Lecture Note
Mechanics of Fluid 2
SEMM 2323
Compressible Flow
Ir. Ts. Dr. Mohamad Nur Hidayat Mat
School of Mechanical, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Introduction
In this chapter, we consider the flow of gases in which the density changes significantly
between points on a streamline. Such flows are called compressible flow.
However, not all gases are compressible flow. Normally Mach number less than 0.3
and density changes less than 3% are treated as incompressible flow. Let’s us
introduce the effect of compressibility in uniform flow.
Continuity equation:
Momentum equation:
Energy equation (neglecting potential energy changes):
where we have used h = u + p/𝜌 Assuming an ideal gas with constant specific heats,
the energy equation takes the form
where we have used the thermodynamic relations
and the ideal-gas law
If we have an interest in calculating the entropy change between two sections, we
will use the definition of entropy as
where dQ represents the differential heat transfer. Using the first law, this becomes,
for an ideal gas with constant specific heat,
If a process is adiabatic (Q =0) and reversible (no losses), Eq. 9.1.8 shows that the
entropy change is zero (i.e., the flow is isentropic). If the flow is isentropic, the
relationship above can be used, along with the ideal-gas law and Eqs. 9.1.6b and c, to
show that
Mach Number
Case: Static
- What happen to sound wave when you are not moving. T1=T2=T3
cx2∆𝑡
cx∆𝑡
cx3∆𝑡
Case: Moving with subsonic
- Sound wave appears first than you
cx3∆𝑡
cx2∆𝑡
cx∆𝑡
Source
Case: Moving with supersonic
- Sound wave unable to catch you
u∆𝑡
u Source
c
c∆𝑡
c2∆𝑡
c3∆𝑡
Out of Mach Cone is silence zone
Inside Mach Cone, someone can
hear the sound wave
Tutorial
A needle-nose projectile traveling at a speed with M = 3 passes 200 m above the
observer of Fig. E9.1. Calculate the projectile’s velocity and determine how far beyond
the observer the projectile will first be heard.
Let find velocity
Next find the L
Isentropic Nozzle
Incompressible flow
compressible flow
Next divide by
Eq. 1
To find relationship of area with velocity, let’s use the Bernoulli’s equation. Assume
that horizontal flow where h is cancelled out.
After that differentiate p with respect to v
Then divide by 𝑑𝜌
Based on definition of = c2
Rearrange the equation, it becomes,
Substitute to Eq. 1
Rearrange again and make the dA/A be the subject
Let’s make comparison of subsonic and supersonic flow
Then we can analyse for convergent and divergent nozzle
End up the Mach number equal to 1 at throat area.
Reservoir
Apply energy equation, no work done and heat transfer (adiabatic).
Rearrange for point 1 and 2
We know that
Then substitute with c2 = kRT
Rearrange again
The relationship of temperature with pressure is given by
Thus, for pressure and density
At throat section, M = 1 where dA = 0 and k = 1.4 (assumption). Then substitute it to
above equation. Label property at throat as *
Therefore,
If you want to design supersonic flow, make sure the above ratio is achieved.
Let find the area at the throat using continuity equation
Eq. 1
At throat, Mach = 1
Eq. 2
Equate equation 1 and 2
No flow. M = 0
M<0
0.5283
M=0
M>0
Tutorial
Air exits from a reservoir maintained at 20°C and 500 kPa absolute into a receiver
maintained at (a) 300 kPa absolute and (b) 200 kPa absolute. Estimate the mass flux
if the exit area is 10 cm2. Use the equations first and then the isentropic flow table, Table
D.1. Refer to Fig. 9.5.
Solution
Method 1: Formula
When the M = 1, choking phenomena
For part (a) Me < 1 since pr > 264.2 kPa, and for part (b) choked flow occurs and Me =
1 since pr < 264.2 kPa.
a) Pr =300 kPa
b) Pr = 200 kPa
Method 2 : using Table D.1.
Interpolation
Tutorial
A converging–diverging nozzle, with an exit area of 40 cm2 and a throat area of 10
cm2, is attached to a reservoir with T _ 20°C and p = 500 kPa absolute. Determine the
two exit pressures that result in M = 1 at the throat for an isentropic flow. Also, determine
the associated exit temperatures and velocities. See Fig. 9.7.
Solution
Next to find the velocity, we need to find Mach number. Thus you need to do
interpolation again for M.
