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yuva adityasCLASS
9
IIT & NEET
FOUNDATION
MATHEMATICS
STUDY MATERIAL
VOL -3
INDEX
1. FUNCTIONS 1 - 77
2. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY 78 - 153
3. DIFFERENTIATION 154 - 196
ANSWER KEY 197 - 207
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
1.FUNCTIONS
Rechard Dedekind
Dedekind’s father was Julius Levin Ulrich Dedekind,
an administrator at Collegium Carolinum in
Braunschweig. Dedekind had three older siblings.
As an adult, he never employed the names Julius Wilhelm.
He first attended the Collegium Carolinum in 1848 before
moving to the University of Göttingen in 1850. Gauss was
still teaching, although mostly at an elementary level, and
Dedekind became his last student. Dedekind received his
doctorate in 1852, for a thesis titled Über die Theorie der
Eulerschen Integrale. This thesis did not reveal the talent
evident on almost every page Dedekind later wrote. (1831 - 1916)
At that time, the University of Berlin, not Göttingen, was the leading center for
mathematical research in Germany. Thus Dedekind went to Berlin for two years
of study, where he and Riemann were contemporaries; they were both awarded
the habilitation in 1854.
Dedekind returned to Göttingen to teach as a Privatdozent, giving courses on
probability and geometry. He studied for a while with Dirichlet, and they
became close friends. Because of lingeringweaknesses in his mathematical
knowledge, he studied elliptic and abelian functions. Yet he was also the first at
Göttingen to lecture on Galois theory. Around this time, he became one of the first
to understand the fundamental importance of the notion of groups for algebra
and arithmetic
KEY TOPICS:
Introduction Graphical representation of functions
Types of functions Classification of functions
Wavy curve method Domain and Range
Composite functions Inverse functions
Even and Odd functions Periodic functions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completion of this chapter student will be able to
Identify different types of functions.
Learn Objective of different functions.
Learn Graphical Representation of different types of functions.
Learn how to find Domain, Range of a function by Wavy curve method.
Understand the concepts of composite & inverse functions.
Understand the concepts of Even, Odd and Periodic functions.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -1- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
CONCEPT - 1
INTRODUCTION :
A function is like a machine which gives unique output for each input that is fed
into it. But every machine is designed for certain defined inputs for eg. a juicer is
designed for fruits & not for wood. Similarly functions are defined for certain inputs
which are called as its ‘domain’ and corresponding outputs are called "Range".
General Definition :
Definition-1 : Let A and B be two sets and let there exist a rule or manner or
correspondence ‘ f ’ which associates each element of A to a unique element in
B,then f is called a function or mapping from A to B. It is denoted by the symbol
f
f : A B or A B which reads ‘ f ’ is a function from A to B’ or ‘f maps A to
B, Here set A is called the domain of f and B be the co-domain of f.
If a A then the element in B which is assigned to 'a' is called the image
of 'a' and denoted by f (a). Here ‘a’ is called the pre-image of f (a).
The set of elements of B, which are the images of the elements of set A is
called the range of f.
Thus, range is a subset of the co-domain set.
Eg : let A = { a, b, c, d}, B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Here, f (a)=2, f (b)=3, f (c)=5, f (d) = 1. given by :
f:A B
1
a
b 2
c 3
4
d 5
i.e. A Domain of f = { a, b, c, d}
B Co-domain of f ={ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; Range of f = { 1, 2, 3, 5}
Eg : In the given figure, find the domain, co-domain and range.
A B
f
1
p
q 2
r 3
s 4
5
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -2- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Sol : From the given figure we conclude that A Domain of f = { p, q, r, s };
B Co-domain of f = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ; Range of f = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
Function as a set of ordered pairs :
A function f : A B can be expressed as a set of ordered pairs in which each
ordered pair is such that its first element belongs to A and second element is
the corresponding element of B.
As such a function f : A B can be considered as a set of ordered pairs (a,
f(a) ) where a A and f (a) B which is the f image of a. Hence f is a
subset of A × B.
f f f f
A B A B A B A B
a p a p a p a p
b q b q b q q
b
c r c r c r c r
d s d s d s d s
Function Not a function Function t
Not a function
As a particular type of relation, we can define a function as follows :
Definition-2 :
A relation R from a set A to a set B is called a function if
(i) each element of A is associated with some element of B.
(ii) each element of A has unique image in B.
Thus a function ‘ f ’ from a set A to a set B is a subset of A × B in which each
'a' belonging to A appears in one and only one ordered pair belonging to f.
Hence a function f is a relation from A to B satisfying the following properties :
Every function from A B satisfies the following conditions.
(i) f A×B
(ii) a A (a, f (a)) f and
(iii) (a, b) f & (a, c) f b = c.
Thus the ordered pairs of f must satisfy the property that each element of A
appears in some ordered pair and no two ordered pairs have same first
element.
Note : Every function is a relation but every relation is not necessarily a function.
Graphical representation of function
Let f be a mapping with domain D such that y = f (x) should assume single
value for each x.
(i.e., the straight line drawn parallel to y-axis in its domain should cut at only one
point).
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -3- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
3
Eg-:1 : Find whether f (x) = x forms a function or not ?
Sol : y = f (x) = x3
x=-1 O x=1 X
Here all the straight lines drawn parallel to y-axis cut y = x3 only at one point.
Thus, y = f (x) is a function.
Eg - 2 :
O X
Here straight lines drawn parallel to y-axis meets the curve at more than one
point. Thus, f (x) is not a function.
In general, we could say
1. An element of A (i.e., domain) could not associate with more than one element in B,
2. If graph of a function is plotted and any line parallel to y-axis cuts it at more
than one point, then it does not form a function.
How to find Domain graphically ?
Domain = [ a, b ]
Consider a vertical line and move it from left to right. The set of all x values
corresponding to which the vertical line touches the curve at one point is the
domain of the function.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -4- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Domain 0, 1 1, 2 2, 3
How to find Range graphically ?
Domain = [ a, b ]; Range = [ c, d ]
First consider a horizontal line and move this up and down. The set of all
y values corresponding to which the line cuts the curve at one or more than
one point gives the range of the function.
Eg -1 : Find the domain and Range of y x
y x y x when x 0
Sol :
y x when x 0
Domain , ; Range 0,
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -5- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg -2 : Solve the following :
i) x 5 ii) x 5 iii) x 5 iv) x 5 v) x 5
Sol : i) x 5 x 5, 5 ii) x 5 5, 5
iii) x 5 5, 5 iv) x 5 , 5 5,
v) x 5 , 5 5,
Solving inequalities using graphs of functions.
Eg - 3 : i) x 5 ii) x 5
Sol : Step - 1 : Draw graphs of both y = L.H.S and R.H.S
Step - 2 : Analytically find out the intersection points, if any
Step - 3 : L.H.S < R.H.S implies that the graph of L.H.S is below the graph
of R.H.S.
x 5, 5
Step - 4 : L.H.S > R.H.S implies that the graph of L.H.S is above the graph
of R.H.S.
x , 5 5,
EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS :
Two functions f & g are said to be equal if
(i) The domain of f = Domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = Range of g and
(iii) f (x) = g (x), for every x belonging to their common domain.
1 x
Eg -1 : f (x) = & g (x) = 2 are identical functions.
x x
Eg-2 : Let A = { 1, 2 }, B = { 3, 6 } and f : A B given by f (x) =x2 + 2 and g : A B given by
g(x) = 3x. Then, the observe that f and g have the same domain and co-domain.
Also, f (1) = 3 = g(1) and f(2) = 6 = g(2).
Hence, f = g
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -6- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Note : Functions are also equal if their graphs are same
f:A B
Number of functions (or mapping) from A to B :
x1 y1
Let A = {x1, x2, x3,....., xm } (i.e., m elements) and x2 y2
...
B = { y1, y2, y3, ......,yn } (i.e., n elements) ... ...
...
xm yn
The each element in domain xt's (i = 1, 2, ..., m) corresponds n images.
i.e, x1 can take n images.
x2 can take n images.
................................
................................
xm can take n images.
Thus, total number of functions from A to B = n × n ×...m times = nm
i.e. (Number of elements in co-domain)Number of elements in domain
Eg - 1 : If f : A B such that n(A)= 4; n(B) = 3, then find total number of
functions that can be defined from A to B.
Sol : If n(A)= m; n(B) = n, then total number of fucntions that can be defined
4
from A to B is nm. So, the total number of functions = 3 = 81
Eg - 2 : If A = { 1, 2, 3 } and B = { a, b, c, d, }, then the total number of functions
from A to B ?
Sol : (n(B))n(A) =43 = 64
Eg - 3 : Given A = { -1, 0, 2, 5, 6, 11 } B = { -2, -1, 0, 18, 28, 108 } and f x x 2 x 2.
Is f (A) = B ? Find f (A).
Sol : We have f 1 12 1 2 0,
f 0 0 2 0 2 2, f 2 2 2 2 2 0,
f 5 52 5 2 18,
f 6 6 2 6 2 28,
f 11 112 11 2 108.
f A f x : x A
f 1, f 0, f 2, f 5, f 6, f 11
0, 2, 18, 28, 108
We observe that 1 B but 1 f ( A). So, f ( A) B
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -7- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 1
1. Let A = { 5, 6, 7, 8 } and B = { -11, 4, 7, -10, -7, -9, -13 } and
f = { ( x, y ): y= 3-2x , x A and y B }
i) Write down the elements of f ii) What is the co-domain ?
iii) What is the range ?
2. For given function F= { ( 1, 3 ), ( 2, 5 ), (4, 7 ), ( 5, 9 ), ( 3, 1 ) } . Write the
domain and range .
3. State whether each of the following arrow diagrams define a function or not.
Justify your answer
4. State whether the following graphs represent a function. Give reason for
your answer.
5. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } and B = { a, b, c, d, }, then the total number of functions
from A to B ?
6. Let A = { 1, 2 }, B = { 3, 6 } and f : A B be given by f(x)=x2 + 2 and g : A B
given by g ( x ) = 3x. Find f = g or not.
x2 4
7. Let f : R - { 2 } R be defined by f (x) = and g : R R be defined by
x2
g(x) = x + 2. find whether f = g or not.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -8- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
Algebraic function:
Functions consisting of finite number of terms involving different powers of
i n d ep en d en t var i ab l e (x) and the operations , , and divided by are called
algebraic functions.
1
2 3 2 x2 3
Eg : 3 x x 5, x 5 x 6, 2 etc.
x 3
Polynomial function:
A function whose domain and co-domain both is the set of real numbers
and contains finite number of terms containing natural number powers of
x multiplied by real constant is called polynomial function.
i.e., f : R R such that f ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ...... an x n , where n N
& a0 , a1 , a2 ,....., an R, then f is called polynomial function.
Eg : f (x) = x2 - x + 4, g(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 2 x - 1 etc., are polynomial function.
Rational function:
px
A function of the form f (x) = , where p ( x ) and q ( x ) are polynomial and
q x
px
q ( x ) 0 is called a rational function. The domain of rational function f ( x ) = ,
q x
is the set of all real numbers, except points were q(x) = 0.
x 2 5x 6 x3 3x 2 5x 7
Eg : , etc.
x 5 x 2 3x 5
Real Valued functions:
If the domain and co-domain of a function are subsets of R (set of all real
numbers). It is called a real valued functions or a real function.
Let A and B be two non-empty subsets of R and let f : A B be a real
function. Let x be an element of A. The element in B that is associated to x
by f is denoted by f(x) and is known as the image of x under f or the value of
f at x. Sometimes we also say that f takes value f(x) at x.
Description of a real functions :
If f is a real valued function with finite domain, then f can be described by
listing the values which it attains at different points of its domain. However,
if the domain of a real function is an infinite set. Then, f cannot be described
by listing the values at points in its domain. In such cases real functions are
generally described by some general formula or rule like
f ( x) 2 x 2 1 or f ( x) 2 cos x 3 etc.
All the functions we deal in this chapter are real functions.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -9- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Operations on Real functions :
In this section, we shall recall various operations, namely addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division etc. on real functions.
Addition :
Let f : D1 R and g : D2 R be two real functions. Then, their sum f + g is
defined as that function from D1 D2 to R which associates each x D1 D2
to the number f (x) + g (x). In other words, if the f : D1 R and g : D2 R
are two real functions, then their sum f + g
Eg : If R = { ( a, -2 ), ( -5, b ), ( 8, c ), ( d, -1 ) } represents an identity function, then
find the values of a, b, c & d ?
Sol : R = { ( a, -2 ), ( -5, b ),( 8, c ), ( d, -1 ) } represents an identity function.
f (x) = x So, a = -2, b = -5, c = 8, d = -1.
Similarly, we efined the difference, product and quotient as follows :
Difference : f g : D1 D2 R such that f g f x f x g x for all x D1 D2
Product : fg : D1 D2 R such that fg f x f x g x for all x D1 D2
f
Quotient : : D1 D2 x | g x 0 R such that
g
f f x
x for all x D1 D2 x | g x 0
g g x
Scalar multiple : For any real number c, the function cf is defined by
cf x c f x for all x D1
GRAPHS OF SOME SIMPLE FUNCTIONS
Constant function: If k is a fixed real number, then a function f (x) given by f (x) =k
for all x R are is called a constant function. (or)
A function f : A B is a constant function if the range of f contains only
one element.
i.e. f : R R; f(x) = k (k is a real constant)
The graph of a constant function f (x) =k is a straight line parallel to x -
axis which is above or below x - axis according as k is possitive or negative.
If k = 0, then the straight line is co-incident to x - axis.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -10- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
We observe that the domain of the constant function f (x) =k is the set R
of all real numbers and range of f is the singleton set {k}.
Identity Functions: The function that associates each real numbers to itself is
called the identity functions and is usually denoted by I.
Thus, Let A be a non-empty set then f : A A defined by f x x , x A is
called the identify function on A and it is denote by I A .
Clearly, the domain and range of the identity function are both equal to R.
Square function :The function f : R R defined by f (x) = x2 is called the square
function. Clearly, domian of the square function is R and its range is the
set of all non-negative real numbers. i.e., [ 0 ). The graph of f (x) = x2 is
parabula as shown in the figure.
Cube function : The function f : R R defined by f (x) = x3 is called the cube function.
We observe that the sign of x3 is same as that of x and the values of x3
increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of f (x) = x3 is shown figure.
Clearly, the graph is symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -11- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
1
Reciprocal function : The function f : R - {0} R defined by f (x) = is called the
x
reciprocal function. Clearly, domain of the reciprocal function is R - {0} and
1
its range is R - {0}. We observe that the sign of is same as that of x and
x
1 1
decreases with the increase in x. So, the graph of f (x) = is as shown
x x
in the figure.
1
Reciprocal squared function : The function f : R - { 0 } R defined by f (x) = is
x2
called the reciprocal squared function. Clearly domain of R - { 0 } and range
is ( 0, ). The graph of f(x) shown in the figure.
Square root function :
The function f : R + R defined by f (x) = + x is called the square root function.
Clearly, the domain of the square root function is R + i.e., [0, ) and its
range is also [0, ). The graph of f (x) = x 2 is parabola as shown in figure.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -12- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Cube root function : The function f : R R defined by f (x) = x 1/3 is called the cube
root function. Clearly, domain and range of the cube root function are both
equal to R. Also, the sign of x 1/3 is same as that of x and x 1/3 increase in
x. So, the graph of f (x) = x 1/3 is shown in figure
Square root reciprocal function : The function f : ( 0, ) R defined by
1
f (x) = is called the square root reciprocal function.
x
Clearly, domain and range of f is ( 0, ).The graph of f (x) shown in the figure
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -13- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 2
1
1. Let f and g be two real functions defined by f x ; g x x 4 3 .
x4
Find the following :
i) f + g ii) f - g iii) f g iv) f/g
2. If f x 2 x 5 and g x x 2 x ,then find the following :
f 1 g 1
i) f g 1 ii) f g 0 iii) iv)
g 2 f 2
3. If R a,2 , 5, b , 8, c , d ,1 represents the identity function,then the
values of a,b,c, and d ?
4. Find the domain and range of the following functions graphically?
a. Constant function b. Identity function
c. Square function d. Cube function
e. Reciprocal function. f. Square root function
g. Cube root function h. Square root Reciprocal function.
Modulus or Absolute value function : The function f (x) defined by
x, when x 0
f (x) = |x| =
x, when x 0
is called the modulus function, it is also called absolute value fucntion.
We observe that domain of the modulus function is the set R of all real
numbers and the range is the set of all non-negative real numbers. i.e.,
R x R : x 0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -14- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Note : 1) The absolute value of a real number is never negative.
2) If x a a 0 , then x a
3) If x a a 0 , then x has no solution.
Eg-1 : Find the absolute value of the following :
i) 7 ii) 2.3 iii) 0 iv) 0.5
Sol : i) 7 7 ii) 2.3 2.3 iii) 0 0 iv) 0.5 0.5
Eg-2 : Solve the following :
i) 7 x 21 ii) x 1 5 iii) 2 x 5 11 iv) x 2 3
Sol : i) 7 x 21 7 x 21 or 7 x 21
x 3 or x 3
ii) x 1 5 x 1 5 or x 1 5
x 6 or x 4
iii) 2 x 5 11 2 x 5 11 or 2 x 5 11
2 x 11 5 or 2 x 11 5
x 3 or x 8
iv) x 2 3 x has no solution.
Since modulas of a real number is never negative.
Signum function : The function f defined by
x 1 , x0
x0
f x x f x 0 , x 0 is called the signum function.
(or)
0 x0 1 , x 0
The domain of the signum function is the set R of all real numbers and the
range is the set 1,0,1.
The graph of the signum function is as shown in the given figure.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -15- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg-1 : Find the value of the following :
i) Sgn 2 x ii) Sgn x
2
iii) Sgn x 1
Sol : i) Sgn 2 1 since 2 0 x R
x x
ii) Sgn x 0 if x 0 and 1 if x 0
2
1 if x 1 0 i.e. x 1 or x 1
Sgn x 1 0 if x 1 0 i.e. x 1
iii)
1 if x 1 0 i.e. 1 x 1
Greatest Integer function: For any real number x, we used the symbol [x] or
x to denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Eg : [2.3] = 2, [0.23] = 0, [2] = 2, [–8.0725] = -9, .....
The function f : R R defined by such that f (x) =[x] for all x R is called
the greatest integer function or floor function. It is also called a step function.
Clearly, domain of the greatest integer function is the set R of are real
numbers and the range is the set Z of all integers.
Properties of greatest integer function: If n is an integer and x is a real
number between n and n+1, then
i) [- n] = - [ n ]
Eg : [-4]=-[4]
L.H.S. = [ - 4 ] = -4
R.H.S. = - [ 4 ] = -4
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
[- n] = - [ n ]
ii) [x+k] = [x] + k for any integer k
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -16- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg : [ 6.7 ] = [ 0.7 ] + 6
L.H.S. = [ 6.7 ] = 6
R.H.S. = [ 0.7 ] + 6 = 0 + 6 = 6
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
[x+k] = [x] + k
1, if x Z
iii) [-x] = -[x] -1 iv) [x] + [-x] =
0 , if x Z
2x 1, if x Z
v) [x] - [-x] = vi) x k x k , where k Z
2x , if x Z
vii) x k x k 1, where k Z viii) x k x k 1, where k Z
ix) x k x k , where k Z x) [x+y] = [x] + y x x for all x, y R
1 2 n 1
xi) x x x ... x nx , n N
n n n
Smallest Integer function: For any real number x, we used the symbol x to
denote the smallest intiger greater than or equal to x.
Eg : [ 2.3 ] = 3, [ 0.23 ] = 1, [ 2 ] = 2, [ –8.0725 ] = –8, .....
The function f : R R defined by such that f (x) = x for all x R is
called the smallest integer function or the ceiling function. It is also called
a step function.
Clearly, domain of the smallest integer function is the set R of are real
numbers and the range is the set Z of all integers.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -17- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Properties of smallest integer function:
If n is an integer and x is a real number between n and n +1, then
i) n = - n , where n Z
ii) x = - x +1, where x R -Z
iii) x n = x n , where x R-Z and n Z
1, if x Z
iv) x x
0 , if x Z
2x 1, if x Z
v) x x 2 x , if x Z
Fractional part function: For any real number x, we used the symbol x
to denote the fractional parts or decimal part of x.
The function f : R R defined by such that f (x) = x for all x R is called
the fractional part function. i.e.,the difference between x and its greatest
integer part [ x ]. f x x x x
Eg: 3.45 0.45, 2.75 0.25, 0.55 0.45, 3 0, 7 0
We observe that the domain of the fractional part function is the set R of
all real numbers and the range is set 0,1) .
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -18- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 3
1 ,2 x 0
1. Let f x be defined on 2,2 and is given by f x x 1 ,0 x 2
g x f x f x .then find g x ?
2. Find the absolute value of the following :
i) 5 ii) 4.7 iii) 0.025 iv) 3.5
3. Solve the following :
i) 5 x 15 ii) x 1 9 iii) 3 x 5 16 iv) x 3 5
4. If y x denotes a greatest integer function ,then answer the following ?
i) 2.3 ii) 7.9 iii) 7.03 iv) 0
v) 2.7 vi) 7.5 vii) 6 viii)
5.
If f x cos 2 x cos 2 x , where x denotes the greatest integer less than
or equal to x , then write the value of f ( ) .
6. If y x denotes a fractional part function, then answer the following ?
i) 2.3 ii) 7.9 iii) 2.8 iv) 0
v) 2.7 vi) 7.5 vii) 6 viii)
7. Find the domain and range of the following functions grafically ?
a. Modulus function b. Greatest integer function
c. Smallest Integer function. d. Fractional part function
Exponential function: If a is a possitive real number other than unity, then a
fuction that associate each x R to a x is called the expoenntial function. (OR)
If f(x) = ax, a > 0, a 1 , and x R ,then f(x) = ax is called an exponential function.
We observe that the domain of the exponential function is R the set of real
numbers and the range is the set 0, as only possitive values.
As a 0 and a 1 . So, we have the follwing cases.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -19- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
x
Case - I : When a 1 . We observe that the values of y f ( x ) a increase as the
val u es of x increase. Also,
1 for x0
f x a x 1 for x0
Thus, the graph of f ( x) a x for a 1 as shown in the
1 for x0
given figure. So, the graph of y log a x is a shown in the figure.
We also observe that : 2 x 3x 4 x ... for all x 0
2 x 3x 4 x ... 1 for all x 0
2 x 3x 4 x ... for x 0
So, the graphs of f x 2 x , f x 3 x , f x 4 x etc. are as shown in the figure.
x
Case -II : When 0 a 1 . In this case, the values of y f ( x ) a decrease with the
increase in x and y > 0 for all x R. Also,
1 for x 0
y f x ax 1 for x 0
1 for x 0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -20- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Thus, the graph of f ( x ) a x for 0 a 1 as shown in the figure
So, the graph of is a shown in the figure.
The graphs of f (x) = a x , 0 < a < 1 for different values of a are shown in figure.
Note : We have 2 < e < 3. Therefore, graph of f (x) = e x is identical to that of f (x) = a
x
for a >1 , the graph of f (x) = e - x is identical to that of f (x) = a x for 0 < a < 1.
Logarithmic function :
If a > 0 and a 1, then the function defined by f (x) = log a x, x > 0 is called
the logarithmic function.
In earlier classes we have learnt that the logarithmic function and the
exponential function are inverse functions.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -21- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
i. e., log a
x=y x = a y,
We observe that the domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all
positive real numbers
i.e. (0, ) and the range is the set R of all real numbers.
As a > 0 and a 1. So, we have the following cases.
0 for 0 x 1
y log a x 0 for x 1
Case - I : When a > 1. In this case, we have
0 for x 1
Also, the value of y increase with the decrease in x.
So, the graph of y = log a
x is as shown in figure.
0 for 0 x 1
Case - II : When 0 a 1 . In this case, we have
y log a x 0 for x 1
0 for x 1
Also, the value of y decrease with the increae in x. So, the graph of
y log a x is as shown in the figure.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -22- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Following are some useful properties of logarithmic function :
i) log a 1 0, where a 0, a 1.
Eg : log 21 0, log101 0, log151 0
ii) log a a 1, where a 0, a 1 .
Eg : log 2 2 1, log1010 1, log1515 1
iii) log a ( xy ) log a x log a y , where a 0, a 1 and xy 0.
Eg : log 3 (15) log 3 (3 5) log 3 3 log 3 5 1 log 3 5
x x
iv) log a log a x log a y , where a 0, a 1 and 0.
y y
7
Eg : log 3 log 3 7 log 3 2
2
v) log a x n n log a x , where a 0, a 1 and x n 0.
Eg : log 2 8 log 2 23 3 log 2 2 3 1 3
m m
vi) log a n x log a x , where a 0, a 1 and x m 0, a n 0
n
64 6 6
Eg : log 27 log 33 2 log 3 2 2 log 3 2
3
vii) x log a y y log a x , where x 0, y 0, a 0, a 1
Eg : 8log 2 4 4 log 2 8 4 log 2 23 43 log 2 2 43 1 64
1
viii) log a x log a for a 0, a 1 and x 0, x 1
x
1
Eg : log 3 2 log 3
2
ix) If a > 0, then the values of f x log a x increase with the increase in x.
0 for 0 x 1
0 for x 1
i.e. x y log a x log a y Also, log a x
0 for x 1
x) If 0 < a < 1, then the values of f x log a x decrease with the increase in x.
0 for 0 x 1
0 for x 1
i.e. x y log a x log a y Also, log a
x
0 for x 1
Note : Function f (x) = log a x and g (x) = ax are inverse of each other. So, their
graphs are mirror images of each other in the line mirror y = x.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -23- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Trigonometric functions :
1. f : R R [ -1, 1 ]; f (x) = sin x
Domain = R ; Range = [ - 1, 1 ]
2. f : R [ -1, 1 ]; f (x) = cos x
Domain = R ; Range = [ - 1, 1 ]
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -24- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
sin x
3. f x tan x .
cos x
Here f (x) will be undefined at the points where cos x = 0 i.e., x 2n 1
2
Domain = R 2n 1 2 / n I , Range = R
cos x
4. f x cot x
sin x
Domain = R n / n I , Range = R
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -25- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
5. f x cosec x
Domain = R n / n I , Range = , 1 1,
6. f x sec x
Domain = R 2n 1 2 , n I , Range = , 1 1,
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -26- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 4
1. Evaluate the following :
2
i) log101 ii) log 5 5 iii) log 3 (6) iv) log 2
7
v) log 5 125 vi) log 216 36 vii) 3log 2 16
2. If f x log e 1 x and g x x , then find the following :
f 1 g 1
i) f g 1 ii) f g 0 iii) iv)
g 2 f 2
3. Let f be the exponential function and g be the logarithmic function. Find
i) f g 1 ii) f g 1 iii) 3 f 1 iv) 5 g 1
1 1
If f x 64 x
3
4. 3 and , are the roots of
4 x 3 , then sum of f , f ?
x x
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 1
MAINS LEVEL - 1
1. f : A B is a function ,then A, B are respectivley.
1) domain, range 2) domain, co domain
3) co domain, range 4) range, domain
2. f : A B , then f (A) is called
1) domain 2) co domain 3) range 4) function
3. If f : A B is a function, then
1) f (A) = B 2) f (A) B 3) f (A) B 4) B f (A)
4. In the figure, f : A B is a function, then f a _____
1)4 2) 5
3) 6 4) 2
5. Which of the following is a function ?
1) 1, 2 , 2, 3, 2, 4 2) a, b, a, c, a, d
3) x, p, y, q, z, q 4) a, 1, a, 2 , a, 3
6. If f x x 2 x 6 ,then f 0 f 1
1) 6 2) 12 3) 0 4) 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -27- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
x 1 1
7. If f x ;where x 1 , then f
x 1 3
1
1) 2 2) 2 3) 0 4)
3
8. If A ={ 1,2,3,4 } and B ={ 8,9,10 }, then the number of functions from A to B is
1) 64 2) 24 3) 81 4) 12
9. If n(A) = 8 and n(B)= 6,then the number of constant functions from A to B is
1) 48 2) 8 3) 6 4) 32
10. The valve of [0.63] is ( where [ ] is denote the greatest integer function )
1) 0.63 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
LEVEL - 2
1
11. L et f (x) = x, g (x) = and h (x) =f (x). g (x). Then, h (x) = 1, if
x
1) x is a any rational number 2) x is a non-zero real number
3) x is real number 4) x is a rational number
12. The number of functions that can be defined from { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } into { a, b, c, d } is
1) 9 2) 20 3) 625 4) 1024
13. If f (1 + x) = x 2 + 1, then f (2 - h) =
1) h2 + h + 2 2) h2 - 2h + 2 3) h2 - h + 2 4) h2 + 2h + 2
14. If f (x) is an exponential function and x1, x2, x3 form an A.P., then f ( x1 ) , f ( x2 ), f ( x3 )
are in
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) None of these
15. If f ( x + y, x - y ) = xy, then the arithmetic mean of f ( x, y ) and f ( y, x ) is
1) y 2) x 3) 0 4) None of these
16. If f is a function such that f ( x + y ) = f (x) . f (y) x, y N and f (1) = 3 and
n
f x 120 , then n
x 1
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 3
17. If f (x + 1) + f (x - 1) = 2 f(x) and f (0) = 0, then f (n) n N is
1) nf (1) 2) { f (1) }n 3) 0 4) None of these
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -28- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
18. If f (x + y) = f (x) f(y) and f (5) = 32, then f (7) =
7
1) 35 2) 36 3) 4) 128
5
19. If f (x ) is a polynomial in x ( > 0 ) satisfying the equation f (x) + f (1/x) = f (x) . f (1/x)
and f(2) = -7, then f(3) =
1) - 26 2) - 27 3) - 28 4) - 29
20. If f (x) is a function such that f (xy) =f (x) + f (y) and f (2) = 1 then f (x) =
1) x 2 2) 2 x 3) log2 x 4) logx2
ADVANCED
Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answer :
21. Which of the following is a function ?
1) 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4 2) x, y, y, z, y, x
3) a, p, b, q, c, r 4) 1, p , 2, q , q, 3
22. If f (x) = 1 x 2 , then f ( cos x ) =
1) cos x 2) |sin x| 3) max{ sin x, -sin x} 4) cos x
2 x 7, x 2
2
x 2, 2 x 3
23. If the function f : R R is defined by f (x) = , then
3 x 2, x 3
f 1 3 f 4
1) f (4) = 10 2) f (-2) = 2 3) f (4) + 2 f (1) = 8 4) = -31
f 3
x
24. Let f : A B be a function defined by f x 1 , where A = { 2, 4, 6, 10, 12 }
2
and B = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9 }. Then
1) Domian of f = { 2, 4, 6, 10, 12 } 2) Co-domain of f = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9 }
3) Range of f = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 5 } 4) No. of functions from A to B is 56.
25. The distance S (in Kms) travelled by a particle in time ‘t’ hours is given by s(t)
t2 t
= . Then
2
1) The distance travelled by the particle after three and half hours is 7.875 kms
2) The distance travelled by the particle after 8 hours and 15 minutes is
38.16 kms (approx).
3) The distance travelled by the particle after 3 hours and 30 minutes is 9 kms
4) The distance travelled by the particle after 8 hours is 15 minutes is 40 kms
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -29- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
x2 4
26. Statement I : f : R - { 2 } R, g : R R defined by f(x) = and
x2
g (x) = x + 2 are equal functions.
Statement II : A real function as the domain and co-domain both as subsets
of set R.
1) Both I and II are true 2) Both I and II are false
3) Only I is true 4) Only II is true
27. Assertion (A) : f : R+ R, g: N N defined by f(x) = log x3 and g (x) = 3 log x
are equal functions.
Reason (R) : To functions f and g are set to be equal if their domains and
ranges are equal and f (x) = g (x) for all x in the domain.
1) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation for A
2) Both A and R are true, R is not the correct explanation for A.
3) A is true, R is false
4) A is false, R is true
28. Matrix Matching ;
Consider the function
f x cos 2 x cos 2 x
( where [ x ] is greatest integer function ).
COLUMN – I COLUMN - II
a) f i) 0
2
b) f ii) -1
4
c) f iii) 2
1
d) f 0 iv)
2
1) a - i, ii; b - iv; c - i; d - iii 2) a - ii; b - i; c - iv; d - iii
3) a - ii; b - iv; c - i; d - iii 4) a - iii; b - iv; c - i; d - ii
Integer Answer Type questions :
cos2 x sin 4 x
29. If f x for x R, then f 2002 ____________ .
sin 2 x cos4 x
2Fn 1
30. If Fn 1 , n 1,2,3...... and F 1 2, then F101 ___________
2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -30- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
CONCEPT - 2
Wavy Curve Method
The Wavy Curve method (also called the method of intervals) is a strategy used
f x
to solve any qualities of the form 0 0, 0, or 0 . The method uses the
g x
f x
fact can only change sign at its zeros and vertical asymptotes, so we can
g x
use the roots of f (x) and g (x) to sketch a graph in the function over different
interval.
Working Procedure :
In order to solve the equalities of the form
f x
x a1 n x a 2 n x a 3 n
1 2 3 n
..... x a k k
0 0 , 0 , 0 ,
x b1 m x b2 m x b3 m ..... x b p p
1 2 3 m
where n1, n2,...., nk and m1, m2, ....., mp are real numbers and a1, a2, ..... ak
and b1, b2 ,....., bp are any real number such that ai bj where i = 1, 2, 3, .., k
and j = 1, 2, 3, ...., p
Method :
Step - 1 : First arrange all values of x at which either numerator or denominator
is becomes zero., that means a1, a2, ..... ak and b1, b2 ,....., bp in increasing
order say c1, c2, ..... cp + k . Plot them on number line
Step - 2 : The values of x at which numerator becomes zero should be marked
with closed circles.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -31- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Step - 3 : All points of discontinuties (x at which denominator zero) should be
marked on number line with opened circles. Check the value of f(x) for any
real number greater than the right most marked number on the number line.
Step - 4 : Form right to left draw a wavy curve passing through all the marked
points. So, that when passes through the points intersect the number line,
and when passes throughly a point a curve does not intersect number line and
remains on the same side of a number line.
Step - 5 : The appropriate intervels are choosen in accordance with the sign of
inequality ( the function f (x)) is positive wherever the curve is above the number
line, it is negative if the curve is found below the number line. Their union
represents the solution of inequality.
2 2 2
1 x x x 1 2
Eg-1: f x 3
x 4 x 1
2 3
2 2 2 2
f x
1 x x x 1 x 1 F x
2
x 1 x 1
2
3 3 3 3
x 2 x 2 x 1 1 x x
2
x 2 x 2 x 1
f x 0 x 2, 1 1,1 2,
f x 0 x 2, 1 1,1 2,
f x 0 x , 2 1, 2
f x 0 x , 2 1, 2 1
Note : Wavy Curve can also be replaced by Positive and Negative signs in the intervals.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -32- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
x 3x 2x 5
Eg-2 : The f x
x 1x 7 . Find intervals where f (x) is positive or negative.
Sol : If f (x) > 0
x 5,2 1, 3 7,
If f (x) < 0
x 5,2 1, 3 7,
EXERCISE - 5
2x 3 1
1. Solve : 2
x x 12 2
2x 1
2. Solve : 0
2 x 3x 2 x
3
x3 4 x x 1
3. Solve : 0
2x 5
2 x 3 4 3 x 3 x 4 0
4. Solve :
x 22 x 5
2x 1
5. Solve : 2
2 x 5x 2 x 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -33- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
DOMAIN
The domain of a function f (x) is the set of all values for which the function is
defined.
Rule for finding Domain :
Rule - 1 : A polynomial offers no restriction to the domain (R).
1. Denominators offer a restriction that they should not be zero.
2. Never cancel common factors.
Eg - 1 : Find the domain of the following functions ?
1 x2 1 1 1 1
i) y ii) y iii) y iv) y v) y x 1
1 x x 1x x x
1 x2 1
Sol : i) y ii) y
1 x x 1x
1 x 0 x 1 x 1 0 x 1 and x 0
Domain R 1 Domain R 0,1
1 1
iii) y iv) y
x x
x 0 when x 0, 1 x 0 x I
Domain R 0, 1 Domain R I
1
v) y x 1
x 1 0 x 1 x 1
Domain R 1, 1
p p
Rule - 2 : 1. expression q when is in the form odd / even expression 0
q
2. expression irrational expression 0
p p
3. expression q when is in the form even / odd no condition
q
Eg-1 :Find the domain of the following functions ?
1 1 3
1 x 1 x 1 2
iii) y x
3 2
i) y ii) y
x 1 x 1 2x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -34- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
1 1
Sol : i) y
1 x 3 1 x 2
x
x 0, 1 x 0 x 1
Domain ,1 0
1
ii) y
1 x
1 x 0 x 1, 1 x 0 x 1
Domain ,1
3
2
iii) y x
1 2x
1
1 2x 0 x ,x0
2
1
Domain 0,
2
exp1
Rule - 3 : log exp 2 exp1 0, exp2 0, exp2 1
Eg-1 :Find the domain of the following functions ?
x 1
i) y log 2 x 1 ii) y log x
log 1 x log x
iii) y iv) y
1 x 1 x
x 1
Sol : i) y log 2 x 1 ii) y log x
x 1 0 x 1 x 1 0 x 1, x 1 x 1,1
Domain 1, Domain 1,
log 1 x log x
iii) y iv) y
1 x 1 x
1 x 0 x 1, 1 x 0 x 1 x 1,1
1 x 0 x 1, x0
1 x 0 x 1
Domain 1,1 Domain 0, 1
Rule - 4 : exp r1 exp r2 exp r1 0
Eg-1 : Find the domain of the following functions ?
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -35- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
1 x2
i) 1 x x
ii) y
1 x x
1 x2
Sol : i) 1 x x
ii) y
1 x x
1
2
x x0
1 x 0 x 1 2
1 x x 0 1 x x 0 x 0, x 1
Domain ,1 Domain 0,1 1,
Rule - 5 : If trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions appear in the
function, then their domain also should be considered.
Eg-1 : Find the domain of the following functions ?
i) y tan x ii) y cos1 1 x
2
Sol : i) y tan x ii) y cos1 1 x
2
We know that
x 2n 1 x 2n 1 1 1 x 1 0 x 2
2 2
Domain R 2n 1 / n I Domain 0, 2
Rule - 6 : If x , x, x appear in the given functions, then the conditions on them
should be converted to conditions on x.
1
Eg-1 : Find the domain of the functions y
1 x
1
Sol : i) y
1 x
1 x 0 x 1 x 1, 2
Domain R 1, 2
Rule - 7 : If a function consists of f1 , f 2 , f 3 ,......., f n connected by , and , then the
domain of the function will be d1 d 2 d 3 ....... d n where d1 , d 2 , d 3 ,......., d n
are the domain of f1 , f 2 , f 3 ,......., f n respectively.
Rule - 8 : If division sign comes, an extra condition appears, then the denominator
is not zero.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -36- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Eg - 1 : Find the domain of the function x2 9 ?
Sol : The given function is x2 9
The function x 2 9 is defined when x2 9 0 x 3x 3 0
The domain of the function x 2 9 is ,3 3,
2x
Eg - 2 : Find the domain of the function
x 3 ?
2x
Sol : The given function is
x 3
2x
The function
x 3 is defined when x 3 0
2x
The domain of the function is R 3
x 3
tan x
Eg - 3 : Find the domain of the function ?
x2
tan x
Sol : The given function is
x2
tan x
The function is defined when x 2 and x n n / 2. n Z
x2
tan x
The domain of the function is R 2, n n / 2, n Z
x2
( x 1)
log e
Eg - 4 : Find the domain of the function ( x 2 ) ?
log e
( x 1)
log e
Sol : The given function is ( x 2 )
log e
( x 1)
log e
The function ( x 2 ) is defined when x 1 0, x 2 0 & x 2 1 . i.e., x 2, x 3
log e
( x 1)
log e
The domain of the function log ( x 2 ) is 2, 3
e
Note :1. If domain of y = f (x) & y = g (x) are D1 & D2 respectively then the domain
of f (x) ± g(x) or f( x) · g (x) is D1 D2
f (x )
2. Domain of is D1 D2 – {g (x) = 0 }.
g(x)
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -37- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg - 5 : Find the domain of following function
(i) f (x) = x2 5 x 6 (ii) f (x) = 1
x2 3 x 2
x2 3 x 4
2 1
(iii) f (x) = 2 + log10 (x3 – x) (iv) f (x) =
x 4 | x | x
1 5 x x2
(v) f (x) = (vi) f (x) = log 1
[ x] x 2 4
Sol : (i) f (x) = x2 5 x 6
x2 – 5x + 6 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) 0
x (– , 2] [3, )
(ii) f (x) = 1
x2 3 x 2
2
x 3x 4
x2 – 3x + 2 0 and x2 – 3x – 4 > 0
x2 – 3x + 2 0
(x – 2) (x – 1) 0
x (– , 1] [2, ) (i)
and x2 – 3x – 4 > 0
(x – 4) (x + 1) > 0
x (– , –1) (4, ) … (ii)
Taking union of (i) & (ii) x (– , –1) (4, )
2
(iii) f (x) = 2 + log10 (x3 – x) Following conditions should be followed
x 4
x2 – 4 0 & x 3 – x > 0
x ±2
x R – {–2, 2} …(i)
x3 – x > 0
x (x2 – 1) > 0 x (x – 1) (x + 1) > 0
x (–1, 0) (1, ) …(ii)
Taking union of (i) & (ii) x (–1, 0) (1, 2) (2, )
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -38- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
1
(iv) f (x) =
| x | x
|x|–x>0
|x|>x
This is possible only when x is negative i.e. x < 0, hence x (– , 0)
(v) f (x) = 1
[ x] x
[x] – x > 0
[x] > x
but we know that [x] x
Hence domain of f is
(vi) f (x) = 5 x x2
log 1
2 4
5 x x2
0
4
x (5 – x) > 0 x (x – 5) < 0
x (0, 5) …(i)
5x x2
Also log 1 0
2
4
0
5 x x2 1
5x – x2 4
4 2
x2 – 5x + 4 0
x (– , 1] [4, ) …(ii)
Using (i) and (ii)
x (0, 1] [4, 5)
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -39- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 6
Find the domain of the following functions
1
1) x 2 2) 3) 4 x2
1 x
1
. 4) f x x x 5) f(x) = 6) f(x) = 16 x2
x5
x x 1
7) f(x) = 2
8) f x
1 x x 1
RANGE
Range of y = f(x) is the collection of all outputs corresponding to each real
number of the domain.
Methods of finding Range of the function :
Case - I : If domain of the function is a set of discreet values say
a1 , a2 .......... ....an D a , a .......... ....a
f 1 2 n
R f f a1 , f a2 ,......... .......... . f an
Eg : Let f : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 N be defined by f (x) = 5x - 3. Find the range of the
function ?
Sol : The given function is f (x) = 5x - 3
f (1) = 5 (1) - 3 = 2;
f (2) = 5 (2) - 3 = 7;
f (3) = 5 (3) - 3 = 12;
f (4) = 5 (4) - 3 = 17;
f (5) = 5 (5) - 3 = 22.
The range of the given function is { 2, 7, 12, 17, 22 }
Case - II : If the domain of the function is R ( - , ), then
Express y = f (x) as x = g (y)
Find domian of x = g(y).
This domain of g(y) will be the range of y = f(x).
x
y b . yR
y = ax + b
a
Range of y ax b is R.
N o t e : R a n g e o f a L in e a r P o ly n o m ia l is R.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -40- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg-1:Find the range of y = x 2 +x+1?
Sol : The given function is y = x 2 +x+1
The domain of the given function is R
x 2 +x+1-y=0
1 1 41 y
x=
2
4y 3 0 y 34
1 4y 3
=
2
Domain of f (x) is 3 4 ,
Range of y f(x) is 3 , .
4
x2
Eg-2: Find the range of y ?
1 x2
x2
Sol : The given function is y
1 x2
y is defined x R hence, domain is R 1xx
fx
x2
From y we have
1 x2
y
x2 y y x2 x 2
1 y
y y
x or
1 y 1 y
y
In either case, for x to be defined 0
1 y
0 y 1
x2
The range of y is 0, 1
1 x2
Eg-3: Find the range of y = ln ( 3x 2 - 4x + 5) ?
Sol : The given function is y = ln ( 3x 2 - 4x + 5) .
y = ln ( 3x 2 - 4x + 5) [ ln takes any positive argument ]
D = b2 - 4ac = 16 - 60 = - 44 < 0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -41- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
and coeff. of x 2 is 3 > 0 hence, 3x 2 - 4x + 5 > 0 x R
The domain of the given function is R
Now, from y log e 3 x 2 4 x 5 we have
3x 2
4x 5 e y
3x 2 4 x 5 e y 0
Since x is real disc 0
i.e. 4 2 4.3. 5 e y 0
11 11
12 e y 44 e y y log
3 3
11
Hence, range is log ,
3
Eg-4: Find the range of y a cos x b sin x ?
Sol : The given function is y a cos x b sin x
In the case of trigonometrical functions we should directly try to find the
minimum and maximum values of y.
Now, y a cos x b sin x
a b
y a 2 b 2 cos x cos sin x sin where cos
2 2
, sin
a b a b2
2
a 2 b 2 cos x
ymax a 2 b 2 and ymin a 2 b 2
Hence, range is a 2 b 2 , a 2 b 2
Case - III : If domain of the function is R - { set of discreet values a1 , a 2 .......... .... a n }
1 x
Eg : y
1 x
D f R 1
(1) Express f x as x g y
y + xy = 1 - x
1 y
x
1 y
(2) Find domain of x g y
y R 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -42- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
(3) Find the values of y for which g y takes removed values of x in y = f(x)
a1 g y y ?1
a2 g y y ? 2 y ?1 , ?2 , ? k
ak g y y ? k
when we remove the y values so collected from domain of y ( Dy ), we get
range for y = f(x).
1 y
1 . 1 y 1 y
1 y
No value of y for which it becomes -1.
Hence, Range of parent function y = f(x) is R - { - 1 } itself.
Note : If y corresponding to the removed values of x either becomes or does not
exist or does not belong to Dy , no need of removing that y value.
x 2 3x 2
Eg-1:Find the range of y 2 ?
x x 6
x 2 3x 2
Sol : The given function is y
x2 x 6
Domain of the given function is R 3, 2
x 2 y xy 6 y x 2 3x 2
x 2 y 1 y 3x 6 y 2 0
y 3 y 32 4 y 16 y 2
x
2 y 1
y 3 25 y 2 10 y 1
2 y 1
2
1
y 3 25 y
5
2 y 1
1
y 3 5 y
5
2 y 1
y 3 5 y 1
2 y 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -43- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
y 3 5 y 1 y 3 5 y 1
or
2 y 1 2 y 1
4y 4 6y 2
or
2 y 1 2 y 1
3 y 1
2 or
y 1
Domain of g(y) is R - { 1 }
3 y 1 3 y 1
2 and 3
y 1 y 1
1
5y 1 y and 3 y 3 3 y 1
5
0
1
y to be removed.
5
1
Range of y f x R , 1
5
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Find the range of the following functions
(i) f(x) = a sin x + b, a > 0 , b R (ii) f(x) = 4 tan x cos x
(iii) y= x2 (iv) y = loge (3x2 – 4x + 5)
1 x2
x2 x x( x 1 )
(v) y= 2 = (vi) y = 3 – 2x
x 2x x( x 2 )
Sol :
(i) f(x) = a sin x + b, a > 0 , b R
f(x) = a sin x + b
–1 sin x 1
–a + b f(x) a + b
Range [b – a, b + a]
(ii) f(x) = 4 tan x cos x
f(x) = 4 sin x for cos x = 0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -44- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
–1 sin x 1
but at sin x = ±1, cos x = 0
hence points with sin x = ± 1 will not be included in range.
Range (–4, 4).
(iii) y= x 2 , y is defined x R, domain is R from y = x2
1 x2 1 x2
y
x2 =
1 y
y y
x = 0 0 0 y<1
1 y 1 y
Range [0, 1)
(iv) y = loge (3x2 – 4x + 5)
y is defined if 3x2 – 4x + 5 > 0
D < 0 and coefficeint of x2 > 0
hence domain is R and log is increasing function.
D
Minimum value of 3x2 – 4x + 5 is –
4a
( 44 ) 11 11
= = y loge
4( 3 ) 3 3
11
Range log e ,
3
2 x( x 1 )
(v) y = x2 x =
x 2x x( x 2 )
x( x 1 )
Domain is x R – { –2, 0 } y=
x( x 2 )
x 1 1 2y
when x 0, y = x=
x2 1 y
If x is real if y – 1 0 y 1
x 1
Also because y = for x 0
x2
Hence, we have to exclude the value of y obtained when x 0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -45- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
x 1 1
lim x 2 2
x0
1
Hence range y R – , 1
2
(vi) y = 3 – 2x
Domain is x R
0 2x <
Range (– , 3)
Eg - 2 : Find the domain of the folloiwng function
(i) f(x) = ln (3x2 – 4x + 5) + 2 sin2 x 5 sin x 2
(ii) f(x) = ln {x} + x 2{ x }
x2
(iii) f(x) = log0.3
x
1
(iv) f(x) = [ x 1 ] [| 7 x |] 6
1
(v) f(x) = log cos x
2
Sol - :
(i) f(x) = ln (3x2 – 4x + 5) + 2 sin2 x 5 sin x 2
3x2 – 4x + 5, Coefficient of x2 = 3
Discriminant (D) = 16 – 4 × 5 × 3 = –44 < 0. Hence 3x2 – 4x + 5 > 0, x R
5
2 sin2x – 5 sin x + 2 0 2 sin 2 x sin x + 2 0
2
2
2 5 25
2 sin x +2 0
4 16
2
5 9
sin x
4 16
5 3
sin x 2 or sin x –
4 4
1 7
sin x 2 sin x x 2 n , 2 n , n I
2 6 6
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -46- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
(ii) f(x) = ln { x } + x 2{ x } for ln {x} to be defined { x } > 0
x R–I ... (i)
x – 2{x} > 0
[x] – {x} > 0 [x] > {x}
x 1 ... (ii)
Using (i) and (ii)
x (1, ) – I+
x2
(iii) f(x) = log0.3 for f(x) to be defined
x
x2
0< 1
x
x2 x2
–1 1 and 0 ... (i)
x x
x2
Solving LHS +1 0 x < 0, x 1 ... (ii)
x
Solving RHS
x2
1 1 x>0 ... (iii) hence from (i), (ii) and (iii) x [1, ) – {2}
x
1
(iv) f(x) =
[| x 1 |] [| 7 x |] 6
[| x – 1 |] + [ | 7 – x | ] – 6 0
Case I : 1 < x < 7
[x – 1] + [7 – x] – 6 0
[x] – 1 + [–x] + 7 0
[x] + [–x] 0
xI
x (1, 7) – {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -47- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Case II : x 1
[1 – x] + [7 + x] – 6 0
2 + 2[–x] 0
[–x] –1
–x –1
x (0, 1] x (– , 0]
Case III : [x – 1] + [x – 7] – 6 0
2[x] 14
[x] 7
x [7, 8)
using case I, II and III we get x R – ( 0, 1 ] – [ 7, 8 ) – { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
1
(v) f(x) = log cos x
2
1
cos x > 0
2
1
cos x < – 1
2 y
2
x 2 n 2 , 2 n 4
3 3
EXERCISE - 7
Find the range of the following functions
1
1) x 3 2) 3) 9 x2
2x
1
4) f x x x 5) f x 6) f x x 2 16
x6
x x 1
7) f(x) = 2
8) f x
1 x x2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -48- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 2
MAINS LEVEL - 1
1. f : A B is a function, f (x) = 2x2 + 3x - 5 and A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, then range of
f = _____________________
1) { 0, 9, 22, 39, 60 } 2) { 0, 1, 22, 39, 60 }
3) { 0, 8, 22, 38, 60 } 4) { 0, 2, 22, 39, 60 }
2. The domain of x 24 x is
1) [ -2, 4 ] 2) ( 2, 4 ) 3) { -2, -4 } 4) [ 2, 4 ]
1
3. The domain of is
16 x 2
1) { 0, 4 } 2) ( 16, 0 ) 3) ( -4, -4 ) 4) [ -4, 4 ]
1
4. The domain of f x is
x x
1) ,0 2) , 0 3) , 4) 0,
5. The domain of 16 9 x 2 is
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1) , 2) , 3) , , 4) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6. The range of x 2 is
1) R 2) 0, 3) , 4) 1,
7. The range of 1 + 3 cos 2x is
1) 0, 2 2) 2, 0 3) 2, 4 4) 4, 2
x2 9
8. The range of f x is
x3
1) R 2) R - { 3 } 3) 4) R - { 6 }
9. Let A = { 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 } and f : A N be defined by f (n) = highest prime
factor of n, then its range is
1) { 13 } 2) { 3, 5, 11, 13 } 3) { 11, 13 } 4) { 2, 3, 5, 11 }
1
10. The range of f x is
4 3 sin x
1 1 1
1) ,1 2) ,1 3) R 4) ,
7 7 7
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -49- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
LEVEL - 2
1
11. The domain of is f x x 2
log10 1 x
1) 2, 0 0, 1 2) 2, 0 0, 1 3) 2, 0 0, 1 4) 0 , 1
1
12. The domain of f x x x is
1) R 2) Z 3) R - Z 4) Q - { 0 }
13. The domain of 1 2 x 3x 2 is
1 1 1
1) , 1 , 2) 1, 3) R - { 0 } 4) 1,
3 3 3
2 x 2 x
14. The domain of f x is
x
1) ( - 2, 2 ) 2) 2, 0 0, 2 3) 2, 2 4) , 2
2 x
15. The range of the function f x , x 2 is
2 x
1) R 2) R - { - 1 } 3) R - { 1 } 4) R - { 2 }
1
16. The range of the f x is
2 cos 3x
1 1
1) ( 1, 3 ) 2) , 1 3) , 1 4) 1, 3
3 3
17. The range of the values of x for which, x 2 6 x 27 0, x 2 3 x 4 0 , hold
simultaneously is
1) ( 3, 4 ) 2) ( 5, 2 ) 3) ( 1, 5 ) 4) ( 5, 7 )
18. If a 2 b 2 c 2 1 ,then the range of ab bc ca is
1 1
1) ,1 2) , 3) 1, 4) none of these
2 2
2 2 2
19. The range of x 4 y 9 z 6 yz 3 xz 2 xy is
1) 2) R 3) 0, 4) , 0
x2
20. The range of is
1 x2
1) [ 0, 1 ) 2) [ 0, 1] 3) 1, 4) 1, 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -50- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
ADVANCED
Multiple chioce questions with one or more than one correct answer :
1
21. If f (x) = , then
1 x2
1) the domain of f (x) is R 2) the range of f (x) is R - { 0 }
3) the range of f (x) is 0, 1 4) the domain of f (x) is N
22. If f (x) = 1 - |x-3|, then
1) the domain of f (x) is R 2) the range of f (x) is , 1
3) the range of f (x) is 2 , 2 4) the domain of f (x) is R - { 0 }
2 1
23. The range of the function f (x) = x , then
1 x2
3
1) 1, 2) 2, 3) , 4) ,
2
x2 2x 3
24. The domain of f (x) = 2 is
x x6
1) , 3 3, 2 2, 2) , 3 3, 2
3) , 3 2, 4) None of these
x2 x 1
25. The range of the function f (x) = is
x2 x 1
1 1 1
1) , 1 2) , 3 3) 1, 3 4) , 3,
3 3 3
7x
26. Statement I : The range of the function f (x) = Px 3 is { 1, 2, 3 }.
Statement II : The domain of log 25 x 2 is ( -5, 5 )
1) Only I is true 2) Only II is true
3) Both I and II are true 4) Both I and II are false
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -51- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
1
27. Assertion (A) : The domain of 2 is ,1 2,
x 3x 2
1
Reason (R) : The domain of where a b is , a b,
x a x b
1) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation for A
2) Both A and R are true, R is not the correct explanation for A.
3) A is true, R is false
4) A is false, R is true
28. Matrix Matching ;
COLUMN –I COLUMN -II
1
a) The domain of x x is i) 1,
b) The domain of x is ii) 0,
c) The range of x 3 is iii) ,0
d) The range of x x 1 is iv) 0,
1) a - iii; b - iv; c - iv ; d - i 2) a - iii; b - iv; c - ii ; d - i
3) a - iii; b - ii; c - iv ; d - i 4) a - iii; b - iv; c - i ; d - ii
Integer Answer Type Questions;
xa
i) Domain of , when a < b is , a b, if x is defined when x 0
x b
xa
ii) Domain of , when a b is , b a , , If x is defined when x 0
xb
x2
29. If the domain of is , a b, , then a + b = ___________.
x3
3 x
30. If the domain of is , p q, , then p + q = __________.
4 x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -52- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
CONCEPT-3
KINDS OF FUNCTIONS
1) One-one Mapping or Injective or Monomorphic:
A function f : A B is said to be one-one mapping or injective if different elements of
A have different images in B. Thus no two elements of set A can have the same f image.
Examples: Let us consider set A = { 1, 3, 5 } and B = { 3, 7, 11, 15 }, where f : A B and
f (x) = 2x + 1. Here every element in domain possess distinct images in co-domain.
Thus, f(x) is one-one or injective.
1 3
3 7
5 11
15
A B
Eg : From above definition, the following f is one - one function and g is not one -
one function.
Methods to check one-one mapping:
Method 1. Theoretically : If f (x) = f (y) x = y, then f(x) is one-one.
Conversely if x y f (x) f (y)
The following algorithm provides a systamatic procedure to check the one - one
( injectivity ) of a function.
Algorithm :
Step - 1 : Take two orbitary elements x, y in the domain of f.
Step - 2 : Put f (x) = f (y) .
Step - 3 : Solve f (x) = f (y) . If it gives x = y only, then f : A B. Is a one-one
function (or an injective). Otherwise not a one-one function.
Note : Let f : A B and let x, y A. Then, x = y f (x) = f (y) is always true from
the definition. But, f (x) = f (y) x = y is true only when f is one - one.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -53- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg - 1 : Find whether the following function or one - one or not one - one :
(i) f : R R given by f (x) = x3 + 2 for all x R.
(ii) f : Z Z given by f (x) = x2 + 1 for all x Z.
Sol : (i) Let x, y be to orbitary elements of R such that, f (x) = f (y).
Then, f (x) = f (y)
x 3 + 2 = y3 + 2 x 3 = y3 x = y .
Hence, f is a one-one fnction from R to itself.
Sol : (ii) Let x, y be to orbitary elements of Z such that, f (x) = f (y). Then, f(x) = f (y)
x 2 + 1 = y2 + 1 x 2 = y2 x = y .
Hence, f (x) = f (y) does not provide the unique solution x = y but it provide
x = y. So, f is not a one-one function. In fact, f (2) = 5 and f (-2) = 5.
So, 2 and - 2 are two distinct elements having the same images.
Method 2. Graphically: A function is one-one iff no line parallel to x - axis meets
the graph of function at more than one point.
Note: The graph of one to one function is strictly increasing curve or a strictly
decreasing curve.
Y Y
a) b)
A B
A
X X
0 0
It is a one-one function
N ot a one-one function S ince it cuts at only one point
S ince it cuts at A and B
y y
1
2
2 1
0 x –1 0 x
2
–1
–1 –2
(i) (ii)
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -54- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
i) Thus, the graph of f(x) = sin x should be plotted in , .
2 2
Which is clearly not cutted at more than one point by any straight line parallel
to x - axis. Thus, f(x) is one-one.
ii) Where the straight line is parallel to x-axis which, meets the curve at two points
(i.e.,) more than one point). Thus, not one-one
Note :
1) An odd function is one-one
2) A monotonic function is always one-one and a one-one function if
differentiable is always monotonic.
3) Strictly increasing or strictly decreasing function is a one-one function.
f:A B
Number of one-one Mappings :
If A and B are finite sets having m and n elements, x1 y1
x2 y2
then number of one-one functions from A to B. `
xm yn
Here,
x1 can taken n images.
x2 can take ( n – 1 ) images
x3 can take ( n – 2 ) images
----------------------------------
xm can take ( n – m + 1 ) images
n p m , If n m
Thus, number of mappings = n(n –1) (n – 2) ......(n – m + 1) =
0, if n m
Eg-1 : If f : A B such that n(A) = 3; n(B) = 5, then find number of one-one
of fucntions that can be defined from A to B.
Sol : If n(A) = m; n(B) = n, then the number of one-one fucntions that can be
defined from A to B is npm, if n m.
So, the number of one - one functions = 5p3 = 5 4 3 = 60
EXERCISE - 8
1. Let f 2,7 , 3,4 , 7,9 , 1,6, 0,2, 5,3 be a function from A = { -1, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7 }
to B = { 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 }. Is this one-one function? Explain ?
2. Let A = { 1, 3, 4, 7, 11 }; B = { -1, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9 } and f : A B be given by
f 1,1, 3,2 , 4,1, 7,5, 11,9 . Is this one-one function? Explain ?
3. If A = { 1, 3, 5 } and B = { 3, 7, 11, 15 }, where f : A B and f(x) =2x + 1,
then f is one-one or not?
4. If A = { a, b, c, d }, B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, then find the number of one-one
functions from A to B ?
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -55- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
2) Many - One Function : A function f : A B is said to be many-one function if two
or more elements of set A have the same images in B.
Thus, f : A B is a many - one function if there exist x, y A such that x y.
But f (x) = f (y). In other words f : A B is a many-one function if it is not a one -
one function.
Eg : Let f : A B and g : X Y be two functions represented by the following
diagrams.
Clearly, a2 a4 but f (a2 ) = f (a4) and x1 x2 but g (x1) = g(x2). So, f and g are
many-one functions
Eg : Show that the function f : Z Z defined by f (x) = x 2 + x for all x Z is a
many-one function.
Sol : Let x, y Z. Then, f (x) = f (y)
x2 + x = y2 + y (x 2 - y 2 ) + (x - y) = 0 (x - y) (x + y + 1) = 0
(x = y) or, y = -x - 1
Since, f (x) = f (y) does not provide the unique solution x = y but it also
provides y = -x - 1. It means x y but, f (x) = f (y) when y = - x - 1.
Hence, f is a many-one function.
Note :
1) An even function is always many-one.
2) All periodic functions are many-one.
3) Onto function or (surjective):
A function f : A B is said to be an onto function or a surjection if every
element of B is the f - image of some element of A. i.e., if f (A) = B or range of
f is the co-domain of f.
Thus, f : A B is a surjection iff for each b B, their exist a A such that f (a) = b.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -56- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as
OR
Note : If range = Co-domain, then f ( x ) is onto. Any polynomial of degree odd,
f : R R is onto.
Eg : Let A = { -1, 1, 2, -2, }, B = {1,4} and f : A B be a function defined by f (x) =x2
Then, f is onto, bacause f (A) = { f (-1), f (1), f (2), f (-2) } = { 1, 4 } = B.
The following algorithm provides a systamatic procedure to check the onto - function.
Algorithm :
Step - 1 : Choose an arbitrary element y in B.
Step - 2 : Put f (x) = y .
Step - 3 : Solve the equation f (x) = y . For x and obtain x in terms of y. Let x = g (y)
Step - 4 : If for all values of y B, the value of x obtain from x = g ( y ) are in A, then
f is onto. If there are some y B for which x, given by x = g(y), is not in
A. then, f is not onto.
Eg-1: Show that the function f : R R given by f (x) = x3 + 2 for all x R is a onto function.
Sol : Let y be an arbitrary element of R. Then,
f (x) = y x3 + 2 = y x = (y -2) 1/3
.
Clearly , for all y R, (y -2) 1/3 is a real number. Thus, for all y R (Co-domain)
there exists x = (y -2) 1/3
in ( domain ) R such that f (x) = x3 + 2 = y.
Hence, f : R R is an onto function.
Number of onto functions : If A and B are two sets having m and n elements
respectively such that 1 < n < m, then number of onto functions from A to B is
n
nr n
(1) C r r m or nm – nC (n – 1)m + nC (n – 2)m – nC (n – 3)m + ....
1 2 3
r 1
Eg - 1: Find number of surjection from A to B where A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { a, b }
Sol : Number of surjection from A to B
n
2r 2
= (1) C r (r )4 = (–1)2 – 1 2C (1)4 + (–1)2 – 2 2C (2)4 = –2 + 16 = 14
1 2
r 1
Therefore, number of onto mapping from A to B = 14.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -57- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
4) Into function:
A function f : A B is an into function if there exist an element in B having
no pre-image in A.
In other words, f : A B is an into function if it is not an onto function.
Eg : Let, f : A B and g : X Y be two functions represented by the following
diagrams
Clearly b2 and b5 are two elements in B which do not have their pre-images
in A. So, f : A B is an into function. Under function g every element in Y
has its pre-image in X. So, g : X Y is an onto function.
5) Bijection (One-One and Onto Function) :
A function f : A B is a bijection if it is one-one as well as onto.
In other words, a function f : A B is bijection, if it is
i) One-One i.e., f (x) = f (y) x = y for all x, y A.
ii) Onto i.e., for all y B, there exist x A such that f (x) = y.
Eg : Let f : A B be function represeted by the following diagram.
Clearly, f is bijection since,it is both injective as well as surjective.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -58- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg - 1 : Prove that the function f : Q Q given by f (x) = 2x - 3 for all x Q is a
bijection.
Sol : We observe the following properties of f.
Injectivity : Let x, y be to arbitrary elements of Q. Then, f(x) = f (y)
2x - 3 = 2y - 3
2x = 2y x = y .
Thus, f(x) = f (y) x = y . for all x, y Q . So, f is an injective function .
Surjectivity : Let y be an arbitrary elements of Q. Then, f(x) = y 2x - 3 = y
y3 y3
x = Clearly, for all y Q , x = Q.
2 2
Thus, for all y Q (co-domain) there exists x Q (domain).
y3 y 3 y 3
Given by x = such that f(x) = f 2 3 y.
2 2 2
That is every element in the co-domain has its pre-image in x.
So, f is a surjective function .
Hence,f : Q Q is a bijective.
Number of bijective functions :
If A and B are finite sets and f : A B is a bijection. Then A and B have the same
number of elements. If A has n elements, then number of bijections from A B is n !
Here, x1 can take (n) images.
f:A B
x2 can take (n – 1) images
x3 can take (n – 2) images x1 y1
x2 y2
.....................................
..................................... xn yn
xn can take 1 image.
Thus, total number of mapping are, n(n – 1) (n – 2) ....... (2) (1)
Therefore, number of bijections from A B = (n)!
Eg - 2 : If f : A B such that n(A) = n(B) = 5, then find number of bijections that
can be defined from A to B.
Sol : If n (A) = n (B) = n, then the number of bijective fucntions that can be defined
from A to B is n!
So, the number of bijective functions = 5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -59- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 9
1. Find the number of surjections from A to B where A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = { a, b } ?
2. If A= { 1, 2, 5, 7, 9 }, B = { 3, 4 }, then
a) Find the number of functions from A to B ?
b) Find the number of surjections from A to B ?
3. If A= { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = { a, b, c, d }, then find the number of bijective functions
from A to B ?
4. Is f : R R defined by f x x 2 2 a bijective function ?
5. Prove that f : R R is defined by f (x) = 5x - 4 is bijective function.
6. Show that the function f : R R defined as f (x) = x2 is neither one-one
nor onto.
7. Show that the function f : R R defined as f (x) = x3 is a bijection.
1
8. Show that the function f : R0 R0 defined as f (x) = x is one-one and
onto where R0 the set of all non zero real numbers
9. Let A be any non empty set. Then , prove that the identity function on set
A is a bijection.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Eg - 1: A function f : A B, such that set "A" and "B" contain four elements each then find :
(a) Total number of functions (b) Number of one-one functions
(c) Number of many one functions (d) Number of onto functions
(e) Number of into functions
Sol. (a) 1st element of A can have its image in 4 ways. Similarly II, III and IV can
have 4 options for their image each. Hence number of functions = 4 4
(b) 4 different elements can be matched in 4! ways
(c) Number of many one functions
= Total number of functions – number of one-one function = ( 4 4 – 4! )
(d) Since 4 elements in B are given hence each should be image of atleast
one. So number of onto function = 4!
(e) Number of into functions = 44 – 4!.
Eg - 2: A function f : A B, such that set "A" contains five elements and "B"
contains four elements then find
(a) Total number of functions (b) Number of one-one functions
(c) Number of onto function (d) Number of many one functions
(e) Number of into functions
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -60- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Sol : (a) Total number of functions = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 45
(b) Number of one-one functions.
Since A contains five elements hence one-one function is not possible.
(c) Number of onto functions
Divide 5 elements into 4 groups of size = 1, 1, 1, 2 Number of
5! 1
ways mapping 4 groups with four images = 4! = 240
1! 1! 1! 2! 3!
(d) Number of many one function.
All the possible functions are many-one. = 45 = 1024
(e) Number of into functions
Number of into function = Total number of functions – number of onto
functions =1024 – 240 =784
Eg - 3: A function f : A B such that set A contains 4 elements and set B contains
5 elements, then find the
(a) Total number of functions
(b) Number of injective (one-one) mapping.
(c) Number of many-one functions
(d) Number of onto function.
(e) Number of into functions
Sol: (a) Total number of functions
Every element in A has 5 options for image,
Hence total number of functions = 54 = 625.
(b) Number of injective (one-one) mapping.
4 elements in A needs four images
Hence number of one one functions
= 5C4 × 4! = 120.
(c) Number of many-one functions
Number of many-one mapping
= Total number of mapping – number of one-one mapping
= 54 – 5C4 × 4! = 505
(d) Number of onto function = 0
(e) Number of into functions = 54 = 625
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -61- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 3
MAINS LEVEL-1
1. A = { a, b, c, d, }, B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, then number of one-one functions from
A to B is __________
1) 120 2) 24 3) 625 4) 45
2. Every bijection is
1) only one-one 2) onto and many-one
3) one-one and into 4) one-one and onto
3. The number of onto functions from { a, b, c } to { 1, 2, 3, 4 }is ___________
1) 34 2) 43 3) 0 4) 36
4. Let A= { 1, 2, 3, 4 } and B= { 4, 8, 9, 10 }. A function f : A B is given by
f 1, 4, 2, 8, 3, 9 , 4, 10 is a
1) one-one function 2) Onto function
3) Into function 4) both (1) & (2)
5. If f : A B is a bijective function and if n(B) = 7, then n(A) is equal to
1) 7 2) 49 3) 1 4) 14
6. If f : R R given by f (x) = x + x 2 is _____
1) One-one function 2) Into function 3) Onto function 4) None of these
7. Let E = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } and F = { 1, 2 }. Then the number of onto functions from
E to F is _________
1) 14 2) 16 3) 12 4) 8
8. The total number of injective mappings from a set with m elements to a set
with n elements, m n is
n!
1) mn 2) nm 3) 4) n!
n m!
9. The total number of injective mappings from a finite set with m elements to a
set with n elements, m > n is
n! m!
1) 2) 3) nm 4) 0
n m! m n!
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -62- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
10. Let A and B be two finite sets having m and n elements, respectively. Then,
the total number of mappings from A to B is ___________
1) mn 2) 2mn 3) mn 4) nm
LEVEL-2
x2 8
11. Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x) = . Then, f is
x2 + 2
1) one-one but not onto 2) one-one and onto
3) onto but not one-one 4) neither one-one nor onto
12. The function f : R R defined by f (x) = (x - 1) ( x - 2) (x - 3) is _______
1) one-one but not onto 2) onto but not one-one
3) both one-one and onto 4) neither one-one nor onto
13. Let A = { x, y, z } , B = { u, v, w } and f : A B be defined by f (x) = u, f (y) = v,
f (z) = w. Then f is :
1) surjective but not injective 2) injective but not surjective
3) bijective 4) None of these
14. The number of surjections from A = { 1, 2, 3, ..., n }, to B = { a, b } is
1) n P2 2) 2n 2 3) 2 n 1 4) n C2
15. f : N N given by f (n) = n - ( -1 ) n is
1) One-one and Onto 2) Many-two one and onto
3) One-one and Into 4) Many-two one and Into
xa
16. Let the function f : R - { -b } R - { 1 } defined by f (x) = , a b , then
xb
1) f is One-One but not Onto 2) f is Onto but not One-one
3) f is both One-One and Onto 4) None of these
x
17. If f : 0, 0, and f x , then
x 1
1) f is One-One but not Onto 2) f is Onto but not One-one
3) f is both One-One and Onto 4) None of these
n 1
2 , if n is odd
f (n)
18. The function f : N Z defined by n , then f is :
, if n is even
2
1) One-one but not onto 2) Onto but not one-one
3) one-one and onto 4) neither one-one nor onto
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -63- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
19. If the function f : R R given by f (x) = 5 - 3 sin x for all x R, then f is :
1) One-One 2) Onto 3) One-One and Onto 4) None of these
20. If the function f : R R given by f x 2 x 2 x , then f is ____________
1) One-One and Onto 2) Many-one and Onto
3) One-One and Into 4) Many-One and Into
ADVANCED
Multiple chioce questions with one or more than one correct answer :
21. A = { a,b,c,d} and B = { 1,2} then which of the following is true .
1) Number of one - one functions is 0
2) Number of onto functions is 14
3) Number of bijections from B to A is 41
4) Number of functions from A to B is 16
22. Which of the following functions from A to B is / are One-one and Onto.
1) f1 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7 ; A 1, 2, 3 and B 3, 5, 7
2) f 2 2, a , 3, b , 4, c ; A 2, 3, 4 and B a, b, c
3) f 3 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7 , 3, 3; A 1, 2, 3 and B 3, 5, 7
4) f 4 a, x, b, x, c, z, d, z; A a, b, c, d and B x, y, z
23. Which of the following is / are One-one functions.
1) f : R R given by f (x) = x4 + 2 for all x R
2) f : Z Z given by f (x) = x2 + 1 for all x Z
3) f : R R given by f (x) = 3x3 + 5 for all x R
4) f : N N given by f (x) = x2 for all x N
24. Which of the following is / are onto functions.
1) f : R R given by f (x) = x3 + 2 for all x R
2) f : R R given by f (x) = x2 + 2 for all x R
3) f : Z Z given by f (x) = 3x + 2 for all x Z
4) f : Q Q given by f (x) = 2x - 3 for all x Q
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -64- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
25. Which of the following is / are bijective functions.
1) f : Z Z defined by f (x) = x - 5 for all x Z
2) f : R R defined by f (x) = sin 2 x cos 2 x for all x R
2x 3
3) f : Q - { 3 } Q defined by f (x) =
x3
x2
4) f : R - { 3 } R - { 1 } defined by f (x) = x 3
26. Statement - I : f : N N is defined as f x x 2 x 1 , then f is one one but
not onto.
x2
Statement II : f : R - { 3 } R - { 1 } defined by f x is a bijection.
x3
1) Both I and II are true 2) Both I and II are false
3) Only I is true 4) Only II is true
27. Assertion (A) : f : Z Z defined by f (x) = x2 + x for all x Z, is a
many-one function
Reason (R) : A function f : A B is set to be many-one function if two or
more elements of set A have the same image in B.
1) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation for A
2) Both A and R are true, R is not the correct explanation for A.
3) A is true, R is false
4) A is false, R is true
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -65- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
28. Matrix Matching;
COLUMN –I COLUMN -II
a) A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, B ={ 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 }. If f : A B i) onto
defined by f (x) = 3x - 2 then f is ___
b) A= { 0,1, 2, 3 }, B = { –7, –2, 3, 8,11 }, If f : A B ii) a function
defined by f (x) = 5x – 7, then f is _____
c) If f : Z Z defined by f(x) = x2 then f is ______ iii) not onto
d) A = { –1,0, 1, 2 }, B = { 2, 3, 6 } If f : A B defined by iv) one - one
f (x) = x2 + 2, then f is _______ :
v) bijective
1) a - i, ii, iv, v; b - ii, iii, iv; c - ii, iii ; d - i, ii
2) a - i, ii, iv ; b - ii, iii, v; c - ii ; d - i, ii
3) a - i, ii; b - iv, v; c - ii, iii ; d - i, ii
4) a - i, ii, iv, v; b - ii, iv, v; c - ii ; d - i, ii
Integer Answer Type Questions;
29. Let n A 4 and n B 6. Then, the number of one-one function from A to B
is _____.
30. The total number of onto functions from the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 } to the set { 3, 4, 7 }
is ______
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -66- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
CONCEPT - 4
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Composition of Functions :
Let f : A B and g : B C be two functions. Then the function gof : A C
defined by (gof) (x) = g (f(x)) x A is called the composite of the two
functions f & g.
Diagramatically
Thus the image of every x A under the function gof is the g - image of
the f - image of x.
Note that gof is defined only if x A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g.
So, that we can take its g - image. Hence for gof of two functions f and g, the
range of f must be a subset of the domain of g.
Note : In general gof not equal to fog.
Properties Of Composite Functions :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions
such that fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f and g are two
bijections such that gof is defined, then gof is also a bijection.
Proof: Let f : A B and g : B C be two bijections. Then gof exists such that
gof : A C . We have to prove that gof is one-one and onto.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -67- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
One-one : Let a1, a2 A such that ( gof ) (a1) = ( gof ) (a2), then
( gof ) (a1) = ( gof ) (a2) g [ f (a1) ] = g [ f (a2) ]
f (a1) = f (a2) [ g is one-one ]
a1 = a2 [ f is one-one ]
gof is also one-one function.
Onto : Let c C, then
c C b B s.t. g (b) = c [ Q g is onto ]
and b B a A s.t. f (a) = b [ Q f is onto ]
Therefore, we see that
c C { a A s.t. ( gof ) (a) = g [ f (a) ] = g (b) = c }
i.e., every element of C is the gof image of some element of A. As such gof is
onto function. Hence gof being one-one and onto, is a bijection.
iv) Let f : A B. Then, foIA = IBof = f i.e., the composition of any function with
the identity function is the function itself.
v) Let f : A B and g : B A be two functions such that gof = IA. Then, f is
injection and g is a surjection.
vi) Let f : A B and g : B A be two functions such that fog = IB. Then, f is
surjection and g is a injection.
vii) Let f : A B and g : B C be two functions. Then,
a) gof : A C is onto g : B C is onto.
b) gof : A C is one-one f : A B is one-one.
c) gof : A C is onto and g : B C is one-one f : A B is onto. f15
d) gof : A C is one-one and f : A B is onto g : B C is one-one.
Eg - 1 : Let R be the set of real numbers. If f : R R ; f(x) = x2 and g : R R ; g (x) = 2x + 1.
Then, find gof ?
Sol : ( gof ) (x) = g ( f (x) ) = g (x2)
= 2 (x2) + 1
= 2 x2 + 1
Eg - 2 : Let f : { 2, 3, 4, 5 } { 3, 4, 5, 9 } and g : { 3, 4, 5, 9 } { 7, 11, 15 } be
functions defined as f(2) = 3, f(3) = 4, f(4) = f(5) = 5 and g(3) = g(4) = 7 and
g(5) = g(9) = 11. Find gof ?
Sol : We have range of f = { 3, 4, 5 }
Clearly, it is a subset of domain of g.
So, gof exists and gof : { 2, 3, 4, 5 } { 7, 11, 15 } such that
gof (2) = g ( f (2) ) = g (3) = 7.
gof (3) = g ( f (3) ) = g (4) = 7.
gof (4) = g ( f (4) ) = g (5) = 11.
gof (5) = g ( f (5) ) = g (5) = 11.
Hence, gof : { 2, 3, 4, 5 } { 7, 11, 15 } such that gof = { ( 2, 7 ), (2, 7), ( 4, 11), (5, 11) }
Eg - 3 : Let f(x) = xx & g(x) = x2x , then find f g( x ) .
x
Sol : f g( x ) f x 2 x 2x x
2x
x 2 x .x
2x
x2x
2 x1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -68- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 10
1. Find gof and fog when f : R R and g : R R are defined by
i) f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + 5.
ii) f(x) = x2 + 8 and g(x) = 3x3 + 1
iii) f(x) = x and g(x) = x
2. Let f = { ( 3, 1 ), ( 9, 3), (12, 4) } and g ={ ( 1, 3 ), ( 3, 3), (4, 9), ( 5, 9) }. Show
that gof and fog are both defined . Also, find fog and gof.
3. Let f : R R and g: R R be defined by f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = x -1. Show
that, fog = gof = IR.
4. Consider f : N N g : N N and h : N R defined as f(x) = 2x, g(y) = 3y + 4
and h(z) = sin z for all x, y, z N. Show that, ho(gof) = (hog) of.
5. Give examples of two function f : N N and g : N N such that gof is
onto but f is not onto.
6. Give examples of two function f : N Z and g : Z Z such that gof is
injective but g is not injective.
INVERSE OF A ELEMENT
Let A and B be two sets and let f : A B be a mapping. If a A is
assoicated to b B under the function f, then ‘ b ’ is called the f image of a
f15
and we write it has b = f (a). We also say that ‘ a ’ is the pre-image or inverse
element of ‘ b ‘ under f, and we write a =f --1 (b) .
If f is represented by the above figure, then we find that
f --1 (b1) = , f --1 (b2) = a4, f --1 (b3) = { a1, a2 }, f --1 (b4) =a3,
f --1 (b5) = { a5, a6 }, f --1 (b6) = , and f --1 (b7) = ,
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -69- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg - 1 : If f : Q Q is given by f (x) = x2, then find
i) f --1(9)
ii) f --1(-5)
iii) f --1(0)
Sol : i) Let f --1(9) = x. Then,
f(x) = 9 x2 = 9 x = 3
f --1(9) = { -3, 3 }
ii) Let f --1(-5) = x. Then,
f(x) = -5 x2 = -5 which is not possible for any x Q.
f --1(-5) =
iii) Let f --1(0)= x. Then ,
f(x) = 0 x2 = 0 x = 0
f --1(0) = { 0 }
Eg - 2 : If the function f : R R is given by f (x) = x2 + 5x + 9, find f --1 (8) and
f --1(9).
Sol : i) Let f --1(8) = x. Then,
5 21
f(x) = 8 x2+5x+9= 8 x=
2
5 21 5 21
f --1(8) = 2
,
2
ii) Let f --1(9) = x. Then,
f(x) = 9 x2+5x= 0 x= 0, 5
f --1(9) ={ 0, 5 }
EXERCISE - 11
1. If the function f : C C be defined by f (x) = x2 -1, find f -1 (-5) and f -1(8) .
2. Let f : R R be defined as f (x) = x2 +1, find :
i) f -1 ( -5 )
ii) f -1 ( 26 )
iii) f -1 { 10, 37 }
3. Let f : R R be defined as f (x) = x2, find f -1 ( -25 )
4. Let f : C C be defined as f (x) = x3 , find f -1 ( -1 ).
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -70- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
Let f : A B be a one-one & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B A such that f(x) = y g(y) = x, x A & y B. Then g is said
to be inverse of f.
Thus g = f -1 : B A = { (f (x), x) / (x, f(x)) f }.
Consider a one-one onto function with domain A = { a, b, c } & range B = { 1, 2, 3 }
f f –1
A B B A
a 1 1 a
b 2 2 b
c 3 3 c
Domain of f = { a, b, c } = Range of f –1
Range of f = { 1, 2, 3 } = Domain of f –1
Note: (a) Only one-one onto functions (i.e., Bijections) are invertible.
(b) To find the inverse
Step-1: write y = f (x)
Step-2: solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)
Step-3: To express f –1 as a function of x, interchange x and y.
Eg-1 : Find the inverse of the following bijective function
(i) f : R R+, f(x) = 10x+1 (ii) f(x) = 3x – 5
1 2x
(iii) f : [1, ) [2, ), f(x) = x + (iv) f : R (0, 1), f(x) =
x 1 2x
Sol. (i) y = 10 x+1
x + 1 = log10 y
x = –1 + log10 y
f –1(x) = y = –1 + log10 x, f –1 : R+ R
(ii) f(x) = 3x – 5
y = 3x – 5
y5
x=
3
x5
f –1 (x) = y =
3
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -71- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
(iii) f : [1, ) [2, )
1
y = f(x) = x +
x
2
x – xy + 1 = 0
y y2 4
x=
2
x x2 4
f–1 (x) =
2
Since range is [1, ), hence
x x2 y
f –1 (x) =
2
2x
(iv) f : R (0, 1), f (x) =
1 2x
2x
y= y + 2x y = 2x
1 2x
y y
2x = x = log2
1 y 1 y
–1
x
f (x) = y = log2
1 x
Properties of inverse of a function :
(i) The inverse of Bijection is unique.
(ii) The inverse of Bijection is also bijection.
(iii) If f : A B is Bijection & g : B A is inverse of f, then fog = IB & gof = IA ,
where IA, IB are the identical function on the set A and B respectively
(iv) If f : A B and g : B C are two bijections, then gof : A C is bijections
and (gof)–1 = f –1o g –1 .
(v) If f : A B and g : B C are two functions such that gof = IA and
fog = IB . Then , f and g are bijections and g = f –1
(vi) If f : A B be an invertible function.Then inverse of f –1 is f .
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -72- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
Eg-1 : If f : R R is defined by f (x) = x 3 + 1, then find value of f –1 (28).
Sol : f –1 (28) = x 3
f (x) = 28 x + 1 = 28 x=3
e x e x
Eg-2 : If f : [0, ) [1, ), f (x) = . Find f –1(x).
2
e x e x 1
Sol: f (x) = 2y = ex + x e2x – 2ex y + 1 = 0
2 e
e2x – 2ex y + y2 = y2 – 1 (ex – y)2 = y2 – 1
ex = y ± y2 1
x = log y y 2 1
f –1
(x) = y = log x x 2 1
Eg-3 : Find the inverse of the function f : N N, f (x) = x + (–1)x–1 .
Sol : f (x) = x + (–1)x–1 , x N Then we have
f (1) = 1 + 1 = 2, f (2) = 1, f (3) = 4, f (4) = 3, f (5) = 6, f (6) = 5
The points on graph are (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4) (4, 3), (5, 6), (6, 5) etc.Thus if
(a,b) is a point on the graph then (b, a) is also a point on the graph. Hence
f is the inverse of itself.
i.e. f –1(x) = x + (–1)x–1, x N
EXERCISE - 12
1. If f : R R is defined by f (x) = 10 x 7 , then write f –1(x).
2. If f : R R is defined by f (x) = 3 x 4 is invertible then write f –1(x) .
3. If f x x 7 and g ( x) x 7, x R , Write fog (7)
x
4. If f : R 1 R 1 is defined by f (x) = , then write f –1(x) .
x 1
2x 3
5. If f : R R is defined by f (x) = , then write fof 1 (1 ) .
4
6. If f : R R is defined by f (x) = 4 x 7 3 ` ,then write f –1(x) .
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -73- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 4
MAINS LEVEL - 1
1. The condition for defining gof is
1) Domain of f Range of g 2) Range of g Range of f
3) Domain of g Domain of f 4) Range of f Domain of g
2. If f (x) = x 2; g (x) = x + 2; then ( gof ) (x) =
2 2
1) 2x + 2 2) x 3) x +2 4) 2
3. If f (x) = x + 2; g (x) = x; h (x) = x 2 where f.g.h are real functions. Then ho(gof) (x) =
2
1) x 2) x + 2 3) x 2 + 4 4) x 2
+ 4x + 4
3x 7
4. If f x , then fof x =
5x 3
1) x 2) -x 3) 3x 4) f (x)
5. If f : R R, g : R R such that f (x) = 2x + 3 , g(x) = 3x 2 1, then fog (2) =
1) 22 2) 7 3) 2 4) 25
6. For a function ‘f ’, to have inverse, it should be
1) one - one 2) onto 3) bijective 4) constant
7. If f : R R, f (x) = 3x 5 , then the inverse function is
1 x5 3x 5 x 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
3x 5 3 3 3
8. If f x x 2 , then f 1o f _____________.
1) 2 - x 2) x - 2 3) x 4) cannot be determined
9. If f : R R is defined by f (x) = x2 - 5x , then the inverse image set of { -6 } is
1) 2) { 3, 2 } 3) { 3 } 4) { -3, -2 }
10. Let f x x 2 and g x 2 x . Then the solution of the equation fog ( x ) = gof (x) is
1) R 2) { 0 } 3) { 0, 2 } 4) None of these
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -74- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
LEVEL - 2
11. If f (x) = x ; g (x) = (1 - x) and h(x) = x + 1, then ho( gof ) =
1) -x 2) 2 - x 3) x - 2 4) 2 + x
12. If f (x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x 2 + 1, then go( fof ) (2) =
1) 112 2) 122 3) 12 4) 124
x
13. If f x 3 x, g x , h x f g x , then h( h(......... n times)) (x) =
3
1) x n 2) x 3) 3n x 4) 2x
1 x 3x x 3
14. If f (x) = log and g ( x) , then (fog) (x) =
1 x 1 3x 2
1) f (x) 2) 2 f (x) 3) 3 f (x) 4) 4 f (x)
Kx
15. Let f x x 1 , then the value of K for which (fof) (x) = x is
x 1
1) 1 2) -1 3) 2 4) 2
16. If f : 0, R defined by f x log10 x , then f 1 (x) is
1) log x 10 2) x10 3) 10 x 4) does not exist
17. If f : R R, g : R R funtions defined by f x 3 x 2, g x x 2 1 , then (gof 1)(2)=
25 25 16 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
9 3 9 3
18. If f : R R such that f x log 5 x , then f -1 (x) =
1
1) log x 10 2) 5 x 3) 3 x 4) 3 x
e x e x
19. The inverse of the function f : R x R : x 1 given by f x x is
e ex
1 1 x 1 2 x 1 1 x
1) log 2) log 3) log 4) None of these
2 1 x 2 2 x 2 1 x
20. If f : R R is a function defined by f (x) = 10x - 7. If g = f -1 , then g (x) =
1 1 x7 x7
1) 2) 3) 4)
10 x 7 10 x 7 10 10
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -75- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
ADVANCED
Multiple chioce questions with one or more than one correct answer :
21. If f 1, 2 , 2, 3 , 3, 4 , g 2, 5 , 3, 6 , 4, 7 , then
1) gof (1) = 5 2) gof (2) = 6 3) gof (3) = 7 4) gof (4) = 7
1 1
22. If f x ; g x 2 and h(x) = x 2, then for x 0
x x
1
1) f g x x 2) h g x g x 3) h g x 4) f g x h x
2 2
x4
2x 1 -1
23. If f : R R is defined by f (x) = , then f (x) =
3
3x 1 x3 2x 1 x4
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 3 3
ax 2 1
24. If f x , f 1 0 and f -1
is not defined at 3. Then,
x b
1) a = 3 2) b = 2 3) a = - 3 4) b = -2
25. If f x x and g x x , then
5 5
1) gof fog 1 2) f 2 g 1 3
3 3
5 5
3) gof fog 0 4) f 2 g 1 1
3 3
Reasoning Type Questions :
3
26. Consider the function f : R R, f(x) = x and g: R R g (x) = 3x + 4.
Statement I : f ( g (x) ) is an onto function.
Statement II : g (x) is an onto function.
1) Both I and II are true 2) Both I and II are false
3) Only I is true 4) Only II is true
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -76- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS FUNCTIONS
27. Assertion (A) : f (x) = sin x, for all x R is a bijection.
-1
Reason (R) : If f is bijection, then f , is also a bijection.
1) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation for A
2) Both A and R are true, R is not the correct explanation for A.
3) A is true, R is false
4) A is false, R is true
28. Matrix Matching ;
COLUMN – I COLUMN - II
-1
a) If f (x) = 4x +1, then i) f (-23) = -6
b) If f x x 4 , then ii) f 1
5 1
17 9
c) If f x 3 x 5 , then iii) f 1
2 2
d) If f x 5 x 2 , then iv) f 1
3 1
1) a - i, ii, iv; b - ii, iii; c - i, iii; d - iv
2) a - i, ii; b - ii, iii; c - i, iii; d - iv
3) a - i, ii, iv; b - ii; c - i, iii; d - iv
4) a - i, ii, iv; b - ii, iii; c - iii; d-i
Integer Answer Type questions :
1 1
29. If f x and g x x 2 , then (gof ) _______.
x 2
30. If f : 0, 4, is defined by f x x 2 4 , then f 1 13 ________.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -77- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
2. LIMITS & CONTINUITY
Born : 21 August 1789
Paris, France
Died : 23 May 1857
Known for: Wave theory, mechanics, elasticity,
Number theory, Complex functions,
Taylor's theorem Augustin - Louis Cauchy
In the theory of light he worked on Fresnel's wave theory and on the
dispersion and polarization of light. He also contributed significant research in
mechanics, substituting the notion of the continuity of geometrical displacements
for the principle of the continuity of matter. He wrote on the equilibrium of rods
and elastic membranes and on waves in elastic media. He introduced a 3 × 3
symmetric matrix of numbers that is now known as the Cauchy stress tensor. In
elasticity, he originated the theory of stress, and his results are nearly as
valuable as those of Siméon Poisson. Cauchy made great contributions to caculas
including first proof of the convergence of a taylor’s series as well as rigorous
treatment of limits , derivatives and integrals. Cauchy came second to Euler in
terms of productivity, filling 27 volumes of his discoveries.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -78- STUDY MATERIAL
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CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
CONCEPT-1
Neighborhood of a Point :
Let a be a real number and let be a positive real number. Then the set of all
real numbers lying between a and a is called the neighborhood (NBD)of a of
radius and is denoted by N (a ) . Thus, N (a ) (a , a ) = x R / a x a
The set ( a , a) is called the left NBD of a and set ( a, a ) is known as the right
NBD of a. canbe made as small as we wish.
Deleted neighborhood of a = a , a a .
Positive infinitesimal :
‘h’ is defined as positive infinitesimal where 0 h for every positive number ,
(how so ever small be )
Concept of limit :
16 x 2
let us look at the rational function f(x) =
4 x
The domain of this function is R-{-4}. Although f(- 4) is not defined, nonetheless, f(x) can be
16 x 2
calculated for any value of x near - 4 because the symbol xlim says that we consider values
4 4 x
of x that are close to - 4 but not equal to - 4. The table below gives the values of f(x) for values of x
that approach - 4.
16 x 2 (4 x) (4 - x)
For x - 4 , f(x) can be simplified by cancellation : f(x) =
= = 4 - x.
4 x (4 x)
the graph of f(x) is essentially the graph of y = 4 - x with the exception that the
graph of f has a hole (puncture) at the point that corresponds to x = - 4. As x gets
closer and closer to - 4, represented by the two arrow heads on the x-axis, the two
arrow heads on the y-axis simultaneously get closer and closer to the number 8.
16 - x 2
Here, note that xlim
4-
f(x) 8 lim f(x) and hence lim f(x) lim 8
x4 x4 x4 4 x
note that the function is not defined at x = -4 and yet f(x) appears to be
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -79- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
approaching a limit as x approaches - 4. This often happens, and it is important
to realise that the existence or non-existence of f(x) at x = -4 has no bearing on
the existence of the limit of f(x) as x approaches -4. But for limit to exist at x = a
function must be defined in a neighbourhood of x = a. Thus limit is a NBD phe-
nomenon.
Definition : Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist, as x a when,
im f (a - h) = im f (a + h) = Finite
h 0 h 0
(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)
Note that we are not interested in knowing about what happens at x = a.
Also note that if L.H.L. & R.H.L. are both tending towards or - , then
it is said to be infinite limit.
Remember, ‘x a’ means that x is approaching to ‘a’ but not equal to ‘a’.
Formal defination of limit :
Let f be a function defined on an interval containing c (except possibly at c) and L
be a real number.
lim f ( x ) L Means that for each real 0 , there exists a real 0 such that for all
x c
x with 0 x c , we have f ( x ) L or, symbolically,
0, 0 , x 0 x c f ( x) L
Compared to the informal disscussion above, the fact that can be any
arbitrarily small positive number corresponds to being able to bring f (x) as close
to L as desired. The marks some sufficiently close distance for the values of x
from c such that f(x) stays within a distance less than from the limit L.
The formal ( , ) defination of limit is called the delta epsilon.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -80- STUDY MATERIAL
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CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Caution : It should be noted that this defination provides a way to recognize a limit
without providing a way to calculate it. One often needs to find limit using informal
methods especially when f(x) discontinuous at c, for example, when f is a ratio with
denominator that becomes 0 at c. One can check that the result actually meets the
Weierstrass defination in such cases.
1
Note : lim is . Thus limit can be finite or infinite
x0 x
ONE SIDED LIMIT:
Definition :
We say that the left-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches x0 (or the limit of f(x) as x
approaches from the left) is equal to l1 if we can make the values of f(x) arbitrarily
close to l1 by taking x to be sufficiently close to x0 and less than x0 . It is symboli-
cally written as f ( x0 ) x lim
x
f ( x ) l1 .
0
Similarly, we define the right hand limit.
Definition :
We say that the Right-hand limit of f(x) as x approaches x0 (or the limit of f(x) as x
approaches from the right) is equal to l2 if we can make the values of f(x) arbi-
trarily close to l2 by taking x to be sufficiently close to x0 and greater than x0 . It is
symbolically written as f ( x0 ) x lim
x
f ( x) l 2
0
Thus the symbols “ x x 0 ” and “ x x 0 ” mean that we consider only x x 0
and x x 0 respectively.
Thses definations are illustrated in the following fig
From the above discussions we conclude that xlim f ( x) L exists if the following
x0
hold :
(i) lim f ( x ) exists,
x x0
(ii) x lim f ( x ) exists and
x0
(iii) xlim f ( x) lim f ( x ) L .
x 0 x x0
From the definitions of one sided limits and that of the limit of f(x) as we have the
following :
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -81- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
lim f ( x ) L iff lim f ( x ) L lim f ( x).
x x0 x x0 x x0
Thus, when we say xlim f ( x) exists, it is understood that L is a unique real num-
x0
ber. If any one of the above conditions fails then we say the limit of f(x) as x ap-
proaches x 0 does not exist.
We remark that the existence of one sided limits is weaker than the existence of
limits.
Sometimes it is very useful to use the following in computing left and right limits.
For h>0,
Note that f ( x0 ) and f ( x0 ) stand for the left and right limiting values. But f ( x0 )
is the value of the function at x x0 .
SOLVED EXAMPLES
x2 4
Eg 1 : Consider the function f x = . We investigate the behavior of f(x) at
x 2
the point x = 2 and near the point x = 2.
44 0
Sol : f 2 , which is meaningless. Thus f(x) is not defined at x = 2.
22 0
Now we try to evaluate the value of f(x) when x is very near to 2. Some values of
f(x) for x less than 2 and then for x greater than 2 are given in the table.
2 2
f 1
1.9 4 0.39
3.9 f 2
2.1 4 0.41
4.1
1.9 2 0.1 2.1 2 0.1
2 2
f 1.99
1.99 4 3.099
3.99 f 2.01
2.01 4 0.0401
4.01
1.99 2 0.01 2.01 2 0.01
f 1.999
1.999 4 3.00999
3.999
1.999 2 0.001
2
2.001 4 0.004001 x2 4
f 2.001 4.001 ; f x
2.001 2 0.001 x2
3 3.9 3.99 3.999 4 4.001 4.01 4.1
x =1 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -82- STUDY MATERIAL
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CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
It is clear from the table that as x gets nearer and nearer to 2 from either side,
f(x) gets closer and closer to 4 from either side.
When x approaches 2 from left hand side the function f(x) tends to a definite
number 4. Thus we say that as x tends to 2 the left hand limit of the function
f exist and equal to definite number 4.
Similarly, as x approaches 2 from right hand side, the function f(x) tends to a
definite number, 4.
Again we say that as x approaches 2 from right hand side of 2, the right hand
limit of f exists and equal to 4.
Eg - 2 : Discuss the limits of the function :
1, if x 0
f x and its graph.
1, if x 0
1, x 0
Sol : We have, f x
1, x 0
Let us draw its graph,
x –1 –0.5 –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.5 1
f(x) –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1
i) As x approaches zero from the left of zero, f(x) remains at –1.
And we say that left hand limit of f exists and equal to 0. xlim f x 1
0
Y
2
1
–2 –1 O 1 2
–1
–2
ii) As x approaches zero from the right of zero, f(x) remains at 1. So we say that
the right hand limit of f at x = 0 exists and equal to zero.
lim f x 1
x 0
iii) Left hand limit of f(x) (at x = 0) Right hand limit of f(x) { at x = 0 }
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -83- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
EXERCISE - 1
Complete the following table and use the estimate the limit
Infinity ( ) : is a symbol and not a number. It is a symbol for the behaviour of a
variable which continuously increases and passes all limits. Thus the statement
x is meaningless, we should write x .
Similarly is a symbol for the behaviour of a variable which continuously
decreases and passes all limits. Thus statement x is meaningless, we
1 1
should write x . Also 0 if x and 0 if x .
x x
We cannot plot on paper. Infinity does not obey laws of elementary algebra.
INDETERMINATE FORMS : When a function involves the independent variable in
such manner that for a certain assigned value of that variable its value cannot
be found by simply substituting that value of the variable, the function is said
to take an indeterminate form.
One of the commonest cases occurring is that of a function whose numerator
0
and denominator both vanish for the value of the variable referred to i.e., .
0
0 a
It should be noted that is not a meaningless operation like . It is only
0 0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -84- STUDY MATERIAL
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CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
indeterminate in this form. This means that we find its value by adopting
some other method.
0
Besides , there are other indeterminate forms.
0
0
e.g., 0 , , , 1 , 0 ,00 ,
0
DIFFERENT CASES OF LIMITS
The following possibilities may arise :
i) Left hand limit and right hand limit both exists and are equal.
ii) Left hand limit and right hand limit both exists and are unequal.
iii) The left hand limit exist but the right hand limit does not exist.
iv) The right hand limit exist but the left hand limit does not exist.
v) Neither the left hand limit nor the right hand limit exists.
In other words :
A function f(x) is said to possess a right hand limit as x approaches a from
values higher than a and is expressed as
lim f x or lim f x
x a+ x a+0
A function f(x) is said to possess a left hand limit as x approaches a from values
lower than a, and is expressed as :
lim- f x or lim f x
x a x a 0
Evaluation of left hand and right hand limits :
The statement x a means that x is tending to a from the left hand side, i.e,
x is a number less than a but very very close to a. Therefore x a is equivalent
to x = a – h where h > 0 such that h 0 . Similarly, x a is equivalent to x =
a + h where h 0 . Thus, we have the following algorithms for finding left hand
and right hand limits at x = a.
Algorithm for finding left hand limit :
To evaluate LHL of f(x) at x = a i.e., xlim f x we proceed as follows.
a
Step 1 : Write xlim f x
a
Step 2 : Put x = a – h and replace x a by h 0 to obtain lim f a h .
h 0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -85- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Step 3 : Simplify lim f a h by using the formula for the given function.
h 0
Step 4 : The value obtained in step III is the LHL of f(x) at x = a.
Algorithm for finding right hand limit
To evaluate RHL of f(x) at x = a i.e., xlim f x we proceed as follows.
a
Step 1 : Write xlim f x
a
Step 2 : Put x = a + h and replace x a by h 0 to obtain lim f a h
h 0
Step 3 : Simplify lim f a h by using the formula for the given function.
h 0
Step 4 : The value obtained in step 3 is the RHL of f(x) at x = a.
x4
, x4
Eg - 1 : Evaluate the left hand limit of the function f x x 4 at x = 4.
0, x4
Sol : We have, (LHL of f(x) at x = 4)
4h4 h h
= xlim f x = lim f 4 h = lim
= lim = lim = lim 1 = -1
4 h 0 h 0 4h4 h 0 h h 0 h h 0
x4
, x4
Eg - 2 : Evaluate the right hand limit of the function x 4
f x at x = 4.
0, x 4
Sol : We have, (RHL of f(x) at x = 4) = xlim f x = lim f 4 h
4 h 0
4h4 h h
= lim = lim = lim lim 1 1
h 0 4h4 h 0 h h 0 h h 0
EXISTENCE OF LIMIT: It from the discussion in the previous two sections that
lim f ( x ) exists if lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x) exist and both are equal. Thus,
x a xa xa
lim f ( x ) exist lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x)
x a xa xa
for the functions such as f ( x ) cos 1 x , xlim cos1 x does not exist as the function is
1
not defined towards the right hand side. Howevwer, xlim cos1 x exist and is equal
1
to 0.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -86- STUDY MATERIAL
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CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
x x
, x0
Eg - 1 : If f (x) = x , then check that xLim
0 f (x) exist or not .
2 , x0
Solution :
Lim h h
We have , (LHL of f (x) at x = 0) = x0 f (x) = hLim Lim
0 f (0 – h) = h 0 ( h)
Lim h h 2h
= h0 h
= hLim
0 h
= hLim
0 2 = 2
(RHL of f (x) at x = 0) = x Lim = hLim Lim h h
0 f (x) 0 f (0 + h) = h 0 ( h)
hh 0
= hLim
0 = hLim
0 = hLim
0 0 = 0
h h
Hence x Lim Lim Lim
0 f (x) x 0 f (x) . So x 0 f (x) does not exist
EXERCISE - 2
1 x 3
1. Find xlim 2. Find xlim
1 x 1 2 x4
3x
,x 0
f ( x) x 2 x f ( x ) doesnot
3. Let f(x) be a function defiend by show that lim
0, x 0
x 0
exist.
x 1, x 0
4. Let f ( x) . Prove that lim f ( x ) doesnot exit.
x 1, x 0 x 0
x 5, x 0
5. Let f ( x) . Prove that lim f ( x ) doesnot exit
x 4, x 0 x 0
Difference between the value of a function at a point and the limit at a point :
Let f(x) be a function and let a be a point. Then we have the following possibilities :
1) lim f x exists but f(a), the value of f(x) at x = a, does not exist
x a
x2 9
Consider the function f(x) defined by f(x) =
x 3
Clearly this function is not defined at x = 3 i.e., f(3) does not exist, because
0
it attains the form . But it can be easily seen that
0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -87- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
lim f x lim f x 6. So, lim f x exists. Thus lim f x exists but the value
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
f(3) does not exist.
2) The value f(a) exists but lim f x does not exist.
x a
x4
, x4
Consider the function f(x) defined by f x x 4
0, x4
Here, lim f x lim f x and f(4) = 0.
x 4 x 4
3) lim f x and f(a) both exist but are unequal
x a
x2 4
, x2
Consider the function f(x) defined by f x x 2
3, x2
It can be easily seen that xlim f x 4 lim f x .
2 x 2
So, lim f x exists and is equal to 4. Also the value f(2) exists and is equal to 3.
x 2
Thus, lim f x and f(2) both exist but are unequal.
x 2
4) lim f x and f(a) both exist and are equal
x a
x2 4
, x2
Consider the function f(x) defined by f x x 2
4, x2
For the function, it can be easily seen that lim f x and f(2) both exist and are
x 2
equal to 4.
The Algebra of limits :
Let f and g be two functions with domain D. We define four new functions
f g , fg, f/g on domain D by setting
f g x f x g x , fg x f x g x
f /g x f x /g x , if g x 0 for any x D
Eg : Find the limit of lim
x2
x3 2x 4x 2
sol : lim
x2
x 3 2 x 4 x 2 = lim x 3 lim 2 x lim 4 x lim 2 = 8+4+8-2 = 18
x2 x2 x 2 x 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -88- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Following are some results concerning the limits of these functions.
Let lim f x l and lim g x m. If l and m exist, then
x a x a
i) lim
x a
f g x lim
x a
f x lim g x = l + m
x a
ii) lim fg x lim f x . lim g x =lm
x a x a x a
f lim f x l
iii) lim x x a
x a g
lim g x m
x a
iv) lim Kf x K.lim f x , where K is constant
x a x a
g x
v) lim f x lim f x l vi) lim f x lm
x a x a x a
vii) If f x g x for every x in the deleted neighborhood of a,
then lim f x lim g x
x a x a
viii) If f x g x h x for every x in the deleted neighbourhood of a and,
lim f x l lim h x then lim g x l. (Sandwich theorem)
x a x a x a
ix) lim fog x f lim g x f m
x a x a
In particular
i) x a
x a
lim log f x log lim f x log l ii) lim e
x a
f x lim f x
e xa el
1
iii) If lim f x or , then lim 0
x a x a f x
EXERCISE - 3
1 x 2 , if 0 x 1
1. If f ( x ) , then find lim f ( x ) and f(1)
2 x, if x 1 x1
2 x 3, if x 0
2. If f ( x) , then find lim f ( x ) and f(0)
3 x 1, if x 0 x 0
x 2 1, if x 1
3. If f ( x) 2 , then find lim f ( x ) and f(1)
x 1, if x 1 x1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -89- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
EVALUTION OF ALGEBRAIC LIMITS
In order to evaluate algebraic limts we have the following methods.
(i) Direct substitution method.
(ii) Factorisation method.
(iii) Rationalisation method.
(iv) By using some standard method.
(v) Method of evaluation of algebraic limits at infinity.
We shall now disscuss these methods with suitable examples
(i) DIRECT SUBSTITUTION METHOD :
If by direct substitution of the point in the given expression we get a finite
number, then the number obtained is the limt of the given expression.
Consider the following limits :
( x)
(i) lim f(x) (ii) lim
x a x a ( x)
( a)
If f(a) and exist and are fixed real numbers, then we say that
(a )
( x) ( a)
lim f(x) = f(a) and lim =
x a x a ( x) (a )
In other words, if the direct substitution of the point, to which the variable tends
to, we obtain a fixed real number, the the number obtained is the limit of the
function. In fact, if the point to which the variable tends to is a point in the do-
main, then the value of the function at that point is its limit.
following examples will illustate the above method.
Eg - 1 : Evaluate lim
x 1
3x 2 4x 5
2
Sol : lim
x 1
3x 2 4x 5 3 1 4 1 5 12
cos x
Eg - 2 :Evaluate lim
x 0 1 sin x
cos x cos x cos 0
Sol : lim = lim 1
x 0 1 sin x x 0 1 sin x 1 sin0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -90- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
EXERCISE - 4
Evaluate the following limits:
x2 1 x a
1. lim
x 1
2. lim
x a
3. lim
x 0
9
x 1 xa
x 3 3x 1 ax b x 2 5x 6
4. xlim 5. lim ,d 0 6. lim
1
x 1 x 0 cx d x2 x2 4
(ii) FACTORISATION METHOD :
f x f x
Consider lim
x a g x . If by putting x = a the rational function g x takes the form
0
, etc., then (x – a) is a factor of both f(x) and g(x). In such a case we
0
factorise the numerator and denominator and then cancel out the common
factor (x – a). After cancelling out the common factor x – a we again put x = a in
the given expression and see whether we get a meaningful number or not.
This process is repeated till we get a meaningful number.
ALGORITHM
f ( x)
STEP I Obtain the problem, say lim , where lim f(x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0
x a g ( x) x a x a
STEP II Factorize f(x) and g(x).
STEP III Cancel out the common factor(s) of f(x) and g(x).
STEP IV Use direct substitution method to obtain the limit.
x 3 6x 2 11x 6
Eg : Evaluate : lim
x 2 x 2 6x 8
x 3 6x 2 11x 6 x 1 x 2 x 3 lim x 1 x 3 1
Sol : We have, lim 2 = lim
x 2 x 2 x 4 = x 2 x 4 2
x 2 x 6x 8
EXERCISE - 5
Evaluate the following limits:
2x2 9x 5 lim1 8 x 3 1 x2 3
1. xlim 2. x 3. xlim
5
x5 2 2x 1
3
x 2 3 3 x 12
( a x) 2 a 2 1 1 x 2 16
4. lim 5. lim
x2 9 6. lim
x 0
x x 3
x 3 x 3 x4 x 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -91- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
(iii) RATIONALISATION METHOD :
This method is generally used when one of numerator and denominator or
both of them consist of expressions involving square roots.
Following illustration will illustrate the above procedure :
a 2x 3x
Eg - 1 : Evaluate : lim
x a 3a x 2 x
a 2x 3x a 2x 3x a 2x 3x 3a x 2 x
Sol : We have, lim = lim
x a 3a x 2 x
x a
3a x 2 x 3a x 2 x a 2x 3x
a x 3a x 2 x 3a x 2 x 4 a 2
= lim = lim = 2 3 3a 3 3
x a
3 a x a 2x 3x x a
3 a 2x 3x
EXERCISE - 6
Evaluate the following limits:
1 x2 1 x 2 2x 1 x 1
1. lim 2. lim 3. lim
x0 x x 0 ax ax x 0
x
x2 x xh x 1 x2 1 x 2
4. lim
x 1
5. lim
h 0
,x 0 6. lim
x 1 h x0 x
(IV) STANDARD LIMIT :
x n an
THEOREM : If n is a rational number and a > 0 then Lt n. a n 1 .
x a x a
Proof : Case (i) Suppose n = 0.
xn an x 0 a0
Then Lt Lt 0 n.a n 1 .
xa x a xa x a
xn an
Case (ii) Suppose n is a positive integer. Then Lt
xa x a
(x a)(xn1 xn2 .a xn3.a2 ....... an1 )
= Lt
xa (x a)
= xLt ( x n 1 x n 2 .a x n 3 .a 2 ........ a n 1 )
a
a n1 a n2 .a a n3.a 2 ..... a n1 = n.an–1.
Case (iii) Suppose n is a negative integer, say n = –m where m is a positive integer
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -92- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1 1
n n m m m
x a x a m
Lt Lt Lt x a
xa x a xa xa xa xa
( x m a m ) 1
= Lt . m m
xa xa x .a
1 x m am 1
m Lt . Lt
a x a x a x a x m
1 1
= m
(m.a m 1 ) m = –m.a –m–1 = n.an–1.
a a
p
Case (iv) : Suppose n is a non - integral rational number, say, n ,( p, q, Z , q 0).
p p q
n n q q
x a x a
Then Lt Lt
x a xa xa xa
( x1 / q ) p ( a1 / q ) p
= Lt . -- (1)
xa xa
Let x1/q = y, a1/q = b, then x = yq, a = bq and x a y b -- (2)
xn an yp bp
Lt
From (1) & (2), x 0 x a Lt
y b y q b q
yp bp
Lt
y b y b
( y b)
y q bq
Lt
y b y b
p.b p 1
(by case (ii))
q.b q 1
p
p p q p q ( p q )1 p q
1
b .(b ) a n.a n 1 .
q q q
Hence, if n is a rational number, then
xn an
Lt n.a n 1 .
xa x a
xn an
Note : i) If n is a positive integer, then for any a R, Lt n.a n 1 .
x a x a
xn an
ii) If n is a real number and a > 0 then Lt n.a n 1 .
x a x a
xm am m mn
iii) If m and n are any real numbers and a > 0, then Lt n n
a .
x a x a n
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -93- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
SOLVED EXAMPLES
m m
x a
Eg - 1: Evaluate : Lim
x a xn a n
xm a m xn a n
Sol : We have, = Lim
x a
x a x a
xm a m xn a n xm a m xn a n m mn
Lim ; Lim Lim = ma m1 na n1 a
x a
x a x a x a x a x a x a n
x4 1 x3 k3
Eg - 2: Find the value of k, if Lim Lim 2
x 1 x 1 x k x k2
x4 1 x 4 14 4 1
Sol : Lim L im 4 1 4
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
x3 k 3 x3 k 3 x k x3 k3 x2 k2
Lim 2 = Lim . = Lim
xk x k 2 xk x k x2 k2 xk x k x k
x3 k3 x2 k2 3
Lim Lim 3k 31 2k 21 k
xk x k xk xk 2
x4 1 x3 k3 3k 8
Lim Lim 2 4 k
x 1 x 1 xk x k 2 2 3
EXERCISE - 7
Evaluate the following limits:
5 5 2 2
2 2 7 7
1. lim ( x 2) (a 2) 2. lim x a
x a x a
xa xa
x 3 64 x n 3n
3. lim 4. lim = 108, find the value of n.
x 4
x 2 16 x 3
x 3
x9 a9 x10 1024
5. lim 9 , find all possible values of a. 6. lim
x axa x2 x2
(V) Method of evaluating algebraic limits when variable tends to infinity
To evaluate this type of limits we follow the following procedure.
Step 1 : Write down the given expression in form of a rational function,
f x
i.e, ,
g x if it is not so.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -94- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Step 2 : If k is the highest power of x in numerator and denominator both, then
divide each term in numerator and denominator by xk.
1
Step 3 : Use the result lim 0, where n > 0.
x xn
ALGORITHM
STEP I Write down the given expression in the form of a ratational fuction. i.e.
f ( x)
, if it is not so.
g ( x)
STEP II If k is the highest power of x in numerator and denominator both,
then divide each term in numerator and denominator by xk.
c
STEP III Use the results lim = 0 and lim c = c, where n.0.
x xn x
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithms
ax 2 bx c
Eg - 1 : Evaluate : lim
x dx 2 ex f
b c
a
ax 2 bx c x x2 a 0 0 a
Sol : We have, lim
x dx 2 ex f
= lim e f
x
d d00 d
x x2
An important result : If m, n are positive integers and a0, b0 0 are non-zero real
a0
b , if mn
m
a 0 x a1x m 1
.. a m1x a m 0
lim
numbers, then x = 0, if mn
b0 x n b1x n1 ... b n 1x b n
, if m n and as b0 0
2
, if m n and as b0 0
ax bx c
Eg - 2 : Evaluate : Lim
x dx 2 ex f
b c
2a
2
ax bx c Lim x x a 00 a
Lim
Sol: We have, x = x e f d00 d.
dx 2 ex f d 2
x x
2 2
3x 1 2x 1
Eg - 3 : Evaluate : Lim
x 4x 3
Sol: Dividin each term in the numerator and denominator by x, we get
3x 2 1 2x 2 1 3 1/x 2 2 1/x 2 3 2
Lim Lim
x 4x 3 x 4 3/x 4
x2 1
Eg - 4 : If x x 1 ax b 0 , find the values of a and b
Lim
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -95- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
x2 1 x 2 1 a x a b 1 b
Sol: We have, Lim ax b 0 ; Lim 0
x
x 1 x x 1
Since the limit of the given expression is zero, therefore degree of the polynomial
in numerator must be less than that od denominator. As the denominator is a
first degree polynomial, so, numerator must be a constant i.e., a zero degree
polynomial.
1–a =0 and a + b = 0 a = 1 and b = –1. Hence, a = 1 and b = –1.
EXERCISE - 8
3 2
3x 4 x 6 x 1 x
1. lim 2. lim x 2 cx x 3. lim 2
x
2 x3 x 2 5x 7 x x
4x 1 1
n2 12 2 2 32 ........ n 2 5x 6
4. lim 5. lim 6. lim
x
1 2 3 ........ n x
n3 x
4x2 9
Oscillatory Limit
An scillatory function is a function that continuous to vary rapidly between 2
or more values, as the independent variable approaches a particular finite
value of positive or negative infinity.
Eg-1: y = sinx as x varies between -1 and 1. lim sin x varies between -1 and 1.
x
The limit cannot be determined and thus is said not to exist. similarly
1
lim sin is oscillatory limit varying in [-1, 1].
x x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -96- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Note : lim f ( x). g ( x ) 0 ...........(1) if lim f ( x ) oscillates in a finite interval and lim g ( x ) 0 .
xa x a xa
f ( x)
lim = 0..........(2) if lim f ( x ) oscillates in a finite interval and lim g ( x) is infinite.
x a g ( x) x a xa
sin x 1
Eg - 1: ( x ) = sinx .
x x
1
lim sin x [ 1, 1] and lim 0
x x x
sin x
= lim 0 (from 1)
x x
sin x
Also ( x ) where f ( x) sin x, g ( x ) x
x
lim sin x [ 1, 1]
x
lim x 0
x
sin x
= lim 0 (from 2)
x x
Even though the function oscillates indefinitely due to the sine function in its
numerator,the limit of the function as x approaches either positive or negative
infinity is still zero. But why is this? The sine of a really big number must still
be somewhere in the range of -1 and 1, while denominator will simply be a
really big number. If we create a table of values, we can watch the function's
behavior when x is large.
There is another way to prove that the limit of sin(x)/x as x approaches positive
or negative infinity is zero.
This is using sandwich theorem which is defined as below
To apply this theorem, we have to find a function g(x) that is less than f(x) as
well as a function h(x) that is greater than f(x). Since sin(x) is always somewhere
in the range of -1 and 1, we can set g(x) equal to -1/x and h(x) equal to 1/x. We
know that the limit of both -1/x and 1/x as x approaches either positive or
negative infinity is zero, therefore the limit of sin(x)/x as x approaches either
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -97- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
positive or negative infinity is zero. One could write this out as:
SOLVED EXAMPLES
0, if x 0
Eg -1: Discuss the limit of the function f x sin 1 , if x 0 and its graph.
x
Sol : Let us draw the graph of the given function. Here, we observe that x approaches
zero from left of zero, the graph of f approaches zero, here we say that the limit
of f at x = 0 exists. xlim f x 0
0
Y
2
1
–2 –1 O 1 2
–1
–2
Y
However, if x approaches zero from right of zero the graph of f oscillates too
much between –1 and 1 i.e., the values of f(x) do not stay close to any one
number. So we say that the right hand limit of x at x = 0 does not exist.
Eg -2 : Consider the function f(x) = x2 + x. We want to find lim f x . We tabulate the
x 1
values of f(x) near x = 1 in below table.
X 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.01 1.1 1.2
f(x) 1.71 1.9701 1.997001 2.0301 2.31 2.64
From this it is reasonable to deduce that lim f x lim f x lim f x 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -98- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
From the graph of f(x) = x2 + x shown in the figure, it is clear that as x approaches
1, the graph approaches (1, 2).
Y
3
y=f(x)
2
x 0
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
y
Here, again we observe that the lim f x f 1
x 1
LIMIT OF THE FORM , 0, :
Limits of the form
f ( x)
To evaluate lim g ( x) where lim f ( x)
x a x a
and lim g ( x)
x a
1 1 1 1
define ( x) , lim ( x) 0 and ( x) , lim g ( x) 0
f ( x ) x a g ( x) xa
f ( x) ( x)
lim g ( x) lim ( x)
x a x a
0
Now this is of form and can be evaluated by earlier method. Another
0
metod is to take out the highest powers of the variable from numerator
and denominator.
1
h
2e 3
Eg - 1 : lim
ha
1
form
h
1 3e
1 1
1
h
e {2 3e } h h
2 2 lim 0
e 2 2
Sol : lim 1 1 = =
h a
= =
h a h
e {e 3}h 3 3 3 3
0 form : To evaluate lim f ( x) g ( x)
x a
where lim f ( x) lim g ( x) 0
x a x a
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -99- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1
define h( x)
f ( x)
; lim f ( x) g ( x)
x a
1
Eg - 2 : f ( x) and g ( x) x 2 1
1 x
1 2
Sol : lim and lim x 1 0
x 1 1 x x 1
x2 1
then lim
x1
f ( x). g ( x ) = lim 1 x
x 1 1 x
1
and h( x) f ( x ) = 1 x
g ( x) 0
lim f ( x ).g ( x) = lim form
x1 x1 h( x) 0
x2 1
= lim 1 x = - 2
x 1 1 x
x2 1
Note : The probem can be done directly as lim 1 x =-2
x 1 1 x
0
form : By Rationalisation or otherwise convert into or
0
form
Eg - 1 : Evalaute lim
x
n n2 n
lim
n
n2 n n n 2 n
Sol : x
n n2 n
n
= lim
x
n 2
n n form
n
lim
x 1 1
= n1 1 = 2
n
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -100- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 1
MAINS LEVEL - 1
4 x 4 3x 2 1
1. lim =
x 1 x3 7
4 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4 4)
3 4 7
2 x 2 5x 7
2. lim =
x 2 3 x 2 x 2
3 3 7 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 4 2 3
x 3 7 x 2 15 x 9
3. lim =
x 3 x 4 5 x 3 27 x 27
1 2 1 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 9 9 9
(1 x ) 2 (1 x) 2
4. lim
x 0 (1 x) 3 (1 x) 3
=
1 2 3
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
2 3 2
x2 x 1 1
5. lim =
x0 x
1 1
1) 0 2) 3) 4) 1
2 2
x a 2a
6. lim =
x a xa
1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)0
2a 2 2a a
x10 1024
7. lim =
x2 x2
1)1250 2) 5120 3)128 4)64
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -101- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
3
2
8. lim x 27 =
x 9 x 9
9 2 2 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 9 3 2
(3 x 1)(4 x 2)
9. lim =
x ( x 8)( x 1)
1)11 2) 12 3) 10 4) 19
x
10. lim 2 =
x ( x 1)
3 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 0
2 3 5
LEVEL-2
x 5
11. lim =
x 5 x 5
1)0 2)1 3) -1 4) does not exist
3x x
12. lim
x0 7 x 5x =
3 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4) does not exist
2 10 8
13. xlim { x [ x ]} =
5
1 1
1) 0 2) 3) 4)does not exist
2 2
1
14. xlim
0 x
1)0 2) 3)- 4)does not exist
15. xlim {x ( x [ x ])2 }
2
1)0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
16. xlim {[ x ] x }
1
1)0 2) 1 3) -1 4) doesnot exist
17. lim {[ 2 x ] [ x 2] x}
x 2
1)0 2) 3 3) -3 4) doesnot exist
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -102- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
[ x]3 x 3
18. xlim
2 3
3
64 8
1)0 2) 3) 4)None of these
27 3
1 2 3 ..... n
19. lim
n n2
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 6 2
20. lim { x 1 x} x 2
x
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 6 2
LEVEL- 3
1 Cosmx
21. lim
x0 1 Cosnx
m n m2 n2
1) 2) 3) 2 4) 2
n m n m
Sin( Cos 2 x)
22. lim
x0 x2
1)- 2) 3) 4)1
2
1 1 x 2
23. lim
x 8 x 8
3 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 4 24
Tan 3 x Sin 3 x
24. lim
x0 x5
5 3 3 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 5 5
1 Sin
lim
25. 2 Cos
2
1 1
1)1 2)-1 3) 4)
2 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -103- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
26. lim x x x x
x
1 1
1)0 2) 3) log2 4)
2 4
1 1 1 1
27. lim ........
n 1. 2
2. 3 3. 4 n(n 1)
1
1)0 2)1 3)-1 4)
2
1 2 3 ...... n n
28. lim =
x
n2 2
1 1
1)0 2)-1 3) 4) -
2 2
n(13 2 3 ..... n 3 ) 2
29. lim =
n (12 2 2 ....... n 2 )3
27 16 9 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
16 27 4 9
n(n 1)
1 3 6 .....
30. lim 2
n n3
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 6 8
ADVANCED
MULTI CORRECT CHOICE TYPE:
1 1 tan x
31. lt =
x a sin x
1 o
1) 2) 1 3) sin 30 4) cos 60o
2
3x 2 5
32. lt _________
x 5x 3
20 3 5 3 3 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 5 25 15
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -104- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
lt x ax b a
(Q. NO : 33 - 35) i) If x 1 ii) If a 0 than xlt
x x
lt 2x 3
33. x =__________
x
1) 2 2) 3 3) -5 4) 7
34. lt
3x 5 =__________
x x
1) 4 2) 3 3) -3 4) 5
4x 5
35. lt =__________
x 2x
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 7
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
36. Column-I Column-II
x3 1
a) Lx im p) 24
1 x2 1
2
L im
x 2
x 6
b) 2 q) 25
x 2
x 2
3 tan x tan3 x
L im
c) x
r) 162
3 cos x
6
tan6 x 2 tan5 x 3 tan4 x 3
d) L im s)
1
x tan 3 tan2 x 4 tan x 3 2
1) a - s, b - q, c - p,q , d - r 2) a - s, b - q, c - p , d - r
3) a - r, b - q, c - p , d - q 4) 1) a - q, b - p,s ; c - s , d - r
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -105- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
37. Column - I Column -II
a) lim x p) 0
x 0
b) lim
x 2
x q) 2010
c) x lim
2010 .1
x r) 2011
x 2010 2x 2009 ..... 2010x 2011
d) Lim s) doesn’t exist
x 0 2011x 2010 2010x 2009 .... x 1
1) a - q, b - p, c - s , d - r 2) a - s, b - q, c - p , d - r
3) a - p, b - s, c - q , d - r 4) 1) a - q, b - p,s ; c - s , d - r
REASONING TYPE:
9 5x 4x2 3 5
38. Statement I: xlt
0 x 6
Statement II: The rationalising factor of a b is a b.
1) B ot h St a t em en t s a r e t r u e, St a t em en t II i s t h e c or r ec t ex p l an a t i on of
St at em en t I.
2) B ot h St at em en t s ar e t r u e, St a t em en t I I i s n ot c or r ec t ex p l a n a t i on of
St at em en t I.
3) On ly I is tr u e 4 ) O n l y II i s t r u e
lt 1x
39 . Statement I: x x 3 1 log 3
lt 1x
Statement II: x x a 1 log a
1) Both I, II are true, II is the correct explanation of I.
2) Both I, II are true, II is not the correct explanation of I.
3) Only I is true 4) Only II is true
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE:
x2 x 4
L im
40. x 1 x 2 5x 4 3 x 2 3x 2 =_________________
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -106- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
CONCEPT - 2
LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :
The following facts(stated as theorems) about functions in general come in handy
in calculating limits of some trigonometric functions.
THEOREM : Let f and g be two real valued functions with the same domain such
that f x g x for all x in the domain of definition, For some a, if both lim f x
x a
and lim g x exist, then lim f x lim g x . This is illustrated in below figure.
x a x a x a
y g x
y f x
SANDWICH THEOREM: Let f, g and h be real functions such that f x g x h x
lim f x l lim h x , then lim g x l. This is illustrated in the below figure.
x a x a x a
(x)
y=h
(x)
y=g
x)
y=f(
O a
Given below is a beautiful geometric proof of the following important inequality
relating trigonometric functions.
sin x
cos x 1 for 0 x
x 2
PROOF : We know that sin(–x) = –sinx and cos(–x) = cosx. Hence, it is sufficient to
prove the inequality for 0 x .
2
In the figure, O is the centre of the unit circle such
that the angle AOC is x radians and 0 x .
2
Line segments BA and CD are perpendiculars to OA.
Further, join AC.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -107- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Then Area of AOC < Area of sector OAC < Area of OAB .
1 x 2 1
i.e., OA.CD .. OA OA.AB ; i.e., CD < x. OA < AB
2 2 2
CD
From OCD, sin x (since OC = OA) and hence CD = OA sinx.
OA
AB
Also tan x and hence AB = OA.tanx. Thus OA sinx < OA. x < OA. tanx
OA
Since length OA is positive, we have sinx < x < tanx
Since 0 < x < , sinx is positive and thus by dividing throughout by sinx, we
2
x 1 sin x
have 1 . Taking reciprocals throughout, we have cos x 1
sin x cos x x
which complete the proof.
sin x
The above inequality says that the function is sandwiched between the
x
function cosx and the constant function which takes value 1.
sin x
Further, since lim
x 0
cos x 1 , we see that lim 1 is complete by sandwich
x 0 x
theorem.
Standard results :
sin x tan x
1) Lim
x 0
sin x 0 2) Lim
x 0
cos x 1 3) Lim 1 4) Lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
x2 x3
Eg - 1 : If 3 f x 3 for all x 0 , then the value of lim f x is
x0
12 9
x2 x3
lim
Sol: According to the equation, x0 12 x 0 3 lim f x lim 3
x 0
9
3 0 lim f x 3 0
x 0
Hence, lim f x 3
x 0
1k x 2k x ..... n k x x
NOTE: Lt k 1
k N
n n k 1
x 2 x .... nx x
Eg - 2 : Show that Lt .
n n2 2
n n n
Sol : For r=1,2,3.....n, r.x 1 rx rx rx 1 rx rx
r 1 r 1 r 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -108- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
n n
n n 1 x rx
n rx n n 1 x 1 x 1 1 x
2 r 1
Lt 1 Lt r 1
Lt 1
2
n 2
n 2
2n 2 n
n 2 n n n n
n2
(Note that x is a constant and n is a variable)
x
Lt
1.x 2.3 ..... n.x x
2 n n2 2
By sandwich theorem, Lt
1x 2 x .... nx x
.
n n2 2
EXERCISE- 9
Evaluate the following limits using sandwich theorem
x 7 sin x
1. xlim
2 x 13
x2 x3
2. 3 12 f ( x) 3 9 for all x 0 , then find the value of lim
x 0
f ( x)
x ,
3. xlim where
. represents greatest integer function
x
log e x
4. xlim
x
EVALUATION OF TROGONOMETRIC LIMIT :
In order to evaluate trigonometric limits the following results are very useful :
sin x tan x
1) lim 1 2) lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
sin x sin x a
3) lim 4) lim 1
x 0 x 180 x a x a
tan x a sin x
5) lim 1 6) lim does not exist
x a x a x 0 x
tan x sin x a
7) lim does not exist 8) lim does not exist.
x 0 x x a xa
tan x a
9) lim does not exist.
x a xa
Evaluation of Trigonometric Limit when variable tends to a non-zero Quantity:
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -109- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
So far we have been discussing trigonometric limits when x 0. Now we will
discuss evaluation of trigonometric limits when x tends to a non-zero real
number. As we have already assumed
that lim f(x) always exists.
x a
lim f(x) = lim f(x) x a
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x) lim f ( x )
x a xa xa xa
= lim f(a+h)
h 0
Thus, we have the following algorithm to evaluate the said type of limits.
ALGORITHM
St ep - I : Obtain the problem. Suppose x a ,where a is a non-zero real number.
Step -II : Replace x a by h 0 and x by (a+h).
Step-III : Solve the problem by using formulae discussed in the previous section.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
cos x sin x
Eg - 1 : Evaluate : xLim
/4 /4 x cos x sin x
cos x sin x
Sol : We have, xLim
/4 /4 x cos x sin x
1 1
2 cos x sin x
Lim 2 2
x /4 /4 x cos x sin x
2 sin /4 cos x cos /4sin x 2 sin /4 x 1
Lim Lim .
x /4 /4 x cos x sin x x /4 /4 x cos x sin x
1 1
= 2 2 1
cps /4 sin /4 2
cos x cos a
Eg - 2 : Evaluate : lim
x a x a
x a x a
2sin sin
2 2
cos x cos a lim
Sol: We have, lim x a x a
x a x a 2
2
x a
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -110- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
x a x a
sin sin
2 2
lim . sin a sin a
x a x a
x a = 1
2 a
2 a
2
tan2 x 2tan x 3
Eg - 3: Evaluate lim1 2
x tan 3 tan x 4 tan x 3
tan2 x 2 tan x 3
Lim1
tan x 3 tan x 1
Sol : We have, Lim1 = x tan 3 tan x 3 tan x 1
x tan 3 tan2 x 4 tan x 3
tan x 1 3 1
Lim1 2
x tan 3 tan x 1 3 1
sin( x a ) tan( x a)
Eg - 4: Find Lt .
x a x2 a2
Sol : Let x – a = t then x a t 0; x + a = t + 2a
sin( x a ) tan( x a )
Lt
x a x 2 a2
sin t tan t sin t tan t 1
Lt Lt
t 0 t(t 2a) t 0 t t t 2a
1 1
= (1 + 1) .
2a a
cos x
Eg - 5: Find Lt .
x
2 x
2
Sol : Put x = t then x t 0
2 2
cos t
cos x 2 sin t
Lt Lt Lt 1.
t 0 t t 0 t
x x
2
2
tanx
Eg - 6 : Evaluate lim
x0 x
1
sin x sin x
Sol : lim
x0 x
= 0 this is because of x 0 or x 0 , 1 by always being
x
sin x
lessthan 1. threrfore in the neighbourhood of zero is exactly 0.
x
sin x
so, lim
x0 x
0
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -111- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
tan x
Eg - 7 : Evaluate lim
x0 x
1
tan x tan x
Sol: lim 1 this is be this is because of x 0 or x 0 , 1 by always
x0
x x
tan x
being greater than 1.therefore 1 in the neighbourhood of zero is exactly 0.
x
tan x
so, lim
x0 x
1
EXERCISE - 10
Evaluate the following limits.
sin ax tan 2 x sin x
1. Lt 2. Lt 3. Lt
x 0 x cos x x 0 tan 4 x x 0 x cos 2 x
sin( x 1) tan ( x a ) sin( x a)
4. Lt 5. Lt (a 0) 6. Lt
x 1 x 2 1 xa x 2 a2 x a x 3 a3
Sometimes following expansions are very useful to evaluate limits.
n n 1 2 n n 1 n 2 3
a) 1 x n 1 nx x x ....
2! 3!
x 2 x3 x2
b) ex 1 x ... c) x
a = 1 + x(logea) + log e a 2 + ....
2! 3! 2!
x2 x3 x 4 x 2 x 3 x4
d) log(1 + x) = x ... e) log(1 – x) = x ...
2 3 4 2 3 4
x3 x5 x2 x 4
f) sin x x .... g) cos x 1 ...
3! 5 ! 2! 4!
x3 2 5
h) tan x x x ...
3 15
EVALUATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC LIMITS :
The following results are helpful to evaluate exponential and logarithmic limits.
a x 1
1) lim log e a, a 0
x 0 x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -112- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
a x 1
Proof : lim
x 0 x
x(loga) x 2 (loga) 2
1 .......... 1
1! 2!
lim
x0 x
(loga) x(loga) 2
lim ..........
x0
1! 2!
log e a
ex 1 log e 1 x
Similarly, 2) lim log e e 1 3) lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
SOLVED EXAMPLES
e ax 1
Eg - 1 :Show that Lt a ( a R) .
x 0 x
e ax 1 eax 1
Sol : Lt Lt .a
x 0 x x 0 ax
e t 1
a. Lt a.1 a (where t = ax, x 0 t 0 )
t 0 t
e ax 1 a e ax e bx
Note : Lt , Lt ab
x 0 ebx 1 b x0 x
a kx 1
Eg - 2: Prove that Lt = k.loga (a > 0, a 1).
x 0 x
a kx 1 a kx 1
Sol : Lt Lt .k
x 0 x x 0 x
a t 1
= k. Lt = k. loga (where t = kx)
t 0 t
ax 1
Eg - 3: Show that Lt log b a where a and b are positive numbers other than
x 0 bx 1
unity.
a x 1 a x 1
x Lt
ax 1 x 0 x
Sol : Lt Lt
x 0 bx 1 x 0 b x 1 b x 1
Lt
x x 0 x
log a
= logb a .
log b
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -113- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
27 x 9 x 3 x 1
Eg - 4: Evaluate Lt .
x 0 x2
27 x 9 x 3 x 1 (9 x 1)(3 x 1)
Sol : Lt Lt
x 0 x2 x 0 x2
9 x 1 3 x 1
Lt . Lt log 9. log 3
x 0 x x 0 x
2
x
Eg - 5: Evaluate Lt e 2cos x .
x 0
x
e x 2 cos x 2
Lt (e x 1) (1 cos x )
Sol : x 0 x2
Lt
x 0 x2
e x 2 1 1 cos x 1 3
Lt 2 Lt 2 1 .
x 0
x x0 x 2 2
EXERCISE - 11
Evaluate the following limits.
2x 1 a x 1 1 32 x 23 x
1. lim 2. lim 3. lim
x0 x 1 1 x 1 sin x x0 x
x2 log x log a log a x log a
4. lim
x 0 log x 1 5. lim 6. lim
a x a xa x0 x
LIMITS OF THE FORM 0 0 , 0 , 1 :
Form : 0 0 , 0
g x
Form lim
x a
f x :
Case-1 : lim f ( x ) 0 , lim g ( x ) 0
xa xa
g x
let L lim
xa
f x , then apply logarithm on both sides
log e L log e lim f x
x a
gx
= lim
x a
log e f x
g x
= lim g ( x) log e f ( x)
x a
or
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -114- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
lim g ( x ) log e f ( x )
L e x a
= lim g ( x ) log f ( x )
x a
= lim g ( x) lim log f ( x )
xa xa
= 0 . - - 0 form
Case-2 : lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x) 0
x a x a
g x
let L lim
xa
f x then,
apply logarithm on both sides
log e L log e lim f x
x a
gx
= lim
x a
log e f x
g x
= lim g ( x) log e f ( x)
x a
lim g ( x ) log e f ( x )
or L e x a
= lim g ( x ) log f ( x )
x a
= lim g ( x) lim log f ( x )
xa xa
=0. 0 form
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Eg - 1. Evaluate Lt (1 ax) b / x where a,b are constants.
x 0
Sol: we know that t Lt (1 t )t e .
0
b
1 ax .
b/ x
ax
x
Now, xLt
0
(1 ax ) Lt (1 ax )
x0
1 ab 1 ab
ax
t
Lt (1 ax ) Lt (1 t ) , (where t = ax)
x 0 t 0
= eab
cx d
1
Eg - 2. Evaluate xLt 1 where a,b,c,d are positive constants.
ax b
cx d
1
Sol: Lt 1 (1 form)
x ax b
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -115- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
cx d
ax b ax b
1
Lt 1
x
ax b
cx d
Lt
ax b x ax b
1
Lt 1 ec / a
x ax b
sin x
sin x x sin x
Eg - 3. Find Lt .
x 0 x
Sol: The given limit is of 1 form
sin x
sin x x sin x
Lt
x 0 x
sin x sin x sin x
Lt 1 Lt
= e x0 x sin x x e x 0
x
e 1 .
EXERCISE - 12
Evaluate the following limits :
1) Lt (1 x )3 x 2) Lt (1 2 x )1 x 3) Lt (1 3 x ) 4 x
x0 x0 x0
2x x 3x
1 3 2
4) Lt 1 5) Lt 1 6) Lt 1
x x x x x x
EVALUATION OF LIMIT IN THE FORM OF 1 :
To evaluate the exponential limits of the form 1 , we use the following result.
f x
Result : If lim f x lim g x 0 such that lim
x a g x exists, then
x a x a
f x
lim
THEOREM : lim 1 f x 1/g x e x g x
x
Proof : Case : i
1 log 1 f x
Let A = lim 1 f x g x . Then, log e A lim
x a x a g x
log 1 f x f x f x
log e A lim log e A lim
x a f x g x x a g x
log 1 f x f x
lim 1 lim
xa g x
x a f x Ae
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -116- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Case : ii
also lim f x = 1 and lim g x = 0
xa x a
g x
then to find lim
x a
f x ,
1
put L= lim
x a
f x g x
= lim
x a
1 f x 1 g x
f ( x ) 1
g (x)
= lim 1 f ( x) 1 f ( x ) 1
x a
f x 1
= lim 1 f x 1
x a
f x 1 lim
xa g ( x )
f ( x ) 1
= e xlim
a g ( x )
Particular cases :
x
1/x 1
1) lim 1 x e 2) lim 1 e
x 0 x
x
x
1/x
3) lim 1 x e 4) lim 1 e
x 0 x
x
Example 1: Evaluate :
x
2 cot x
i) lim 1 ii) Lim 1 sin x
x
x x 0
log x 3 cot x
iii) Lim
x 1
log 3 3x iv) lim
x 0
cos x
Sol: i) We have,
x 2
2 Lim .x
lim 1 e x x e2
x
x
2 cot x
ii) We have, lim
x 0
1 sin x = eLim
x 0
sin x.2 cot x
= eLim
x 0
2 cot x
e2
iii) We have,
log x 3 log x 3
lim log 3 3x = lim log 3 3 log 3 x
x 1 x 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -117- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1 Lim log 1
Lim 1 log 3 x log3 x e
x 1 3x.
log 3 x
e1 e
x 1
iv) We have,
cot x
cot x 2 x
= Lim 1 cos x 1 = Lim 1 2sin
x 0 x 0
2
2 sin2 x /2 cos x
x /2 .cot x tan x /2.cos x
= eLim
x 0
2sin
= Lim 2
x 0 2sin x/2 cos x /2 = eLim
x 0 = e0 1
e
Eg - 2 Evaluate :
1
tan x /2a
a x bx c x x
a
Lim
i) x 0 ii) Lim 2
3 x a
x
Sol: i) We have,
1 1
a x bx c x x
a x bx c x 3 x
Lim Lim 1
x 0
3 x 0
3
1
a x 1 b x 1 c x 1 x
a x 1 b x 1 c x 1
Lim 1 = eLim
x 0 3x
3x
3x
x 0
3
1 a x 1 b x 1 c x 1 1 1 1
= Lim
3 x 0 x
Lim
x 0 x
Lim
x 0 x
= e 3log a log b log c = elog abc 3 abc 3
e
tan x /2a tan x /2a
a a lim a x
ii) lim 2 = lim 1 1 =e 1 tan
x a
x a
x x a
x x 2a
x a x
lim tan x a x
= e
x a x 2a
el , where l Lim tan
x a
x 2a
xa x xa
Now, l Lim cot = lim cot a x
x a
x 2 2a x a
x 2a
Lim
xa
1 a x 1
Lim
= x a x tan a x = x a tan a x x
2a 2a
a x 2a
Lim 2a 2
= x a = ; Hence, required limit = e 2 / .
tan a x x
2a
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -118- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
EXERCISE - 13
cos ecx cot x
1. Evaluate lim
x0
1 x 2. Evaluate lim
x0
cos x
sin x x
sin x x sin x x 5
3. Evaluate lim 4. Evaluate lim
x x 1
x0
x
x
x2 4x 3 1
5. Evaluate lim
x x 2 2 x 5
6. Evaluate lim
x0
cos 2 x x2
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 2
MAINS LEVEL-1
1) 0 2) 5 3) 4) a
1) 2) 3) 4) ab
1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) not defined
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4)
1) 3 2) -3 3) -2 4) 2
1) 0 2) 1 3) e 4)
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -119- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1) 0 2) 1 3) e 4)
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) e
1) 2 2) 3) 4)
.
1) 2) 3) 2 4)
LEVEL- 2
Cosx Cosa
11. lim =
x a Cotx Cota
1
1) Sin3a 2)0 3) 4)None of these
16
lim ( Secx Tanx )
12. x =
2
1
1) Sin3a 2)0 3) 4)None of these
16
(Cotx Cosx )
13. lim
x
( 2 x) 3 =
2
1
1) Sin3a 2)0 3) 4)None of these
16
1 Cos 2 x
14. lim =
x0 x2
1 3
1) 2 2)0 3) 4)
2 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -120- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1 Cos 2 x
15. lim =
x0 x
1 3
1) 2 2)0 3) 4)
2 2
e x 1
16. lim =
x0 x
1)2 2)-1 3)1 4)-2
x 1
17. lim
x 1 log x
1)2 2)-1 3)1 4)2
n
x
18. lim 1
n
n
1)1 2)e 3)ex 4) doesnot exist
1
x 0
19. lim 1 Tan 2 x
2x
1)e 2) e 3)0 4)doesnot exist
1
20. lim Cosx Sinx x
x0
1)1 2)-1 3)0 4)doesnot exist
LEVEL- 3
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) None of the above
1) 2) 2 3) 3 4) All the above
2
1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) not defined
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -121- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
2
1 ex
24. xlim x
e
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
1) 0 2)1 3) 4)
1) 0 2) 1 3) e 4)
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
1) log e 3 2) 0 3) 1 4) log 3 e
1) 2) –e 3) e 4) 0
10 x 2 x 5 x 1
30. x 0
lim
x tan x
=
1) log 2 2) 3) 4) log10
ADVANCED
MULTI CORRECT CHOICE TYPE:
Lt log x 5
31. log 2 2x
x 1
log 5 5
1) elog25 2) e log 2 3) 4) e log 2
25
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -122- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
REASONING TYPE:
e1/x 1
Lt
[x]
32. Statement I: x 0 e1/x 1 (where [.] represents greatest integer function)
does not exist.
e1/x 1
Lt
Statement II: x 0 e1/x 1 does not exists.
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Lt x 1
33. Statement I: 2
4 then b
x 0 sin b x 2
sin x
Statement II: lim 1
x 0 x
1) Both are true, II is the correct explanation of I.
2) Both are true, II is not correct explanation of I.
3) Only Statement I is true
4) Only Statement II is true.
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
x
Lt 1 Lt 1/ x
1 e, 1 x e
x x x 0
x
Lt 3
34. 1
x x
1) e 2) e2 3) e3 4) e4
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -123- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Lt cot x
35. 1 tan x
x0
1) –1 2) 0 3) 1 4) e
Lt 2/x
36. 1 x
x0
1) e 2) e2 3) e3 4) e4
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
37. Column-I Column-II
Lt 2x 1
a) p) log 100
x 0 1 x 1
etan x 1
Lt
b) q) 1
x 0 sin x
x.10 x x
Lt
c) r) log5.log2
x 1 cos x
10 x 2x 5 x 1
Lt
d) s) log4
x0 x2
1) a - q, b - p, c - s , d - r 2) a - s, b - q, c - p , d - r
3) a - r, b - q, c - p , d - q 4) 1) a - q, b - p,s ; c - s , d - r
38. Column-I Column-II
Lt
sin 5x sin 3x
a) p) 4/5
x 0 sin 4x sin 2x
Lt
tan 6x.tan 5x
b) q) –8
x 0 sin 3x.sin 5x
Lt
cos 7x cos 9x
c) r) 1
x 0 cos 3x cos 7x
Lt
cos 5x cos 3x
d) s) 2
x0 x2
1) a - q, b - p, c - s , d - r 2) a - r, b - q, c - p , d - q
3) a - q, b - s, c - p , d - r 4) a - r, b - q , c - p , d - q
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -124- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE:
Lt
log(1 3x)
39. ____________
x0 x
Lt cot x
40. ___________
x /2 x /2
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 3
MAINS LEVEL - 1
x3 4 x2 x 4
1. Lt
x 4 x2 3x 4
1) 4 2) 3 3) –4 4) –3
x 5 . x 32 2
2. Lt
x 2 x 3 . x 8 2
22 41 44 48
1) 2) 3) 4)
7 7 7 7
3
1 x 3 1 x
3. Lt
x 0 x
1 2 3
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
2 3 2
1 1 x 2
4. Lt
x 8 x 8
3 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 4 24
a 2 x 3x
5. Lt ........... a 0
x a 3a x 2 x
2 4 3 3 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 4 2
sin 3 x.tan 4 x
6. Lt
x 0 x.sin 5 x
5 12
1) 1 2) 3) 0 4)
12 5
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -125- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1 cos nx
7. Lt
x 0 1 cos mx
m n m2 n2
1) 2) 3) 2 4) 2
n m n m
Lt
1 cos 2 x 3 cos x
8.
x 0 x tan 4 x
1 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4)
4 2
tan 3 x sin 3 x
9. Lt
x 0 x5
5 3 3 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 5 5
3sin x 3 cos x
10. Lt
x
6x
6
1 1
1) 3 2) 3) 3 4)
3 3
1 sin
Lt
11.
2 cos .
2
1 1
1) 1 2) –1 3) 4)
2 2
x tan 2 x 2 x tan x
12. Lt 2
x 0
1 cos 2 x
1 1
1) 2 2) –2 3) 4)
2 2
x
1 tan 2 1 sin x
Lt
13. x
x 3
2 1 tan 2 x
2
1 1
1) 2) 0 3) 4)
8 32
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -126- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
2 x 3 3x 5
14. Lt
x 4 x 1 5 x 2
3 15 3 15
1) 2) 3) 4)
10 2 10 2
3x 2 1
15. Lt
x 2x2 1
3 2 3 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 2 3
12 22 32 ......... n 2
16. Lt
n n3
1 1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4
2
n 13 23 ...... n3
17. Lt 3
n
12 22 ...... n2
27 16 9 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
16 27 4 9
3.2 n 1 4.5n 1
18. Lt
n 5.2 n 7.5 n
6 20 20 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 7 7 5
5x 1
19. Lt
x 0 1 x 1
1) 5 2) log 5 3) log 25 4) log 2
x 3
x5
20. xLt
x 2
1) e 2) e2 3) e3 4) e5
x4
x6
21. xLt
x 1
1) e4 2) e4 3) e5 4) e
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -127- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
x
1x 1
x
1
x
a b c
22. Lt
x 3 where a, b, c are real and non zero =
1 1 abc
1) 0 2) abc 3 3) abc 3 4)
3
2x
a b
23. If xLt 1 2 e 2 then the values of a and b are
x x
1) a R, b R 2) a 1 and b 2 3) a R, b 2 4) a 1, b R
3 x 2x
24. Lt
x 7 x 5x
5 1
1) 2) 3) 1 4) doesnot exist
2 12
sin x
25. If f x at x 0 and f x 0 at x 0 , G.I.F then xLt f x
x 0
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) doesnot exist
x 2 ( x 2 4)
26. lim
x2 x2
1) 5 2) –5 3) 8 4) 16
x 5 32
27. lim 3
x2 x 8
20 3 3 8
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 2 5 9
n
1 x 1
28. lim
x 0 x
1 1
1) 0 2) n 3) 4)
n n
1 x x2 1
29. lim
x 0 x
1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4)
2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -128- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
2 x 2 5x 3
30. lim 2
x 3 x 4 x 3
7 17 7 7
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 11 36 3
LEVEL - 2
a sin x 1
31. lim
x0 b sin x 1
a b
1) a-b 2) log 3) log 4) log b a
b a
a n x tan xsin x
32. lim
x0 x2
a b
1) a 2) a - n - 1 3) 4)
b a
a 2 ax x 2 a 2 ax x 2
33. lim =
x0 ax ax
1) a a 2) a a 3) a 4) a
x
1x 1
a bx
34. xlim where a, b are real numbers and non-zero then
2
1
1) 0 2) ab 3) 4) 1
ab
x b
35. If 0 a 1 then xlim a sin x
a
b
1) a 2) b 3) 0 4)
a
x1 a cos x b sin x
36. If lim 1 then a b =
x 0 x3
1) 2 2) -2 3) 0 4) -4
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -129- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1 5 x
37. lim 1 3x x
x0
1) 3e 2) e 3) 5 4) e3
b x
38. xlim
0 a a
when a 0, b 0 is
1 b
1) 2) b 3) 4) 0
a a
1 sin x
lim
39. x 2 x 1 sin x
2
1 1
1) 2) 3) 0 4)
2 2 2
40. If , are the real roots of ax 2 bx c 0 (a, b, c are real) then
1 cos(ax 2 bx c )
lim
x x 2
a2
1) 2 2) a 2 2 3) 2 4) a 2 2
2
LEVEL - 3
n pn
41. nlim
n 1
pn1 n pn
1) -1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 0
a n1 b n1
42. nlim (0 b a ) =
a n bn
a b
1) a 2) b 3) 4)
b a
43. xlim
x 2 ax x 1
2
then a
1
1) 2 2) 0 3) 1 4)
2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -130- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
b
44. lim 1 ax x
x 0
a
1) e ab 2) e a b 3) e b 4) e
sin x
45. lim
x 0 x
( where
. stands for intedral part )
1) -1 2) 1 3) doesn’t exist 4) 0
1 1
46. lim x
x0 x
e 1
1
1) 0 2) 3) 1 4)
2
n 1! n 2!
47. nlim
n 2! n 1!
1) 0 2) 3) 2 3) 1
1
48. lim cos x sin x x k then k =
x 0
1) e 1 2) e 3) e 2 4) e 2
sin x
49. xlim
2.1 x
1 1
1) 1 2) 2 sin 2
3) 4) sin 2.1
2 2. 1
sin( ax 2 bx c)
50. If is a repeated root of ax 2 bx c 0 then xlim
x 2
1) 0 2) a 3) b 4) c
ADVANCED
MULTI CORRECT CHOICE TYPE:
4 x 3 8 3x
51. lt =
x 0 x
1) 1 2) Neither prime nor composite
3) 0 4) Neither possitive nor negetive.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -131- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
etan x e x
Lt
52.
x 0 tan x x
1) 1 2) e 3) e1 4) e0
53. Lim 2010x
x 0
2010
2009x 2009 ... 2x 2 x 1 =_________
Lim sin x Lim tan x
1) x
2) Lim
x 0
cos x 3) 1 4) x
2 4
MATRIX MATCHING :
54. Column-I Column-II
x 2 x log e x log e x 1
a) Lim p) 2
x 1 x2 1
2x 3 , then 20 L =
x 1
b) If L Lim q) 1
x 1 2x 2 x 3
2 1
c) Lim
x 1 1 x 2
r) 0
x 1
2 1 1
d) Lim
x 2 x x 2
2
x 3x 2
s)
2
1) a - q, b - p, c - s , d - r 2) a - q, b - p, c - s , d - s
3) a - q, b - s, c - p , d - r 4) 1) a - q, b - p,s ; c - s , d - r
55. Column-I Column-II
Lt 1 1 tanx
a) p) 1
x 0 sinx
Lt 1 sin x 1 sin x
b) q) 1/2
x0 x
Lt
sec x tan x
c) r) 2
x /2 /2 x
Lt x sec x
d) 2 s)–1
x /2 cos ecx
1) a - s, b - r, c - q , d - p 2) a - q, b - p, c - r , d - s
3) a - q, b - p, c - q , d - p 4) 1) a - q, b - p,s ; c - s , d - r
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -132- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1 x 1 x2
56. Statement I: xlt 1
0
1 x2 1 x
xn a n
Statement II: lt n.a n1
x a xa
1) Both I & II are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2) Both I & II are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3) Only I is true. 4) Only II is true.
Lt 1 cos 2x
57. Statement I: does not exists.
x0 x
1 cos2x
Statement II: f(x) = is not defined at x = 0.
x
1) Both I & II are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2) Both I & II are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3) Only I is true. 4) Only II is true.
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE:
1 x 1 2x 1 3x 1
58. Lx
im =___________________
0 x
1 x3 1 x3
59. lt __________________
x 0 x2
cos 2 x
60. x 3 1 sin 3 x ______________________
lim
2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -133- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
CONTINUITY
In mathematics, a continuous function is a function for which, intuitively, small
changes in the input result in small changes in the output. Other wise, a func-
tion is said to be discontinuous.
A continuous function is a funcyion whose graph can be drawn without lifting the
pen from the paper.For an example, consider the function h(t) which describes
the height of a growing flower at time t. This function is continuous. In fact, ac-
cording to classical physics, everything in nature is continuous. By contrast, if
M(t) denotes the amount of money in a bank account at a time t, then the
function jumps whenever money is deposited or withdrawn. So, the function
M(t) is discontinuous.
Definition of Continuity of a function :
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x=a if
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f ( a )
xa x a
i.e., LHL = RHL = Value of function at x=a or lim f ( x ) f (a )
xa
A continuous process is one that takes place gradually, without interruption or
abrupt change. That is, there are no holes, jumps or gaps. Following figure identifies
three values of x at which the graph of a function f is not continuous. At all other
points in the interval (a, b), the graph of f is uninterrupted and continuous.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -134- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Looking at the above graphs,three conditions exist for which the graph of f is not
continuous at x = x0 . It appears that continuity at x = x0 can be destroyed by any
one of the following three conditions:
(1) The function is not defined at x = x0 .
(2) The limit of f(x) does not exist at x = x0 .
(3) The limit of f(x) exists at x = x0 , but, it is not equal to f( x0 ).
Now let us look at the illustrative examples
Eg - 1 : f(x) = x 2 3
Sol : As x 2 , the one sided limits are
lim f ( x ) 7
x 2-
lim f ( x ) 7
x 2
and hence lim f ( x) 7 and moreover f(2) is defined and f(2) = 7 = lim f ( x) .
x2 x2
In this case f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -135- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
16 x 2
Eg - 2 : f(x) =
4 x
Sol : The one sided limits are : lim f ( x ) 8
x 4-
lim f ( x ) 8
x 4
lim f ( x ) 8 and therefore =8 but f(- 4) does not exist.
x4
Note that although xlim f ( x) exists, the function value at - 4, namely f(- 4) is not
4
defined. Thus the existence of xlim f ( x) has no bearing on the existence of f(- 4).
4
Definition of continuity at a point :
Let I be an open interval in containing x0 . Let f : I R . Then f is said to be
continuous at x0 if it is defined in a neighbourhood of this point and if the limit
of this function, as the independent variable x tends to x0 , exists and is equal to
the value of the function at x = x0 . Thus three requirements have to be satisfied
for the continuity of a function y = f(x) at x = x0 :
(i) f(x) must be defined in a neighbourhood of x0 (i.e., f ( x0 ) exists);
(ii) xlim f ( x ) exists;
x0
(iii) f ( x0 ) = xlim f ( x) . The condition (iii) can be reformulated as
x0
lim [ f ( x0 x ) - f ( x0 )] 0
x 0
Definition:
A function y = f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x0 (or at x = x0 ) if it is
defined in neighbourhood of x0 and if lim [ f ( x0 x ) - f ( x0 )] 0 .
x 0
The condition (iii) can also be put in the form xlim f ( x) f ( lim x) . Thus, if
0 x x0
the symbol of the limit and the symbol of the function can be interchanged,
the function is continuous at the limiting value of the argument.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -136- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Eg - 1: Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = sin2x + x2 – 2x at x = 0.
Sol : We have, f(x) = sin2x + x2 – 2x f(0) = sin20 + 0 – 2(0) = 0 + 0 – 0 = 0
Left hand limit at x = 0 = xlim f x lim sin2 x x 2 2x
0 x 0 h
2
= lim sin2 0 h 0 h 2 0 h [Putting x = 0 – h]
h 0
= lim sin 2 h h2 2h 0 0 0 0
h 0
Right hand limit at x = 0
2
= xlim f x lim sin2 x x 2 2x = lim sin2 0 h 0 h 2 0 h
0 x 0 h h 0
[Putting x = 0 + h] = lim sin2 h h 2 2h = 0 + 0 – 0 = 0
h 0
From (1), (2) and (3), we get
Left hand limit (at x = 0) = Right hand limit (at x = 0) = f(0).
Hence the function f(x) = sin2x + x2 – 2x is continuous at x = 0.
1 + x when x < 2
Eg - 2 : A function f(x) is defined as f x =
5 - x when x 2
Is the function continuous at x = 2 ?
Sol : Left hand xlim f x lim 1 x lim 1 2 h 3
------------ (1)
2 x 2 h x 2 h
Right hand xlim f x lim 5 x lim 5 2 h 3
------------ (2)
2 x 2 h h 0
f(x) = 5 – x f(2) = 5 – 2 = 3
From (1), (2) and (3), we have
Left hand f x = Right hand xlim f x f 2
2
x 2
The given function f(x) is continuous at x = 2
Some More Examples of functions Continuous at all points :
(i) Every constant function is continuous at all points
Proof : Let f(x) = c, where c is constant.
The domain of a constant function is R.Let a be an arbitrary numbe in D, then
f(a) = c, lim f x lim c c
x a x a
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -137- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
From (1) and (2), we have lim f x f a
x a
Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = a, for all x R .
Hence, f(x) is continous. Since, a is an arbitrary number in R.
Therefore, f(x) is continuous everywhere in R.
Similarly
[ii] The identity function in continuous at all points
[iii] Every polynomial function is continuous at all points
[iv] f (x) = sinx and f(x) = cosx are continuous at all points
[v] f(x) = a x ,a 0,a 1 is continuous at all points
f x
[vi] Rational function is continuous at all points in its domain that is, y g x
f x
[vi] Rational function is continuous at all points in its domain that is, y g x is
continuous at all points, where g x 0 , f and g are polynomials.
[vii] f(x) = logx is continuous if x >0
[viii] f(x) = tanx and f(x) = sec(x) are continuous at all points provided x 2n 1 m I
2
(ix) f x x a is continuous at all points except x = a
[xi] f x x is continuous at all points except x I
EXERCISE - 14
1. If possible find value of l for which f(x) is continuous at x =
2
1 sin x
, x
1 cos 2x 2
f(x) = , x
2
2 x
, x
4 2x 2 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -138- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
2. Find the values of a and b such that the function
x a 2 sin x ; 0x
4
f ( x ) 2x cot x b ; x is continuous at x = and x =
4 2 4 2
a cos 2x b sin x ; x
2
(1 ax )1/ x ; x0
b ; x0,
3. If f(x) then find the values of a, b, c, for which f(x) is continu-
1/ 3
(x c ) 1
; x0
x
ous at x = 0
Continuity in a closed interval :
Defination: A function is said to be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] if it
is continuous on the open interval (a, b) and xlim f ( x ) f ( a ) and lim f( x) f(b) .
a x b
That is, the function f is continuous from the right at a and continuous from
the left at b, and is continuous at each point x0 (a, b) .
NOTE:
* All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential and Logarithmic
functions continuous in their domain .
* We never talk about continuity/discontinuity at a points at which we
can’t approach from either side of the point. These points are called
isolated points .
e.g. f(x) = x + x at x = .
SOLVED EXAMPLES
[sin x ] ; 0 x 1
Eg - 1 : If f(x) =
x 2 5 , where { . } represents fractional part
· sgn x ; 1 x 2
3 4
function and [ . ] is greatest integer function, then comment on the continu-
ity of function in the interval [0, 2].
Sol :
(i)Continuity should be checked at the end-points of intervals of each
definition i.e. x = 0, 1, 2
(ii) For [sin x], continuity should be checked at all values of x at which
1
sin x i.e. x = 0,
2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -139- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
2 5 5
(iii) For x ·sgn x , continuity should be checked when x – =0
3 4 4
5 2
(as sgn (x) is discontinuous at x = 0) i.e. x= and when x –
4 3
5
i.e. x= (as {x} is discontinuous when x )
3
1 5 5
overall discontinuity should be checked at x = 0, , 1, , and 2
2 4 3
1 5 5
check the discontinuity your self. discontinuous at x = , 1 , 3
2 4
1, if x 3
f ( x) ax b, if 3 x 5.
Eg - 2 : If Determine the values of a and b so that f(x) is
7, if 5 x
continuous.
Sol : The given function is a constant function for all x < 3 as well as for all x > 5.
So, it is continuous for all x < 3 as well as for all x>5. We know that a
polynomial function is continuous. So, the given function is continuous
for all x (3,5) . Thus f(x) is continuous at each x R except possibly at x= 3
and x=5.
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (3) 1 3a b lim ax b lim f ( x) lim 7 7 ,
x 3 x 3 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5
lim f ( x ) = lim ax b 3a b and f(3)=1
x 3 x 3
for f(x) be continuous at x=3, we must have xlim f ( x) lim f ( x) f (3)
3 x 3
1 3a b ............(1)
At x=5 we have xlim f ( x ) = lim ax b = 5a+b ,
5 x 5
lim f ( x) lim 7 7 and f(5)= 7
x 5 x 5
for f(x) to be continuous at x=5 we must have xlim f ( x ) = lim f ( x) =f(5)
5 x 5
5a+b = 7............(2)
solving (1) and (2), we get a=3, b=-8
Algebra of continuous functions:
1) If f and g are continuous functions, then
(i) f g continuous
(ii) cf is contionuous, c is a constant
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -140- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
f
(iii) g is continuous at those point where g x 0
(iv) fg are continuous
2) If g is continuous at a point ‘a’ and f is continuous at g(a), then fog is
continuous at a .
3) If f is continuous in [a,b], then it is bounded in [a,b] i.e., there exist m and M
such that m f x Mx a b m and M are called minimum and maximum
values of f(x) respectively in the interval [a,b]
4) If f is continuous in [a,b], then f assumes at least once every values between
minimum and maximum values of f(x) thus a x b m f x M or range
of f x mM if x a b
EXERCISE - 15
Find the continuity of the following
2 x, if x 0 2, if x 1
f ( x) 0, if 0 x 1 f ( x) 2 x, if 1 x 1
1. 2.
4 x, if x 1 2, if x 1
3. Disscuss the continuity of f(x)=sin x
TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY :
The discontinuities of a function can be classified as follows:
A) Discontinuities of the first kind
(i) Removable discontinuity
(ii) Jump discontinuity
B) Discontinuities of the second kind
(i) Oscillating discontinuity
(ii) Infinite discontinuity
Definition : A function f(x) is said to have
(i) a discontinuity of the first kind at x = a if Lt f ( x ) and Lt f ( x) both exist
x a x a
finitely but are not equal to f(a).
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -141- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Lt f ( x ) exists finitely but
(ii) a discontinuity of the first kind from the left at x = a if x a
is not equal to f(a).
(iii) a discontinuity of the first kind from the right at x = a if Lt f ( x) exists finitely
x a
but it is not equal to f(a).
Definition : A function f(x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = a
if xLt
a
f ( x ) exists finitely but it is not equal to f(a), i.e., if Lt f ( x) l but l f(a).
x a
(Note that f(a) may or may not be defined in this case).
Eg - 1 : f(x) = sin x , x 0, f(0) = 0 has a removable discontinuity at x = 0 as
x
sin x
Lt f ( x ) Lt 1 0 = f(0)
x 0 x 0 x
Note :
A removable discontinuity of a function can be removed by redefining the
function such that f(a) = xLt
a
f (x) .
sin x
Eg - 2 : f x x , x 0 which has a removable discontinuity at x = 0, can be
0, x 0
sin x
redefined as f ( x) x , x 0 to remove the discontinuity at x = 0 and make it
1, x0
continuous at that point.
Definition : A function f(x) is said to have a jump discontinuity at x = a if
Lt f ( x ), Lt f ( x ) both exist finitely but are not equal.
x a x a
If Lt f ( x) l1 , Lt f ( x ) l2 (l l ) then l l is called the magnitude of the
x a x a 1 2 1 2
jump.
|x |
Eg - 3 : f ( x ) , x 0 has a jump discontinuity at x = 0.
x
|x|
For, Lt f ( x ) Lt Lt (1) 1
x 0 x 0 x x 0
|x|
Lt f ( x ) Lt Lt (1) 1 Lt f ( x )
x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0
The magnitude of the jump is 2.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -142- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
y
+1
x0 O x0
x
-1
Note : A jump discontinuity is non - removable.
Definition : A function f(x) is said to have a discontinuity of second kind at x = a if
(i) neither of the limits Lt f ( x), Lt f ( x ) exist or
x a x a
(ii) either or both the limits
Lt f ( x), Lt f ( x ) is or
x a x a
(iii) Lt f ( x) or
x a
Definition : A function f(x) is said to have an oscillating discontinuity at x = a if the
values of f(x) keep on oscillating finitely or infintely as x a and do not approach a
limit.
1
Eg - 1 : f(x) = sin has an oscillating type of discontinuity at x = 0.
x
For, consider the following sequences of values taken by x
2 2 2 2
(i) x , , ,.......... , .......
3 5 (2 n 1)
2 2 2 2
(ii) x , , ,.......... ......
3 5 (2n 1)
In case (i) x 0 as n and in case (ii) x 0 as n . But the corresponding
values of f(x), in both the cases, oscillate between –1 and 1 and hence f(x)does not
approach a limit. There exist inifinitely many such sequences of values of x that
tend to zero from the left or right, but the corresponding values f(x) do not approach
a limit. Thus Lt f ( x ), Lt f ( x ) do not exit. The same behaviour can be observed
x 0 x 0
from the graph of sin(1/x). As the values of x approach zero the graph of y =
sin(1/x) oscillates rapidly between –1 and 1.
y
1
l y sin
x
-1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -143- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Definition : A function f(x) is said to have an infinite discontinuity at x = a if either
of the limits Lt f ( x ), Lt f ( x ) is or Lt f ( x ) or
x a x a x a
Eg - 1:
1 Lt f ( x ) and Lt f ( x ) .
(i) f(x ) = has an inifinite discontinuity at x = 0 as x 0 x0
x
1
(ii) g(x) = has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0 as xLt f ( x) .
x2 0
1
if x 1 Lt f ( x )
(iii) f(x) = x 1 has an infinite discontinuity at x =1 as x1
x 1 if x 1
Lt f ( x ) 2 .
and x1
REASONS OF DISCONTINUITY
(a) One or more than one of the three quantities , LHL , RHL and f (a) is not
defined . Lets consider some examples
1
(i) f (x) = around x = 0
x
LHL = – , RHL = + , f (0) is not defined ,
1
f (x) = is discontinuous at x = 0 which is
x
obvious from the graph .
x2 1
(ii) f (x) = x 1 for x 1 around x = 1
LHL = RHL = 2 but f (x) is not defined . Therefore this function graph has
a hole at x = 1 , it is discontinuous at x = 1
(b) All the three quantities are defined , but any pair of form is unequal (or all
three are unequal).
(i) f (x) = [x] around any integer I
LHL = I – 1 , RHL = I , f (I) = 1
LHL RHL = f (I) , so this frunction is also discontinuous at all integers
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -144- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
(ii) f (x) = {x} around any integer I
LHL = 1 , RHL = 0 , f (I) = 0
LHL RHL = f (I) , so this frunction is also
discontinuous at all integer
1 , xZ
(iii) f (x) = around any integer I
0 , x Z
From the figure , we notic that at nay integer I ,
LHL = 1 , RHL = 1 , f (I) = 0
LHL =RHL f (I) , so this frunction is again discontinuous
x
, x 0
(iv) f (x) = x around x = 0
0 , x 0
At x = 0 we see that
LHL = – 1 , RHL = 1 , f (0) = 0
LHL RHL f (0) and the function is discontinuous
To summarise , if we intend to evaluate the continuity of a function a x = a
which means that we want to determine whether f (x) will be continuous
at x = a or not , we have to evaluate all the three quantities , LHL , RHL
and f (a) . If these three quantities are finite and equal , f (x) is continuous
at x = a . In all other cases it is discontinuous at x = a
LHL (at x = a) = RHL , (at x = a) = f (a) , for continuity at x = a .
EXERCISE - 16
Find the points of discontinuity of the followng functions
1 1
1. f ( x) 2. f ( x) x 2 3 x 2
2 sin x 1
1
3. f ( x )
x x2 1
4
4. f ( x) x x 1, where [.] represents the greatest integer function
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -145- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS : 4
MAINS LEVEL - 1
x 2 , if x 0
1. Given the function f ( x ) is continuous.
kx, if x 0
1) at x = 0 2) at x = 1 3) at x = 2 4) at x = 3
x2 4
2. Given function f(x)= and g(x)= x+2, x R. Then which of the following is
x2
correct?
1) f is continuous at x=2, g is continuous at x=2
2) f is continuous at x=2, g is not continuous at x=2
3) f is not continuous at x=2, g is continuous at x=2
4) f is not continuous at x=2, g is not continuous at x=2
1
1 Cos2 x
3. lim 2 is equal to
x 0
x
1)1 2)-1 3) 0 4) None of these
Sin e x 2 1
4. If f(x) = ,x 2 and f(x)=k for x=2, then value of k for which f is con
log x 1
tinuous is
1)-2 2) -1 3)0 4)1
5. A function f is said to be continuous for x R, if
1) it is continuous at x = 0 2) differentiable at x=0
3) Continuous at two points 4) differentiable for x R
x 1
6. The function f(x)= is continuous at x=0 if f(0) is
1 1 x
2 1 1
1) 2) 3) 0 4)
3 2 2
1
7. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x)= , x R.
x 5
1) Continuous at x = 5 2) Discontinuous at x 0
3) Both 1 & 2 4) None of thes
x 2 25
8. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x)= , x 5 for x R.
x5
1) Continuous at x = 5 2) Discontinuous at x 0
3) Both 1 & 2 4) None of these
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -146- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
9. Check whether the function f(x)=2x2+1 is continuous at x=0.
1) Continuous 2) Discontinuous
3) Both 1 & 2 4) None of these
10.Determine the value of the constant ‘k’ so that function
kx
, ifx 0
f ( x) x is continuous at x=0 is
3, ifx 0
1) 3 2) -3 3) 2 4) -2
11.Determine the value of k for which the following function is continuous at
x 32 36
, if x 3
f ( x ) x 3
x= 3 then
k , if x 3
1) 6 2) 4 3) -12 4) 12
Sin5 x
Cosx , if x 0
12.For what value of k is the function f ( x) 3x Continu ous
k , if x 0
at x=0?
3 8 8 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
8 3 3 3
kx 2 , if x 1
13.Find the value of k, so that the function f ( x ) is continuous
4, if x 1
at x=1.
1) 0 2) 2 3) 4 4) -4
1 Sin 3 x
3Cos 2 x , if x 2
f ( x) a, if x
14.Let 2 If f(x) be a continuous function
b(1 Sinx)
a, if x 2 ( 2 x) 2 , if x 2
at x= , find a and b.
2
1 1 1 1
1) ,4 2) ,4 3) ,-4 4) ,4
3 2 2 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -147- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
15.Determine the values of a,b and c for which the function
Sin(a 1) x Sinx
, if x 0
x
f ( x) c, if x 0
2 may be continuous at x= 0.
x bx x , if x 0
b x3
3 1 3 1
1) a ,b 0,c 2) a , b 2 , c
2 2 2 2
3 1
3) a , b is any value , c 4) None of these
2 2
kx 1, if x
16.Find the value of k so that the function f defined b f ( x) is
Cosx , if x
continuous at x=
2 2
1) -2 2) 3) 4) None of these
x4
, if x 4
f ( x) 2( x 4)
17.Examine the continuity of the function at x=4.
0, if x 4
1) Continuous 2) Discontinuous
3) Not define 4) None of these
18. The function Sin x is a continuous function at
1) x 0 2) x R 3) x R 4) None of these
Tan 1 ( x 2)
19. If f(x) = x2 , x 2 and f(-2)= 2 then
1) f is continuous at -2 2) f is not continuous at -2
3) lim f(x)=1
x 2
4)None of these
log(1 x 2 )
20. Let f(x) = 4 . then
x 26 x 2 25
1)f is continuous on[6,10] 2)f is continuous on [-2,2]
3)f is continuous on [-6,6] 4)f is continuous on [1,7]
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -148- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
LEVEL - 2
9x
x 2 , if x 1
f ( x) 3, if x 1
21.The function x3 is continuous
2 , if x 1
1) (,2) (2,1) (1, ) 2) (,1) (1, )
3) (,2) (2, ) 4) None of these
x2
x 2 3x 2 , if x R {1,2}
f ( x ) 2 , if x 2
22. If f:R R is defined by 1 then f is con
, if x 1
tinuous on the set
1)R 2) R-{-2} 3) R-{-1} 4) R-{-1,-2}
x 2 10 x 25
23.If f(x) = 2 for x 5 and f is continuous at x= 5 then f(5)=
x 7 x 10
1)0 2) 5 3) 10 4) 25
3 x 4 tan x
24. The value of f(0) so that f(x) = is continuous at x= 0 is
x
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) none of these
25. In order that the function f ( x ) x 1cot x is continuous at x=0, f(0)
must be
1
1) 0 2) e 3) 4) none of these
e
2 x Sin 1 x
26. The value of f(x) = is continuous at x=0, is
2 x Tan 1 x
1 2 1
1) 2 2) 3) 4) -
3 3 3
1
27.If f(x) = (Cosx ) x for x 0; f(x)= k for x=0 is continuous at x=0, then k=
1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) e
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -149- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Cos 3 x Cosx
, forx 0
28.If f : R R is defined by f(x) x2 and if f is continuous at x = 0, then
forx 0
1) -2 2) -4 3) -6 4) -8
Tan x
29. If f(x)= 4 for x . The value of f( ) so that f is continuous at x=
Cot 2 x 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 2 4 6
(a x ) 2 Sin(a x) a 2 Sina
30.The value of f(0) so that f(x)= , is continuous at x=0 is
x
1) a2 Cosa+a Sina 2) a2Cosa+2a Sina
3) 2a2 Cosa+a Sina 4) None of these
LEVEL -3
Sin( Cos 2 x)
31.Let f(x) = , x 0 . The value of f(0) so that f is contniuous function is
x2
1) - 2) 3) 4) 1
2
x x
log1 log1
32.The vlue of f(0) so that f(x) = a b is continuous at x=0 is
x
a b a b ab ab
1) 2) 3) 4)
ab ab a b a b
33. If f : R R is continuous such that f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y), x R, y R and f(1)=2
then f(100)=
1) 100 2) 50 3) 200 4) 0
34. Let f be a non-zero real valued continuous function satisfying f(x+y)=f(x).f(y)for
all x,y R. If f(2)=9, then f(6)=
1) 32 2) 36 3) 34 4) 33
a 2 ax x 2 a 2 ax x 2
35. The value of f(0), so that the function, f(x)= becomes
ax ax
continuous for all x, is given by
1) a a 2) a 3) - a 4) - a a
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -150- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
36. Statement-I : f(x)= 3x3+4x-2 is continuous on R
Statement-II : Every polynomial is continuous on R
1) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is a correct
explanation for Statement-I
2) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is not a correct
explanation for Statement-I
3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false
4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true
37. Statement-I : f(x) = Cosx is continuous on R
Statement-II : f(x) = Cosx is defined x R.
1) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is a correct
explanation for Statement-I
2) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is not a correct
explanation for Statement-I
3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false
4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true
( Q.NO : 38 - 40 ) A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a if
Lt Lt
f(x) f(x) f(a) .
x a x a
1 x
log 1 x x
38. If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then f(0) =
x2
1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 0 4) –1
sin ax 2
x 2 , x 0
f(x)
39. Let 3 1 , x 0 for what values of a, f(x) is continuous at x=0
4 4a
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 1/2
x 4 256
,x 4
40. What value must be assigned to k so that the function f(x) x 4
k, x4
1) 4 2) 256 3) 128 4) 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -151- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
ADVANCED
MULTI CORRECT CHOICE TYPE:
41. Let f(x) = cos 1 cos x then f(x) is
1) continuous at x 2)discontinuous at x=
3)discontinuous at x= 4) none of these
5x 4 for 0 x 1
2
f(x) 4x 3x for1 x 2
42. The function
3x 4 for x 2
1) continuous at x = 1 2) dis-continuous at x = 1
3) continuous at x = 2 4) dis-continuous at x = 2
REASONING TYPE:
x 1
1 sin x 1 sin x x 1 1 x
Let f(x) = , x 0 and g(x)= 1
tan x x x
43. Statement I: xLt
0
f(x) Lt g(x)
x
Statement II: Both the limits are equal to 1
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Lt x 2n 1
44. Statement I: f(x) is dis-continuous at x = 1.
x x 2n 1
Statement II: If limit of function exists at x = a but not equal to f(a), then f(x) is
discontinuous at x = a.
1. Both I, II are true, II is the correct explanation of I.
2. Both I, II are true, II is not the correct explanation of I.
3. Only I is true 4. Only II is true
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
Lim x m a m m mn
If m,n are any two real numbers, then a
x a xn an n
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -152- STUDY MATERIAL
-
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Lim x 5/8 a 5/8
45.
x a x1/3 a1/3
15 7/24 15 7/24 15 7/24 15 7/24
1) a 2) a 3) a 4) a
8 4 8 4
Lim x 5 32
46.
x 2 x3 8
3 20 10 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
20 3 3 10
Lim x 2/3 1
47.
x 6 x 3/4 1
5 9 8
1) 2) 3) 4) 0
9 5 9
.MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
48. Column-I Column-II
a) |x| is continuous on p) R 2n 1 ; n z
2
b) logx is ocntinuous on q) R n : n z
c) tanx is ocntinuous on r) R
d) cotx is continuous on s) (0, )
1) a - r, b - s, c - p, d - q 2) a - r, b - p, c - s, d - q
3) a - r, b - q, c - s, d - p 4) a - q, b - s,c - r, d - p
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE:
2 x4
49. If f(x) = , x 0 is continuous function at x=0, then the value of f(0)
sin 2x
is_______
sin2 ax
50. If f(x) for x 0, f(0) 1 is continuous at x = 0 then a _________
x2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -153- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
CONCEPT - 1
DERIVATIVE:
Let us consider a function y f x defined in a certain interval. It has a definite
value for each value of the argument x in this interval. Let the argument x
receives a certain increment x ( it is immaterial whether x is positive or nega-
tive). Obviously y will also receive a certain increment in y . Since for the argu-
ment x, y f x , we have for the argument x x , y y f x x
The increment y f x x f x
y f x x f x
Hence, which is the ratio of the increment of the function to
x x
the increment of the argument.
Now, we find the limit of this ratio as x 0 . If this limit exists it is called the
dy
derivative of f x and denoted by f x or y or .
dx
y f x x f x
Thus, f x lim lim .............................(1)
x 0 x x 0 x
Consequently, the derivative of a given function y f x with respect to the
y
argument x is the limit of the ratio , where x 0 . And differentiation is
x
the process of finding the derivative or differential coefficient
It is now clear that derivative is basically a limit. And we know that limits come
from two sides known by LHL and RHL. Accordingly, we have two types of deriva-
y
tives. The left hand limit of is called left hand derivative where as the right
x
hand limit of (1) is called right hand derivative. Thus LHD or f x h is obtained
by puttting x 0 h in (1) so that
f x h f x f x f x h
LHD f x h lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
f x h f x
Again, if we put x 0 h in (1), we get the RHD as f x h lim .
h 0 h
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -154- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
Geometrical meaning of the derivative:
Let us consider a function y f x in a rectangular coordinate system. We also
consider a point P x, y on this curve.
If a point corresponding to an increased value of the argument x x is consid-
ered its ordinate value is given by y y f x x . The point x x, y y is
represented by A. The line joining P and A is secant line to the curve (A secant
line is a line, the portion of which intercepted between two points of a curve is
chord of the curve). Let the angle between the secant line and positive x-axis is .
y
It is therefore clear from PAR that tan
x
Now, if x approaches zero, the point A will move
along the curve alwyas aiming P. The secant PA
will rotate about P and will change with x .
When x 0 , the angle approaches a certain
limit and the secant line passing through P
approaches the tangnet line through P.
y dy
tan lim tan lim or f x . Hence, f x tan .
x 0 x 0 x dx
Which means that the value of the derivative f x for a given value of x is equal
to the tangent of the angle formed by the line tangent to the graph of the func-
tion y f x at the point P x, y with the positive x-axis.
DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTIONS
DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF A FUNCTION AT POINT x = a IN ITS DOMAIN:
The function y f x is said to be differentiable (or has a derivative) at x =
a if there exists
y f x h f x
lim lim ...............................................(2)
x 0 x x 0 x
Because the existence of limit means the equalilty of LHL and RHL and deriva-
tive basically is a limit so differentiability or derivability is nothing but the exist-
y y
ence of limit of and equality of the left hand and right hand limits of .
x x
Hence, a function is differentiable at x a if LHD and RHD of f x are equal.
f a f a h f a h f a
i.e., if lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -155- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
GEOMETRICAL SENSE OF DIFFERENTIABILITY.
The LHD of y f x at x a is the slope of the tangent line obtained by joining
the points a, f a and a h,f a h for sufficiently small values of h.
Similarly, RHD of y f x at x a is slope of the tangent line obtained by join-
ing the points a, f a and a h,f a h for sufficiently small values of h.
The differentiation of y f x at x a implies the existence of tangnet at x a
which in geometric sense means that the tangents obtained from two ways (as
defined above) approach a common line.
It has been seen that a function is differentiable at x a if it is smooth. Here
while it is non differentiable at x = a if there exists a sharp corner at this point.
For being more clear about it let us examine the differentiability of functions (a)
y x 2 and (b) y x at x = 0
Discussion for (a) y x 2
f 0 h f 0
LHD lim
h 0 h
2
lim
h 0
h 0 h
lim h 0 Slope of T1
h 0
f 0 h f 0
RHD lim
h 0 h
2
h 0
lim lim h 0 Slope of T2
h 0 h h 0
Thus the slope of tangent lines from two sides is zero, which is slope of x-axis.
Both the lines tend to x-axis for sufficiently small values of h.
Hence, y x 2 is differentiable at x = 0
Discussion for (b) y x
f 0 h f 0
LHD lim
h 0 h
h 0 h
lim lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h
= Slope of the line y = x which is tangent to y x for left of x = 0.
f 0 h f 0
RHD lim
h 0 h
h 0 h
lim lim 1 = slope of the line y = x which is tangent to
h 0 h h 0 h
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -156- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
y x from right side of x = 0
Thus the slope of the tangent lines from two sides are different which means taht
at x 0 , the tangent lines from two sides don’t approach a common line and
thus there does not exist a tangnet at x = 0 i.e., y x is not differentiable at x =
0. There is exception of the fact that smooth functions are differentiable.
1 1
For example consider, f x x 3 or x 2n1
f 0 h f 0
LHD lim
h 0 h
1
3
h 0 1
lim lim 2/3
h 0 h h 0 h
f 0 h f 0
RHD lim
h 0 h
1/3
lim
h 0
lim
1
h 0 h h 0 h2/3
Its LHD and RHD both are , thus f x is not differentiable at
x 0 though it is smooth [ f x has vertical tangent at x 0 , see graph]
Theorem:
If a function y f x is differentiable at x = a, it is continuous also at x = a.
Proof:
y
If lim f a
x 0 x
y
then f a
x
where is a quantity that approaches zero as x 0 .
But then y f a .x x
f x x f x f a .x x
It follows that lim f x x f x approaches zero.
x 0
i.e., lim f x x f x which is the condition of continuity of f x
x 0
In other words, a function cannot have derivative at points of discontinuity.
The converse of the theorem however is not true. From the fact that the
function y f x is continuous at some point x a , it does not yet follow that it
is differentiable at that point. The function may not have derivative at the point
x a.
For instance y x is continuous at x 0 but it does not have derivative at x 0 .
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -157- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
Theorem: If at point x a the LHD and RHD of a function y f x are finite but
LHD RHD then y f x is continuous at x = a, although it is not differentiable
at that point.
Theorem: If at lest one of the derivatives of y f x is non-existent or infinite at
the point x a , then the function y f x may or may not be continuous at x
x a and the function is not differentiable.
Eg-1: Discuss The continuity and differentiability of the function
2 1
x sin ; x 0
f ( x) x
0 ; x0
f (0 h) f (0)
Sol : RHD lim
h0 h
1
h 2 sin 0
lim h
h 0 h
1
lim h sin 0 (A number between 1 and +1) 0
h 0 h
f (0 h) f (0)
LHD lim
h 0 h
2 1
h sin 0
lim h
h 0 h
1
lim h sin 0
h 0 h
LHD RHD
f ( x) is differentiable at x 0 and hence f ( x) is continuous at x 0 .
x y f ( x) f ( y )
Eg-2: Let f for all x and y. If f (0) exists and is equal to 1
2 2
and f (0) 1 , then find f (2) .
f ( x h) f ( x)
Sol : f ( x ) lim
h 0 h
2 x 2h 2x 0
f f
2
lim 2
h 0 h
f (2 x ) f (2h) f (2 x ) f (0)
2 2
lim
h 0 h
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -158- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
f (2h) f (0)
lim
h 0 2h
f ( h) f (0)
lim where h 2h
h0 2h
f (0) 1
f ( x) x 2
f (0) 0 2
But f (0) 1 (given)
k 1 and f ( x) x 1
Thus f (2) 1.
To Find The Differential Coefficient (D.C.) of some standard functions
from definition or from the first principle.
(A) D.C. of Algebraic Functions:
The differential coefficient (d.c.) of x n with respect to x.
Let y x n
Let x changes by x and correspondingly y changes by y .
n
Then y y x x
n n
y x x y x x x n
n n n
y x x x 1 n x
n
x
1 x
x x x x
2
y 1 x n n 1 x
x n. 1 n . .... 1
x x n 2! x
Taking limit as x 0 we get,
y x n nx n 1 x
lim lim . 1 . ....
x 0 x x 0 x x 2! x
or
dy
n.x n1 i.e.,
n.x
d xn n 1
dx dx
n
d ax b n 1
Similarly, n. ax b .a
dx
(B) D.C. of Trigonometric or Circular Functions.
1. The d.c. of sin x w.r.t. x
Let y sin x
Let x changes by x and correspondingly y changes by y
Then y y sin x x or
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -159- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
y sin x x y sin x x sin x or
x x x x x x
y 2 cos .sin
2 2
2x x x
2 cos .sin
2 2
x x
2 cos x .sin
y 2 2
x x
Now taking lim
x 0
on both sides we get,
x
sin
y x 2
lim lim 2 cos x . x
x 0 x x 0 2
2
2
dy
or cos x.1 cos x
dx
d sin x
i.e., cos x
dx
2. The d.c. of cosx w.r.t. x
Let y = cosx
Let x changes by x and correspondingly y changes by y .
Then y y cos x x
or, y cos x x y cos x x cos x
x x
or y 2sin x .sin
2 2
x x
2sin x .sin
y 2 2
x x
Now taking lim
x 0
on both sides we get,
x
sin
y x 2
lim lim 2sin x .
x
x 0 x 0
2 x 2
2
dy
or sin x
dx
d cos x
i.e., sin x
dx
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -160- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
(C) D.C. of Logarithmic Functions
1. The d.c. of log a x with respect to x, where a 0, a 1
Let y log a x
Let x changes by x and correspondingly y changes by y .
Then y y log a x x
y log a x x y log a x x log a x
x x x x
log a log a 1 log e 1 . log a e
x x x
x
log 1
or y x
.log a e
x x
2 3
y 1 x 1 x 1 x
lim lim . . ... .log a e
x 0 x x 0 x
x 2 x 3 x
dy log a e
or
dx x
d log a x log a e
i.e.,
dx x
Special Case:
When a e
d nx log e e 1
dx x x
d log x 1
Note: The complete formula is
dx x
(D) D.C. of Exponential Functions
The d.c. of a x with respect to x.
Let y a x
Let x changes by x and correspondingly y changes by y .
Then y y a x x
y a
x x
y a
x x
a x a x a x 1
x
y x a 1
a
x x
y a x 1
lim lim a x
x 0 x x 0
x
Or
dy
a x log e a a x log e a i.e.,
d ax a x
.log e a
dx dx
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -161- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
(E) D.C. of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1. The d.c. of sin1 x w.r.t. x
Let y sin1 x x sin y ...................(i)
Let x changes by x and correspondingly y changes by y
Then x x sin y y ................(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
x sin y y sin y
y
sin
y x y 2
y cos y
2 cos y sin or y 2 y
2 2
2
y
y 2
or x y y
cos y sin
2 2
If x 0; sin y y x sin y
y y y y 0
y
y 2 1
lim lim 1
x 0 x y 0 y y cos y
cos y sin
2 2
1 1
1 sin2 y 1 x2
dy
1
d sin1 x 1
dx i.e.,
1 x2 dx 1 x2
Eg-1: Differentiate sin x 2 from first principle.
Sol : Let y sin x 2 Then y y sin( x x ) 2
y sin( x x) 2 sin x 2
1 1
2cos x 2 x( x) (x) 2 sin x( x) ( x) 2
2 2
1 1
2cos x 2 x ( x) (x) 2 sin x ( x ) ( x) 2
y 2 2
x x
1
sin x (x ) (x) 2 x(x) 1 (x )2
1 2 2
2cos x 2 x ( x) (x) 2
2 1 2 x
x(x) (x)
2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -162- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
1
sin x (x ) (x) 2
1 2 x 1 x
=2cos x 2 x ( x) ( x) 2
2 1 2
x (x ) (x) 2
2
1
sin x(x) ( x ) 2
y 1 2 x 1 x
lim lim 2cos x 2 x( x) ( x ) 2
x 0 x x 0
2 1 2
x(x) (x ) 2
2
dy
or 2 cos( x 2 ).x 2 x cos( x 2 )
dx
1
Eg-2: Differentiate ( x a) from the first principle?
1
1 1
Sol: Let y ( x a) 2 . Then y y ( x x a ) 2
xa
1
1 1
1 1
2
x 2 2
2
y ( x x a ) ( x a ) 2 ( x a ) 1 ( x a )
xa
1 3
1 x
1 x 2
2 2
( x a ) 1
2
...... 1
2 x a 2! xa
(Using Binomial theorem)
2
1
x 3 x
2
=( x a ) 2
......
2 x a 8 x a
1
y 1 3 x
=( x a ) 2 2
......
x 2 x a 8 x a
1
y 1 3 x
lim = lim ( x a) 2 2
......
x 0 x x 0
2 x a 8 x a
1 3
dy 1 1 1
( x a) 2 (x a) 2 3
dx 2 x a 2
2(x a) 2
EXERCISE - 1
Find the d.c of the following functions;
1
1) 2x a 2) 3) sin(x 2 1) 4) cos(ax 2 bx c ) 5) log e x
2x 3
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -163- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIABILITY
FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
Rule-1: The d.c. or derivative of a constnat is equal to zero i.e, if y = C where
dy
C =constant then 0
dx
Proof: y = C is a function of x such that the values of it are equal to C x .
Hence, for any value of x,
y f x C
We increse the variables x and y by x and y respectively. Since, the
function y retains the value of C for all vlaues of the argument, we have
y y f x x C
y f x x f x 0
the ratio of the increment of the function to the increment of the argument
y dy y dy
0 Or lim i.e., 0
x dx x 0 x dx
Also, we see that the result has a simple geometrical interpretation. The
graph of the function y = C is a straight line parallel to the x-axis. Obviously,
the tangent to the graph at any one of its points coincides with this straight
line and hence, forms an angle with the x-axis whose slope is zero.
Rule-2: A constant factor may be taken outside the derivative sign, i.e., if
dy
C.v x
y C v x C constant , then
dx
Proof: Using the reasoning as in the proof of Rule -1, we have
y C vx
y y C.v x x
y C.v x x C.v x
C. v x x v x
y v x x v x
C.
x x
y v x x v x
lim
x 0 x
lim C. C.v x
x 0
x
dy
i.e., C.v x
dx
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -164- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
Rule-3 : The d.c. of sum of a finite number of differentiable functions is equal to
the corresponding sum of the derivatives of those functions.
dy
i.e., if we have u x v x w x
y u x v x w x then
dx
[for the sake of easy we drop the argument in denoting the function].
Proof : For the increment of the argument x by x we have,
y y u u v v w w where, u, v, w and y are the
corresponding increments of the functions u, v, w and y.
y u v w
Hence,
x x x x
y u v w dy
lim
lim i.e, u x v x w x
x 0 x x 0 x x x dx
Rule-4: The derivative of a product of two differentiable functions is equal to the
sum of the product of one function to the derivative of the other function;
dy
i.e., if y u.v then u v uv
dx
Proof : As in the proof of Rule 3 we get,
y y u u v v
y u u v v u.v
uv uv uv
y u v v
lim lim v u u
x 0 x x 0
x x x
y
v.u x u.v x lim u. lim
x 0 x 0 x
Considering the last term of RHS
y
lim u. lim
x 0 x 0 x
Since u x is a differentiable function it is also continuous. Consequently,
lim u 0
x 0
v
Also, lim
x 0 x
dy y
Finally, we get lim uv u.v
dx x 0 x
In case of the product of three functions i.e., y u.v.w
dy
Then, u. v.w u.v.w u.v .w
dx
In this way we obtain a similar formula for the derivative of the producct of
any finite number of function.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -165- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
For example, if y u1u2....un , then
y u1 u2...un1un u1u2...un1un ... u1u2...un1un
Rule-5: The d.c. of a fraction is equal to a fraction whose denominator is the
square of the denominator of the given fraction and the numerator is the
difference between the product of the denominator by the d.c. of the nu
merator and the product of the numerator by the d.c. of the denominator;
u dy uv uv
i.e., if y , then
v dx v2
u u
Proof: y y
v v
Where, y, u and v are the corresponding increments in y, u and v.
u u u vu uv
x
v v v v v v
y vu uv
x v v v .x
u v
v u
y
lim lim x x
x 0 x x 0 v v v
When, x 0, y 0 too .
dy uv uv
dx v2
STANDARD RESULTS
1.
n.x
d xn n 1
Particular Case
d x 1
dx dx 2 x
2.
e
d ex x
Generalised result
a
d ax x
.na
dx dx
d log x 1 d log x 1
3. Generalised Result
dx x dx x
d sin x d cos x
4. cos x 5. sin x
dx dx
d tan x d cot x
6. sec 2 x 7. cos ec 2 x
dx dx
d sec x d cos ecx
8. sec x.tan x 9. cos ec x.cot x
dx dx
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -166- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d 1
1
d cos 1 x 1
10. dx sin x 11.
1 x2 dx 1 x2
12.
d tan1 x 1
13.
d cot 1 x 1
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x2
d sec 1 x 1
d cos ec 1x 1
14. dx 15. dx
x x2 1 x x2 1
dy
Eg-1: Find when (a) y kx 2 (b) y ax 2 bx c
dx
dy d ( kx 2 ) d ( x2 )
Sol : (a) k k 2 x 2 kx
dx dx dx
dy d (ax 2 bx c) d (ax 2 ) d (bx) d (c)
(b)
dx dx dx dx dx
d ( x2 ) d ( x ) d (c )
a b 2ax b
dx dx dx
dy log x
Eg-2: Find when (a) y ex sin x (b) y
dx x
Sol : (a)
x
dy d e sin x
e
x d sin x sin x
d ex
dx dx dx dx
e x cos x sin x e x e x cos x sin x
d d
x log x log x x
(b) dy d log x dx
2
dx
dx dx x x
1
x log x 1
x 1 log x
2
x x2
EXERCISE - 2
Find the differential coefficient(d.c) of the following w.r.t. x.
c
1) a x b 2) e x tan x x log e x
x
cos x sin x log x
3) 4)
cos x sin x x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -167- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTION W.R.T OTHER FUNCTION
Let us consider a function y f x . The d.c. of this function is given by
dy
f x . Here x is the varaible whose function is y. But if f is not the
dx
fucntion of x directly, rather it is the function of g x then y f g x .
Naturally, the d.c. of y w.r.t. x cannot be obtained simply i.e., we can’t
dy
write f g x . The true method is written below.
dx
Let u g x so that y f u
Thus, y is function of u and u in turn is function of x.
dy du
We have f u and g x
dx dx
dy dy du
Thus, . f u g x f g x .g x
dx du dx
This, we can understand in a better way by discussing an examle say
y sin n x .
d sin
We know that cos and it is clear to us that in the present ex
d
ample nx, while y sin
dy d sin d 1 1
. cos . cos nx
dx d dx x x
The above method is called chain rule of differentiation.
Which can be generalised to some extent as follows:
df g h x f
dx
g h x .g h x .h x . x
3
Consider another example y sin3 e3 sin e x
Here, let t e x and u sin e x
Thus, we have v ux .u sin t and t e x
dy du dt
So that 3u2 , cos t and ex
du dt dx
dy dy du dt
. .
dx du dt dx
3e x .cos e x .sin2 e x
Students can also find it directly as below.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -168- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
3
dy
d sin e x
3
=
. d sin e . d e
d sin e x x x
d sin e d e x
dx dx dx
x
3 sin2 e x .cos e x .e x
3e x .cos e x .sin2 e x
Eg-1 Find the d.c. of ax 2 bx c w.r.t. x
1/2 1/2
d ax 2 bx c
d ax 2 bx c .
d ax 2 bx c
Sol. dx
d ax 2 bx c dx
1
. 2ax b
2 ax 2 bx c
Eg-2 Find the d.c. of log tan1 x w.r.t. x
d
d log tan1 x . d tan x 1
Sol. dx
log tan1 x
d tan1 x dx
1 1 1
.
1
tan x 1 x 2
1 x tan1 x
2
Eg-3 Find the d.c. of etan1 nx w.r.t. x.
d tan1 nx d e tan1 nx
d tan1 nx d nx
Sol.
dx
e
d tan1 nx
.
d nx
.
dx
tan1 nx
tan1 nx 1 1 e
e .
1 nx x 1 n2 x x
EXERCISE - 3
Find the differential coefficient(d.c) of the following w.r.t. x.
2
1) ax 2 bx c 2) sin 2 ax 3) sin k 2 x 2
4) ln sin(x 2 1) 5) e ax cos(bx c )
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -169- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 1
MAINS LEVEL - 1
1 dy
1. If y x , then at x 1 is .............
x dx
1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 4) 0
2 2
x x 2 x3 dy
2. If y 1 ........., then =.......
x! 2! 3! dx
1) x 2) y 3) Both 1 and 2 4)All the above
x2 x100
3. If f ( x) 1 x ......... , then f ' (1) = ........
2 100
1) 100 2) 200 3) 300 4) 400
d 2 1
4. x sin x 2 = ........
dx x
2 2
1) 2 x sin x 2) 2 x cos x
x3 x3
2 2
3) 2 x tan x 4) 2 x cos x
x3 x3
d ax 2 bx c
5. dx = ............
x
3a 1 2 b 1 2 c 3 2 3a 1 2 b 1 2 c 3 2
1) x x x 2) x x x
2 2 2 2 2 2
3a 1 2 b 1 2 c 3 2 3a 1 2 b 1 2 c 3 2
3) x x x 4) x x x
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
d 1
6. dx x
x = ............
1 1 1
1) 1 2) 1 3) 1 4) All the above
x x2 x2
d
7. x sec x x tan x = ...........
dx
1) (1 sec x tan x )( x tan x) ( x sec x)(1 sec 2 x)
2) (1 sec x tan x)( x tan x) ( x sec x)(1 sec 2 x)
3) (1 sec x tan x )( x tan x ) ( x sec x)(1 sec 2 x)
4) None of these.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -170- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d x
8.
dx
e ( x log x ) =............
x 1 x 1
1) e (1 x log x) 2) e (1 x log x )
x x
x 1 x 1
3) e (1 x log x ) 4) e (1 x log x )
x x
d 2x 3
9. = .........
dx x 2 5
2 x 2 3x 5
2 x 2 3x 5
2 x 2 3x 5
2 x 2 3x 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
x 2
5
2
x 2
5
2
x 2
5
2
x 2
5
2
d sec x tan x
10. = ........
dx sec x tan x
2 sin x 2 cos x 2 cos x 2 cos x
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 sin x 2 1 sin x 2 1 sin x 2 1 cos x 2
LEVEL - 2
d
11.
dx
tan x = .......
1 1 1 1
1) sec 2 x 2) sec x 3) sec 2 x 4) sec x
x 2 x 2 x 2 x
d
12.
dx
sin x = ........
cos x sin x 2 cos x cos x
1) 2) 3) 4)
sin x 2 cos x 3 tan x 2 sin x
d
13.
dx
e x log a e a log x e a log a = ........
1) a x log a ax 1 2) a x log a ax 3) a x log a ax a 4) a x log a ax a 1
d
14.
dx
log 3x 3 log ex 2 tan x = .........
1 3 1 3
1) 2 sec 2 x 2) 2 sec 2 x
x log 3 x x log 3 x
1 3
3) 2 sec 2 x 4) None of these
x log 3 x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -171- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
2
d x cos 4
15. dx sin x = .......
x x 2 cot x 2x x 2 cot x
1) sin x cos
2) sin x cos
sin x 4 sin x 4
x x 2 tan x 2x x 2 cot x
3) cos x sin
4) sin x tan
cos x 4 cos x 4
d
16.
dx
ax b .cx d = ........
n m
1) ax b n 1.cx d m 1 mc ax b na cx d
2) ax b n 1.cx d m 1 mc ax b nacx d
3) Both 1 and 2
4) None of the above
d ax b
17. = .......
dx cx d
ab cd ab cd ad bc
1) 2) 3) 4) None of the above
cx d 2 cx d 2 cx d 2
d xn
18. dx sin x = .........
nx n 1 sin x x n cos x nx n1 sin x x n cos x
1) 2)
sin 2 x sin 2 x
nx n 1 cos x x n sin x nx n 1 cos x x n tan x
3) 4)
cos2 x tan 2 x
d ax b
19. = ..........
dx px 2 qx r
apx 2 2bpx ar bq apx 2 2bpx ar bq
1) 2)
px 2
qx r
2
px 2
qx r
2
apx 2 2bpx ar bq
3) 4) None of the above
px 2
qx r
2
d 1
20. 2 = .........
dx ax bx c
2ax b 2ax b 2ax b
1) 2) 3) 4) None of the above
ax 2
bx c
2
ax 2
bx c
2
ax 2
bx c
2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -172- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
LEVEL - 3
x 1
2 x 2 7 x 5 for x 1
f ( x)
21. If
1 then f ' (1) = .......
for x 1
3
1 2 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
9 9 3 3
x dy
22. If y 2 2 ,then = .........
dx
1) y log102 2) y log 2e 3) y 2 x log10
2 2 2
2
4) y log 2e
x
h' ( x )
23. If h( x ) e e , then =.........
h( x )
1
1) h(x) 2) 3) log h( x) 4) log h( x )
h( x)
dy
24. If y 2 ax and log 256 at x 1 , then a =........
dx
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
d
25.
dx
cos x 0 = .......
2
1) sin x 0 2) sin x 0 3) sin x 0 4) sin x 0
180 180 180
26.
d
dx
log x x 2 1 = ........
1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 1 x2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
27. The derivative of log sec x tan x with respect to x is ........
1) sin x 2) tan x 3) sec x 4) cosec x
d 1 x2 x 4
28. If dx 1 x x 2 ax b , then (a,b) = .........
1) (-1,2) 2) (-2,1) 3) (2,-1) 4) (1,2)
2 dy
29. y 3log 9 (1 tan x)
, then = .........
dx
1) sec x 2) tan x 3) sec x tan x 4) 2 sec 2 x tan x
30. The derivative of tan x with respect to x is .........
sin x sec 2 x sin x sec 2 x
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 x cos x 4 x tan x 4 x cos x 4 x tan x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -173- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
CONCEPT - 2
DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
In previous chapters we have studied functions in which y was solely
expressed in terms of x without complication. Such functions are called
explicitely defined functions and y is called an explicit function of x.
But if the relation between the variables x and y are given by an equation
containing both, and this equation is not immediately solvable for y, then y
is called an implicit function of x. Implicit functions are given by
dy
f x, y 0 . Finding for such functions is very easy.
dx
dy
Eg-1: Find if x 3 3axy y 3 b
dx
Sol:
d x3 3a d xy d y d b
3
dx dx dx dx
dy
3x 3a x2 d y
y.1
3
.
dy
0
dx dy dx
dy dy
3x 2 3ax 3ay 3y 2 0
dx dx
3 ax y 2 dy
dx
3 ay x 2
dy ay x 2
dx ax y 2
dy
Eg-2: Find if xy tan x y
dx
d d
Sol: xy tan x y
dx dx
d tan x y d x y
.
d x y dx
dy dy
x y sec 2 x y . 1
dx dx
2
dy dy sec x y y
dx
x sec 2 x y sec 2 x y y
dx x sec 2 x y
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -174- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
dy
Eg- 3 : Find if y x cos y y cos x
dx
Sol: Differentiating both sides with respect to x we get,
dy dy dy
x sin y cos y y sin x cos x
dx dx dx
dy
1 x sin y cos x cos y y sin x
dx
dy cos y y sin x
dx 1 x sin y cos x
2
dy cos a y
Eg- 4: If sin y x cos a y , show that
dx cos a
sin y
Sol: We have x cos a y
Differentiating on both sides with respect to x we get,
dy dy
cos a y cos y sin y sin a y
1 dx dx
cos2 a y
dy
cos 2 a y cos a y y
dx
2
dy cos a y
dx cos a
EXERCISE - 4
dy
Find of the following;
dx
2 2 2
1) ax 2 2hxy by 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 2) x3 y3 c3
3) y sin x sin x sin x ........ 4) y x x x x x ........
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -175- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS
We have learnt in the chapter of function that y f x and its inverse y f 1 x
are symmetric about the line y = x. In this section we shall study how the deriva-
tive f x and f 1 x are related. Let us see the figure below.
Let us consider a point P a, f a on the graph of y f x . The inverse of P is
say Q on the graph of y f 1 x , where coordinates of Q are f a ,a .
Let us draw the tangents at points P and Q. Since y f x and y f 1 x are
symmetric about the line y x , these tangents are equally inclined to the line
y x (see figure). If the angle between the tangent at P and x-axis is and that
of the angle between the tangent at Q and x-axis is then
45 a
while 45 a (where a is the angle between any tangent and y = x)
Adding we get 90
90
1
tan tan 90
tan
Thus, slope of y f 1 x at Q is reciprocal of the slope of y f x at P.
d 1 1
f x
i.e., dx x f a d f x
dx x a
[Later it will be explain that f x represents the slope of y f x ]
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -176- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d 1
Eg -1: Let f x x 3 1 . Find the value of
dx
f at x 2 f 1 without
finding the expression for f 1 x .
df
Sol: 3x 2 3
dx x 1
x 1
df 1 1 1
Now, dx x f 1
df 3
dx x 1
1
Eg -2 : If g is the inverse function of f and f x Prove that
1 xn
n
g x 1 g x
Sol: Given that g x f 1 x
Thus, f g x x
f g x .g x 1
1
g x
f g x
1 n
1 g x
1
n
1 g x
Eg-3: If f x sec 1 2x find f x at x 1
1
fx .2
Sol: 2x 4x 2 1
1 1
f x x 1
.2
2 3 3
Differentiation using trigonometrical transormations
dy 1 1 cos x
Eg -4: Find where y tan
dx 1 cos x
x
2sin2
1 cos x 2 tan2 x tan x
Sol: 1 cos x x 2 2
2 cos 2
2
x x dy 1
y tan1 tan
2 2 dx 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -177- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
x x x x
Remarks: We know that tan2 tan still we have used tan2 tan . We
2 2 2 2
did so because the region is not mentioned and if no region is mentioned the
easiest formula is used. Now see Ex. 5
dy 1 cos x
Eg -5: Find if y tan1 where x 2
dx 1 cos x
1 cos x x x x
Sol: tan2 and tan 0 for
1 cos x 2 2 2 2
x x x
Therefore tan2 tan tan
2 2 2
x
y tan1 tan
2
x x x
tan1 tan 0
2 2 2 2
dy 1
Hence,
dx 2
EXERCISE - 5
d
1) If f ( x) x3 x 2 x , then find
dx
f 1 ( x) at x 6 .
1
2) If g is inverse of f and f ( x) , then find g ( x) .
1 x3
3) Find the d.c of y cos ec 1 (2 x ) at x 1
1 cos x
4) find the d.c of y tan
1 sin x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -178- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Definition :
Let y f t
and x g t be function of variable t................(1)
Also, let that inverse of x g t is t x , then y f x . This third
v a r i a b l e t i s c a l ed p a r a m et er a n d h en c e eq u a t i o n (1 ) r ep r es en t t h e
p ar am et r i c for m of t h e fu n ct i on y f x .
For example,
i x a cos t, y a sin t are parametric form of the circle x 2 y 2 a 2
x2 y2
ii x a cos t, y b sin t 1 etc.
are parametric form of the ellipse
a 2 b2
THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION REPRESENTED PARAMETRICALLY
Let a function of x be represented by the parametric equations and
x g t
, t0 t T
y f t
Let us assume that these functions have derivatives and that the function
x g t has an inverse. t x , which also has a derivative. The function
defined by the parametric equation may be regarded as a composite function.
y f t , t x , t being the intermediate variable. or y f x
dy dy dt dy 1 dx
Now,
dx dt dx dt dx / dt If dt 0
dy dy dx dx
/ if 0
dx dt dt dt
Method to Find Derivatives
If x and y are some functions of t say y f t and x g t , then
dy dx
f t and g t .
dt dt
dy dy dy /dt
Then find which may be obtained by the relation
dx dx dx /dt
dy f t dy
i.e., dx g t .
dx is the first derivative of y w.r.t. x. Now let us find the
d2 y
second derivative of y w.r.t. x i.e., .
dx 2
d2 y d2 y d 2 y /dt 2
In deriving studnets often did blunder and write .
dx 2 dx 2 d 2 x / dt 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -179- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
They put logic that because 1st derivative of y w.r.t. x is the ratio of 1st
derivatives of y w.r.t. ‘t’ and x w.r.t. ‘t’, so, the 2nd derivative of y w.r.t. x may
be written as the ratio of respective 2nd derivatives, which is false. See below.
d2 y / dt 2 d2 y d2 y
is equivalent to which is not the same as .
d2 x / dt 2 d2 x dx 2
Note: Another common error which some studnets generally do are as below.
d2 y d dy
2
dx dx dx
d f t g t .f t f t .g t
dx g t g t
2
It is also not true,
g t .f t f t .g t d f t d f t
Because and not
dx g t .
2
g t dt g t
Hence, what is correct is written below
d2 y d dy d f t
dx 2
dx dx dx g t
d f t dt
dt g t dx
d f t 1
dt g t dx / dt
g t .f t f t .g t 1
2
g t g t
d2 y g t .f t f t .g t
or dx 2 3
g t
dy
Eg-1: Find when x a cos t and y a sin t .
dx
Sol: x = a cos t
dx
a sin t
dt
and y a sin t
dy dy dy /dt a cos t
a cos t Now, cot t .
dt dx dx /dt a sin t
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -180- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
dy
Eg-2: If x a sin , y a 1 cos find .
dx
dx
Sol: x a sin a 1 cos
d
dy
and y a 1 cos a sin
d
dy dy / d a sin 2 sin / 2 cos / 2
cot / 2
dx dx / d a 1 cos 2sin2 / 2
EXERCISE - 6
dy
Find of the following;
dx
t
2) x a cos t log tan and y a sin t
1) x a t sin t and y a 1 cos t .
2
2
d y
3) If x a cos cos 2 and y a sin cos 2 , then find dx 2 at .
6
1 x
4) Find the d.c of tan w.r.t. cos 1 (2 x 2 1) .
1 x2
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
Definition
We have already learnt the differentiation of functions of the form
constant variable
variable or constant e.g.
when f x x n ;f x nx n1
and when f x a x ;
f x a x na . But when we have to differentiate the function of the form
variable
variable use of logarithm becomes essential.
Let us consider a function of the form y=uv where u and v are functions of x.
Taking ‘log’ on both sides we get,
ny nuv vnu
Differentiating on both sides with respect to x we get,
d d
ny vnu
dx dx
d dy d d
i.e., ny . v. n u n u v
dy dx dx dx
1 dy 1 du dy
. v. n u
y dx u dx dx
v
y y .u n u v
u
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -181- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
Students can get the differentiation by using the formula
uv e vnu also
i.e., y uv e v n u
1
v ev ln u v .u n u .v
u
v
y uv .u n u .v
u
y vuv 1.u uv nu v
Students can use this result as a formula to get the d.c. directly.
Eg-1: Find the d.c. of i y x x ii y x sin x
Sol: i y x x e xnx
1
y e xnx x. nx.1
x
x x 1 nx
ii y xsin x esin x nx
sin x
y esin x nx . cos x nx
x
sin x
x sin x . cos x nx
x
x sin x 1. sin x x cos x nx
3 x
Eg-2: Find the d.c. of y e x sin x tan x
Sol: Here we cannot take logarithms directly. In such problems we have to find
the d.c. of each term separately.
3 x
y e x sin x tan x
dy 3 d d
e x sin x . x sin x 3 e xn tan x .
xn tan x
dx dx dx
3 xn tan x x
e x sin x . x cos x 3.3x 2 sin x 3 e .
tan x
sec 2 x n tan x
3 x
e x sin x . sin x 3 3x 3 cos x 3 tan x . 2 cos ec2x n tan x
EXERCISE - 7
x dy dy sin x
1) If y x tan 1 , then find . 2) Find if y x x sin x .
y dx dx
dy dy
3) Find if y sin 2 x xe xy . 4) Find if x sin y y tanx .
dx dx
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -182- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 2
MAINS LEVEL - I
d 1 1 x
1. tan
dx 1 x
2 1 1 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x
dy
2. If x 2 y 2 5 then =
dx
x x
1) 0 2) 3) 4) None of these
y y
dy
3. If sin y x log x then =
dx
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
1) 2) 3) 4)
cos y cos y x cos x x cos y
d
4.
dx
sin 1 x 2
2 2x 2x 2x
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x4
d 1 1 cos x
5. tan =
dx sin x
1 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4) None of these
2 2 2
d 1 3x x 3
6. dx sin 2 2 =
3 3 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 x2 4 x2 4 x2 4 x2
dy
7. If y 2 x
then
dx
2 2x 2 x
1) log 2 2) log 2 3) log 2 4) None of these
2 x 2 x 2 x
8. If log log x then
x2
f ' (e) is
1 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4)
e 2e
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -183- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
dy
9. If x a cos3 t and y a sin 3 t then
dx
1) tan x 2) tan x 3) cot x 4) cot x
dy
10. If x acos t t sin t , y a (sin t t cos t ) then
dx
1) tan x 2) tan x 3) cot x 4) cot x
LEVEL - 2
dy
11. If sin 2 y cos xy k then at x = 1, y = is
dx 4
3
1) 2) 3) 4) None of these
2
4 2 1
4 2 1
d 1 1 cos x
12. tan =
dx 2
1 1 3 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2
d 1 1 x - 1 - x
13. dx tan 1 x 1 - x =
1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) None of these
1 x2 1 x2 2 1 x2
14.
d
dx
sin 1 x 1 x - x 1 x 2 =
1 1 1 1
1) 2)
2 2
1 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1 x
1 1
3) 4) None of these
2
1 x 2 x 1 x
d 1 1 cos x
15. tan =
dx sin x
1 1 3 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -184- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d x
16. dx log tan 4 2 =
1) sec x 2) cot x 3) tan x 4) sec x
4
d 3 x x 3
17. dx log e x 3 =
3x 2 3 3x 2 3 3x 2 3
1) 2) 3) 4) None of these
x2 9 x2 9 x2 9
dy 2
18. If x 10(t sin t ) and y 12(1 cos t ) then at t
dx 3
3 4 7 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
dy
19. If x 2 cos cos 2 and y 2 sin sin 2 then =
dx
5 3 3
1) tan 2) tan 3) tan 4) tan
2 2 2 2
dy
20. If x a ( 2 sin 2 ) and y a(1 cos 2 ) then at
dx 3
1 1 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3
LEVEL - 3
d 1 1 x 2 1
21. dx tan x
=
1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) None of these
2(1 x 2 ) 2(1 x 2 ) 2(1 x 2 )
1 1 dy
22. If y sin 1 6 x 1 9 x 2 ,
3 2
x
3 2
, then
dx
=
3 3 6 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 9x2 1 9x2 1 9x2 1 9x2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -185- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d x
23.
dx
e log sin 2 x =
1) e x 2 cot 2 x log sin 2 x 2) e x 2 cot 2 x log sin 2 x
3) e 2 x 2 cot 2 x log sin 2 x 4) None of these
dy
24. If xy e ( x y ) then =
dx
y( x 1 ) y( x 1 ) y( x 1 ) y( x 1 )
1) 2) 3) 4)
x( y 1 ) x( y 1 ) x( y 1 ) x( y 1 )
dy
25. If x a sin 1 t and y a cos 1 t then =
dx
y y x x
1) 2) 3) 4)
x x y y
2t 2t dy
26. If sin x 2 and
tan y 2 then =
1 t 1 t dx
1) -1 2) 1 3) -2 4) 2
dy
27. If x 3 cos 2 cos3 , y 3 sin 2 sin 3 then
dx
1) tan 2) cot 3) cot 4) tan
2 2
dy
28. If x acos sin , y a sin cos then =
dx
1) tan 2) cot 3) cot 4) tan
2 2
t dy
29. If x a cos t log tan , y a sin t then =
2 dx
3t 3
1) tan 2) tan 3) tan 4) cot
2 2
1 1 dy
30. If x and y then =
dx
x y x y
1) 2) 3) 4)
y x y x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -186- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
CONCEPT - 3
L’HOSPITAL’S RULE
We have already studied in the chapter of ‘limit’ about seven indeterminate
forms and method of evaluating limits of different algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and miscellaneous expression. Now in this chapter we shall
study a method which is least time consuming and also very helpful in
evaluating limits of complex expressions.
L’Hosital’s Theorem
Let f x and g x be functions of x such that f a 0 g a , then
f x fx
lim lim
x a g x x a g x , provided the later limit exists.
f x f a
f x lim x a
Proof: lim
x a g x
x a g x g a since f a 0 g a
x a
f a
g a
f a f x
But if f a 0 g a then lim
x a g x
lim
x a g x
In general if f a 0, f a 0,..., f n1 a 0 and
g a 0, g a 0,....g n1 a 0
but, f n a 0 and g n a 0
f x f n x f n a
then lim
x a g x
lim n
x a g x
n
g a
0
Note: The given theorem is not only true for limits of form it also holds for the
0
form . but not for the other forms. But if a limit is of any other form and
0
can be converted to of form then after conversion of the form,
0
L’ Hospital’s rule can be used.
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -187- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
x sin x
Eg-1: Evaluate lim
x 0 x3
x sin x 0
Sol: lim 3 is of the form
x 0 x 0
1 cos x
Applying L’ Hospital’s rule we have the given limit lim
x 0 3x 2
2
2 sin x / 2 2 1
lim 2
x 0 3
2.x / 2 3.2 6
xm a m
Eg-2: Evaluate lim
x a xn a n
0
Sol: The given limit is of the form , Thus applying L’Hospital’s rule we have
0
mx m 1 m n1
The limit = lim a
x a nx n1 n
tan x x
Eg-3: Evaluate lim .
x 0 x 2 tan x
tan x x 0
Sol: lim 2 ( is of the form )
x 0 x tan x 0
sec 2 x 1
lim
x 0 x 2 sec 2 x 2x tan x
tan x
1 1
x
lim
x 0 tan x 1 2 3
sec 2 x 2
x
xe x log 1 x
Eg-4: Evaluate lim
x 0 x2
0
Sol: This limit is of the form
0
Thus applying L’ Hospital’s rule we have
x x 1
xe e
The limit lim 1 x
x 0 2x
EXERCISE - 8
ex 1 x cos x log(1 x)
1) lim 2) lim
x0 tan x x0 x2
xn ln(e x e a )
3) lim x
;n I 4) lim
x a cos x ln( x a )
x e
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -188- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 3
MAINS LEVEL - I
I. Multiple choice questions with one correct answer:
d
1. log a x
dx
1 log a 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
x x x log a x log a
d log
2.
dx
e 1 tan 2 x
1) tan x 2) sec x 3) sec 2 x 4) sec x. tan x
d n
3.
dx
x log x
1) x n 1 n log x 2) x n1 1 n log x 3) x n 1 n log x 4) x n1 1 n log x
d 3x 5
4.
dx 2 x 3
19 14 19 1
1) 2 x 3 2 2) 2 x 3 2 3) 2 x 3 2 4) 2 x 3 2
d x2
5.
dx
e
1) x.e x2 2) e x2 3) 2 x.e x2 4) None of the above
d 100
6.
dx
2 x 2 3x 5
99 99
1) 100 4 x 3 2 x 2 3x 5 2) 100 2 x 2 3x 5
99
3) 100 2 x 2 3 x 5 4) 100 4 x 33 2x 2
3x 5
7. The derivative of sin x sin x w.r. to x is
cos x 1 2 sin x
cos x 1 2 sin x
1) 2)
4 sin 2 x sin x sin x 4 sin 2 x sin x sin x
cos x 1 2 sin x
cos x 1 2 sin x
3) 4)
4 sin 2 x sin x sin x 4 sin 2 x sin x sin x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -189- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d
8.
dx
cos x 0
2
1) sin x 0 2) sin x 0 3) sin x 0 4) sin x 0
180 180 180
9. If f x x x 2 x3 x 4 ........, x 1, then f x
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 1 x 2 3) 4) 1 x 2
1 x 1 x
dy
2
4
2n
10. If y 1 x 1 x 1 x ............ 1 x , then dx
x 0
1
1) 0 2) 3) 1 4) 2
2
dy
11. If y sec Tan 1 x , then at x 1 is equal to
dx
1 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4)
2 2
1 x 1 4 1 dy
1
12. If y log 1 x 2 tan x , then dx
x x2 x x
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 x2 1 x4 1 x4 1 x4
d x 1 1
13. a tan 1 x b log 4 then a 2b
dx x 1 x 1
1) 1 2) –1 3) 0 4) 2
n dy y
14. If xy x y and then n =
dx x
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
dy
15. If y sin x x y then at x 0 is
dx
1) 1 2) –1 3) 0 4) 2
y x dy
16. If 2 then
x y dx
x2 y2 x2 y2
1) 2) 3) 1 4) 2
x y x y
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -190- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
dy
17. If 3sin xy 4 cos xy 5 then
dx
y 3sin xy 4cos xy 3cos xy 4sin xy x
1) 2) 3) 4)
x 3cos xy 4sin xy 4 cos xy 3sin xy y
dy
18. If tan y ecos 2 x sin x, then
dx
1) sin 2 y cot x 2sin 2 x 2) sin 2 x cot y sin y
3) sin 2 y sin 2 x 4) cos 2 y.cos 2 x
d x
19.
dx
x
1) x x log ex 2) x x log x 3) x x log ex 4) x x log xx
dy
20. If x y e x y then
dx
log x log x 1 x x y
1) 2) 1 log x 2 3) 4)
1 log x y x log y 1 log x
21. If f x cos x.cos 2 x.cos 3x.........cos nx then f x r tan rx f x is
r 1
1) f x 2) 0 3) f x 4) 2 f x
1 dy
22. If y cot tan x , then
2 dx
1 1
1) x 2) 1 3) 4)
1 x2 1 x2
d 1 1 1 1 x
2
23. sec cot
dx 1 x2 x
1 1 2 2
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4)
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x2
2 2
1 a x 2ax dy
24. If y cos 2 2
sin 1 2 2
then
a x a x dx
a 2a 4a a2
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2
x a2 x a2 x a2 x a2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -191- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
y e y ................. dy
25. If x e x 0, then is
dx
x 1 x 1 x 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 x x x x
26. If f is an even function and f x exists then f 0
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) f 0
27. The derivative of an odd function is an
1) even function 2) odd function
3) even and odd function 4) None
28. The derivative of sin 2 x w.r.to log x 2 is
x sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x sin 2 x
1) 2) 3) 4) x log x
log x log x 2 2 log x
29. The derivative of log10 x w.r.to x 2 is
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 2 3) 4) 2
2 x log 10 2 x log 10 2 x log 10 2 x log 10
30. The derivative of sin 1 x w.r.to cos1 1 x 2 is
1
1) 2) cos 1 x 3) 1 4) 0
1 x2
LEVEL -2
31.
d a
dx
x ax
1) ax a 1 2) a x log a a x a 1 3) a x log a 4) xa+axloga
d
32. (cos x )
dx
1 1
1) sin x 2) sin x 3) sin x 4) sin x
2 x 2 x
d sin x cos x
33. dx , 0 x ,
1 sin 2 x 4
1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -192- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
cos x sin x
34. If f ( x) then f ' ( x)
cos x sin x
1) sec 2 x 2)
sec 2 x 3) sec 2 x 4)
sec 2 x
4 4 4 4
d
35. log a x
dx
1 1 1
1) 1/x 2) log a 3) x log a 4)
x x
dy
36. If y = 5log x then
dx
y y
1) y.log 5 2) 3) log5 4) xlog5
x x
d 2x 3
37.
dx 3 x 1
7 11 41 5
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4)
(2 x 5) (3x 1) (2 x 7) (3x 5) 2
dy
38. If y 2 ax and log 256 at x 1, then a =
dx
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
d log 1 tan 2 x
39. e
dx
1) sec x 2) sec x tanx 3) sec2x 4) Sec2x Tanx
d 1 cos x
40.
dx sin x
2 x 1 x x x
1) sec 2) sec 2 3) 2 sec
2
4) 3sec2
2 2 2 2 2
LEVEL - 3
2 0 dy
41. If y sin x then
dx
1) sin 2x 2) sin x0 cos x0 3) 2sin2x0 4) Sin 2 x
180
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -193- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d
42.
dx
log10 x
1 1 1 1
1) 2) log 10 3) x log 10 4)
x x x
dy
43. If y a log sin x then
dx
1) y cot x log a 2) –y cot x log a 3) y tan x log a 4) –y tanx log a
d 1 cos 2 x
44. log
dx 1 cos 2 x
1) 2 sin 2x 2) 2 cosec 2x 3) 2 cos 2x 4) 2 sec 2x
45.
d
dx
( x a )( x 2 a 2 )( x 4 a 4 )
7x 8 a(8x 7 a 7 ) 7x 8 a(8x 7 a 7 ) 7x 8 a(8x 7 a 7 )
1) 2 2) 2 3) 4) x4 a 4
( x a) (x a ) ( x a) 2
46. The derivative of [sin (log x)] w.r.t. x is :
sin(log x ) cos(log x) tan(log x) cot(log x)
1) 2) 3) 4)
x x x x
dy
47. If x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 then
dx
(x g) xg (y f ) yf
1) – y f 2) y f 3) xg 4) x g
48. If f(x) and g(x) have equal derivatives, then f(x)–g(x) is a ______ function.
1) Constant 2) Identify 3) Even 4) Odd
dy
49. If x = at2, y = 2at then
dx
1) 0 2) 1 3) t 4) 1/t
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -194- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
dy
50. If sin y x sin( y ) then
dx
sin sin 2 ( y ) sin 2 ( y )
2
1) 2) 3) sin sin ( y ) 4)
sin 2 ( y ) sin sin
ADVANCED
II. Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answer:
dy
51. Let y x x x ........ , then is equals to
dx
1 x 1 y
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 y 1 x 2y 1 4x 2x y
1 2 x dy
52. If y cos 2
, then is
1 x dx
2 2 2
1) for all x 2) 2 for all x 1 3) for x 1 4) None
1 x2 1 x 1 x2
dy
53. If y log 2 log 2 x , then
dx
log 2 e 1 1 1
1) x.log x 2) x.log x log 2 Q 3) log 2 x 2 4) x log x 2
e e e e e
III. Reading comprehension/Passage Based questions.
Passage :
d dv du
If u, v are two functions in x, then
dx
uv u v
dx dx
. It is known as product
rule or uv formula.
du dv
v u
d u dx dx . It is known as Quotient
If u, v are two functions in x, then 2
dx v v
rule or u/v formula
d 3 4
54. 3 x 4
dx x
2 5 1 5 2 3 1 3
1) x 3 x 4 2) x 3 x 4 3) x 3 x 4 4) x 3 x 4
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -195- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS DIFFERENTIATION
d log x
55.
dx x 2
1 2 log x 1 2 log x 2 1log x 2 1log x
1) 2) 3) 4)
x3 x3 x3 x3
d sin x
56.
dx 1 cos x
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 sin x 1 cos x 1 tan x 1 cot x
VI. Matrix Matching :
57. Column - I Column - II
d 2x 5 29
a) i) 2x 7 2
dx 3 x 1
d 2x 3 41
b) ii) 2 x 7 2
dx 3 x 1
d 5x 3 11
c) iii) 3x 1 2
dx 2 x 7
d 5x 3 17
d) iv) 3x 1 2
dx 2 x 7
1) a-i; b-ii; c-iii; d-iv 2) a-iv; b-iii; c-i; d-ii
3) a-iii; b-iv; c-ii; d-i 4) a-iv; b-iii; c-ii; d-i
Statement type question :
d 1 sin x
58. Statement-I: 2 sec 2 x
dx 1 sin x
d 1 sin nx
Statement-II: n sec 2 x
dx 1 sin nx
1) Both I & II are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2) Both I & II are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3) Only I is true.
4) Only II is true.
Integer type questions :
59. The derivative of cos 1 2 x 2 1 w.r.to cos 1 x is _____________________
dy
60. If y sin x y then _________________
dx
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -196- STUDY MATERIAL
ANSWER
BOOKLET
MATHEMATICS
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
ANSWER KEY
1. FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 1
1) (i) f = { (5,-7), (6,-9), (7,-11), (8,-13) } (ii) B (iii) {-7,-9,-11,-13}
2) Domain = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ; Range = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }
3) (i), (ii), (v) are functions and (iii), (iv) are not functions.
4) (i) not a function and (ii) is a function.
5) 256 6) Yes, f = g 7) No
EXERCISE - 2
x 4 4 1 1 x 4
4
1) (i) (ii) (iii) x 4 2 (iv) R - { -4 }
x4 x4
2) (i) 3 (ii) 0 (iii) 8/3 (iv) 3/8
3) a = -2, b = -5, c = 8, d = -1
4) (a) domain=R, Range={ k } (b) domain=R, Range=R
(c) domain=R, Range= 0, (d) domain=R, Range=R
(e) domain=R - {0}, Range=R - { 0 } (f) domain= 0, , Range= 0,
(g) domain=R, Range=R (h) domain= 0, , Range= 0,
EXERCISE - 3
x,2 x 0
g x 0, 0 x 1
1)
2 x 1,1 x 2
2) (i) 5 (ii) 4.7 (iii) 0.025 (iv) 3.5
11
3) (i) x 3 (ii) x 10, 8 (iii) x , 7, (iv) No solution
3
4) (i) 2 (ii) 7 (iii) 7 (iv) 0 (v) -3 (vi) - 8 (vii) 2 (viii) 3
5) 0
6) (i) 0.3 (ii) 0.9 (iii) 0.8 (iv) 0 (v) -5.7 (vi) -18.5 (vii) 6 2 (viii) 3
7) (a) domain=R, Range=R+ (b) domain=R, Range=Z
(c) domain=R, Range=Z (d) domain=R, Range= 0,1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -198- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 4
1) (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 log 3 2 (iv) 1 log 2 7
2
(v) 3 (vi) (vi) 81
3
2) (i) log e 2 1 (ii) 0 (iii) does not exist (iv) 0
3) (i) e (ii) 0 (iii) 3 e (iv) 0
4) -18
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 1
01) 2 02) 3 03) 3 04) 1 05) 3
06) 2 07) 2 08) 3 09) 3 10) 2
11) 2 12) 4 13) 2 14) 2 15) 3
16) 1 17) 1 18) 4 19) 1 20) 3
21) 1, 3,4 22) 2, 3 23) 1,2,3,4 24) 1, 2,3 25) 1, 2
26) 4 27) 4 28) 3 29) 1 30) 52
EXERCISE - 5
1 1
1) x ,4 3,3 6, 2) x ,1 ,0 ,
2 2
3 5 - 3 4
3) x ,1 0, , 4) x , 0, 4,
4 2 2 3
2 1
5) x
3 2
EXERCISE - 6
1) 2, 2) ,1 3) 2, 2
4) R 5) ( 5, 0 ) 6) [ -4, 4]
7) R 8) R - { 1 }
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -199- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 7
1) 0, 2) R - { 0 } 3) 0, 3
4) 0, 1 5) R - { 0 } 6) R
7) R - { -1, 1 } 8) R
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 2
01) 1 02) 4 03) 3 04) 4 05) 2
06) 2 07) 3 08) 4 09) 2 10) 1
11) 2 12) 3 13) 4 14) 2 15) 2
16) 3 17) 1 18) 1 19) 3 20) 4
21) 1, 3 22) 1, 2 23) 1 24) 1 25) 2
26) 3 27) 1 28) 1 29) 5 30) 7
EXERCISE - 8
1) Yes, one-one 2) Yes, one-one 3) Yes, one-one 4) 120
EXERCISE - 9
1) 14 2) (a) 32 (b) 30 3) 24
4) not a bijection ( 5 to 9 ) conceptual
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 3
01) 1 02) 4 03) 3 04) 4 05) 1
06) 4 07) 1 08) 3 09) 4 10) 4
11) 4 12) 2 13) 3 14) 2 15) 1
16) 3 17) 1 18) 3 19) 4 20) 3
21) 1, 2, 4 22) 1, 2 23) 3, 4 24) 1, 4 25) 1, 4
26) 1 27) 1 28) 1 29) 360 30) 36
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -200- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 10
1) (i) gof (x) = 4x2 + 12x + 14; fog (x) = 2x2 + 13
(ii) gof (x) = 3 (x2 + 8) 3 + 1; fog (x) = 9x6 + 6x3 + 9
(iii) gof (x) = |x|; fog (x) = |x|
2) fog = { (1,1), (3,1), (4,3), (5,3) }; gof = { (3,3), (9,3), (12,9) }
(3 to 4 ) Conceptual
x 1, if x 1
5) f(x) = x + 1, g(x) =
1, if x 1
6) f(x) = x , g(x) = |x|
EXERCISE - 11
1) f 1 5 2i,2i; f 1 8 3,3
2) (i) f 1 5 (ii) f 1 26 5,5 (iii) f 1 10,37 3,3, 6,6
3) f 1 25
4) f 1 1 1, w, w2
EXERCISE - 12
x7 x4
1) f x 2) f x
1 1
3) fog 7 7
10 3
x 1
4) f x
1
5) fof 1 1 1 6) f 1 x 7 4 x 3
1 x
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 4
01) 4 02) 3 03) 4 04) 1 05) 4
06) 3 07) 2 08) 3 09) 2 10) 3
11) 2 12) 2 13) 2 14) 3 15) 2
16) 3 17) 1 18) 2 19) 1 20) 3
21) 1, 2, 3 22) 1, 2, 3, 4 23) 1 24) 1, 4 25) 1,2,3,4
26) 1 27) 4 28) 1 29) 4 30) 3
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -201- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
2. LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
EXERCISE - 1
1) 0.3 2) 0.25
EXERCISE - 2
1) 2)
EXERCISE - 3
1) lim f ( x ) does not exist, 2 2) 3, does not exist
x1
3) 0 , does not exist
EXERCISE - 4
1 3 b
1) 1 2) 3) 9 4) 5)
a 2 d
1
6)
4
EXERCISE - 5
1) -11 2) 3 3) 2/5 4) 2a 5) 6
6) 32
EXERCISE - 6
1
1) 0 2) 2 a 3) 1/2 4) 3 5)
2 x
6) 1/4
EXERCISE - 7
5 3 2 5 7
1) a 2 2 2) a 3) 6 4) 4 5) 1, -1
2 7
6) 5120
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -202- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 8
1) 3/2 2) c/2 3) 1/2 4) 2 5) 1/3 6) 5/2
EXERCISE - 9
1) -1/2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 0
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 1
1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3
6) 2 7) 2 8) 1 9) 2 10) 4
11) 2 12) 4 13) 1 14) 4 15) 4
16) 4 17) 3 18) 3 19) 4 20) 4
21) 3 22) 2 23) 3 24) 4 25) 4
26) 2 27) 2 28) 4 29) 1 30) 3
31) 1,3,4 32) 2,3,4 33) 1 34) 2 35) 1
36) 2 37) 3 38) 3 39) 1 40) 1
EXERCISE - 10
1) a 2) 1/2 3) 1 4) 1/2 5) 2a 2 6) 3a 2
EXERCISE - 11
1 9
1) 2 log 2 2) log e a 3) log 4) 1/2 5) 2a 2
8
6) 3a 2
EXERCISE - 12
1) e 3 2) e 2 3) e12 4) e 2 5) e3 6) e6
EXERCISE - 13
1) e 2 2) 1 3) e 1 4) e6 5) e 2 6) e 2
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -203- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 2
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 2
6) 4 7) 4 8) 4 9) 2 10) 4
11) 1 12) 2 13) 3 14) 1 15) 2
16) 2 17) 3 18) 3 19) 2 20) 3
21) 1 22) 2 23) 2 24) 2 25) 3
26) 1 27) 3 28) 4 29) 1 30) 3
31) 1,2,4 32) 2 33) 1 34) 3 35) 4
36) 2 37) 2 38) 4 39) -3 40) 1
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 3
1) 2 2) 3 3) 3 4) 3 5) 3
6) 4 7) 2 8) 2 9) 2 10) 2
11) 4 12) 3 13) 3 14) 1 15) 1
16) 3 17) 1 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3
21) 3 22) 2 23) 4 24) 4 25) 4
26) 4 27) 1 28) 3 29) 4 30) 1
31) 2 32) 2 33) 4 34) 2 35) 3
36) 4 37) 4 38) 4 39) 1 40) 3
41) 2 42) 1 43) 3 44) 1 45) 4
46) 2 47) 3 48) 1 49) 3 50) 2
51) 3,4 52) 1,4 53) 1,2,3,4 54) 2 55) 3
56) 4 57) 2 58) 6 59) 0 60) 2/3
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -204- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 14
1
1) Discontinuous 2) a ,b 3) a log 3, b , c 1
6 12 3
EXERCISE - 15
1) 2) xR
EXERCISE - 16
5
1) x 2n or x 2n 2) x 1, 2
6 6
3) xR 4) xR
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 4
1) 1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 4 5) 4
6) 4 7) 2 8) 1 9) 1 10) 2
11) 4 12) 2 13) 3 14) 4 15) 3
16) 2 17) 1 18) 2 19) 2 20) 1
21) 1 22) 3 23) 1 24) 3 25) 2
26) 2 27) 1 28) 2 29) 2 30) 2
31) 2 32) 1 33) 3 34) 2 35) 3
36) 1 37) 1 38) 2 39) 1 40) 2
41) 2 42) 1,3 43) 1 44) 2 45) 1
46) 2 47) 3 48) 1 49) -1/8 50) 1
3. DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE - 1
1 2
1) 2) 3) 2x cos(x 2 1)
2x a (2x 3)2
1
4) (2ax b )sin(ax 2 bx c ) 5)
2x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -205- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 2
a c
1)
2 x
2x x
2)
e x sec 2 x tan x 1 log x
2 1 log x
3) cos x sin x
2 4)
x2
EXERCISE - 3
1)
2 ax 2 bx c 2ax b 2) a sin 2ax 3) 2 xk 2 cos( k 2 x 2 )
4) 2 x cot(x 2 1) 5) e ax a cos(bx c ) b sin(bx c )
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 1
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 2 5) 1
6) 2 7) 3 8) 1 9) 2 10) 3
11) 3 12) 4 13) 4 14) 2 15) 2
16) 1 17) 3 18) 2 19) 1 20) 1
21) 2 22) 3 23) 3 24) 3 25) 2
26) 2 27) 3 28) 3 29) 3 30) 2
EXERCISE - 4
1
ax hy g y 3 cos x y 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
hx by f x 2 y 1 2y x
EXERCISE - 5
1 3
1 1
1) 2) g ( x ) 1 g ( x ) 3) 4)
9 3 2
EXERCISE - 6
t 3 1
1) tan 2) tan t 3) 4)
2 a 2 2
EXERCISE - 7
x
x 2
y 2 tan 1 xy
1) y 2) x x (1 log x ) sin x
sin x
cos x (1 log sin x )
2x y2
2
e xy 1 xy sin 2 x y x sec 2 x log y sin y
3) 4)
1 x 2e xy x y cos y log x tan x
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -206- STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS : IX (VOL - 3) MATHEMATICS ANSWER KEY
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 2
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 4 5) 1
6) 1 7) 3 8) 4 9) 2 10) 1
11) 2 12) 2 13) 3 14) 2 15) 1
16) 4 17) 1 18) 4 19) 3 20) 2
21) 1 22) 4 23) 2 24) 4 25) 1
26) 2 27) 2 28) 1 29) 1 30) 1
EXERCISE - 8
1
1) 1 2) 3) 0 4) sec a
2
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS - 3
1) 3 2) 4 3) 2 4) 1 5) 3
6) 1 7) 1 8) 2 9) 2 10) 3
11) 3 12) 2 13) 2 14) 2 15) 2
16) 3 17) 1 18) 1 19) 1 20) 2
21) 2 22) 2 23) 3 24) 3 25) 3
26) 1 27) 1 28) 1 29) 2 30) 3
31) 2 32) 4 33) 2 34) 3 35) 3
36) 3 37) 2 38) 3 39) 2 40) 2
41) 4 42) 3 43) 1 44) 2 45) 2
46) 2 47) 1 48) 1 49) 4 50) 2
51) 1 52) 2 53) 2 54) 1 55) 1
cos x
56) 2 57) 4 58) 1 59) 2 60)
2 y 1
VELAMMAL IIT & NEET FOUNDATION -207- STUDY MATERIAL
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