is posterior (or dorsal) to the
following, toward the rear
sternum.
Distal: Away from, farther from - The toes are distal to the knee.
the origin
Proximal: Near, closer to the - The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
origin
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Lateral: Toward the side, - The ears are lateral to the nose.
away from the mid-line
Medial: Toward the mid-line,- The sternum is medial to the shoulders.
middle, away from the side
Caudal: Toward the back, - The pelvis is caudal to the stomach.
toward the tail
Superficial: Toward the body - The skin is superficial to the heart.
surface
Deep: Toward the body core - The heart is deep to the ribs.
ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS

 Anatomical terms of
movement are used to
describe the actions of
muscles upon the
skeleton. Muscles
contract to produce
movement at joints,
and the subsequent
movements can be
precisely described
using this terminology.
 ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
 FLEXION AND EXTENSION
 Flexion refers to a movement that decreases
the angle between two body parts. Flexion at
the elbow is decreasing the angle between the
ulna and the humerus. When the knee flexes,
the ankle moves closer to the buttock, and
the angle between the femur and tibia gets
smaller.
 Extension refers to a movement that
increases the angle between two body parts.
Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle
between the ulna and the humerus. Extension
of the knee straightens the lower limb .
 ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
 ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION
 Abduction is a movement away from the
midline – just as abducting someone is to take
them away. For example, abduction of the
shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the
body.
 Adduction is a movement towards the midline.
Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs
together.
 CIRCUMDUCTION can be defined as a conical
movement of a limb extending from the joint at
which the movement is controlled.
 ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
 Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards
the midline. It is sometimes referred to as internal
rotation. To understand this, we have two scenarios
to imagine. Firstly, with a straight leg, rotate it to
point the toes inward. This is medial rotation of the
hip. Secondly, imagine you are carrying a tea tray in
front of you, with elbow at 90 degrees. Now rotate
the arm, bringing your hand towards your opposite
hip (elbow still at 90 degrees). This is internal
rotation of the shoulder.
 Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from
the midline. This is in the opposite direction to the
movements described above.
 ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
 Elevation and Depression
 Elevation refers to movement in a superior
direction (e.g. shoulder
shrug), depression refers to movement in an
inferior direction.
 Pronation and Supination
 This is easily confused with medial and lateral
rotation, but the difference is subtle. With
your hand resting on a table in front of you,
and keeping your shoulder and elbow still,
turn your hand onto its back, palm up. This is
the supine position, and so this movement
is supination.
 ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
 DORSIFLEXION AND PLANTARFLEXION
 Dorsiflexion refers to flexion at the ankle, so
that the foot points more superiorly. Dorsiflexion
of the hand is a confusing term, and so is rarely
used. The dorsum of the hand is the posterior
surface, and so movement in that direction
is extension. Therefore we can say that
dorsiflexion of the wrist is the same as
extension.
 Plantarflexion refers extension at the ankle, so
that the foot points inferiorly. Similarly there is a
term for the hand, which is palmarflexion.
 ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
 INVERSION AND EVERSION
 Inversion involves the movement of the sole towards the
median plane – so that the sole faces in a medial
direction.
 Eversion involves the movement of the sole away from
the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral
direction.
 PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION
 Protraction describes the anterolateral movement of the
scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the shoulder to
move anteriorly. In practice, this is the movement of
‘reaching out’ to something.
 Retraction refers to the posteromedial movement of the
scapula on the thoracic wall, which causes the shoulder
region to move posteriorly i.e. picking something up .
 BODY CAVITIES
 Thoracic Cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and
is separated from the abdominal cavity by the
muscular diaphragm.
 Abdominal Cavity is bounded primarily by the
abdominal muscles and contains the stomach,
intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
 Pelvic Cavity is a small pace enclosed by the
bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary
bladder, part of the large intestine, and the
internal reproductive organs.
(The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not
physically separated and sometime are called the
abdominopelvic cavity.
PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 1: OUR SIMPLE EXERCISE ROUTINE

Creating a simple exercise using the different body movements.

 Group yourselves with 15 members.

 Watch and practice the different anatomical movements.
 Create a 2-minute simple exercise (either aerobic, resistance, or
stretching exercise) that consist the different movements from the
videos.
 Record your final performance of the simple exercise routine and don’t
forget to include the names of the movements on your videos.
*Include the names of the performers on the video.
Deadline: Next week