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I
C HAPTE R 1
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Some Basic
Concepts of Chemistry
f'lh"*istry is thu science o{ suLstances, their properties, TOPTCS
\.- strucfure, urrJ their trans{ormation. StoJy o[ is
"h"*istry
very interesting which covers various aspects o{ o.r, J"ily li{" Chem istry, Natu re, Classification,
".rJ
environment. Chemistry relates to ever$kng that L" ,"rlr"J Properties of Matter and
".r,
{ro* the minute elements to complex stmctures. The atoms their Measurement, Laws of
urrd rrrolu"rrl", are the basic units or components o[ u matter. Chemical Combinations
That is why chemistry is also .ull"J the scierr"" oI atoms anJ
*ol""ol"r. Th" study of ch"*istry is essential {or orrJ"rsbnJing and Molecular Masses, Mole
th" reactions. Chemistry pl"yr an important ,ole in Concept and Molar Masses
"h"*ical
science .,,d pl.ys a centrJ role in orrr duily li6. I' this chupt"r,
or" *ill stuJy the basic urrJ fuoJ.mental concepts on -hi"h tk" Stoichiometry and
*hol" chemistry is brs"J. Stoichiometric Ca lcu lations

TOPIG 1 : IMPORTA]ICE A]ID SGOPE OF GHEMISIRY,

ilAIURE, GLASSIFIGATIOil, PROPERIIES OF MATTER AilD THEIR
MEASUREMEI{T, IAWS OF CHEMICAT GOMBIilATIOI{S
The branch of science that studies the preparation, properties, structures and reactions of various substances is called chemistry.
Chemistry has been further divided into different branches depending upon specialised field of study. Some of these are as follows

Physical chemistry: The branch of chemistry which deals with different laws and theories as well as
the relations between physical properties of substances and their chemical composition and transformations.
lnorganic chemistry : The branch of chemistry which deals with the synthesis, structures, composition and behaviour
of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the carbon based compounds usually
containingC-Hbond.
Organic chemistry : The branch of chemistry which deals with the structures, properties and reactions of organic
Chemistry compounds which are composed of carbon and hydrogen and may contain some other elements.
lndustrial chemistry : The branch of chemistry which deals with the chemistry involved in industrial processes.
Biochemistry : The branch of chemistry which deals with the structure and behaviour of the components of cells
and the chemical processes in living organisms.
Analytical chemistry : The branch of chemistry which deals with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of
different substances.
Nuclear chemistry : The branch of chemistry which deals with study of nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion etc
2 vW+G I0OPERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

lmportance and Scope ol Ghemislry

Chemistry plays a very important role in our daily life and has wide range of applications in different fields.

ln agricullure and lood

- Chemical fertilizers such as urea, ammonium sulphate, calcium superphosphate etc. are used for the better production of crops.
- To protect the crops from inseds and harmful bacteria by the use of insecticides, fungicides and pesticides such as DD], gammaxene etc.

- Preservatives such as sodium benzoate, salicylic acid etc. has helped to preserve food articles like 1am, butter etc. for longer period.

ln medicines
- Chemistry plays a vital role in preparation of various medicines.
- lt has provided a large number of life saving drugs like taxol and cls-platin (used in cancer therapy), AZT or azidothymidine (used
for AIDS victims) etc. which are obtained from animals and plants or by synthetic methods.
- lt has provided various classes of medicines like antacids, analgesics, tranquiiizers, antibiotics etc. to fight against different types
of diseases.

ln industry
Chemistry plays an important role in almost all industrial processes, such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, papers, textiles, cement, paint,
adhesives, dyes, leather; petroleum, sugar, soaps and detergents etc.
Dark side of chemistry : Chemistry is responsible for the discovery of explosives such as TNT, nitroglycerine, dynamite, RDX
and other deadly chemical weapons such as atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb etc. Chemistry has also given drugs like LSD, cocain,
btown sugar etc. which are proving a curse to the society.

flature ol Matter
Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter. Each and everything which we see around us is matter. ln fact,
the whole universe is made up of only two things v/2. matter and energy. The basic constituents of matter are atoms and molecules.

Slates ol matler
l\4atter can exist in three physical states ylz. solid, liquid and gas.
Characteristics of :
Solids
- Solids are the substances in which particles are very closely packed. - Solids have strong intermolecularforces between their particles.
- positions
These particles are firmly held in their These particles have only vibratory motion.
- Solids have definite volume and definite shape Some solids are malleable and ductile.
- Examples: lce, wood, stone, iron, aluminium, etc.
tiquids
- Liquids are the substances which have weak intermolecular forces between their particles.
- Liquids have definite volume but not definite shape. They usually take the shape of the container in which they are placed.
- ln liquidl the particles are comparatively less close to each other and therefore, they can move.
- Examples :Water, milk, oil, petrol, alcohol, etc.
Gases
- Gases are the substances which have very weak forces between their particles. Hence in gases, the particles are free to move.
- The distance between particles is large as compared to solids and liquids.
- Gases have neither fixed volume nor definite shape. They tend to completely occupy the volume of the container in which they
are placed.
- Examples :Air, oxygen, hydrogen, steam, etc.
Gas
Liquid
bI
Solid
a
lr U
c D
d

ffi
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

lnterconversion of states of matter : Liquid

The three states of matter are interconvertible by changing the conditions of
temperature and pressure. For example, under normal pressure a solid can a
t
e e aa
be converted into a liquid on heating, the liquid can be converted into gas ee
(vapour) on further heating. 0n cooling, vapour can be converted into liquid
t a

and the liquid gets solidify. + + heat

A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing in the liquid
heat
state is called sublimation (solid --+ gas) and reverse is called deposition - heat
(gas-+ solid). - heat
(.( ( trl e
Melting point : The temperature at which solid changes its state to liquid at Solid I T
"@i€ e
atmospheric pressure is called the melting point of that solid. This is the point
at which both solid and liquid phase exists at equilibrium.
I tl(
I I + heat
e
a
I
Gas

Freezing point : The temperature at which a liquid substance changes into lnterconversion of the three states of matter
solid is called its freezing point. For a pure substance, the melting point and
the freezing point are the same.
Boiling point : The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at a given pressure (usually atmospheric pressure at sea level), is
called its boiling point, lt is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure.
The temperature at which the vapour of a substance changes into liquid is called condensation or liquefaction temperature.
For a pure substance, the boiling point and condensation temperature are same.
Difference between gas and vapour : Vapour represents a gaseous substance which is liquid, at room temperature. A substance
which is in gaseous state at room temperature is called a gas. For example, ammonia is a gas but on heating, water forms vapours.
. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter but a system can contain several immiscible phases for
the same state of matter.

Classilication ol Matter
There are two ways of classifying the matter :

(A) Physical classification : Based on physical state of matter under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure, matter is
classified into the following three types :
'1. Solids 2. Liquids 3. Gases
(B) Chemical classification: This classification of matter is based upon chemical composition of various substances, According to
this, matter can be classified into two major categories, pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances can be further divided
into two types, elements and compounds. Mixtures are also of two types, homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures.

Matter

Pure Substances lmpure Substances (Mixtures)

Elements Compounds
(Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc.) (Water; carbon dioxide, ammonia, etc.) Homogeneous
(Alloys, petrol, etc.)

Metals Non-metals Metalloids, lnorganic 0rganic Heterogenous

(Copper, iron, (Oxygen, sulphur, (Arsenic, antimony, (Nitric acid, calcium carbonate, (Methane, ethanol, (Gun powder, smoke,
silver, etc.) chlorine, etc.) bismuth, etc.) sodium hydroxide, etc.) acetic acid, etc.) oil in water, etc.)

Pure subslances
A pure substance is one which is made up of only one kind of particles (atoms or molecules). They have fixed composition and cannot
be separated into simpler substances by physical methods.

(a) Elemenls
An element is defined as the simplest form of a pure substance with definite physical and chemical properties and which can neither
be broken nor built from simpler substances by any chemical or physical method. The number of elements known till date is 1 18. Out
4 vl,lt6 I ooPERCENT chemlsuy Aoss-t l
of these, 94 occur in nature in the eartht crust and the remaining 24 are synthetically prepared. An element contains only one kind
of particles. These particles may be atoms or molecules.
Atom : An atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not be capable of independent existence. For example, atoms

of iron, silver, copper, gold etc. can exist freely whereas atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen etc. cannot exist freely.
Molecule : A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound which can exist freely. Molecules can be classified into
two categories :

(i) Molecules of elements : Ihey are made up of only one kind of atom of that element and hence, are called homoatomic or
homonuclear molecules. Further depending upon whether the molecule contains only ong two, three, four elements etc. they
are termed as monoatomic (e.9., Na, Mg, Al etc.), diatomic (e.9., H2, N2, 02 etc.), triatomic (e.g., Ot), tetratomic (e.9., Po)
polyatomic (e.9., Sr) etc.
(ii) Heteroatomic molecules : They are made up of different elements and hence, are called heteroatomic or heteronuclear
molecules. They may be diatomic (e.9., HCl, HE Hl etc), triatomic (e.9., H2q C02, N02 etc.) tetraatomic (e.9., NH3, PCl3) etc.

(b) Compounds
Compounds are pure substances containing more than one kind of elements or atoms. ln compounds, the two elements are in a fixed
proportion by mass and which can be decomposed into its constituent elements by a suitable chemical method. The properties of a
compound are completely different from those of its constituent elements.
For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen and orygen combined together in a fixed proportion of 1 :8 by mass. lt can be
decomposed into its constituent elements hydrogen and orygen by passing electricity through water. Properties of water are completely
different from its constituents hydrogen and orygen.
Types of compounds : Ihe compounds may be divided into two categories :
(i) Organic compounds : 0rganic compounds are the compounds containing carbon and few other elements like hydrogen, orygen,
nitrogen, sulphur, halogenl etc.
(ii) lnorganic compounds : lnorganic compounds are the compounds which lack carbon-hydrogen bond and contain two or more
than two elements.

- the existence of an element in two or more chemically similar but physically different forms is olled allotropy and the different
forms are called allotropet e.9., diamond, graphitg wood charcoal, lamp black, etc. are allotropes of carbon.

- Ihe existence of a compound in different crystalline forms is called polymorphism and the different forms are called polymorphq
e.O, ZnS has two polymorphs called zinc blende and wurtite.

- Ihe existence of different compounds with similar chemical composition in the same crystalline form is called isomorphism,
e.9., 2nS04.7H20 and FeS04.7Hz0 are isomorphs.

Mixtures
A material containing tlvo or more pure substances in any proportion is called a mixture. The properties of a mixture are the properties
of its constituents. A mixture can be separated into its constituents by simple physical method.
Types of mixtures : There are two types of mixtures :(i) Homogeneous and (ii) Heterogeneous.

Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture Heterogenous mixture

1 Those mixtures in which the substances are completely mixed Those mixtures in which the substances remain separate
together and are indistinguishable from one another. and one substance is spread throughout the other.

2 They have uniform composition. They do not have uniform composition

3 They do not have visible boundaries of separation between They have visible boundaries of separation between various
various constituents, e.9,, air, alloys etc. constituenls, e.9., gun powder, smoke etc.

-- Separation of mixtures : The process of separation of a mixture into its components depends upon the difference in the
physical properties such as mehing pointl boiling points, solubility, etc. of various components. Some of the common separation
techniques are filtration, crystallization, sublimation, extraction, distillation, chromatography and magnetic separation.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 5

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ Identify the following substances as elements, compor.mds, homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous
mixtures :
Mercury, table salt, distilled water, air, tap water, gold, vegetable soup, petrol, milk, cloud, marble.
Ans. Elements : Mercury, gold
Compounds :Table salt, distilled water, marble
Homogeneous mixture :Tap water, petrol
Heterogeneous mixture : Vegetable soup, milk, cloud

@ Whv is air sometimes called as a heterogeneous mixture?

Ans. This is due to the presence of dust particles which form a separate phase.

@ Why water is called a compound but brass is a mixture?

Ans. Water is a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen, combined together in a fixed proportion of 1 : 8 by mass. The
properties of water are completely different from its constituent elements.
Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc. Ihe atoms of the two metals are mixed together but they do not form a new compound.
Brass can be made with widely different ratios of copper and zinc.

A TRY YOURSELF
1 , T\vo substances A and B combine to give a substance C. Heat is absorbed in this process.
The properties ofC are different than those ofA and B. Is C a compound or mixture? Give reason.
2. Identify the following as homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures :
Paint, kerosene oil, diesel oil, emoke, gun powder, bronze, brass, butter.
3. Which of the following states (solid,
liquid, gas) of the substances has
(i) highest kinetic energy, (ii) highest
diffusion, (iii) most orderly arrangement
For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
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'ffi
of particles?

Properties ol Matter and Their Measurement

Every substance has unique or characteristic properties. These properties can be classified into two categories :
(i) Physical properties and (ii) Chemical properties.
Physical properties : The properties which can be measured or observed without changing the identity or the composition of the
substance are called physical properties. For example, colour, odour, density, boiling point, melting point, etc.
Chemical properties : The properties in which a substance undergo a chemical change are called chemical properties. For example,
composition, combustibility, reactivity with acids or bases etc.

Measurement ol physical ptoperties

Many physical properties of the substances are quantitative in nature. Such properties are therefore called physical quantities. A
physical quantity refers to the result of measurement operation. lt involves the comparison of the quantity to be measured with some
fixed standard.
Earlier, two different systems of measurement ie., the English system and the metric system were being used in different parts of the
world.
The imperial or English unit system provides a rapidly developing industrial society with much needed consistency. The British imperial
system uses units such as pounds and ounces for mass while miles, yards, feet and inches for distance and pints and gallons for volume.
The metric system which originated in France in late eighteenth century was more convenient because metric units are easier to convert,
Later a common Sl system was established in 1960.
5 vWtG l O0PERCENT Chemistry Closs-t t

The inlernational system ol unils (Sl)

In 1960, the International committee of weights and measures recommend the use of lnternational System of Units abbreviated as
Sl units. Sl units are largely a modification
of metric system. The Sl system has seven base units and they are listed in following table.
The seven basic physical quantities and their Sl units

Physical quantity Units Symbol for units

Length (/) metre m

Mass (m) kilogram kg

Time (r) second S

Temperature (I) kelvin K

Amount of substance (n) mole mol

Electric current (/) ampere A

Luminous intensity (/y) candela cd

These units pertain to the seven fundamental scientific quantities. The units of all other physical quantities are derived out of those of
the basic physical quantities. The units thus obtained are called the derived units. For example, the physical quantities such as speed,
volume, density etc. can be derived from these quantities.

Mass and weight

lVlass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it while weight is the force exerted by Rider carrier
gravity on an object. The mass of a substance is constant whereas its weight may vary from
one place to another due to change in gravity. The mass of a substance can be determined Beam

very accurately by using an analytical balance.

Rider
The Sl unit of mass is Kg but for smaller amount gram (1 kg = 1000 g) is most widely used. carrier
The, unit of weight is Newton (N). pan
knob

Volume
Volume is the amount of space occupied by a substance of the container in which it is present.
It is calculated by (length)3. So, volume has units of m3 (Sl unit) or cm3 or dm3. A common Levelling Pan Beam Pointer
unit litre (L), is used for measurement of volume of liquids. screw release release and scale
I L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 Analyrical balance
I m3 = 106 cm3 = '103 dm3 = 103 L
ln laboratory various measuring devices are used for measuring volume of liquids or solution such as graduated cylinder, burette,
pipette,volumetric f lask etc.
mL ---7
0 mL
1 100
2
90
3
4 80

70
13
14 60
15
50
16
17 40
18
30
19
20 20

10

Burette Pipette Graduated cylinder Volumetric flask

Some volume measuring devices
Some Basic Concepts of Chenistty 7

Density
Density of a substance is its amount of mass per unit volume.

Density = Jgss ; Sl unit of density is kg m-3. This unit is quite large and chemists often express density in g cm-3.
votume
Temperature
There are three common scales to measure temperature, "C (degree celsius), "F (degree Fahrenheit) and K(kelvin). Here K is the Sl unit.
o
"F=1('c)+32
5
100 degree Celsius = 180 degree Fahrenheit
I (0 = 11'61 * 273., t
.- Temperature below 0.C (/.e., negative values) are possible in Celsius scale, but in Kelvin scalq negative temperature is not attained.

373 K
'100'c Boiling point 212 0F

of water

Human body
310.1 5 K 37'C temperature 98.6 "F

298.1 5 K 25"C Room 77 "F

temperature

273.1 5 K 00c Freezing point 32'F

of water

Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit

Thermometers using different temperature scale

ILLUSTRATIONS
O Which physical quantities are represented by the following units :

(i) kg m-1 s-z (ii) kg m s-2 (iii) kg m2 s-2

Ans (i) Pressure (Pascal) (ii) Force (Newton) (iii) Work (Joule)
O Convert the following temperatures into degree fahrenheit :
(i) Boiling point of water in "C (ii) Melting point of water in "C
Ans. (i) Boiling point of water in oC is 100'C

'p=11"C;+32 0r, "r=3x100 +32

5' 5
- '180 + 32 - 212oF

(ii1 Melting point of water in "C is OoC

'r=3("C)+ 32 or, 'r=3x0+ 32 =32oF

5' 5

A rnY YouRsELF
4. At what temperature will both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales read the same value?
5. Write down the symbol and units for the following physical quantitiee :
(i) Electrical conductance
(ii) Frequency For TRY YoURSELF solutions
(iii) Potential difference
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8 il,ttG l OOPERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

Uncertainty in Measuremenl
The study of the chemistry involves both experimental and theoretical calculation. These are meaningful ways to handle
the numbers conveniently and present the data realistically with certainty to the extent possible. The various ways are given as :

Scientilic notation
/V x l0n where n is an exponent having positive or
It is an exponential notation in which any number can be represented in the form
negative values and canvarybetweenItoI0.Forexample,wecanwrite562.318as5.62318x102inscientificnotation.Similarly
0.000037 can be written as 3.7 x l0-s.
(i) Calculations involving multiplication and division : ln muhiplication the coefficients r.e., the numbers (M before the factor
1fl are multiplied and the exponents of 10 are added up.
e.g.,16.7 x 108) x (7.5 x 106) = (6.7 x 7.5) (108*6) = 50.25 x 1014 = 5.025 x 1015

lndivisionthefactorsiVaredividedandtheexponenrs(n)aresubtracted.e.g.,83''0-j=(e.:*g.6xt0-s-3) =0.8646x10{
= 8.646 x 10-s
" 9.6x10r
(ii) Calculations involving addition and subtraction : For these two operations, first the numbers are written in such a way
that they have the same exponent. After that the coefficients (rV) are added or subtracted as the case may be
e.9.,(9.72x 104)+(3.65x105) = 6.972, 10s + 3.65 x 105 = 4.622 x l0s
e.9., (8.19 x t0-4)- (5.28 x 10-5) = (s.19x 10-4)-(0.528x t0{)= 7.662 r 19+

Precision and accuraGy

Precision refers to the closeness of various measurement for the same quantity.
Precision = lndividual value - Arithmetic mean value.
For greater precision individual values of repeated measurement should be closest to each other.
Accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to the true value of the result.
Accuracy = Mean value - True value
For greater accuracy, difference between mean value and true value should be small.
Accurate results are generally precise but precise results may or may not be accurate.

Signilicant ligures
The reliability of a measurement is indicated by the number of digits used to represent it. To express it more accurately we express it
with digits that are known with certainty. These are called as significant figures. They contain all the certain digits plui one doubtful
digit in a number e.9., if we write a value as 346.5 then we say that 346 is certain and 5 is uncertain.
Rules for assigning significant number :
- All the non-zero digits are significant.
- Zeros preceding to firsl non-zero digit are non-significant, e.g., in 0.078 there are only two significant figures.
- Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant, e.9.,3.008 has four significant figures.
- Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are on the right side of a decimal point, e.g., 0.500 has three
significant figures, 200 has one significant figure and 200.0 has four significant figures.
0.00003400

Zeros are not significant after All non-zero numbers are Zeros after non-zero numbers
decimal before non-zero numbers. significant. in a decimal are significant.

Signilicant ligures in calculalions

The following rules are used :

(i) Multiplication and division : While multiplying or dividing measured quantities, we give as many significant figures in the
answer as there are in the measurement with the least number of significant figures.
e.9.,ln the muhiplication of 2.5 x I.25=3.125,since2.5hastwosignificantfigures,theresultshouldnothavemorethantwo
significant figures. Thus, the answer is reported as 3.1 .

(ii) Addition and subtraction : While adding or subtracting measured quantities, we give the same number of decimal
places in the answer as there are in the measurement with the least number of decimal places e.g. in the addition of 184.2
grams and 2.324 grams on a calculator, we find 184.2 + 2.324 = 186.524, but because the quantity 184.2 grams has the
least number of decimal places 1.e., one, whereas 2.324 grams has three therefore, the answer is reported as 186.5 grams.
Sone Basic Concepts of Chenistry 9

While limiting the results to the required number of significant figures, one has to keep in mind the following rules for rounding off
the numbers :
- lf the rightmost digit to be removed is greater than 5, we add 1 to the preceding number to the retained. Th us, rounding off 1 .216
to three signi{icant figures gives 1.22
- lf the rightmost digit to be removed is less than 5 then the preceding number is not changed, we simply drop it e.9., rounding off
1.2143 to three significant figures gives l.2l
- lf the rightmost digit to be removed is 5 then the preceding number is not changed if it is an even number but it is increased by
one if it is an odd number. For examplq 8.45 to be rounded off as 8.4 and 1.35 to be rounded off as 1.4

Dimensional analysis
During calculations generally there is a need to convert units from one system to other. The method used to accomplish is called factor
label method or unit factor method or dimensional analysis. For example,
For conversion of inches into cm or vice versa :
I inch = 2.54 cm
. 2.54cm linch
l inch 2.54 cm
The quantities such as 2.54 cm per inch or one inch per 2.54 cm etc. are called 'unit conversion factors'. Conversion factor is a factor
equal to 1 that converts a quantity from one unit to the same quantity in another unit.
Some useful conversion factors
Common units of mass and weight : Common units of length :
l mg=16-:n l ft= l2inch
1 metric tonne kg
= lor 1 yd = 3 ft
1lb=453.6g I mile=5280ft, 1m = 39.37 inch, 1A= 10-10m, I inch = 2.54cm
1 kg = 1000 g = 2.205 pounds 1 yard = 36 inches = 0.9144 metre
I gram = 6.022 x 1023 amu l km= 1000 metres = 1094yards=0.62'15mile
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g

Common units of volume : Common unit of pressure :

1 L
quart = 0.9463 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 1.013 x 10s pascals
'1
L= 1.056 quarts 1 bar= 105 pascals
1m3= 103 L;11= 1dm3= 1000cm3=0.001 m3 l torr= I mm ofHg
l cubicfoot= 28.316 L= 29.92 quarts 1 Pascal = I kg/ms2 = 1N/m2

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ Ho* many signilicant frgures are there in each of the following numbers :
(a) 17 (b) 103 (c) 1.035 (d) 0.0010
(e) 1.00106 x (f) x?
Two
Ans. (a) (b) Three (c) Four (d) Two
(e) Three (0 lnfinite

@ What i" the density of a steel ball in kg/m3 which has a diameter of 7.50 mm and a mass of 1.765 g?

lVolume of a sphere of radius i, f3-lg.3.I

"
Ans. Diameter = 7.50 mm
7.50
r--mm2

1 kg - 1000 g and I m3 = 10e mm3; ,=(+)(1!T-)'-z)r**,

1.765g
- 1.765x10-]
kg
d=L- _7.99x103
= 7 '99x103 kg/n
kq/m3
V 221 mmr z21x 10-e *'-
10 wWG I O0PERCENT Chemistry Class-|1

@ Express the following in S.I. base units using power of 10 notation (example 2.54 mm
= 2.54 x 104 m).
(a) 1.35 mm (b) 1 day (c) 6.45 mL (d) 48 pg
Ans. (a) S.l. unit of length is'm'(metre).
1m=1000mm,
.'. 1.35 mm = 1.35 x 10-3 m.
(b) S.l. unit of time is sec (s).
1 day = 86400 sec = 8.64 x 104 s
(c) S.l. unit of volume is'm3'.
'.' 106 mL = I m3
... 6.4s mL = 94f = 6.45 x to{ m3
loo
(d) S.l. unit of mass is'kg'and 10{ p9 = I g and 1000 g = 1 kg
'.' 1 pg = 19+ 19
.'. 48 pg = 48 x 10-s kg = 4.8 x 10{ kg

A TRY YOURSELF
6. Perform the following calculations to the proper number of sigrrificant digits.
(a) (2.00 x 10-2 km) + (4.2 x 102 cm)
(b) (1.5 x 101 cm)(8.0 x 102 cmX0.0100 m)
7. A solid has a volume of 1.23 cm3. Its mass plus that of a piece of weighing paper is
70.O24 g; the weight ofpaper is 0.03 g. Calculate the density ofthe solid to the proper number

8. Perform the following operations and express the result to the appropriate number of sigzrificant
figures :
(i) L2.0L cm + L7 .3 cm + 0.11 cm For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
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Laws of Chemical Combinations
The laws of chemical combinations describe basic principles obeyed by interacting atoms and molecules
that can include many different
combinations that happen in many different ways. The combination of elements to form compounds is governed by following laws :

Laws of Chemical Combinations

Law of conservation Law of definite Law of multiple Gay Lussac's law of Avogadro's
of mass proportions r0 rtions gaseous volume law

Law ol conservation ol mass

Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist found that during any physical and chemical change the total mass of the
reactants always equal to the total mass of the products. Lavoisier's results led to the law of conservation of mass.
Law of conservation of mass states, " Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed in a reaction "
ln all physical and chemical changes, the total mass of the reactants is equal to that of the products.
CH+ + 2Oz -+ COz + 2H2O
Methane Oxygen . Carbon dioxide Water
169 2x329 44 g 2 x 18 g
Antoine Lavoisier

8og 8og
This law is also known as law of indestructibility of matter.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry I1

ln nuclear reactions, it is observed that the mass of the products is, less than the mass of the reactants. The difference in
mass, called the mass defect, is corrected into energy according to Einstein equation, E = Lncz. Hence law of conservation
of mass should better be called as law of conservation of mass and energy.

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ In an experiment 6.3 g of sodium bicarbonate is added to a solution of acetic acid weighing 15 g.
The residue is left to found to weigh 18 g..What is the mass of CO, released in the reaction?
Ans. NaHCO3 + CH3C00H -+ CHrCOONa + C0, + HrO
6.3S l5g
Total mass of reactanl5 = (6.3 + 15)g = 21.3 g

. Mass of residue left = CH:C00Na +Hr0 = 18 g

Mass of C0, produced = (21.3 - 18)g = 3.3 g

@ Wtrat mass of barium chloride would be decomposed by 10.8 g of sulphuric acid, if 15 g of barium
sulphate and 3.75 g of hydrogen chloride were produced in a reaction?
Ans. BaCI2 + Hr50o -+ Ba50o + 2HCl
According to law of conservation of mass,
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
Suppose the mass of BaCl, decomposed be x g.
'.' x+ 10.8= 15+3.750r,x= 18.75-10.8=7.95g

A rny YouRSELF
9. When 4.85 g KCIO, is heated it produced 2.5 g oxygen and the residue left being weigh 2.35 g.
Show these results illustrate the law of conservation of mass.
10. 14 g of calcium carbonate was heated till
no further loss in weight. The final mass El,i+iiE
For TRY YOURSELF Solutions sf,*^Hf,
was found to be 8.68 g. How much carbon
dioxide was given out?
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Law ol delinite proportions 0r law of constant composition
This law deals with the composition of various elements present in a compound. lt was stated by French rt
chemist, Joseph Proust (1794).This law states,"A chemical compound always contains same elements
combined together in same proportion by mass".
For example, pure water obtained from different sources such as sea, river, well etc. always contains hydrogen .q
and oxygen combined together in a ratio of 1 : 8 by mass. Similarly, CO, can be obtained by a number of
methods, such as
(i) by burning of carbon
(ii) by heating limestone
Joseph Proust
(iii) by respiration
(iv) by the action of dllute HCI on marble pieces,
It has been observed that each sample of C0, contains carbon and oxygen in the ratio of 3 : 8 by mass.

Limitations ol law ol delinite proportions

1. The law does not hold true if the different isotopes of the element are involved in making chemical compound. For example, for
the formation of Corgas,C-l2combineswith0intheratio.C:O::12'.32whileC-14 carbon isotope combines in the ratio
C:0:: 14:32.
2. The law is not applicable when elements combine in the same ratio but different compounds are formed. For example, CrHrOH
(ethyl alcohol) and CH,OCHr(dimethyl ether) are two different compounds but having same molecular formula, ie., CrHuO. ln
both the compounds the ratio of C:H:0 by mass is 12 :3:8.
12 wWG I 00PERCENTctr emistry Class-t t

@ O.Z g of iron combines directly with 0.4 g of sulphur to form ferrous sulphide. If 2.8 g of iron is
dissolved in dilute HCI and excess of sodium sulphide solution is added, 4.4 g of ferrous sulphide
is precipitated. Does the data illustrate the law of constant composition?
Ans.ln the first sample of the compound the ratio of the weights of iron and sulphur is Fe : 5 : : 0.7 : 0.4 ot 7 :4
Now, 2.8 g of iron gives 4.4 g fenous sulphide precipitate.
Amount of sulphur combined with 2.8 g ron = 4.4 - 2.8 = 1.6 9
.'. The ratio of the weights is Fe : S : : 2.8: 1.6 or 7 :4
Since the ratio of hvo elements in both the compounds are same, hence it proves the law of constant composition.

@ In an experiment 2.4 g irot oxide on reduction with hydrogen yields 1.68 g of iron. In another
experiment 2.9 g ofiron odde gives 2.03 g of iron on reductioa with hydrogen. Show that the above
data illustrate law of constant composition,
Ans. Experiment 1 : 2.4 g iron oxide gives 1.68 g iron
68 1
.'. 100 q iron oxide qives = x 100 = 70 o iron
2.4
Experiment 2 :2.9 g iron oxide gives 2.03 g iron

.'. 100 g iron oxide gives = |03 ,1gg = 79 g iron

2.9
Thus, the percentage of iron in iron oxide derived from the two experiments is same. Hence, the above data illustrates the law
of constant (omposition.

A rny YouRSELF
11. Copper oxide was prepared by the following methods :
(i) 1.14 g of copper dissolved in nitric acid was precipitated as copper hydroxide by adding
caustic alkali solution. The precipitated copper hydroxide after washing, drying and heating
yielded 1.43 g of copper oxide.
(ii) 1.85 g of copper on strong heating in a current of air yielded 2.31 g of copper oxide.
(iii) 2-12 g of copper was dissolved in nitric acid and the residual copper nitrate yielded 2.65 g
of copper oxide.
Use these data to illustrate the law of definite proportion.
12. 10 nL of H, conbine with 5 mL of o, to form water. when 200 mL of H, at srP is passed over
heated CuO, the CuO loses A.L44 g of its
weight. Does the given data correspond to For TRY YOURSELF Solutions ffiffi
the law of constant composition?
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h,ffi
Law of multiple proportions
This law was proposed by John Dalton in 1803. This law states, " lf two elements can combine to form more
than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of other element are in
ratio of small whole numbers".
For example, nitrogen reacts with orygen to give five oxides e.g., N20, N0, N203, N0, and Nz0s. brt
N0 NOz Nzo NzOo Nzos L
Ratio of molar masses N :0 oxides 14 .16 14:32 28 : 16 28 :64 28 :80 -/
l

Grams of 0 combining with I gram of N 1.14 2.29 0.571 z.Zg 2.86

Divide with smallest number 1.14 Z.Zg 0.571 Z.Zg 2.g6 John Dalton

0.571 0.571 0.571 0.571 0.571

_')
_L -4 -1 -4 -5
Sone Basic Concepts of Chenistry I3

Thusthemassesofoxygenwhichcombineswiththefixedmassofnitrogenareinasimpleratioof2:4:1:4:5.Thisisasimple
whole number ratio. Hence, this is in agreement with the law of multiple proportions.
Law of reciprocal proportions
' This law was given by Richter (1792). This law states 'The ratio of the masses of two elements and which combine / I
separately with a fixed mass of the third element C is either the same or some simple multiple of the proportions of the
masses in which l4 and I
combine directly with each other".
For example, carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen separately to form two oxides C0, and HrO. ln
C02, 12 g of carbon combines with 32 g of oxygen. ln water 2 g of H, combines with 16 g of oxygen. Hzo, 02

Thus, here 12 g of carbon and 4 g of H, combine with a definite weight 32 g of oxygen. When carbon
H
and hydrogen combine with each other they have a ratio of 12:4.

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ Given the following data for two compounds, SnO2 and SnO. Does this follow the law of multiple
proportions?
Compound Mass of Sn Mass of O
SnO 100 g 13.5 g
SnO, 100 g 27s
Ans. The ratio of masses of oxygen that combine with 100 g of 5n is 13.5 :27.01 = 1: 2.Ihis is a whole number ratio. Hence,

this data follow the law of multiple proportions.

@ Carbon combines with hydrogen to form three compounds A, B, and C. The percentage ofhydrogen
inA, B and C is 25,14.3 and7.7 respectively, which law of chemical combination does this example
illustrate?
Ans. (i) Given that in three compounds A, B and C, % of C and H are
Compound A B C
of carbon 75%
016
85.1% 92.3%
% of hydrogen 25olo 14.3ok 7.1%
The atomic ratio of C and H in compounds/,8 and C

carbon:Hvdrooen=8,4
-12 E], ]1]. 92.3 7.7
1' n'1' 12'T
or 1i4 1:2 1:l
Since the number of H atoms that combine with one atom of carbon in the three cases bear a simple ratio of
4:2: l, therefore, the law of multiple proportions is illustrated.

@ Ammonia contains 82.35 % of nitrogen and 17.65 % of hydrogen. Water contains 88.90 % of oxygen
and 11.10 % of hydrogen. Nitrogen trioxide contains 63.15 % of oxygen and 36.85 % of nitrogen.
These data illustrate which law of chemical combination?
Ans. ln ammonia :
016
of N = 82.35 %, H

% of H 17.65 - o/o

r- t r ' *+
Now, the wt. of nitrogen that combines with 1 part by wt. of H in NH: = - 4.67
17'65 NH: Hzo
lnwater:
%ofH=11.10o/o,
%of0=88.90% N Nzo: 0

' - ry1.10 =
Now, the wt. of oxygen that combines with 1 part by vut. of H in H70 8.01
1
14 WWG I00PERCENT Chemistry Class-|t

ln the two compounds NH, and H20, weights of nitrogen and oxygen that combine with the same weight (1 part) of hydrogen,
are in the ratio of 4.67 : 8.01 or 1 : 1.71 ...(i)
ln nitrogen trioxide :

% of N = 36.85; % of 0 = 53.15
ln this compound, the ratio of the weights of nitrogen to oxygen is 36.85 : 63.15 ot 1 :1.11 ...(iD
As the ratio of N and O in both the cases 1.e., in equation (i) and (ii) are same, these data illustrate th€ law of reciprocal
proportions.

A TRY YOURSELF
13. Two oxides of a metal contain 27 .6Vo ard,307o of oxygen respectively. If the formula of the first
compound is MrO a, then find the formula of the second compound.
14. A certain element, X, forms three different binary compounds with chlorine, containing 59.68%,
68.95Vo, an,d,74.75/o chlorine, respectively. Show these data illustrate the law of multiple
proportions.
15. Show that the following data is in agreem ent with the law of reci cal ons :
KCI contains 52.07o potassium, KI For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
EH.,IfiE
contains 23.6Vo potassium and ICI
contains 7 8.2Vo iodine.
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H,#
Gay Lussac's law 0l gaseous volumes
Gay Lussac studied many reactions in which gaseous substances were involved and found that there
exists a definite relationship between the volumes of the gaseous reactants and products. He put forward
a generalisation known as Gay Lussac's law of combining volume. lt states, "when gases react together,
they always d0 so in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another and to the volumes of the
products, if they are also gases, provided all measurements of volumes are done under similar conditions
of temperature and pressure. For example, combination between hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce
water vapour : Joseph Louis Gay Lussac

o o

e cb + + -, I

a oa I

I volume of hydrogen I volume of hydrogen I volume of oxygen 2 volumes of water vapour

Two volumes of hydrogen lead with one volume of orygen to give two volumes of wat€r vapour
Combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases to produce ammonia :

N2 + 3H, -) 2NH3
I of 3 volumes of 2 volumes of
volume
nitrogen hydrogen ammonia
Avogadro's law
The ltalian scientist Amedeo Avogadro made a distinction between atoms and molecules.
(i) Atom : The smallest particle'of a n element which may or may not have independent exlstence and ta ke part in chem ical reactions
is called atom.
(ii) Molecule : The smallest particle of a substance (element or compound) capable of independent existence is called molecule.
Avogadro's law may be stated as -
" Under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of molecules." 1.e.,
Y* r ; where, r, = no. of molecules.
Avogadro number (Alo)
The number of carbon atoms present in one gram-atom of C -
12 isotope is called Avogadro's number. One gram-atom
(12 gram$ of C- 1 2 contains 6.023 x 1023 atoms. Thus, the numerical value of Avogadro's number (fl,a) is 6.023 x 1023 per mol.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 15

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ +O cc ofmethane is miied with 100 cc ofpure oxygen at the same temperature and pressure. The
mixture is then igzrited. Calculate the composition of the resulting gaseous mixture if it is cooled
to room temperature and pressure.
CIJ, + 20, --> CO2+ 2}lrO
Ans. CHa61 + 2oas) -5 Corot + 2Hrog1
1 volume 2 volumes I volume
By Gay Lussac's law,
I volume of methane requires 2 volumes of oxygen.
.'. 40 cc of methane requires 2 x 40 = 80 cc of oxygen.
I volume of methane produces 1 volume of carbon dioxide.
.'. 40 cc of methane produces 40 cc of carbon dioxide. Hence, the composition of gaseous mixture after reaction is
Methane = (40 - 40) = 0 cc;0xygen = (100 - 80) = 20 cc;Carbon dioxide = 40 cc

@ How much volume of oxygen will be required for complete combustion of 40 mL of acetylene and
how much volume carbon dioxide will be formed? All volumes are measured at NTP.

Ans. CzHz
5

2
02 + 2C02 +H20
l volume 2 volumes
5
-volumes
2

1 volume of acetylene reacts with :2'volumes of oxygen.

40 mL of acetylene reacts with = 1,.a0 = 100 mL of oxygen.
2
1 volume of acetylene produces 2 volumes of carbon dioxide
40 mL of acetylene produces 40 x 2 = 80 mL of carbon dioxide

a\ TRY YOURSELF
16. What restrictions are there on the use of Gay Lussac's law of combining volumes?
17. Why is the law of Gay Lussac's not For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
obeyed if any reactant or product is not ffi*#
a gas?
Visit hftp://bit.ly/40xkHWJ ffiffi
o

1.
A
Pressure is determined as force per unit area
-IQQUS
4. What do you mean by significant frgures?
of the surface. The SI unit of pressure, pascal is 5. Express the following in the scientific notation:
1 Pa = 1 Nm-2. If mass of air at sea level is (i) 0.0048 (ii) 234,000
1034 g cfr-2, calculate the pressure in pascal. (iii) 8008 (iv) 500.0
2. What is the S.I. unit of mass? How is it defined? (v) 6.0012
3. Match the following prefixes with their multiples : 6. How many signifrcant frgures are present in the
Prefrxes Multiples following?
(i) micro 106 (i) 0.0025 (ii) 208
(ii) deca 10e (iii) 5005 (iv) 126,000
(iii) mega 10-6 (v) 500.0 (vi) 2.0034
(iv) giga 10-15 7. Round up the following upto three significant
(v) femto 10 figures :
16 W+G I0OPERCENT Chemistry Class-t l

(i) 34.2L6 (ii) t0.4t07 9. If the speed of light is 3.0 x 108 D s-1, calculate
(iii) 0.04597 (iv) 2808 the distance covered by light in 2.00 ns.
8. The following data are obtained when dinitrogen 10. Convert the following into basic units :

and dioxygen react together to form different (i) 28.7 pm (ii) L5.15 pm
compounds : (iii) 25365 ms
Mass of dinitrogen Mass of dioxygen
(i) LAg 11. How many significant frgures should be present
16g
(ii) t4 e in the answer of the following calculations?
32 g
(iii) 28 g 32 s (i) 0.02856x298.15x0.112
(iv) 28 g 80 s 0.5785
(a) Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by (ii) 5 x 5.364
the above experimental data? Give its statement. (iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215
(b) Fill in the blanks in the following conversions :
(i) 1km = .............. mm ...... pm
ror NCERT rocus sotutions Hffiffi
(ii) 1 mg = ...... kg = .............. ng #f oLu(l
(iii) 1mL= ... L-.............. dm3
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rlr
;e. m
t GBSEFOCUS
0bjectiue Typc Questions (iv) How many significant frgures are present in
MCGs and VSA Type Ouestions 0.010100 x 103?
[1 lVIarkJ
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 10
Case Based Guestions [4 x 1 MarkJ
2. Which of the following obey the law of constant
1. Read the passage given below and answer composition in their formation?
the following questions (i) to (iv) : (a) Colloids (b) Elements
The uncertainty in the experimental or the (c) Compounds (d) Mixtures
calculated values is indicated by mentioning the 3. Which of these statements best describes the
number of significant figures. Significant frgures are mass of the products for the following reaction?
meaningfut digits which are known with certainty CaCor,") -5 CaO,r, + COr1n1
plus one which is estimated or uncertain. The t100 g)
uncertainty is indicated by writing the certain digits (a) The difference in the productsmasses is equal to
and the last uncertain digit. the mass of CaCOr.
(i) How many significant figures are there in the (b) The mass of each prpduct is equal to the mass of
number 0.0080? CaCOr.
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 1 (c) The sum of the product's masses equal to the
(ii) In a sample of coal, ash content was calculated mass of CaCO3.
by an analyst. He performed these tests and these
(d) The sum of the product's masses i's less than the
are the results: mass of CaCOr.
(I) 20.0Vo (II) 22.280 (III) 22.37o 4. T\vo students performed the same experiment
The mean of these results found to be 22.167Vu The separately and each one of them recorded two
correct answer should be reported as readings of mass which are given below. Correct
(a) 22.l7Vo (b) 22.27o reading of mass is 3.0 g. On the basis of given
(c) 22.17o (d) 22.167o data, mark the correct option out of the following
statements.
(iii) What will be the answer in appropriate Students Readings
signifrcant figures as a result of addition of 3.0223 (i) (ii)
and 5.041? A 3.01 2.99
(a) 80.633 (b) 8.0633 (c) 8.063 (d) 806.33 B 3.05 2.95
Sonte Basic Concepts of Chemistry 17

(a) Results ofboth the students are neither accurate 14. (a) What are the reference points in
nor precise. thermometer with a celsius scale.
(b) Results of studentA are both precise and accurate. (b) Give one example each of solid homogeneous
(c) Results of student A are neither precise nor and gaseous homogeneous mixture.
accurate. 15. Tko substances X and Y combine to glve a
(d) Results of student B are both precise and substance Z. The process is exothermic and Z has
accurate. (NCERT Exemplar) properties different from those of X and Y. Is the
5. A measured temperature on Fahrenheit scale is substance Z an element, a mixture or a compound?
200" F. What will this reading be on Celsius scale?
Give explanation to support your answer.
(a) 40'C (b) 94C (c) 93.3"C (d) 30"C
16. How can we say that wood is solid whereas
(NCERT Exemplar)
water is liquid?
6. Which of the following is the most accurate 17. While examining the thermometer outside the
measurement?
(a) 9 m (b) 9.0 m (c) 9.00 rn (d) 9.000 m house, due to sudden cold, the temperature drops
from 35'C to 15'C. What is the corresponding
lssertion E Beason Type temperature drop in degree Fahrenheit?
ln the following questions (Q. Irto. 7 and 8), a statement 18. Derive SI units of :
of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. (a) electric potential, (b) charge,
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(c) Planck's constant, (d) PIPF\n.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason 19. How are physical properties different from
is correct explanation for assertion. chemical properties?
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason 20. (a) A block of wood 7.5 cm long, 9.0 cm width
is not correct explanation for assertion. and 5.25 cm thick has a mass of 950 g. What is the
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. density of wood in kglmS?
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. (b) What is unit factor method? Express the
7. Assertion : Pure water obtained from different following in SI units :
sources such as river, well, sea, etc. always contains 93 million miles (distance between Earth and Sun).
hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass. 21. (a) Air contains ZlVo oxygen by volume.
Reason : Total mass ofreactants and products during Calculate the theoretical volume of air which will
chemical or physical change is always the same. be required for burning completely 500 cubic ft. of
8. Assertion : Signifrcant figures for 2.500 is 4 acetylene gas (C2H). All volume are measured under
whereas for 0.0025 is 2. the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
Reason z Zeros at the end or right of a number are (b) How can you prove that red oxide of copper is
non-significant. not an element?
9. Copper oxide obtained by heating copper 22. (a) What is the difference between 160 cm and
carbonate or copper nitrate contains copper and 160.0 cm?
oxygen in the same ratio by mass. Which law is (b) How do you define fundamental unit of time?
illustrated by this observation?
10. State law of multiple proportions. Long Answer Type Ouestions
1 1. How many base units are in the metric system?
LA Type Guestions [5 Marks]
12 What is the symbol for SI unit of mole? 23. (a) Carbon and oxygen are known to form two
compounds. The carbon content in one of these
Short Answer Type Ouestions compounds is 42.9Vo while in the other, it is 27.\Vo.
SA Type Guestions l2/3 Marks) Show that this data is in the agreement with the law
13. When 4.2 g NaHCO3 is added to a solution of multiple proportions.
of CHTCOOH weighing 10 E, it is observed that (b) Under what conditions the zeros in a number
2.2 g of carbon dioxide relased into the atmosphere are significant?
the residue behind is found to weigh 12 g. 24. (a) Do mixtures obey law ofdefinite proportions?
(a) Which law of chemical combination is applicable (b) The following data were obtained for three
here? oxides of lead.
(b) State the law. (i) L.87 g of yellow oxide contains l.7L g of lead.
(c) Is this law applicable to all chemical reactions? (ii) 9.2 e of brown oxide contains 8.55 g of lead.
18 W+6l00PERCENT Chemisty Closs-t 1

(iii) 1.765 g of red oxide contains 1.53 g of lead. phosphorus and 77 .46Vo by mass of chlorine. In
Which law of chemical combinations support the the second compound the percentage are 14.88
above data? for phosphorus and 85.t2 for chlorine. Show
25. Phosphorus and chlorine form two compounds. that these data consistent with law of multiple
The first compound contains 22.547o by mass of proportions.

ANSWERS
1. (i) (b) 15. The substanceZ is a compound.This is because
(ii) (b) : Results cannot have more than three significant figures. (i) heat is evolved during the formation of Z.
(iii) (c) : 3.0223 (ii1 the properties of Z are different from those of X and L
+ 5.041 15. Wood has close packing of constituent particles, have it's own
8.0633
volume and shape, hence wood is said to be a solid.
Since, 5.041 has only 3 digits after the decimal point, the
ln water, the constituent particles are not as closely packed as in
result should be reported to 3 digits after decimal point.
(iv) (b) : 0.010100 x 103 contains 5 significant figures.
solid. lt has definite volume but no definite shape. Therefore, water
is a liquid.
2. (c) : Compounds obey the law of constant composition
q
of elements combined together in fixed
since they are composed
proportion by mass.
17. oF
= i
5
(.C) + 32

3. (c) : This is in accordance urith law of conservation of mass.

35oC temperature corresponds to (i.,' ) . ,,
4. (b) : Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements =63+32=95"F
for the same quantity. Accuracy is the agreement of a particular 15'C temperature corresponds to (i"'s) *:z
value to the true value of the result. For a result with correct reading
-27 + 32 = 59'F
3.0 g,the reading 3.01 and 2,99 are both precise and accurate. oF
The corresponding temperature drop in is (9S - 59)"F
o
5. (c) :"F=11.6)+32 = 36oF.
q'\ 18. (a) '.' Electrical energy = Charge x Electric potential
200 = i('c)+
5' 32'c = (200 -32)x i9 = 93.3'C
Electric potential A-l s-l
6. (d) q -J
-E-
7. (b) : This is based on law of constant composition. (b) Electric charge = Current x Time = drrpere sec (or A s)

8. (c) : Zero to the left of the first non-zero digit in a number are
(c) Planck's constant (h)

not significant. lf a number ends in zero but these zero are to the _ Energy (E) x Wavelength(1,) _ joule x metel _,
,
right of the decimal point,then these zeros are significant. Speed (c) meter x sec-1

9. Law of definite proportions (d) pv 2Tzr, - newton

-x
(m3 )2 x K2
= N m4 K2 mor-1
10. Law of multiple proportions : lf two elements can combine to m2 x mol

form more than one compound, the masses of one element that 19. Physical properties are those properties which can be
combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of measured or observed without changing the identity or the
small whole numbers. composition of the substance whereas the measurement of
t1. Seven 12. mol chemical properties require a chemical change to occul e.9., color,
13. (a) The law of conservation of mass is applicable here. odour etc. are physical properties and combustion, basicity etc. are
(b) This law states, during any physical or chemical change the total chemical properties.
mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants. 20. (a) tt/ass = 950 g
(c) The law of conservation of mass is not applicable to nuclear Volume - length x width x thickness
reactions. ln nuclear reactions, the mass is converted into energy x 9.0 x 5.25 = 354.375 cm3
- 7 .5
and vice versa.

14. (a) 0'C (freezing point of water) to 100'C (boiling point of

Density
' = ,,Yutt ==*=
Volume 354.375
= 2.689 cm-3

water). (1oo)1cm3

lcmi i9,
2 68-s
(b) Brass (solid homogeneous mixture), mixture of H, and - x = 2680 ks/m3
1000 g
He
mr
(gaseous homogeneous mixture).
 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
19
(b) Method to convert units from one system to other is cailed g,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation associated with a specific
unit factor method. transition of the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the
93 million miles = 93 x ,l06 miles caesium atom.
1 mile = 1.60934 km = 1.60934 x 103 m
23. (a)
1 .60934 x 1 03 m
1- Compound I Compound ll
1 mile
.60934 x 103 m
93 million miles = 93 x 106 mile x
1
Mass of carbon - 42.9 g Mass of carbon - 27 .3 g
1 ,xh Mass of oxygen = 100 - 42.9 Mass of oxygen = 100 - 2l .3
= 1.5 x 1011 m - 57.1 g - 72.7 g
21. (a) ZCrHr+ 50, + 4CO2 + 2HrO Mass of carbon which [\4ass of carbon which
2 vol. 5 vol. 4 vol. 2 vol. combines with 57.1 g of combines with 72.7 g of
According to the above equation : oxygen - 42.9 g oxygen - 27 .3 g
2 vol. of acetylene require 5 vol. of 0, for complete combustion Mass of carbon which [\4ass of carbon which
500 cubic ft. of acetylene will require 0, combines with 1.0 g of oxygen combines with 1.0 g of oxygen
5x500 42.9 27.3
- = 0.75 = 72.7 = 0.375
,. - 1250 cubic ft.
s. s.
57.1

100 x 1 250 The ratio of mass of carbon combining with fixed mass of oxygen
Hence, the quantity of air required - 21 is 0.75 : 0.375 or 2 : 1.

= 5952.38 cubic ft. This is a simple ratio and therefore explains law of multiple
(b) When red oxide of copper is heated in presence of hydrogen, proportions.
its mass decreases and forms shining metallic copper which is (b) Rule 1 : All non-zero digits as well as the zeros between the
different from the original red oxide of copper. non-zero digits are significant.
CurO+Hr+2Cu+HrO e.g.,576 cm has three significant figures, 0.48 g has two significant
Hence, red oxide of copper is a compound, not an element. figures.
22. (a) 160 has three significant figures while 160.0 has four Rule 2 : lf a number ends in zeros but these zeroes are to the right
significant figures. Hence, 160.0 represents greater accuracy. of the decimal point, then these zeros are significanl. e.g.,5.0 m
(b) The fundamental unit of time is second. lt is defined as has two significant figures, 2.50 cm has three significant figures.

24. (a) No, because in the mixture the constituents are not in fixed proportions.
(b) Oxide Mass of oxide Mass of lead Mass of oxygen Mass of orygen per g of lead Relative ratio Simple ratio

Yellow 1.87 g 1.71 g 0.16 g

o'16 o'1
= 0.1 = 1.31 4
1 .71 0.076

Brown 0'65 0.076

9.2 g 8.55 g 0.65 g
8.55
- 0.076 -t 3
0.076

Red 1.765s 1.53s 0.235s o,'=1u j! =z

1.53=0.,r 0.075
6

Thul the masses of oxygen which combine with the same mass (1 g) of lead are in a simple ratio (4 : 3 : 6). So, the given data illustrates
the law of muhiple proportions.

25. ln the first compound, Mass of chlorine which combined with 1 g of phosphorus
% of phosphorus 22.54 - 85' 12
% of chlorine = 77.46 - 14.99-5.r2 oJ
Mass of chlorine which combined with 1 g of phosphorus
The ratio of the masses of chlorine which combine with the fixed
77 '46
- 22.54-3.44oJ mass of phosphorus (19) in the two compound is 3.44:5.72 or
ln the second compound ,o/o of phosphorus = 14.88 1 : 1.66 or 3 : 5. This is a simple whole number ratio. Therefore,
% of chlorine = 85.12 the data is in agreement with the law of multiple proportions.
20 wWG 1 00PERCENT Chemistry Closs-t l

I0PIG 2 : DALTO]|'S AT0MIG THE0RY AIOMIC Ailll M0IEGULAR

MASSES, MOLE GOI{GEPT AilII MOTAR MASSES
Dalton's Atomic Theory
ln 1808, a Greek philosopher, John Dalton published A new system of chemlcal philosophy' in which he proposed the atomic theory
of nature which is known as Dalton's atomic theory.

P0slulales ol Dalton's atomic theoty

1. The matter is made up of extremely small, indivisible particles known as atoms.
2. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed, ie., atoms are indestructible.
3. The formation of new products (compound$ results from the rearrangement of existing atoms (reactants).
4. Atoms of same or different elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
5. All the atoms of an element have identical properties including mass and size but atoms of two different elements differ in
properties and have different mass and size.

Explanation of laws of chemical combinations by Dalton's atomic theory :

- Law of conservation of mass : According to one of the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory "atoms can neither be created
nor destroyed" as a result total mass of atoms before a reaction and after a reaction remains same. Thut Dalton's atomic
theory could explain law of conservation of mass.

- Law of constant composition : According to Dalton's atomic theory "all atoms of a given element have same
fixed mass".
Thus, for the formation of a particular compound, each element should have fixed mass or we can say "a compound always
contains the same elements combined in the same fixed proportion by mass, " which is law of definite proportion or constant
composition.

-- Law of multiple proportions : This law was not proposed at the time of Dalton's atomic theory but it can be predicted
by the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory.
According to Dalton's atomic theory "atoms of different elements combine in fixed number to form compounds". So, when
the atoms of two elements X and )/ combine to give more than one compound they would do so in a simple whole number
ratio /:e., 1:1, 1:20r2:'l etc.

Drawbacks ol Dalton's atomic theory

1. lt was proved that an atom was not indivisible, as an atom can be sub-divided into electrons, protons and neutrons. But atom
is the tiniest particle that takes part in a chemical reaction.
2. According to Dalton's atomic theory, atoms of an element are identical in mass, size and many other physical and chemical
properties, but practically we observe that atoms of the same elements may differ in their atomic masses.
3. According to Dalton's atomic theory, atoms of different elements have different masses. But atoms of different elements may
have same atomic masses.
4. According to Dalton's atomic theory when atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios, we get chemical
compound. But this is not true in case of complex organic compounds.
5. Dalton atomic theory fails to explain the existence of allotropes.
6. lt failed to explain Gay Lussac's law of combining volumes.
7. lt could not explain how and why atoms of different elements combine with each other to form compounds or molecules.
8. lt failed to explain the nature of forces that bind together different atoms in a molecule.
9. lt did not make any distinction between ultimate particle of an element that takes part in reactions (atom) and ultimate particle
that has an independent existence (molecule).

Modern atomic theory

Although Dalton's atomic theory remains till today as one of the most brilliant triumphs of scientific vision, but in the Iight of later
developments in science, it has been modified. New discoveries were made by Sir J.J. Thomson, Neils Bohr, Chadwick and others
Sone Basic Concepts of Chenistry 21

which revealed the inner structure of atom. ln view of these findings Daltons's atomic theory was modified. the modified Dalton's
atomic theory is commonly known as modern atomic theory.
The modern atomic theory is described as follows:
1. Atom is made up mainly of electrons, protons, neutrons. Therefore, atom is no longer remain indivisible. However, atom is still
the smallest particle which takes part in the chemical reaction.
2. Atoms of an element can have different masses. Atoms of an element which have similar chemical properties but differ in their
masses are called isotopes of that element. For example, hydrogen has the following three isotopes:-
(a) Hydrogen (protium), mass number 1 (b) Deuterium, mass number 2 (c) Tritium, mass number, 3
3. Atoms of different elements may sometimes have equal mass numbers. The atoms of different elements having equal mass
numbers are called isobars. For example, an atom of argon (mass no. 40) and calcium (mass no.40) are isobars.
4. The ratio in which atoms unite may be fixed and integral but may not be simple. For example, in sugar molecule
1), the ratio of C, H and 0 is 12 : 22 : I 1 which is not simple.
(Cr2H220i

5. Atoms of one element can be changed into atoms of other element. For example, atoms of nitrogen can be changed into oxygen
atoms by interaction with a - rays. This is called transmutation.
6. The mass of an atom can be changed into energy. According to Einstein's equation E = nc2 (E = energy, r, = mass,
/:e., 3 x
c = the velocity of light, '1010
cm sec-l) ie., mass and energy are interconvertible. Thus, atom is no longer indestructible.
However, during chemical reactions, atom remains unchanged.

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory helped to explain the law of constant composition?
Ans. The postulate i1 'when atoms combine with one another to form compounds they do so in simple whole number ratio".

@ Th" existence ofisotopes violates which one of the original ideas of Dalton's atomic theory?
Ans. Dalton originally proposed that all atoms of a particular element had identical propertiel including masses. Thus the
concept of isotopet in which an element has dlfferent masses, was a violation of this postulate.

\ TRY YOURSELF
18. What is the fundamental particle of a chemical element according to Dalton's theory?
19. Which postulates of Dalton's atomic theory
For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
is a result of the law of conservation of
mass?
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Atomic and Molecular Masses
Alomic mass
An atom is such a small particle that it cannot be seen or isolated. Therefore, it is impossible to determine the actual mass of a

single atom by weighing it.

The problem was finally solved by Avogadro's hypothesis, which states "equal volumes of different gases under similar conditions
of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules". Thus, if equal volumes of two different gases are taken under
similar conditions of temperature and pressure and then weighed, the ratio of their masses will be equal to the ratio of their single
molecules (because they contained equal number of molecules).
Thus, though the actual masses of the atoms could not be determined but their relative masses could be determined. lf the atomic
mass of hydrogen is taken as l, the relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16.
'1,
lnitially, the atomic masses of all the elements were obtained by comparing with the mass of hydrogen taken as but by doing
sq the atomic masses of most of the elements came out to be fractional.
Later on, atom of oxygen was prefened as standard because by taking its mass as l6 unitt the relative atomic masses of other
elements were more close to whole numbers.
22 vttrtG I OOPERCENT Chemktty Closs-t l
12C
(the stable isotope of carbon) is assigned a
ln 1961, the lnternatlonal Union of Chemists selected a new scale. ln this system
mass of exactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all other atoms are given relative to this standard, the atomic mass unit

may be defined as : "The mass equal to I12"th the mass of one 12C
atom is called one atomic mass unit."

Since the atomic mass unit is a ratio, it has no unit . However it is expressed in a.m.u. or u (unified mass)
12g
1 a.m.u. or 1u =lt2, mass of C-12 atom = It 12 6.022 x 1023
= 1.66x10-24 g = 1.66 x 1o-27 kg

Atomic mass of an element is a number which indicates as to how many times the mass of an atom of that element is heavier, on
an average, as compared with 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 (1!C).
Mass of one atom of the element lt/ass of one atom of the element
Atomicmass =
1, (lvass of one 12c atom)
1 a.m.u.

It may be noted that the atomic masses as obtained above are the relative atomic masses.

Gram atomic mass

The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is its gram atomic mass. lt is numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu. Gram atomic
mass or gram atom of every element consists of same number of atoms ie .,6.022 x 1023. This number is called Avogadro's number.

(i) No. of gram atoms or mole atoms -

lt/ass of an element in g
Gram atomic mass
(ii) No. of atoms in 1 gram atomic mass = 6.022 x 1023
.'. x
Mgss- x6.022x1023
No. of atoms in given substance = No. of gram atoms x 6.022 1023 = ----
Gram atomic mass

(iii) No. of atoms in 1 g of an .t...n, = 9l'1"'0"

Atomic mass

(iv) Mass of one atom of an element (rn s) ' = Gram atomic mass

6n22rrots
Average atomic mass
Many naturally occurring elements exist as more than one isotope. When we take into account the existence of these isotopes and
their relative abundance (percent abundance), the average atomic mass of that element can be computed.
The average atomic mass of an element can be calculated as -
=R.A.(l)' x At. mass
('l)+ R.A. (2) x At. mass (2)
Average aIOmlC maSS

Here, R.A. = Relative abundance

ln the periodic table, the atomic masses mentioned for different elements actually represented their average atomic masses.
For example, carbon has the following three isotopes with relative abundances and masses as shown below:
lsotopes Relative Abundance (%) Atomic Mass (.mu)
12c 98.892 12
13c t.lo8 13.00335
14c 2x lo-ro l4.oo3l7
The average atomic mass of carbon = (0.98892) (12 u) + (0.01108) (13.00335 u) + (2 x 10-12) (14.00317 u) = 12.011 u
-
Similarly, chlorine occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes having atomic masses 35 u and 37 u. The relative abundance of
these isotopes in nature is in the ratio 3 : 1 Therefore,
35x3137x1-ru.u
Average atomic mass of chlorine - 4
,
Atomic masses of some common elements
Element Symbol Atomic mass Element Symbol Atomic mass
Aluminium AI 27.0 Lead _ Pb 207.2
Argon Ar 39.9 Lithium LI 6.94
Beryllium Be 9.01 Magnesium Mg 24.3
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 23

Boron B 10.8 Neon Ne 70.2

Calcium Ca 40.1 Nitrogen N 14.0
Carbon C 12.0 0xygen 0 16.0
Chlorine CI 3 5.5 Phosphorus P 31 .0

Copper Cu 63,5 Potassium K 39.1

Flourine F 19,0 Silicon 5i 28.1

Helium He 4.0 Silver Ag 107.9

Hydrogen H 1.008 Sodium Na 23.0
lodine I 126.9 Sulphur S 32.1

lron Fe 55.8 Uranium U 238,0

Krypton Kr 83.8 Zinc Zn 65.4

Determination of atomic mass : Dulong and Petit's law

Atomic mass of an element x specific heat = 6.4 (approx) or A"tomic mass of an elemenl = -J1-
specific heat

Molecular Mass
Like atoms, the actual masses of molecules are also very small and cannot be measured by actual weighing. Like atomic masses,
molecular masses are expressed relative to C-12. . rh
The molecular mass of a substance (compound) is the number of times a molecule of the substance is heavier than I12 the mass
of an atom of C-12 isotope.
Molecular mass of a substance may also be defined as the average relative mass of a molecule of the substance as compared with
mass of an atom of carbon [C-12] taken as 12 u,
The molecular mass of a substance can be obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number of its atoms
and adding them together.
For example, atomic mass of H = 1 u, atomic mass of 0 = 16 u
Molecular mass of H20= 2 x atomic mass of H+ 1x atomic mass of 0 = 2 x 1+ 16 xl =2+16=18u
Gram molecular mass
The molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass. This amount of the substance is also called
one gram molecule.
For example, the molecular mass of glucose (C6H1206)
= 6 x atomic mass of carbon +12 x atomic mass of hydrogen + 6 x atomic mass of oxygen
= 6 x 12 + 12x1+6x16=72 + 12 + 96 = 180 u
.'. Gram molecular mass of glucose (C6H120j =
'180 g

, Gram molecular mass should not be confused with the mass of one molecule of the substance in gram. Mass of one molecule
of a substance is known as the actual mass of the molecule.
For examplg the mass of one molecule of oxygen is 5.32 x 10-23 g, whereas the gram molecular mass oi orygen is 32 g.

Formula mass
Some substances such as NaCl, KCl, NarS0o, Al2(S04)3, etc. do not contain discrete molecules as the constituent units. In such
compounds, positive and negative ions are closely packed and arranged in a three-dirnensional structure. Each ion is surrounded
by a number of oppositely charged ions. For examplq in NaCl, one Na* ion is sunounded by six Cl- ions and vice versa. ln such
cases, the formula is used to calculate the formula mass instead of molecular mass as in the solid state these ionic compounds do
not exist as a single entity.
The smallest unit of an ionic compound is a formula unit. Ihe formula mass is defined as the sum of the atomic masses of all the
atoms present in a formula unit of an ionic compound.
Formula massofNaCl =Ix atomic mass of Na + 1x atomic mass of Cl =1x23+1x35.5=58.5u
24 WWG I00PERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

Gram lormula mass

Formula mass of an ionic substance expressed in grams is known as gram formula mass, e.9., gram formula mass of NaCl is 58.5 g

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ Nitrogen occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes with atomic mass 14 and 15 respectively. If
average atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.0067, what is the 7o abundance ofthe two isotopes?
l'rns Let % abundance of N - 14 isotope = x
Then % abundance of N - 15 isotope = (100 -x)
xx14+(100-x)x15 .
The average atomic rlldss =
100
14x+(100-x)l5
*o*.' = 14.0067 or -x = 1400.67 - 1500 = -99.33 or x = 99.33
100
Thus, 06 abundanceofN - 14 isotope = 99.33%; % abundance of N - 15 isotope = 0.67%

@ (i) Calculate the gram molecular mass of sucrose haviug molecular formula C.,HzzO.,.
(ii) Calculate the mass of 0.5 gram molecules of sucrose.
(iii) Calculate the number of gram molecules of sucrose in 1000 g of sucrose.
Ans.(i) Molecular mass of sucrose (C12H220j,)

= 12 x Atomic mass ofC + 22 xAtomic mass of H + 1l x Atomic mass of0 = 12x12 +22x1 + 11 x 16 = 342 u
.'. Gram molecular mass of sucrose = 342 g
(ii) 1 gram molecule of sucrose = 342 g
.'. 0.5 gram molecule of sucrose = 342 x 0.5 g -- 171 g
(iii) 342 g of sucrose = 1 gram molecule

.'. 1000 g of sucrose = g = 2.924 yan molecules

' 342

@ Potassium chromate is isomorphous to potassium sulphate and is found to corrtain 26.787o

chromium. Calculate the atomic mass of chromium. [Given atomic mass of K = 39.1]
Ans. Since potassium chromate is isomorphous to potassium sulphate (K2S0/, hencg formula of potassium chromate is
KrCr0o.
Let the atomic mass of Cr be x.
.'. Formula mass of KrCrOo = 2 x 39.1 +x+4x 16= 142.2+x
... %of Cr= x xl00 = 26.78
142.2+ x
or, = 26.18(142.2 + xl
100x
or, 100x - 26.78x = 26.78 x 142.2 or, x = 52.01 u

A TRY YOURSELF
20. Why do atomic masses of most of the element in atomic mass unit involve fraction?
21. Calculate the mass of 5 g molecules of sulphuric acid.
66Fe and 57Fe are \Vo,907o and 57o
22. Given that the abundance of6aFe, respectively. Calculate the
average atomic mass of Fe.
23. Insulin contains 3.4%o sulphur. Calculate -
I For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
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the minimum molecular mass of insulin.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 25

Mole Goncept
Ihe term 'mole' has been derived from the Latin word 'moles' which means a 'heap' or a 'pile'. A mole is the amount of a substance
that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules or other particles) as there are atoms in exactly of t2 g of the
carbon-12 isotope.
The number of atoms in l2 g of carbon-12 has been experimentally found to be 6.022 x 1023. This number is also known
as Avogadro's number named in honour of ltalian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. This number along with the unit 1.e.,
6.022 x 1023 mol-l is known as Avogadro constant. this is denoted by iVA.
Ihus, a mole can also be defined as the amount of a substance that contains 6.022 x 1023 elementary entities like atomt molecules
or other particles. For examplg one mole of hydrogen atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of hydrogen
One mole of hydrogen molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of hydrogen
One mole of carbon dioxide = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide
One mole of sodium ions (Na*) = 6.022 x 1023 Na* ions

Mole day
- Ihe mole day is celebrated lnternationally on October 23 of every year from 6 : 02 a.m. to 6 :02 p.m. Mole day honours the
contribution of the scientist Amedeo Avogadro! in bringing the concept of Avogadro's number (6.022 x 1023). Ihe time and
data are derived from the Avogadro! number which is approximately 6.022 x 1023 defining the number of particles (atom
or molecules) in one mole of substancg is one of the seven base Sl units.

Molar mass
The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass. The unit of molar mass is g mol-l or kg mol-1. The number of entities
(atoms or molecules) contained in molar mass is equal to 6.022 x 1023.

Molar mass Molecular mass

It is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance It refers to the relative mass of the molecule

It is measured in grams per mole. It is measured in atomic mass units.

It is determined by dividing the mass of compounds by the moles It is determined by multiplying average masses of each atom by
of compound 5. the number of its atoms and then adding them together.

Mole and gram molecular mass

Mass of 6.022 x 1023 molecules (or one mole molecule) of any substance in grams is equal to its gram molecular mass or one
gram molecule.
One mole of molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules = Gram molecular mass
Gram molecular mass
Mass ot one mOleCule =
6.022x1023
Mole concept in ionic compound
One mole of an ionic compound represents one mole (6.022 x 1023) formula units of the compound. For example, one mole of
sodium chloride (NaCl) = 6.022 x 1023 NaClunits = 6.022 x 1023 Na* ions + 6.022 x 1023 Cl- ions
Mass of 6.022 x 1023 formula units (or one mole formula units) of any ionic substance in grams is equal to its
-
gram formula mass. For examplq 1 mole of NaCl = 58.5 g of NaCl (Formula mass of NaCl = 58.5 u)

Mast molar mass and number of moles

Number of moles of a substance -
Given mass olthe sulstane
or n= L ot. m=nxM
Molar mass of the substance M
Mass of the substance L
No. of molecules in a samole
' - Molar mass ofthe substance
x Avooadro's Numbe r
' w,\
^ or M
x 6.022x1023
26 h,tt61 ooPERCENT chemlstry Class-lt

Molar volume
The volume occupied by one mole of a gaseous substance is called molar volume. lt depends upon temperature and pressure. Molar
volume is related to the density, by the relation;
Molar mass
Molar volume
Density

One mole /-e., 6.022 x 1023 molecules of any gaseous substance occupies 22.4 L of volume at STP

Number of morecures =
ytE"lffirlrqtx 5.022 x r023

'cm3
;' The no. of molecules present in 1 of an ideal gas at STP is called Loschmidt number. lts value is

6'022 x 1G3
= 2.69, 101e molecules/cm3
2.24x10"

n g of atoms

+ At. mass in g ,l023

No. of particles + 6.023 , '1023 x 6.023 x No. of particles

x Atomic mass/
Mass (in g)/GAM or GMM n Moles Mass in g
mol, mass

Volume in mL or L x 22,400 mL Volume in

+ 22,400 mL or 22.4 L
+ Mol. mass in g or 22.4 L mLorL

n g of molecules

Equivalent mass
Equivalent mass of a substance is the number of parts by mass of the substance which combine with or displace by or contain 1.008
parts by mass of hydrogen or 8 parts by mass of orygen or 35.5 pans by mass of chlorine. lf the equivalent mass is expressed in
gram, then it is called gram equivalent mass.

Calculation ol equivalenl mass

_Equivalentmassofanelementinaredoxreaction=

Atomic mass of element

Equivalent mass of an element =
Valency of element

Molecular mass of compound

Equivalent mass of a compound =
Total charge on its cation or anion
Formula mass of ion
Equivalent mass of an ion -
Charge on ion
Jt/olecular mass of salt
Equivalent mass of an acid salt =
Replacable H atom in it
Molecular mass of the acid
Equivalent mass of an acid - Basicity

Molecular mass of the base

Equivalent mass of a base =
Acidity
Molecular mass of the salt
Equivalent mass of a salt - Total positive valency of the metal atoms
of the substance
mass
Equivalent mass of oxidizing/reducing agent J J - -No. of-Molecular
electrons gained/lost by one molecule
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 27

Determination of equivalent mass

Metal displacement m,ethod : ln this method known mass of metal is added to the solution of a salt of the other metal
(placed lower in electrochremical series).
/
Metal + salt of metal I+
salt of metal A + metal I
The precipitate formed is washed, dried and carefully weighed.
Mass of metal added Eq.mass of metal added E,
_
Mass of metal displaced @'W-E, -L
Double decomposition method : ln this method, a known mass of a compound (say /48) is treated with a known mass of
another compound (CD). By the exchange of radicals, the new compound is formed. The mass of new compound is measured.

AB+CD+ADI+CB,
Mass of compound 18
Eq.mass of A + Eq.mass of B
Mass of compound AD
- Eq.mass of A + Eq.mass of D
Faraday's electrolytic method :
(i) From first law of electrolysis :A known quantity of electricity (0 = /I) is pased through electrolyte solution and mass (w)
of the substance deposited or liberated during electrolysis is measured.
w= Z lt lZ = electrochemical equivalentl
Equivalent mass = 96500 x ly
(ii) From second law of electrolysis : Ihe same quantity of electricity is passed through the solution of different electrolytes
(say / and B), the masses of different substances liberated or evolved as result of electrolysis are noted.
Mass of substance / deposited _ Eq. mass of l4
Mass of substance B deposited Eq. mass of B

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ (i) firra the number of atoms and molecules of phosphorus present in 186 g of phosphorus (P.l).
(ii) Find the charge of 1 mole ion of N3- in coulomb.
Ans. (i) Molecular mass of P, = 31 x 4 = 1 24 u
Now 124 g of phosphorus contains = 6.022 x 1023 molecules
186x6,0??x1023
... 186 g of phosphorus contains - 124
= 9.033 x 1023 molecules

1 molecule of phosphorus contains 4 atoms.

.'. 9.033 1021 molecules of phosphorus contain 4 x 9.033 x 1021 atoms = 3.613 x 1024 atoms
x
(ii) Charqe on N3- ion = 3e- = 3 x 1.602 x 10-1e coulombs
.'. Charleon 1 mole of N3- = 3 x 1.602 x l0-1ex6.022x 1023 coulomb= 2.894x l0s coulombs
$ Calculate the number of molecules present in a spherical drop ofwater having a diameter of 2 mm
if density ofwater is1 g/cc. Assuming that oxygen atom occupies half the volume occupied by the
water molecule, calculate approximately the diameter ofthe oxygen atom.
AxJ. Since water molecule is assumed to be spherical, its volume will be m3, where n is the radius of water drop.
Given diameter of water drop = 2 mm = 0.2 cm
J
n,
. .'. Radius of water drop = = = 0I cm
l'
Volume = I x 3.14 x (0.1)r = 4.187 x l0-r cc
Mass of drdp of water = Volume x Density = 4.187 x l0-r x I g
Now I mole or 18 g of water contain 6.022 x 1023 molecules.
4'l87xl0-3-I6022x1023
... 4.181 x10-3 g ofwater cont.,n - 18
= 1.4x 1020 molecules

As oxygen atom occupies half of the volume occupied by water molecule and if r is radius of oxygen atom, then
3x4.187x10-3 1x10-3
!*'=f
3.232 t4.187x10-3 or !rl.14xi-! x4.187x10-3 or 13=
2x4x3.14 2
13 = 0.5 x 10-3 cm = r = 0.079 cm
28 WWG I 00PERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

@ Calculate the number of atoms in 5.6 litres of a (i) monoatomic (ii) diatomic (iii) triatomic gas at
NTP.
Ans. No. of moles of 5.6 L gas at *tt = fi = O.Zt
No. of molecules in 5.6 L gas = 0.25 x 6.022 x 1023 = 1.5 x l02l
(i) In monoatomic gas, no. of atoms = no. of molecules = 1.5 x 1023
(ii) In diatomic gas, no.ofatoms= 2 x no. of molecules= 2 x 1.5 x 1023 = 3 x 1023
(iii) ln triatomic gas, no. of atoms = 3 x no. of molecules = 3 x 1.5 x 1023 = 4.5 x 1023
@ tfwetake 1.1 gof COr,6.02 x 1021 atoms of nitrogen and 0.03 g atoms of sulphur, then find molar
ratio of C, N and S.
Given mass=]J
Ans. No. of moles or ao. -
' Molar mass 44 =oozs
No. of atoms 6.02 x 1021 A o'03x32
No. of moles of N2 = = ______________; _ 0.01 i No. of moles of s = = o.o3
Avogadro's no. 6.022x 10" .32
Molar ratio = 0.0 25 :0.01 :0.03 -5:2:6

A TRY YOURSELF
24. Calculate the number of oxygen atoms and its mass in 150 g of CaCOr.
25. An atom of some element r weighs 6.644 x 10-23 g. Calculate the number of g-atoms in
80 kg of it.
26. A metal m of atomic mass 54.94 u has a
density of 7 .42 glcc.Ca1culate the volume
occupied by one atom of the metal.
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ffi
&NGERTrocus
1. Calculate the molar mass of the followino ' (iii) lgLit"r (iv) l gof Clrg,
(i) Hzo (ii) coz (iii) cH4 6. What will be the mass of one 12C atom in g?
2. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of 7. Use the data given in the following table to
copper sulphate(CuSOa)?
calculate the molar mass of naturally occurring
3. Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine argon isotopes :
using the following data :
Isotope Isotopic molar mass Abundance
7o Natural abundance Molar mass 36Ar g5.g67bb g mol-1 o.BS7 vo
35cI 75.77 34.9689
38Ar 87.9G272 g mol-1 o.o68 vo
37cl 4oAr gg.g\z4 g mol-1 gg.6o0 vo
24.23 36.9659

4. In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the

8. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the
following :
following :
(i) Number of moles of carbon atoms. (i) 52 moles of Ar
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms. (ii) 52 u, of He
(iii) Number of molecules of ethane. (iii) 52 g of He.
5. Which one of the following will have largest
number of atoms?
ror NC ERT rocus sotutions ffiffi
(i) 1gAq,; (ii) 1gNa1"; Visit http://bit.ly/3TH41 tv Et#
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 29

;c- m
Y GBSEFOCUS
0hiective Type Questions 8. Assertion 3 Number of molecules in 1 mole gas
MCGs and VSA Type Guestions t1 MankJ
at 100'C and 300 atm pressure is equal to Avogadro's
number.
1. How many of hydrogen atoms are present in 120 Reason : Avogadro's number is 6.022 x 1023.
amu of ethane?
9. Assertion : 1 mole of Orand 1 mole of 03 contain
2. What is the ratio of molar volume of CO and COr? equal number of atoms.
3. What will be the total charge of one mole of Reason : 1 mole of molecules always contain
electrons if the electrical charge on a single electron 6.022 x 1023 molecules.
is 1.60 x 10-1e coulomb? 10. Assertion : Both 44 S COrand 17 g NHs contain
4. A gaseous mixture contains 0.2 mol CrHn and same number of molecules.
0.5 mol CzHo. Reason : Equal moles of compounds contain same
Which of the following options is correct? number of molecules.
(a) Mass of mixture is 33 g.
(b) The mixture contains 0.8 mol C atoms. Short Answer Type Questions
(c) The mixture contains 3.8 mol H atoms. SA Type Guestions t2/3 Marks]
(d) The mixture contains 0.8 NA molecules. 11. A cylinder of compressed gas contains nitrogen
5. The maximum number of electrons are present in and oxygen in the ratio 3 : 1 by mole. The cylinder
(a) 1.0 x 10{ moles of Zn contains 2.5 x 10n g of oxygen.
(b) 3.5 x 10-B g of 52- (a) Calculate the no. of moles of oxygen in the
(c) 1 atom of Ag cylinder.
(d) 1.5 x 1023 molecules of CO, (b) Calculate the no. of moles of nitrogen in the
6. 112.0 mL ofNO, at STPwas liquefied, the density cylinder.
of the liquid being 1.15 g ml,-l. Calculate the volume (c) What is the mass of nitrogen in the cylinder?
and the number of molecules in the liquid NOz. (d) What is the total mass of the gas mixture?
(a) 0.10 mL and 3.01 x 1022 12. Calculate the number of electrons, protons and
ft) O.2O mL and 3.01 x 1021 neutrons in 2.5 mole of 02- ion.
(c) 0.20 mL and 6.02 x 1023 13. A plant virus is found to consist of uniform
(d) 0.1"0 mL and 6.02 x 1021 cylindrical particles of 150 A in diameter and
7. The number of atoms present in one mole of an 5000 A long. The specific volume of the virus is
element is equal to Avogadro number. Which of the 0.75 cmslg.If the virus is considered to be a single
following elements contains the greatest number of particle, find its molecular weight.
atoms? 14. Few details of two elements P and Q are given
(a) 4gHe ft) 46gNa below.
(c) 0.40 s Ca (d) 12 g}Ie
(IVCtrRT Exemplar)

Assertion E Reason Type

x g =,i.ro*, 2 x g=Qt uto*.
ln the following questions (Q. ttto. 8 to 10), a statement
Identify the question mark.
of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. 15. Calculate the average atomic mass of hydrogen
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason using the following data :
is correct explanation for assertion. Isotope 7o Natural Molar mass
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason abundance
r11 99.98b 1
is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c)
211 o.olb 2
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. (IVCERT Exemplar)
30 wbe I0OPERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

16. If t4 g of element A contains 15.05 x lO22 atoms (b) Boron occurs in nature in the form of two
and mass of 0.2 mol AF, is 32 g, then frnd the isotopes having atomic mass 10.01 u and 11.01 u.
atomic mass of element B. What are the percentage abundances of two isotopes
in a sample of boron having average atomic mass
17. Calculate the number of atoms of each element 10.81?
in 245 g KClOr. 24. (a) What is an atom according to Dalton's
18. Calculate the molar mass of water if it contains atomic theory?
5O7o heavy water (D2O). (b) How has the Dalton's atomic theory been
19. (a) How many atoms of aluminium are present modified? Write any two limitations of this theory.
in 162 u of Al? (Atomic mass of Al - 27 u) Case Based Guestrons
(b) ' Calculate the molecular mass of : 25. Read the passage given below and answer
(i) (NH4)2SOn.FeS04.6H2O the following questions (i) to (iv) :
(ii) ZnSOnTHzO The molecular mass of a substance (element or
compound) is the number of times a molecule of the
20. (a) Calculate the number of atoms of oxygen rth
present in 88 g of COr. What would be the weight of substance is heavier than a the mass of an atom
12
carbon monoxide having the same number of oxygen of C-12 isotope.
atoms? Molecular mass of a substance may also be defined
21. A polystyrene, having the formula BrrCuHr(CsH8), as the average relative mass of a molecule of the
was prepared by heating styrene with tribromo- substance as compared with mass of an atom of
carbon tC-12) taken as 12 u.
benzoyl peroxide in the absence of air. If it was found
The molecular mass of a substance expressed in
to contain L0.46Vobromine by weight, find the value grams is called gram molecular mass. The amount
of n. of the substance is also called one gram molecule.
The smallest unit of an ionic compound is a formula
tong Answer Type Questions unit. The formula mass is defined as the sum of the
LA Type Ouestions atomic masses of aII the atoms present in a formula
[5 MarksJ
unit of an ionic compound.
22. (a) The cost of the table salt (NaCl) and table
sugar (C12H22O11) is Rs. 10 and Rs. 40 per kg (i) What is the molecular mass of 2.6 gram
respectively. Find the cost of the salt and sugar per mol. molecules of SOr? ( 1 N{ark)

(b) TWo bulbs BL and 82 of equal capacity (ii) Calculate the number of gram molecules of
contain 10 g oxygen (O2) and 10 g ozone (OB) water in a beaker containing 576 g of water.
respectively. Which bulb will have greater number (1 N{ark)
of atoms and which will have greater number of (iii) What is the formula mass of CaClr? (1 N{arkt
molecules? (iv) What is the molecular mass of a substance,
23. (a) If the components of air are N2 -78Vo; each molecule of which contains 9 atoms of carbon,
02 - 217o, Ar - 0.9 Vo and CO2 - O.LVo by volume, 13 atoms of hydrogen and 2.33 x 10-23 g of other
what would be the molecular mass of air? component? 12 N,Iarksl

ANSWERS
1. 24 2. 1:1 0.5 moles CrHu contains = 0.5 x 2 = 1 moles atoms
3. 9.65 x 104 The mixture contains (0.6 + 1) = 1.6 moles C-atoms
(c) 1 mol CrHo contains 4 mol H-atoms
4. (c) : (a) Molar mass of CrHo = 3 x 12 + 4x 1 =40 g/mol 0.2 mol CrHo contains x4
Mass of 0.2 mol C:H+ = 0.2 x 40 = 8 g
- 0.2 - 0.8 mol H-atoms
1 mol CrHu contains 6 mol H-atoms
Molar mass of CzHo = 2x 12 + 6 x 1 = 30 g/mol 0.5 mol CrHu contains = 0.5 x 6 = 3 mol H-atoms
Mass of 0.5 mol CzHo = 0.5 x 30 = 15 g Mixture contains (0.8 + 3) = 3.8 mol H-atoms
Mass of mixture = 8 + 15 = 23 g (d) The mixture contains 0.2 + Ot moles
(b) 1 Mol CrHo contains 3 moles C-atoms :0.7 molecules
0.2 Mol CrHo contains =0.2 x 3 = 0.6 moles C-atoms s. (d) : (a) 1.0 x 10{ motes .f ,r;o0n'J.rv,o
1 mole CrHu contains 2 moles C-atoms = 6.022x 1023 x 1.0 x 10{x 30 electrons = 1.81 x 101e electrons
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 31

Volume of virus
18 x 3'5x 10-3
(b) 3.5 x 10-3g of 52- contains - electrons ),
= T(r't=
22
x 75 x 75x 10-16x 5000 x 10-8
1.e7r11' -7
- etectrons
= 0.884 t 1g-16.r3
(c) Number of electrons in one atom of Ag - 47
(d) Number of electrons in 1.5 x 1023 molecules of CO,
x 1023 x 22 elecirons
weight of one virus =
# t
= 1.5
- x 1024 electrons
3.3 = 1.17gx 10-16g
5. (b) : At STP 22400 mL of NOz :46 g of N0, Molecular weight of virus
.l023
1 12'0 mL x 46'0 g
= 1.178 x 10-16 x 6.022 x - 7 .094 x 107 u
1i2.oml of N0, = = 0.23 oJ r
' 22400 mL 14. No.of molein xoP-
'20
mass o'23
tt.^
vNoz -
-da*ty - . =0.20
-v'Lv mL
p :
No. of atoms of NA(NA= Avogadro,s number)
0'23 ; "
Number of molecules = x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.01x 1021

7. (d) : Number of atoms

46
Moles x ilr
Therefore,
*" f o= f ,X ='#
-
* Now, no. of moles in 2x of 0 =
Number of moles = !i'':n
Mol, wt.
#
2r r1r1^=UL xNt=v
49He =1=1 mole ;46grur= f
'423 =2 moles
No.ofatomsofo_
40 " N1x40 A'
0.40 15. lsotope % Natural abundance Molar mass
0.40 g Ca= 40 = 0.01 mole 1H 99,985 1

2H 0.015 2
12 g He -+ =3 moles lH
Abundance of x Molar mass +
2H x N/olar mass
Hence, 12 g He contains greatest number of atoms. Abundance of
Average atomic ffioss =
8. (b): The number of molecules present in 1 mole particles is 100
known as Avogadro's number. This number does not depend on 99.985 x 1+0.015 x 2 100.01s
temperature and pressure. =-----=1.00015u
100 100
9. (d) : 1 mole of 0, contains=2x6.022x 1023 atoms
15.05 , 1022
1 mole of 0, contains = 3 x 6.022 x 1023 atoms 16. Number of moles of A, n4 - = 0.25
6.022t 1023
10. (a)
1!,
I . (a) No. of moles of oxygen - 2'5l<l0a Atomic mass of I= =56
1 =781.25 0.25
32
(b) No. of moles of nitrogen = 3 x 781.25 - 2343.75 Molar mass of ,4r8, = * = 160 g/mol
(c) Mass of nitrogen - 2343.75 x 28 = 6.56 x 100 g '0.2J
(d) Total mass of the mixture - 2.5 x 10a + 6.56 x 104 Now, if x be the atomic mass of I andy be the atomic mass of 8,
then 2x + 3y= 169
= 9.06 x 104 g
or 2x56 +3y= 160 or 3y-48ory-16
12. 1 mol of 02-contains = 10 moles electron Atomic mass of I is 16 u.
,l023
=10 x 6.022 x electrons
17. Molecular mass of KCl03 = 39 + 35.5 + 3 x 16 - 122.5 u
2.5 mol of 02- contains -2.5 x 10 x 6.022 x 1023
245
= 1.505 x 102s electrons No. of moles of KCIO,
'- = 2
122.5
1 mol of 02- contains = 8 moles of protons
2 moles of KCIO, contain
= 8 x 6.022 x 1023 protons
2 moles of K = 1x 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 1.2044 x 1O2a atoms
2.5 mol of 02- contains 2.5 x 8 x 6.022 x 1023 protons
- 2 moles of Cl = 2x6.022 x 1023 atoms = 1.2044 x 102a atoms
1.204 x 102s protons
- 6 molesof 0 = 6x6.022x 1023 atoms = 3.6132x 1024 atoms
Similarly 2.5 mol of 02- contains 1.204 x 102s neutrons- 18. As water contains 50% D20, hence it contains
13. Volume of rylinder = fi"r21
(as virus has rylindrical particles) 1 mole of H.o *l mole of D.,O
. t?!-
150 2'2'
given r -- = 75 A -75x 10-8cm
=92" o HrO + 20
zJ
q D7O = 9 + 10 = 19 g
L
/=5000A=5000x10-8cm
32 WfrG 1 00PERCENT Chemistry Ctass-t t

19. (a) Atomic mass of Al - 27 u 23. (a) The molar ratio are also volume ratios for gases
27 u Al contains 1 Al atom (Avogadro's pri nciple).
L62 Molecular mass of air :
162 u Al contain s = 6Al atoms.

(b) (i)
27
_ (78x28+21x32+0.9x40+0.1x44) _ 2g.964
Molecular mass of (NHd2S04,FeS0o.6Hr0
78+21+ 0.9 + 0.1
= 2 N + 20 H + 2 S + 14 0+ 1 Fe (b) Suppose the percentage of isotope with atomic mass 1 0.01 = x
=(2x'14) +(20x1)+(2x32) +(14x16) +(1 x56) Then percentage of isotope with atomic mass 1 1 .01 = 100 - x
= 28 + 20 + 64 + 224+ 56 = 392 u Average atomic mass
(ii) Molecular mass of ZnS0o.7Hr0
10.0lx+ 11.01(100-x)
-1Zn+1S+110+14H
= (1 x 65) + (1 x 32) + (11 x 16) + (14x 1) 100
=65+32+176+14-287u 10.01x+1101-11.01x 1101-x

20. Moleof COrin88g=E =2

100 100
'44 1 101- x
= 10.81 or 1101 -x = 1081
Number of oxygen atoms - 2 x 6.022 x 1023 x 2 100

= 24.088 x 1023 or x=1101-1081=20

Now one atom of oxygen is present in one molecule of C0. % age of isotope with atomic mass 10.01 - 20o/o
6.022 x
1023 oxygen atoms are present in 6.022 x 1023 % age of isotope with atomic mass 1 1.01 = 80%
molecules of C0. 24. (a) According to Dalton's atomic theory an atom is the
28
weisht or co = :6.022x
111t1i1"'
10r
- 112 s ultimate particle of matter which cannot be further divided.
(b) The main points of the modern atomic theory are :

21. Letthe mass of polystyrene be 100 g. (i) Atom is no longer considered to be indivisible.
No. of moles of Br in 100 g of polystyrene (ii) Atoms of the same element may have different atomic masses.
10.46 (iii) Atoms of different elements may have same atomic masses.
79.9 (iv) The ratio in which the different atoms combine with one
From the formula of the compound, another may be fixed and integral but may not always by simple.
BrrC6H3(C:Ha)r, we have, (v) Atom is the smallest particle that takes part in a chemical
No. of moles of Br =3x moles of BrrCuHr(C3Hdn reaction.

or, 0.130g=3x lt4ass (vi) Atom is no longer indestructible.

Molecular mass Limitations of Dalton's atomic theory :

(i) lt could not explain what is the nature of binding force

o[ 0.1309=3x
=.,',OO', or(31 4.7 +Mn)-2291.825 between atoms and molecules which accounts for the existence of
314.7 + 44n
44n -2291.825-314.7 matter in three states, i.e., solids, liquids and gases.
n-44.93=45 (ii) lt makes no distinction between the ultimate particles of an
element or a compound.
22. (a) Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol
10 25. (i) Molecular mass of S02 = Atomic mass of S +
Cost of 1 mole of NaCl = x 58.5 = 0.585 Rs / mole
1 000 2 x Atomic mass of 0
1 gram molecule of S0,
Molar mass of CnH22Ojt = 12x 12 + 22x 1 + 1 1 x 16 - 64 g

= 342 g/mole 2.6 gram molecules of S0, - 64 x 2.6 = 166.4 g

(ii) Molecular mass of H20 = (2 x 1)+ 16 - 18 u
Cost of 1 mole of C,rHrrO,, = (#)*ror=13.68Rs/mote 18'gi'of water = 1 grim molecule

(b) 10 q O, = 9*ol.-!"
J.3232 6.022x 1023 molecules
No. of gram molecules in 576 g
- - :1g x 576 - 32
(iii) Formula mass of CaCl, = 40 u + (2 x 35.5).u = I11 u
= 1.88 x 1023 molecules
(iv)
x Mass of 9 atoms of carbon = 9 x 12 amu = 108 u
-2x 1.88 1023 atoms -3.76x 1023 atoms
Mass of 13 atoms of hydroger = 13 x 1 amu = 13 u
10 g O, = x6.0Z2x 1023 molecules Mass of 2.33 x 10-23 g of other component
fr*ot.=# (z'33xro-]]g)
- 1 .254 x 1023 molecules =(1 u)* =14.04u
= 3 x 1.254x 1023 atoms =3.16x 1023 atoms (1.66 x 10-'*g)
Bulb 8,, has greater number of molecules and both bulb have same Molecular mass of the substance
number of atoms. = (108 + 13 + 14.04) u = 135.04 u
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 33

TOPIG 3: PERGEiITAGE GOMPOSITIOiI, STOIGHIOMETRY A].ID

STOIGHI0M ETRIG CAIG U tATlOl'lS

Percentage Composilion
Percentage composition of a compound refers to the number of parts by mass of the various constituent elements present per 100
parts by mass of the substance. lt can be calculated by the following two steps :
I
Step : Calculate the formula mass of the compound from its formula by adding the atomic masses of the constituent elements.
Step 2 : Calculate the percentage of the element by applying the following relation :
(No of atoms of element)x (Atomic mass element)
lvlass percentage of an element - 9f , ''oo
Formula mass of the compound
For example, let us calculate the percentage composition of various elements present in glucose (C6H1206).
Molecular mass of glucose (C6H1206) 12 +
=6x I l2x +6x
16= 180 u
Formula of glucose shows that there are 6 C-atomt 12 H-atoms and 6 0-atoms.
6xl2
lvlass Dercentaoe of c-atoms = 180
x100=400/0

12'1
l\,'tass Dercentaoe of H-atoms = r 169 = 6.67016
180
6x16
lvlass oercentaoe of o-atoms = 180
x100=53.3390

--.- ln case of minerals or ores, the mass percentage of a particular constituent species in a formula can also be calculated using
the relation :
Total mass of constituent.species in one formula unit
Mass percentage ol constituent species = x100
Formula mass
For example,the percentage of alumina (Alror), potassium oxide (KrO) and silica (SiO) in the sample of clay (A1203 . K20 . 6Si0,
can be calculated as follows :
Formula mass of clays (Alr0r. KrO.6SiO1

=(2x27 +3x 16)+(2x39+ 16)+6x(28+ 2x 16)= 102 +94+360= 556

... Percentage of Al2O3 = .!!?x100=18.34% ; Percentage of KrO =
ffix100=16.91%
percentaoe of sio. = l!9x100=64.15%
"'556
I LLU STRATIO N S

@ Calculate the percentage composition of different elements in magnesium phosphate.

Ans. Molecular mass of Mgr(POo), =3x24+2(31 +4x16)=72+190=262
Percentage of rr,rO =ftxrO0=27.48% ; Percentage of e = ffix100=23.67Vo
8xl6
-
Percentaoe of O = 262
x100=48.850/o

@ The red colour of blood is due to a compound called haemoglobin. It contains 0.335% of iron.
Four atoms of iron are present in one molecule of haemoglobin. Calculate the molecular mass of
haemoglobin.
Ans. Atomic mass of Fe = 56 u
Total mass (g) of Fe present in one molecule of haemoglobin = 4 x 56 = 224 g
Now 0.335 g Fe is present in 100 g haemoglobin
34 Wt6l OOPERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

224 gFe is present in = 'o=ol3o g

J haemoglobin = 66865.67 g haemoglobin
0.335
Molecular mass of haemoglobin is 66865.67 u.
O Determine the percentage of water of crystallisation, copper, sulphur and oxygen in blue vitriol.
Ans. Formula of blue vitriol is CuS0*.5H20
Formula ffidss = 63.5 + 32 + 64 + 5 x 18 = 249.5 u
Percentage of water of crystallisation = *x100
249.5
=36.07o/o

Percentage of Cu = g+x100 =25.45o/o ; Percentage of S = +x100 =12.83o/o

249.5 249.5

Percentage of 0 = *x100 =25.650/o

249.5
(Note : Oxygen present in water molecules is not taken into account),

A TRY YOURSELF
27. Calculate the percentage composition of various elements in copper pyrites.
28. Oxygen and hydrogen are combined in the ratio 16 : 1 in hydrogen peroxide. Based on
this, calculate the percentage composition of hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogen peroxide.
29. Calculate the percentage of water of
crystallisation and percentage of SO!- For TRY YoURSELF Solutions
ions in Mohr's salt. The formula of Mohr's
salt is FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O.
Visit http ://bit. ly/40xkHWJ
ffi#
Chemical Formula
A chemical compound is always known by a specific name, but using the full name repeatedly is inconvenient and to know about
the chemical composition of a compound we need its formula. 5o chemical formula is used to represent a compound and it is [s
shorthand notation.
There are three types of chemical formulae : (i) Empirical formula (ii) Molecular Formula (iii) Structural formula
We will discuss only first two types here.

Empirical lormula
The empirical formula of a compound is the chemical formula which expresses the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of the
various constituent elements present in one molecule of the compound. The sum of atomic masses of the atoms representing empirical
formula is called empirical formula mass.
For example, if a compound contains carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in 1 : 2 : 1 then its empirical formula is CHrN. lts empirical formula
mass=12+2x1+14=28
Empirical formula of different compounds may be same. 50 it may or may not represent the actual formula of the molecule.
The empirical formula of a compound can be determined by the following steps :
I
Step : The percentage of each element is divided by its atomic mass. lt gives the relative number of atoms of each element present
in the compound.
Step 2 : Each number obtained for the respective element in the above step is divided by the smallest number among those numbers
so as to get the simplest ratio of the atoms of elements present in the compound.
Step 3 : lf the simplest ratio obtained in above step is not a whole number, then values of simplest ratio of each element is multiplied
by a smallest inteqer to get the simplest whole number for each element.
Step 4 : To get the empirical formula, symbols of various elements present are written side by side with their respective whole number

ratio as a subscript to the lower right hand corner of each symbol.

Molecular lormula
The molecular formula of a compound is the chemical formula which represents the actual number of each individual atom of various
elements present in one molecule oJ a compound.
The molecular formula of a compound represents one molecule of that substance. Therefore, it represent its molecular mass also.
For example, the molecular formula of carbon dioxide is C0, and its molecular mass is (12 + 2 x l6)
= 44 u.
Some Basic Concepts of Chenistty 35
The sum of atomic masses of the atoms representing molecular formula is called molecular mass. For certain compounds the molecular
formula and empirical formula may be same.

Relationship belween m0lecular formula and empirical l0rmula

Molecular formula x Empirical formula
=,
where n is simple whole number having value 1, 2, 3.....etc.
Molecular mass
The value of 'n' can be calculated as n -
Empiricalfomula mass
Delelmination ol molecular l0rmula
The molecular formula of a compound can be deduced from its (1) empirical formula and (2) molecular mass.
The molecular formula of a compound can be determined by the following steps :
Step 1 : The empirical formula is calculated from the percentage composition.
Step 2 : The empirical formula mass is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms present in the empirical formula.
Step 3 : The molecular mass is divided by the empirical formula mass and the value of 'n' is determined.
Step 4 : The empirical formula of the compound is multiplied with'r'so as to find out the molecular formula of the compound.

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ A sample of pure compound is found to have Na = 9.6697 mole, O = 0.132 mole and
C = 2.65 x 1022 atoms.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Ans. '.' 6.022 x 1023 atoms of C = 1 mole of C
,l022 1x2 65x1922
.'. 2.65 x atoms of a= mole = 0.044 mole
5.022x 1025

Calculation of empirical formula

Element Relative No. of moles Simple ratio of moles
0.0887
Na 0.0887 2
0.044
-=
r

0.132
0 0.1 32 _J

0.044
0.044
C 0.044 -t
0.044
Thus, the empirical formula of the compound wi ll be NarC0r.
A compound, on analysis, gave the following percentage composition :
(i) Na = L4.3l9o (ii) S = 9.97Vo (iii) H = 6.22% (iv) O = 69.507o
Calculate the molecular formula of the compound on the assumption that all the hydrogen in the
compound is present in combination with oxygen as water of crystallization. Molecular weight of
the compoundis 322. (Na = 23; S = 32; H = 1; O = 16).

t- Element Percentage Atomic ratio Simplest ratio Emp.formula

14'31 0.622 _,
__1
Na 14.31 -0.622
23 0.31 1

r- 9'97 0.31 1

S 9.97 -0.31 l -t
32 0.311
NarSHro0,o
6'22 6.22
H 6,22 = 6.22
0.311
=20
1
-t
69.50 4.34
0 69.50 = 4.34 =14
I
16 0.311
36 wWG I 00PERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

Empirical formula weight = 46 + 32 + 20 + 224 = 322

Also, mol wt. = 322
Mol. wt. - 322I-',l
" - ErpJrrd. *t - 322 - '
Hencq mol. formula = Na2SH20014. Since, all the hydrogen is in the form of water of crystallization, there should be 10Hr0
molecules. Hencq the molecular formula is NarS0o.10H20.

@ Butyric acid contains elements C, H and O. A 4.24 g sample ofbutyric acid on complete combustion
with oxygen gives 8.45 g CO, and 3.46 g H2O. Determine the mass percentage of each element in
butyric acid. Also determine the empirical and molecular formula ofbutyric acid (Given molecular
mass of butyric acid is 88 u).
8 a?I l2
Ans. Amount of c present in 8.45 g c0, = = z.:o s
44
2 30
.'. o/o
of C = x100=54.24%
4.24
Amount of H present in 3.46 g 11,6 = i19I?
=0.:a+g
'18
0 384
% of H = rt00=9.056 % ; % of o = 100 - (54 .24 + 9.06) = 36.7%
4.24

Element Percentage Atomic ratio Simplest ratio Empirical formula

54.24 _ 4.52
C 54.24 4.52 -t
12 2.29

H 9.06
9.06 _ 9.06 _-4
9.06
c2H40
1 2.29
36'7 2.29
0 36.7 = 2.Zg -t
16 2.29

Empirical formula ffiass = 2x 12 + 4x 1 + 16 - 44 u

Molecular rnoss = 88 u
n-
Molecular mass 88
"- En piri.ul f*,nul,,* -,

Molecular formula = (C2H40)2 = CaHsO2

A TRY YOURSELF
30. A carbon compound containing only carbon and oxygen has an approximate molecular mass of
290 u. If the chemical composition of the compound is fouad to contain 507o by mass of each
element then deterrnine the molecular formula of the compound.
31. An organic compound on analysis gave the following data : C = 57.82?o, H = 3.6Vo and rest is
oxygen. Find its molecular formula. Given that the vapour density is 83.
32. Write the empirical formula of the following molecular formula :
(i)
Nron (ii) coHo
(iii) FerOt (iv) C6H12O6 -
ffi
For TRY YOURSELF Solutions

(v) CsHro
v
I

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Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Galculations

Ihe word 'stoichiometry' is derived from two Greek words -'stoicheion' meaning, element and 'metron' meaning measure. Stoichiometry
is the.&lculation of quantitative relationship of the reactants and products in a balanced chemical reaction.
Some Basic Concepts of Chenistty 37

Ghemical equations
A chemical equation is the representation of a true chemical reaction with help of symbol and formula o{ the reactants and products.
The informations conveyed by a chemical equation are:
- The name of reactants and products involved in the reaction.
- The relative number of atoms and molecules of reactants and products involved in the reaction.
- The relative number of moles of reactants and products involved in the reaction.
- The relative masses and volumes of reactants and products involved in the reaction.
- The mass-mass, mass-volume, volume-volume relationships between the reactants and products.
Chemical equation conveyes many information about the reaction but it has some limitations, it does not tell about reaction
conditions, physical states of reactants and products etc.
Thus, it can be made more informative by adding additional informations to the reaction equation as follows:
(i) The reaction conditions /.e., temperature, pressure and catalyst etc. informations can be written on the arrow which is separating
products or reactants.
(ii) Physical states of reactants and products can also be written by using the abbreviations along with reactants and products
e.9., for solids (s), for liquids (/), for gases (g).
(iii) Sometimes reactions proceed with absorption or evolution of heat. So, for making reaction more informative, amount
of heat evolved or absorbed can be written with positive (+) or negative (-) sign respectively at the product side. For
example, formation of ammonia is an exothermic process 1.e., heat is evolved during the process so it is written as
'I
50-200 atm, 450-500'C
Nz(g) + 3Hz(g) 2NH31sy + 9l .8 kJ/mol
Fe
(iv) Few more informations like concentrations by adding conc. (for concentrated solutions) and dil. (for dilute solutions) can
be written along with the formulae of reactants or products.

Balancing ol a chemical equation

Balancing of a chemical equation means making the number of atoms of each element equal on both sides of the equation.
The balancing of chemical equations is based upon the law of conservation of mass and Dalton's atomic theory.
The following methods are generally used for balancing chemical equations :

1. Hit and trialmethod 2. Partial equation method

3. method
Oxidation number 4. lon electron method
The first two methods are discussed below :

Hit and trial melhod

This method involves the following steps:
(i) Write down the correct formulas of the reactants and the products with plus signs in between with an arrow pointing from
reactants to products. This is called skeleton equation.
(ii) lf any elementary gas (e.9., 02, H2, N2 etc.) appear in the equation, then write its atomic state in the skeleton equation.
(iii) Select the formula containing maximum number of atoms and start the process of balancing the atoms present in it"
(iv) ln case, the above method fails, then start balancing the atoms which appear minimum number of times.
(v) Atoms of elementary gases are balanced in the last.
(vi) 0nce all atoms are balanced, change the equation into the molecular form.
(vii) Verify that number of atoms of each element is balanced in the final equation.

Partial equalion method

The hit and trial method is quite successful in balancing the simple chemical equations, but the equations in which the same
element is involved in a number of compounds, then it cannot be easily balanced by this method.
ln such cases, the partial equation method is more successful. The partial equation involves the following steps:
(i) Different probable steps are written for the given chemical equation. The chemical equation for probable steps are called
partial equations.
(ii) Each partial equation is separately balanced by hit and trial method.
(iii) Batance partial eq uations by m u hiplying by su itable coefficients so as to exactly cancel out the common substance (intermed iate
products) which do not appear in the overall chemical equation.
(iv) Finally the partial equations are added t0 get the final equation.
Stoichiometry can be used to calculate quantities such as the amount of products that can be produced with the given amount of
reactants and percent yield.
38 WWG I 00PERCENT Chemistry Closs-t t

Stoichiometry is divided into two subsections :

Gravimetric analysis
Volumetric analysis
We can solve the problems on gravimetric and volumetric analysis by using the two well know concepts-
[Vlole concept and the concept of equivalence.

ln order to solve the problems based on chemical calculations the following steps can be applied :

Write the balanced chemical equation.

From the chemical equation write the molar ratio between the given and required substance.
Convert the moles into the desired parameters such as mass or volume.
Calculate the final result by applying unitary method.

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ When an antacid tablet is used, calcium hydroxide interacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach
to forrr inert calcium chloride and water. Calculate the mass of HCI required to fully react with
150 g of Ca(OH)2.
Ans. Ca(OH)z + 2HCl --+ CaCl2 + 2H20
Molecular mass of Ca(0H)2 = 40 + 2 x (16 + 1) = 74 u
For 1 mole of Ca(OH)r, HCI required = 2 moles.
or 74 g Ca(0H)2 requires (36.5 x 2) g HCI for complete reaction

or, 1 50 s ca(oH), requires = l!l#19, HCt = 148 g Hcl

@ NaCt of 957o purity is used to prepare salt cake (Na2SOa) by the reaction
2NaCl + H2SO, --+ NarSO. + 2HCl
If the product (NarSOa) is only 85% pure, what weight of NaCl is used up in produciog
1 kg ofthe impure salt cake?
Ans. let the weight of NaCl used up for producing I kg of the impure salt cake be x g.

'
tvass of oure Nacl = III! :Moles of oure Nact = -1I95
100 100 x 58.5

l\iloles of pure ttarSOo = jllx]

' Z moles of t',taCl produces 1 mole of NarSOaJ
'100x58.5 [... 2
. Massof puret',tarsoo= -1I91-xlxt+2g;r,ro*
100x58.5 2 '' ' *f1,,]"rqz=10??I8s
100x58.5 2 - 100
or,x=737.21 g

O If mixture of carbonates of calcium and magnesium gave 240 cm3 of CO, at STP, calculate the
1.0 g
percentage composition of the mixture.
Ar,s p;urr of mixture of carbonates of Ca and lvlg taken = 1.0 g
Suppose the mass of CaCo, = x g
Mass of MgCO, = (1 -x) g
cac03 ------) cao + c0' ...0
40+12+3x16 22400 cm3
= 100 g at sTP

MgC03
----) MgO +22400C0,cmr-
24 + 12 + 3 x16
...(ii)

=849 atSTP
ln first case
100 g of CaC0, liberates = 22400 cm3 CO2 at sTP

x g of caCo, wiil tiberat , ='::20

1oo
x x cm3 - 224x cm3 c0, at sTp
ln second case
84 g of MgC0, liberates - 22400 cm3 C02 at STp
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 39

-x)g of Mgco, will liberat - -2T10 x(1-x)cm3 -266.67(1-x)cm3 c0, at sTP

(1
84
Therefore, total volume of CO, evolved at STP - 224x + 266.67(1 - x) cm3
But total volume of C0, evolved at STP = 240 cm3
224x + 266.67 (1 -x) -
240 or, x 0.625 g-
Percentage of CaC0, = 0.625 x 100 62.5o/o -
Percentage of tt4gCO, = 100 '62.5 = 37 .5o/o

A TRY YOURSELF
33. How much zinc should be added to 0.01 mol of AgNO, solution to displace all the silver from the
solution?
34. How many grams of CO2 are produced in the complete combustion of 44.8 litres of butane with
oxygen at STP?
35. What mass of zinc is required to produce hydrogen by reaction with HCI which is enough
to produce 5 moles of NHB according to the
given reactions :
Zn+ zHCl +ZnClr+Hz
For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
ffi-ffi
Nz + 3H, -+ 2NHB
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ffi
Limiting reagent
Reactants react in accordance with the stoichiometry indicated by the balanced chemical equation. l\ilany times, reactions are
carried out with the amounts of reactants that are different than the amounts as required by a balanced chemical reaction. In such
situations, one reactant is more in amount than the amount required by balanced chemical reaction. The reactant which is present
in the lesser amount gets consumed after sometime and after that no further reaction takes place whatever be the amount of
the other reactant present. Hence, the reactant which gets consumed, limits the amount of product formed and is therefore called
limiting reagent or limiting reactant.
The reactant which is not consumed completely in the reaction is called excess reactant as the excess of this reactant is left unreacted.

Limiting reagent, theoretical, actual and percent yield

The theoretical yield is the amount of product formed from the complete conversion of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction.
To find the limiting reagent and theoretical yield, cany out the following procedure :

- Find the moles of each reactant present.

- Calculate the moles of a product formed from each mole of reactant.
- ldentify the reactant giving the smaller number of product. This reactant is the limiting reactant.
- Calculate the amount of product (in g) produced by the limiting reagent. This is the theoretical yield.
Actual yield : The actual yield is the amount of the product (in g) actually formed in the laboratory.
The actuil yield of a product in any reaction is usually less than the theoretical yield because of certain side reactions taking
place or less ideal conditions than required.
. per€ent yield : The percent yield is the percent of the product formed based upon the theoretical yield.

Percent vierd = -4tutlli*.99'",100

Theoretical yield (in g)

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ Given the following reaction : Mg(OH)2 + ZHCI + MgCL, + 2HrO
How many grams of nASCtz will be produced from L2.0 g of M8(OH)2 ar,d 42.0 g HCI?
,Anr, Mg(OH), + 2HCl --+ MgCl, + 2H20
1 mole 2 moles 1 mole
(s8 s) (73 s) (es g)
40 WtG I 00PERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

1)
12 g Mg(OH), = fr = 0.2 motes

42oHCl = 4 O.SZ mole

' 13
=
1 mole of Mg(OH), requires 2 moles of HCl.
0.2 mole of Mg(OH)2 requires 0.4 moles of HCl.
Hence, Mg(0H), is the limiting reagent.
0.2 mole of Mq(OH)2 produces 0.2 moles of MgCl,
.'. Mass of MgCl, produced = 0.2 x 95 = 19.0 g
@ Sodium hydroxide reacts with phosphoric acid to form sodium phosphate and water by the
reaction : SNaOH + HrPOn -+ NarPOn + SHrO
If 35.6 g NaOH reacted with 30.8 g HrPOr,then
(i) what is the limiting reagent?
(ii) how many grams of Na3POn are formed?
(iii) how many grams ofthe excess reactant remains, when the reaction is complete ?
(Given molecular mass of NaOH, H,PO4 and NasPOa are 40.0, 98.0 and 164 u respectively.)
356
Ans. 35.6 o NaOH
'40 = =0.89mole
30 8
30.8 o H,P0, = 98
=0.31 mole
I mole of HrPOo requires 3 moles of NaOH
.'. 0.31 mole of H3P04 requires 0.31 x 3 = 0.93 moles of NaoH
(i) NaoH is the limiting reagent.
(ii) 3 moles of NaOH produces I mole of Na,POo
.'. 0.89 mole of Na0H produces P=0., mole of NarP0o
3 "
.'. Mass of Na3P04 = 0.3 x 164 = 49.2 g
(iii) Excess reactant is H3P04.
3 moles of NaoH reacts with 1 mole of HrPoo.

.'. 0.89 mole of NaOH reacts witfr $ = O.: mole of HrPOo

7
.'. Amount of H3PO4 reacted = 0.3 x 98 g = 29.4 g
Amount of H3P04 remains = (30.8 - 29.a) 9 = 1.4 g
@ Three litre of hydrogen at STP is made to react with two litres of nitrogen at STP. Calculate
the mass ofeach substance found after the reaction. Which one is limiting reagent? What is the
percent yield of NHr, if 0.5 g of NH, is actually formed?
Ans. N2 + 3H2 + 2NH,
I vol. 3 vol. 2 vol.
Applying Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volume,
1 vol. of N, requires = 3 vol. of H,
or, 1 L of N, requires = 3 L of H, or, 2 L of N2 requires = 2 x 3 = 6 L of Hr
But the volume of hydrogen taken = 3 L
Hence, hydrogen is limiting reagent here volume of N, left unused = (2 -1) = 1 t
... Mass of N, teft unused =
ffil.ZSS
Now, 3 vol. of H, produces 2 vol. of NH3 or, 3 L of H2 produces 2 L of NHr.
17
.'. lVass of NH, oroduced = 22.4 x2=1.518
0 5
Percent vield of NH, = 1 .518
x100=3370
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 41

*& TRY YOURSELF

36. If 0.5 mol of BaCl, is mixed with 0.2 mol of NarPOn, then,
(a) predict which is the limiting reactant.
(b) what are the maximum number of moles of Bas(POa)2 that can be formed?
(c) what are the number of moles of other (which is not limiting) reactant left after the reaction?
37. Zinc and hydrochloric acid react according to the reaction,
2n,", + 2lJClrool --> ZnCl26r1 + IJr*1
If 0.30 mol Zn are added to hydrochloric acid containing 0.52 mol of HCI then identify the
Iimiting and excess reagent and how many moles of H2 are produced?
38. A mixture containing 100 g of H, and 100 g of O, is ignited so that water is formed according
the equation at STP :
2H, + Oz + 2H2O. Calculate the volume of Eh1*[E
For TRY YoURSELF Solutions
water formed. Also calculate the volume of 5$**H*
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gas left unreacted at STP. H'tr^#
Reactions in solution
There are many reactions which take place in solution. A solution is defined as a homogenous mixture of two or more chemically
non-reacting substances whose concentration can be varied upto a certain limit.
lf a solution consists of only two components, it is called a binary solution. The component present in smaller amount is called
solute, while the other present in larger amount is called solvent.
The amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution is expressed in terms of concentration.
The concentration of solution can be expressed in a number of ways as follows :
- Mass percent : lt is the amount of solute in grams present in 100 g of the solution.
l\4ass of solute
Mass % of sorure fu two/o\ - lilass of solution x100
Both, the mass of solute and that of solution must be expressed in the same mass units.
- Mole fraction : lt is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles of the solution. lf a
substance 7' dissolves in substance '8' then
x^ =
No. of moles of I fl/
Mole fraction of A,
No. of molesl + No. of moles of B
= n1+ ng and

No. of moles of B
Mole fraction of B, XB = _ng
No, of moles of A + No. of moles of B n1+ tlg
- Volume percent : lt is the number of unit of the solute per 100 units of volume of the solution.

Volume % ot solute (v/ v%) = \/glume:f sgluJe x1o0

Volume of solution
- Molarity : lt is defined as the number of moles of the solute present per litre or dm3 of the solution. lt is represented by'M'.
No. of moles of solute , n, G)
,-
"' = 4'9! = 1)xy (litre)-= --ws rns|11 or molar (r1,1)

Volume of solution in litres (or in dm')

y (L) Ma(g mol M, xy

- Molarity equation : lf a solution having molarity M, and volume yl is dlluted to volume f2 so that the new molarity is M2,
then as the total number of moles in the solution remains the same, we have MrV, = Mry,

" lt may be noted that the molarity equation when used in volumetric titrations is written in the following generalised form :
z, MrV, = z, MrV,
where, z, is the number of equivalents in one mole of the substance I and z, is the number of equivalents in one mole of
the substance 2.

- Normality : lt is defined as the number of equivalents of the solute dissolved per litre (dm3) of the solution at any specified

temperature. lt is represented by'/V'.

/y
9 e9: of solute - wsl EB g.eq. L-1 or Normal (rv)
=
/Solution /Solurion
42 wl+e I 00PERCENT Chemistry Class-t l

Standard solution : A solution whose normality or molarity is known is called a standard solution or stock solution.

Molality : lt is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in 1 kg (1000 g) of the solvent. lt is represented
by 'n' .
3plu. =@B I MB) nolko-l wB mol ko-r or molal (m)
m=
W.or,"nt WA - =Mg xW1

Effect of temperature on concentration : Molality and mole fraction are prefened over molarity and normality, because the
former involve masses of the solute and the solvent which do not change with temperature whereas the latter involve volume
of the solution which changes with temperature.
Parts per million (ppm) : The concentration of very dilute solutions is expressed in terms of parts of the solute by mass
present in million parts by mass of the solution (or ppm), /.e., ppr, =-J$014 r',6u

ILLUSTRATIONS
@ An aqueous 0.3 M glucose solution is prepared with a total volume of 0.15 L. The molecular mass
of glucose is 180 u. What mass of glucose is needed for the solution?
Ans. Moles of glucose = Molarity x volume of solution in L = 0.3 x 0.15 = 0.045 mol
.'. Amount of glucose = 0.045 x 180 g = 8.1 g
@ An aqueous solution is prepared by diluting 3.30 rnr-acetone (density = 0.789 e/ml) with water
to a final volume of 75.0 mL. The density of the solution is 0.993 g/ml. What is the molarity,
molality and mole fraction of acetone in the solution?
Ans. Mass of acetone = 3.30 x 0.789 g = 2.604 g
2'604
Moles of acetone - 58
-o.o44g ['.' Molecular mass of acetone = 54 u]

Mass of solution = 75 x 0.993 - 74.475 g, N/ass of water in solution = (74.475 - 2.605)g -71.87 g
71'87
Moles of water - 18
- 4

lvoles-ofsolute 0 0449 Molelof solute . 0 0449

= o.sgg t'/t; Molalitv -
= Volume of solutioninL= 0.075 (kg)= 0.07187=o.ozs,
lvolaritv -
Mass of solvent
0 0449
Mole fraction = =o.ott
0.0449 +4
', 1.5 g of chalk was treated with 10 mL of 4N HCI. The chalk was dissolved and the solution
made to 100 mL. 25 mL of this solution required 18.75 mL of 0.2 N NaOH solution for complete
neutralisation. Calculate the percentage of pure CaCO, in the sample of chalk.
'.'25 mL of diluted excess HCI requires 18.75 mL of 0.2 N NaOH for complete neutralisation.
.'. 100 mL of diluted excess HCI will require 18.75 x 4 = 75 mL of 0.2 N NaOH
For complete neutralisation,
Suppose the volume of 4N HCI left in excess be l/ mL (after the reaction with chalk).
Thus, / mL of 4N HCI = 75 mL of 0.20 N Na0H

y=75xo2N=3.75m1
4N
Volume of 4N HCI consumed by chalk = 10 3.75 = 6.25 mL -
Eq. wt. of CaC03 = Mol. wt. / Total positive valency = '100/2 = 50

Amount of CaCO, in 6.25 mL of 4N HCl rotution =!-I#A = t.Z: g

Percentage purity of caco, = "11'oo = tr.rr*

1.5
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 43

A TRY YOURSELF
39. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.2 g glucose in 405 g water. The frnal volume of the
solution is 414 mL. Find the molality of the solution.
40. Determine concentration of a solution that contains 825 mg of NarHPOn dissolved in
450 mL of water in (a) molarity (b) mo lalit (c) mole fraction (d) mas s 7o and (e) m.
Assume the density of the solution is the For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
EH.,ITE
5fi**StI
same as water (19/mL) and no volume
change upon the addition of the solute.
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o
1. Calculate the mass per cent of different elements 1 1. Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each

present in sodium sulphate (NazSO4). other to produce ammonia according to the following
2. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate chemical equation : N26, + Hzt*, -+ 2NHr*,
(CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 (i) Calculate the mass of ammonia pioduced if
molar aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium 2.00 x 103 g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00 x 103 g of
acetate rs 82.0245 g mol-l. dihydrogen.
3. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of (ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
iron which has 69.9Vo Ltotr and 30.lVo oxygen by mass.
(iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass?
4. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that 12. How are 0.50 mol NarCOg and 0.50 M NarCO3
could be produced when different?
(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air. 13. If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen. five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen. water vapour would be produced?
5. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles 14. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in
per litre in a sample which has a density , L.4L g mL-1 water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is 0.040
and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69Vo. (assume the density of water to be one).
5. Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of 1 5. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen
iron in which the mass per cent of iron and oxygen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives
are 69.9 and 30.1 respectively. 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no other
7. What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP) of
in mol L-1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate
make a frnal volume up to 2 L? (i) empirical formula, (ii) molar mass of the gas, and
8. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L-', what is its (iii) molecular formula.
volume needed for makitg2.S L ofits A.25 M solution? 16. Calcium .u.bo.rate reacts with aqueous HCI to
9. A sample of drinking water was found to be grve CaCl, and CO, according to the reaction,
severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCls, CaCOr1", + 2HCl bd ) CaClrror, + COr*, + HrO17,-
supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of What mass of CaCO, is required to react completely
contamination was 15 ppm (by mass). with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCI?
(i) Express this in per cent by mass. 17. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the treating manganese dioxide (MnO2) with aqueous
water sample. hydrochloric acid according to the reaction
10. In a reaction : A + Bz+ ABz JJCL-il + MnO21 ,, -+ 2HrOgl + MnClrlrr; + Clzgl
Identify the limiting reagent, if atrY, in the following How many grams of HCI react with 5.0 g of
reaction mixtures. manganese dioxide?
(i) 300 atoms ofA + 200 molecules of B
(ii) 2molA+3molB ror NCERT rocus sotutions Hhsttq
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(iv) 5molA +2.5molB (v) 2.5molA+lmolB
44 wWG I 00PERCENT Chemistry Closs-t t

;61
m
v GBSEFOCUS
0hiective Type Questions 5. Assertion : The empirical mass of ethene is half
MCGs and VSA Type Ouestions [1 Mark) of its molecular mass.
1. In the reaction, 4NHs + 5O2 --; 4NO + 6HrO, Reason : The empirical formula represents the
when one mole of ammonia anC one mole of oxygen simplest whole number ratio of various atoms
are made to react completely then present in a compound. (N(.'EIIT Exr.nr1-tlar)
(I) 1.0 mole of NO is formed 7. Assertion z 2 moles of calcium phosphide
(II) all oxygen is consumed on reaction with excess of water gives 4 moles of
(m)1.0 mole of HrO is produced phosphine.
(IDall ammonia is consumed. Reason : The molar ratio of calcium phosphide to
Which of the following iVare correct? phosphine is 1 :2 in this reaction.
(a) I only (b) II and III only
(c) II only (d) [V only 8. Assertion : There is no difference between
molarity and molality of solution if the density of the
2. 5.85 g of NaCl is dissolved in 1 L of pure water. solution is 1 g/ml,
The number of ions in U1000 part of this solution is
Reason : Molarity represents moles of solute present
(a) 6.02 x 1020 (b) 6.02 x 101e per litre of solution.
(c) 1.2 x 1o2o (d) L.2 x Lo22
3. An organic compound made of C, H and 9. What is the percentage of carbon and hydrogen
N, in ethanol?
contains 2OVo nitrogen. Its minimum molecular
mass is 10. What will be the molarity of distilled water if its
(a) 50 (b) 70 density is 103 kgfm3?
(c) 65 (d) 100 11. How much iron can be obtained by the reduction
4. If 500 mL of a 5 M solution is diluted to of 1 kg of FerOr?
1500 mL, what will be the molarity of the solution 12. What is the empirical formula of hydrogen
obtained? peroxide?
(a) 1.5 M (b) 1.66 M t 3. If 30 mL of H, and 20 mL of 02 react to form
(c) 0.017 M (d) 1.59 M water, what reactant is left at the end of the reaction?
Q{CtrIfT Exentplar)
5. The empirical formula and molecular mass of a Short Answer Type Question$
comtrmnd are CH2O and 180 g respectively. What SA Type Guestions (2/3 Marks)
will be the molecular formula of the compound? 14. What is the molality of NaCl in an aqueous
(a) CeHlsOe (b) CH2O solution in which the mole fraction of NaCl is 0.1?
(c) C6H12O6 (d) C*H4O2 15. 0.5 S of fuming HrSOn (oleum) is diluted with
(lVCERT' Exentplar)
water. This solution is completely neutralised by
Assertion E Beason Type 26.7 mL of 0.4 N NaOH. Calculate the percentage of
free SO, in the sample.
ln the following questions (Q. tlo. G to 8), a statement
of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. 16. 1 mole of hydrocarbon C,rHzn was burnt
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. completely in oxygen producing COz and water
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason vapour only. It requires 192 g of oxygen, determine
is correct explanation for assertion. the formula of hydrocarbon.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason 17. Calculate the mass of carbon tetrachloride
is not correct explanation for assertion. which can be produced by the reaction of 10.0 g of
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. carbon \{rith 100.0 g of chlorine. Determine the mass
(d) fusertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. of excess reagent left unreacted.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 45

18.In a titration 100 cm8 of a solution of an acid (b) 1.12 mL of a gas is produced at STP by the action
containing 39 g of acid per L was completely of 4.12 mg of alcohol ^EOH with methyl magnesium
neutralised by 95 cms of aqueous NaOH containing bromide. Determine the molecular mass of alcohol.
40 g of NaOH per litre. What is the basicity of acid? ROH + CHrMgBr + CHa + BrMgO^R
Given : formula mass of acid is 82. 24. (a) KO, is used in a closed system breathing
19. An element M forms both a dichlonde (MCl2) operator. It removes carbon dioxide and water from
and a tetrachloride (MCl). On treatment with exhaled air . The reaction for the removal of water is
excess chlorine, 10 g of MClz forms L2.55 g KOz+HrO+ KOH+Oz
MCl4. Determine the atomic mass of M. Also The KOH produced is used to remove carbon dioxide
identify M. by the following reaction :
KOH + CO, -+ KHCO,
20. 50.0 kg of Nr*, and 10.0 kg of Hr*, are mixed (i) What mass of KO2 produces 235 g Or?
to produce NHr*;. Calculate the amount of NHrg;
formed. Identify the limiting reagent in the
(ii) What mass of CO, can be removed by
213 g KO2?
production of NHs in this situation.
(b) Calculate the no. of oxalic acid molecules in
21. Commercially available concentrated hydrochloric
100 mL of 0.5 N oxalic acid solution.
acid contains 38Vo HCI by mass.
(a) What is the molarity of this solution if its density Case Based [Juestions
is 1.19 g cm-3? 25. Read the passage given below and answer
(b) What volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid is the following questions (i) to (iv) :
required to make 1.0 L of 0.10 M HCI? Many a time, the reactions are carried out when the
reactants are not present in the amounts as required
tong Answer Type Questions by a balanced chemical reaction. In this situation,
LA Type Ouestions [5 Marks) the reactant which gets consumed, limits the
amount of product formed and is called the limiting
22. What would be the molality of a solution obtained
reagent. 500 mL of 0.250 m NarSOn solution is
by mixing equal volumes of 30Vo by mass H2SO4 added to aqueous solution of 15 g BaClr. A white ppt.
(d = L.2LB g ml,-l) and 707o by mass H2SO4 of BaSOa is formed.
(d - 1.610 g ml,-l)? If the resulting solution has (i) Write down the balanced chemical equation.
density L.425 glmL, calculate its molarity. (1 N{arkt
23. (a) 0.078 g of a hydrocarbon occupy 22.4 mL (ii) Which one is the limiting reactant? (1 Markl
of volume at STP. The empirical formula of the (iii) Catculate the mass of BaSOa formed. (1 l\'[arki
hydrocarbon is CH. Determine it's molecular (iv) Calculate the mass of unreacted excess ti1ffi}U.,
formula
ANSWERS
1. (c) : As 4 moles of NH, combine with 5 moles of 0, Compound contains at least one N atom.
1 mole of NH, combine with 5/4 = 1.25 mol of 0,
20-\x100 + M-14x100=70
Therefore, 0, is the limiting reactant. M20
j+ 4. (b) : M,,V1 - M2V2
2. (c) : Molarity of NaCl =
58.5 x
= 10-1
t,1?90
- Mzx 15oo -
1Lx 1
1
5 x 5oo Mz= = 1.66 M
Dart-lmLofNaCl ='10{mol 1500
1000 '
5. (c) : Molecular formula - (Empirical formula) x n
1 mol of NaCl - 6.023 x 1023 molecules Molecular mass+ n---h180
n--
But NaCl molecules are dissociated into two ions (Na* and Cl-)
Empirical formula mass 30
1 mol of NaCl = 6.023 x 1023 x 2 ions ('.' + 16 = 30)
1 x 10-a mole of NaCl
Mass of CH20 - 12 + 2
Molecular formula = (CH20) x 6 = C6H1206
= 1 x 10{x6.023 x 1023 x 2 ions -1.2x 1020ions
6. (a) : Molecular mass of ethene (C2Ha) = 28
MassofN
3. (b):%ofN=
Molecular mass of compound M
xloo Empirical mass of ethene (CH2) = 14
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x 2
46 W+e I OOPERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

7. (a) : CarP, + 6Hr0 + 3Ca(0H)2 + 2PH, 17. C + 2Cl, + CClo

1 mole 2 moles I mol 2 mol 1 mol
2 moles 4 moles
10'0=0.83
8. (b) -
1o.ooC=
12.0
mol C

9. Molecular mass of C2H'OH = 46 u 1oo'o

J cl.z =
1oo.o o -1.41 mol cl"t
2 x 1?l< 100 71.0
percentage of carbon - 46
-52.17% lmol C+2mol Clr+1mol CClo
0.83 mol C + 2x 0.83 Cl, + 0.83 CC14
Percentage of hydrogen = l{iJ!9 =13.04o/o However, only 1.41 mol of Cl, is available.
lVlass 1 000 Hence, C is in excess and Cl, is the limiting reactant.
10. Molarity = X
Hence, number of moles of CClo produced
Molecular mass Volume in mL
1000\/ 1000 1'-41=0.705
,4, = 55.56 M = mol CClo
18 1000
= 1000 mL:
2
- [1 L 1 kg, since d = 103 kg/m3] Mass of CClo produced = 0.705 x 154 = 108.57 g CClo
Number of moles of C left = 0.83 - 0.705 = 0.125 mole
1 t. FerO, + 3H, + 2Fe + 3Hr0
Mass of C left unreacted = 0.1 25 x 12 - 1 .5 g
160 g 112 g
1 1211000 18. Suppose equivalent mass of acid = E
1 kg of Fer0, will give
- - = 700 gJ = 0.7 kg
12. H0
160 Normaliw = Irrt
,E
13. 0, Equivalent mass of NaOH = 40
5 mL
14. Mole fraction of NaCl = 0.1 Normality of NaOH solution = *=1f,t
40
Mole fraction of water = 0.9 Applying N {1- N2V2
Let us assume the solution contains 0.1 mole NaCl and 0.9 mole
Hzo'
3"f00=1x95
E
or,E-41
Mass of water = 0.9 x 18 g - 16.2 g = 0.0162 kg Basicity of acid = Y=2
0'1 41
l\4olaliw
' = 0.0162 = 6.173 m I9. MClr+ Cl, + MCl4
Let atomic mass of M be A.
15. Oleum is basically HrSrOr, a mixture of (HrSOo + S03)
meq. of H2S04 + meq, of S0, - meq.of NaOH
Molar mass of MClz - (A + 71) g / mol
Molar mass of MCl4 - (A + 142) g I nol
Suppose the mass of S0, in oleum = w Since, number of moles of MCl, and MClo is same, therefore
Therefore, the mass of HrS0o - 0.5 - w Mass of MCl2 Mass of MCla
80
Eq.urt.of HrSOo = 49 and Eq.wt. of S0, = 40 Molar mass of MCl2 Molar mass of MCl4
(o'5 - t'v)
Lr1
2
10 12.55
49 x 1 ooo *
40
ooo=26. I xo.4 ' A+71 A+142
tY = 0.103 or, 10 A +1420 = 12.55/ + 891.05
%of S0r=
ol9'xl00 or, 2.55 A - 528.95 or, A - 201 .4 = 207
-20.6%
0.5 Therefore, the element is lead (Pb) with atomic mass 207.

15. Moles of 0, required for combustion = $: O

20. Nz(s) * 3Hr(g) + 2NHrlry
?32 Now, 28 kg of N, reacts with 6 kg of H,
Cr[zn +
ino,
+ nCOr+ nHrO
or, ZCnHrn + 3nO, + 2nC0, + 2nHrO
Therefore, 50 kg N, reacts
'29 with f x50= 10.71kg of H2

Since, H, is present in small amount, therefore H, is the limiting

The mole ratio of CnHz, to 0, is 2 :3n
21 reactant, Also, 6 kg Hz gives 2 x 17 kg of NH,

-3n- -6 ['.' 6 moles of oxygen required for complete

Hence, 10 kg of H, gives
-6 '+x 10 = 56.66 kg of NH,
combustion of 1 mole of Crllrn.l
o[ n-4 21. (a) 38% HCI by mass means that 38 g of HCI are present in
Formula of hydrocarbon = CaHa 100 g of the solution.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 47

23. (a) 22.4 mL of volume at STP is occupied by 0.078 g

Volume of 100 g of the solution - -Mass hydrocarbon.

- loog =84.03cm3=rrffi-l' 22400 mL of volume at STP is occupied by

-t-
1.19 g cm-' 0.078 x22400
i6E
tt4olar mass of HCI = 36.5 g mol-l 22A -
38 g of HCI
Molar mass of hydrocarbon - 78 g/mol
= #= 1.04 moles Empirical formula mass of hydrocarbon, CH = 12 + 1 = 13
Molarity of solution = '^o1l?lit = 12.38 mol L-l . n
tl
Molecular mass 78
-- -h
0.0840 L Empirical formula mass ---v
13
(b) Applying molarity equation, we have Molecular formula = (CH)6 = CoHo
M,xV, = MrxV, (b) BOH + CHrMgBr -+ CH+ + BrMg0B
(conc. HCI) (1.0 L of 0.10 M HCI) 'lmole 22400 mL at STP

12.38xV, = 0.10x1.0 22400 mL of CHo produced at STP from 1 mole of BOH.

0'1 x 1000 cm3 8.1 cm3
or V,' = 0'1 =12.38 1.12 mL of CHo produced at STP from
L =
12.38 1'12
-

-5x10-s moles of BoH

22. Let / mL of each solution are mixed, then 22400
For solution I : HrS0o is 30% by mass a'12x10-3
Mass of H2S04 = 30 g
Molecular mass of BoH =
5x10-5
- 82.4u

and mass of solution = 100 g

lt4ass 1oo 24. (a) (i) K0, + HrO + KOH + 0,
vorume of sor
ution =
D.*ty = ,,,
mL 1 mole K0, produces 1 mole of 0,
. 100 Moles0"= ry=7.34
' 'l"
i.e.,
1.218
mL contains 30 g of HrSOo '32
I#4 Moles of K0, - 7 .34
I/mL contain, J of H2soa
g Mass of K02 = 7.34x (39 + 32) - 521.14 g
100
521.14 g K0, produce 235 g 0r.
For solution ll : HrS0 ois70o/o by mass
Mass of H2S04 = 70 g (ii) 213 gK02 = 2!=l moles
71
and mass of solution = 100 g
Mass 1oo
i mole of K0, produces 1 mole of KOH,
sor = Densrty =-
Vorume of P[ 1 mole of KOH absorbes 1 mole of C0,

i.e.,
roo Moles of C0, absorbed =3
,;, mL contains 70 g of HrSOo Mass of C0, absorbed = 3 x 44 g - 132 g
7o x (b) 100 mL 0.5 N oxalicacid solution = 100 x 0.5 eq
/ mL conta.n, {11.610 gJ of H2Soa
100 = 100 x2x0.5 moles
0n mixing these two, total mass of H2S04 = 100 xZx0.5 x 6.022 x 1023 molecules

= 6.022 x 102s molecules

=['oI]i't *'oll^u'olr, 1 4ezv s 25. (i) NarS0o + BaCl, + BaS0oJ + 2NaCl
L 100 100 )' = (ai) 500 mL of 0.25m NarSOo solution contains
Total volume of solution = 2 t/ mL
(.' Equal volumes are mixed.) = H000 x 500=0.125 moles NarS0o
MolaritY of solution = Y+= 7.61 M
1

98x -1 l5gBaClr= moles -0.072moles,

#
NoW mass of total solution = Volume x Density Here, BaCl, is the limiting reagent.

= 2Vx1.425-2.85V9 (iii) Moles of BaSOo formed = moles of limiting reagent = 0.072

= 0.072 x 233 9 = 16.776 g
Mass of water = (2.85 V - 1.492V) g - 1.358 /g (iv)
Mass of BaSOo formed
1.492V Excess reactant is NarSOo.
Molality of solution = =11.21 m
1,358 y tr/oles of unreacted NarSOo = (0.1 25 - 0.072) =0.053
98 x
1 000 Mass of unreacted NarS0o = 0.053 x 142 g - 7 .526 g
 Law of multiple proportions

When two elements combine to form two or more chemical

Law of definite proportions compounds, then the masses of one of the elements which
combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the simple
A chemical compound is always found ratio of whole numbers. For example,
to be made up of the same elements
combined together in the same fixed N N@ N@
proportion by mass.
Nzo N0
3- ^,*
Nzo:
For example, pure water obtained from
different sources such as sea, river, well, 28:16 14:16 28:48
spring etc. always contains hydrogen and
oxygen combined together in the ratio @@@@@
*@ *@
1:8bymass. @* @*
Nzoo Nzos
28:64 28 :80
Ratio of the masses of the oxygen which combine with
fixed mass of nitrogen ('14 parts) in these compounds is
Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes
8 : 16 :24:32:40 or 1 :2:3:4: 5 which is a simple whole
number ratio,
When gases react together, they always do so in volumes which
bear a simple ratio to one another and to the volumes of the
products, if these are also gases, provided all measurements of
volume are done under similar conditions of temperature and
pressu re.
For example,
.-_ ----v
2 vol. H, + 1 vol. O, * l2r._If_li
o
(E
c
b SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
E
o OF CHEMISTRY
Law of conservation of mass L,
tu The branch of science that studies the
;9 preparation, properties, structure and reactions
During any physical or chemical change, the total mass of the E
products remains equal to the total mass of the reactants. (u of material substances is called chemistry. lt plays
-c
|J a central role in science and is often intertwined
OR
o with other branches of science
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical a
vt
reaction. E
|u
For example,
2H, + 0, ------r 2HrO
49 329 369
A, CaO + C0,
CaCO,
1009 569 44g

Law of reciprocal proportions

Avagadro's law When two elements combine separately with a fixed mass of a
third element, then the ratio of their masses in which they do
Equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of so is either same or some whole number multiple of the ratio in
temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. which they combine with each other.
For example, For example,
2HAsl + Oz(s).-----+ 2H201,) 4u2
2 volumes 1 volume 2 volunies
$y'"\30
Ratio of number of molecules = 2 : 1 :2
Nz1,) -1- 3Hr6,-----+ 2NH3(s) "f _-)5u
12 LU2 32
'l volume 3 volumes 2 volumes The masses of C and 0 which combine with fixed mass of
The ratio of the volumes of dinitrogen gas, dihydrogen gas and hydrogen (say 4 parts by mass) are 12 and 32 i.e., they are in
ammonia gas is 1 :3:2,i.e., a ratio of simple whole numbers. the ratio 12:32 or 3 : 8.
 Mole Concept

Number of particles
(n, p, e-, atoms, molecules, ions)

x 6.022 x 1023 * 6.023 x 1023

*Vn +M
Vol ume Mole Mass
(d m3) (Mol) (s)

il
X vn xM
x +V +V
xV

Concentration Density
(mol dmJ) (q dmJ)

Empirical and Molecular Formula

Molecular formula : The chemical formula of a compound which

expresses the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of the represents the true formula of its molecule, expresses the actual
various elements present in one molecule of the compound. number of atoms of various elements present in one molecule of
the compound.
Mass % of elements Empirical formula
Molecular formula = n x €ffipit'ical formula
Assume 100 g of sample Molecular mass
Calculate molar ratio
= n- Empirical formula mass
Use atomic
Grams of each element masses
Moles of each element Molecular ffioss = 2 x vapour density

Stoichiometric Calculations and. limiting reagent

Volume of Balanced Equation Volume of

a known an unknown
(lf temperature
gas at NTP gas at NTP
and pressure
are constant)

V:nx22.4L V :n x22.4L
Balanced
Mass of Moles of Moles of Mass of
n=nlM Equation m=nM
a known a known an unknown an unknown
substance substance substance substance

"_n v:I
Concentration
(molarity)
of a solution

Limiting reagent : The reacting species which consume earlier during the reaction or stop the reaction or limit the yield of products is called
limiting reagent.

Concentration of Solutions

wsolute MtVt MzVz

Mass percen I (wlwo/o) = x 100
Ea x (in t\ - n2
Wsolution mL)

wsolute (in g)
Strenqth (q/L) =
%olution (in L) MB xWtfi g)
= Molarity x Basicity
waxlooo
Molaritv M)=
MB x (in mL)
= Molarity x Acidity
50 Chemistry Class-11

?MI ffi ffi ffi *- *- & ru ffi f,} Bi

o
ff$, ouEsTroNs
1. A sheet of iron with a surface area of
525 cm2 is covered with a coating of rust that has s x i= *l *2'9?'! r = 0.1 13 or, x = z.zl
159.6 120
an average thickness of 0.0021 cm. What minimum
volume of an HCI solution (in mL) having a density
Mass of anhydrous CuS0o - 2.27 g

of 1.07 SlmL and consisting of l4Vo HCI by mass, is

required to clean the surface of the metal by reacting
Moles of anhydrous CuSO,
" = *=
159.6
0.014

with rust? Moles of water associated with CuSO 4 = 5 x 0.014 = 0.07

Assume that the rust is Fe2O31"., and it has a density Mass of water associated with CuSOq = 0.07 x 18 g 1.26 g -
of 5.2 gl" '. N4ass of CuSOo.5Hrg - (2.27 + 1.26) = 3.53 g

Ans. The involved reaction is Mass of MgS0o.7H20 = (5.02 - 3.53) - 1.49 g

FerO, + 6HCl -+ 2FeCl, + 3Hr0
Volume of rust coating = Surface area x thickness ltlass percent of CuSO4.5H20 in the mixture = x 100
5.02
- (525 x 0.002i) cm3 = 1.1025 cm3
=
Mass of rust = Volume x density - 70.32o/o
Ratio by mass of CuS0o.5Hr0 and MgSOo.7HrO
= (1.1025 x 5.2)g = 5.733 g
lVass 5'733 = 3.53 : 1.49 - 2.37 : 1 =7 :3
Moles of rust =
Molecular
-
mass 160
= 0.036
3. Water is added to 4.267 g of UFu. The products
From the balanced equation, formed are 3.73 g of a solid containing only uranium,
1 mole of FerO, reacts with 6 moles of HCI oxygen and fluorine and 0.97 g of a gas. The gas
= 6 x 0,036 = 0.216
Moles of HCI contains 95Vo fluorine and the rest is hydrogen.
Mass of HCI neede6 = (0.216 x 36,5)g = 7.884 g (i) Determine the empirical formula of the gas.
The solution contains 14oh by mass of HCI (ii) What fraction of the fluorine from the original
100 x 7 .884 compound is in the solid and what fraction is in the
Mass of solution = J
1A, gas after the reaction?
lt/ass 56.31
Volume of solution needed = [Assume that the empirical formula of the gas is the
Density 1.07
true formula.l Atomic mass of U = 238 u
= ---mL 52.63 mL
Ans. (i) Elements Per- Atomic Simplest Simplest
2. A mixture of blue vitriol and epsom salt is
heated until all the water is lost. If 5.02 g of the centage ratio ratio whole no. ratio
mixture gives 2.988 g of the anhydrous salt, what is H 5 !=5 !=t
15
1

the percent by mass of blue vitriol in the mixture? In

what ratio by mass the hydrated salts are present in
the mixture? F 9s 9!=s
19
I=r 1

5
Ans. For every mole of CuSOo there are 5 moles of HrO and for
The empirical formula of the gas is HF.
every mole of lVgSOo there are 7 moles of HrO.
Blue vitriol is CuSOo.5Hr0 and epsom salt is lvlgSOo.7HrO.
(ii) [t4olar mass of UF6 = 238 + 19 x 6 = 352 g/mol
5 x moles of cus,o + 7 x moles 267
?illfli,?t s of water . .(i)
lt/oles of UFu = ^ 352 = 0.012
Mass of water lost = (5.02 - 2.988) g = 2.032 g x 0'012
2'032
Moles of fluorine in original compound - 6
=0.072
=
1
Moles of water lost = 0.1 13
18 0'97
Moles of fluorine in oriqinal HF
'20 = = 0.0485
Let x g of anhydrous CuSOo present in the anhydrous mixture of
salts. lmolecular mass of HF = 20 u]
(2.988 -x)g of anhydrous MgSOo is present in the anhydrous
Fraction of fluorine in the Qds
- =
gry x 100 - 6l .360/o
mixture of salts. 0.072
From equation (i) Fraction of fluorine in the solid = (,l00 - 67 .36)0/o - 32.640/o
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 51

figcoMPETlTloN Focus
Multiple Ghoice Questions 5. 0.61 g of metal hydroxide M(OH), exactly
Only One Option Comect Type neutralises 20 mL of HCI solution containing L8.25 g
of HCI per litre. The atomic mass of M is
1. The percentage of cation and percentage of anion (a) L22 u (b) 44 u
in ammonium dichromate respectively are (c) 88 u (d) 61 u
(a) 85.7l%o and L4.29Vo (b) L4.297o and 85.7t7o
(c) 507o and 50Vo (d) 28.58Vo and7l.42%o 7. The percentage of BaO in 29 g of a mixture of
BaO and CaO which just reacts with 100.8 mL of
6 M HCI is [Atomic mass of Ba - L37 u, Ca = 40 u]
2. An electric discharge is passed through a (a) 3L.387o ft) 60.5Vo
mixture containing 100 cc of oxygen and 100 cc of (c) 65.627o (d) 39.5Vo
hydrogen. Find the volume of the gases formed (i) as 8. A person has as many notes as number of oxygen
25C, (ii) at 110'C. atoms in \2.4 g of NarSrOr.5H2O (molecular mass
(a) (i) 50 cc, (ii) 50 cc (b) (i) 50 cc, (ii) 100 cc = 248 u). A note counting machine counts 48 million
(c) (i) 50 cc, (ii) 150 cc (d) (i) 150 cc, (ii) 150 cc notes per day. How many days it would take to count
these notes?
(a) 2.05 x 1015 (b) 5.02 x 101a
3. 10 mL of H, combines with 5 mL of O, to form (c) 2.05 x 1014 (d) 5.02x 1015
water. When 200 mL of H2 at STP is passed over
heated CuO, the CuO loss 0.t44 g of its weight. 9. ABrweigh t25 x 10-3 kg and 10 moles
5 moles of
Which law of chemical combination is supported by of A,p, weigh 300 x 10-3 kg. The molar mass of
the given data? A (Mi and molar mass of B (Ms) in kg mol-l are
(a) MA = 25 x 10-3 and MB = 50 x 10-3
For this question four students given four different
(b) MA = 5 x 10-3 and MB = 10 x 10-3
options :
(c) MA = 10 x 10-3 and MB = 5 x 10-B
Akash : Law of conservation of mass (d) Mt = 50 x 10-3 and Ma= 25 x LO-s 1JEE Moi.rt)
Prakash : Law of reciprocal proportion
Jayesh : Law of multiple proportion
Rahul : Law of constant composition 10.An organic compound contains 78Vo (by wt.)
a
Which student is correct? carbon and remaining percentage of hydrogen.
(a) Aakash
(c) Jayesh
(b) Prakash
(d) Rahut
a The right option for the empirical formula of this
compound is [Atomic wt. of C is 12,H is 1.]
4. For the following experiment: 1000 mL of oxygen
at STP were passed through an ozoniser and the
resulting volume was 888 mL at STP. This quantity
(a) CHa
(c) CH,
(b) CH
(d) CHB (NEET)
11. The exact volumes of 1M NaOH solution
a
of ozonised oxygen is passed through excess of KI required to neutralise 50 mL of 1 M HsPOs solution
solution. The weight of Ir liberated is and 100 mL of 2 M HBPO2 solution respectively, are
(a) 100 mL and 100 mL (b) 100 mL and 200 mL
(a) 2.54 g
(c) 0.254 s
ft) 25.4 s
(d) t.27 s,
5. Which of the following has same percentage of
a (c) 100 mL and 50 mL ( d) 50 mL and 50 mL.
@EE Main)
12. In which case is number of molecules of water
carbon?
maximum?
(a) C6H12O6 and C2H'OH (a) 18 mL of water
(b) CHBCOOH and C6H12O6 (b) 0.18 g of water
(c) CHBCHO and CHTCOCHB
(d) CHBCOOCH, and Cr2HzzOtt a (c) 0.00224 L of water vapours at 1 atm and 273 K
(d) 10-B mol of water (NEET)
52 wWG I00PER.CENT Chemistry Class-t 1

13. Mixture of two bivalent metals A and B Match the Golumns

having mass 2 g when dissolved in HCI at STP, 2.24L Match the column I with column ll and select the correct
H, is evolved. What is the mass of A present in answer by choosing an appropriate option.
mixture? (Atomic mass ofA = 15 u, B = 30 u)
(a) 19 ft) 1.5g 21. Column I Column II
(c) (d) (Mixture) (Concentration)
0.5 e 0.75 g
P. 100 mL of 0.2 M H2SO4 1. 0.167 N
14. For per gram of reactant, the maximum quantity
of N, gas is produced in which of the following + 50 mL of 0.1M HCI
thermal decomposition reactions? a. 50 mL of 0.1N H2SO4 2. 0.05 M
(Given : Atomic wt. Cr - 52 u, Ba = 137 u) + 100 mL of 0.1 N NaOH
(a) 2NH4NO3(s) r 2NzGt + 4HrOgr + Ozrel R. 100 mL of 0.2N H2SO4 3. 0.167 M
(b) Ba(Ne)zr") t B.(") + 3Nr*, + 50 mL of 0.1 N HCI
(c) (NH4)2CrzOz(") -+ Nzrei + 4HrO*, + Cr2O31"y S. 100 mL of 0.1M H2SO4 4. 0.033 N
(d) 2NHs€) + Nzrsl + 3Hr*, (JEE lloirt) -@|
+ 50 mL of 0.1 M NaOH
(a) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 (b) P-1, Q-3, R-4, S-2
15. For the following reaction, the mass of water (c) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2 (d) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3
produced from 445 S of Cu7H116Ou is
2CsTHLtoOo(") + 163OrGl -+ LL4CO2@, + 110HrOot
(a) 490 g (b) 495 s (c) 445 g (d) 890 g 22. Column I Column II
(JEE lt[ain) P. L.4 g of nitrogen 1. L.204 x lOza atoms
gas
16. In order to oxidise a mixture of one mole of a. 64 Sof sulphur (Ss) 2. 3.34 x 1025 molecules
each of FeCrOa, Fe2(C2Oa)s, FeSOn and Fer(SO4)g R. l litre of water 3. 5.38 x 1024 electrons
in acidic medium, the number of moles of KMnOn S. 20 lit of NH, 4. 4.2L5 x 1023 electrons
required is at STP
(a) 2 (b) 1.5 (a) P-2, q-4, R-3, S-1 (b) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3
(c) 3 (d) L (.-IEtr blctirt ) (c) P-1, Q-3, R-4, S-2 (d) P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4
More Than One Option Correct Type 23. Column I Column II
17 . Which of the following terms are unitless? (i) 88 g of CO2 (A) 0.25 mol
(a) Molality (b) Molarity (ii) 6.022 x 1023 molecules (B) 2 mol
(c) Mole fraction (d) Mass percent of HrO
18. 16 g of oxygen has same number of molecules as (iii) 5.6 litres of 02 at STP (C) 1 mol
in (iv) 96 g of O, (D)6.022 x 1023
(a) 16 S of CO
(c) L4 e of N,
(b) 28 g of N,
(d) 1.0 g of H,
19. One of the statements of Dalton's atomic theory
is given below:
a (v) 1 mole of any gas
molecules
(E) 3 mol
(a) (i) - (B), (ii) - (C), (iii) - (A), (iv) - (D), v) - (E)
(b) (i) - (A), (ii) - (D), (iii) - (E), (iv) - (B), v) - (E)
"Compounds are formed when atoms of different (c) (i) - (C), (ii) - (E), (iii) - (A), (iv) - (D), v) - (B)
elements combine in a fixed ratio" Which of the (d) (i) - (B), (ii) - (C), (iii) - (A), (iv) - (E), v) - (D)
following laws is not related to this statement?
(a) Law of conservation of mass Passage Based
(b) Law of defrnite proportions
Direction (Q. No. 24 and 25) : Read the given passage and
(c) Law of multiple proportions
answer the following questions.
(d) Avogadro law
The empirical formula of a compound represent the
20. One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to simplest whole number ratio of atoms of the various
(a) 6.022 x 1023 molecules of oxygen elements present in the molecule of the compound.
(b) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of oxygen Thus, the empirical formula of a compound
(c) 16 S ofoxygen represents only the atomic ratio of various elements
(d) 32 S of oxygen present in its molecule.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 53

However, the molecular formula of a compound is Assertion E Beason

the formula which represents the actual number of
Direction (Q.No. 29 to 34) : ln the following questions,
atoms of various elements present in the molecule of a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of
the compound. reason. Mark the correct choice as:
Thus, the molecular formula of a compound (a) lf both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
represents the true formula of its molecule. explanation of assertion.
Molecular formul a -- n x Empirical formula (b) lf both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
where n=L,2,3,.... correct explanation of assertion.
Molecular mass (c) lf assertion is true but reason is false.
n- (d) lf both assertion and reason are false.
Empirical formula mass
29. Assertion : Number of gram molecules of
24. An organic compound containing only carbon
sulphuryl chloride ir27 g sulphuryl chloride is 0.1.
and hydrogen, contains 93.7lVo carbon. If its molar Reason : Gram molecule is equal to number of
mass is L28 g/mol, then its molecular formula is molecules which are expressed in one g of t
(a) CuHn (b) croHa molecule.
(c) CnHu (d) caHro
30. Assertion : For a reaction A + 28 -; C,
25. 0.1 mole of a carbohydrate (empirical formula amount of C formed by starting the reaction with
= CHzO) contains 1 g of hydrogen. Determine its
molecular formula.
(a) C6H12O6
(c) C5H16O5
ft) CzH,Oz
(d) CBH6OB
5 moles ofA and 8 moles of B is 5 moles.
Reason : Here A is the limiting reagent.
31. Assertion : Both 106 g sodium carbonate and
84 g sodium bicarbonate have same number of
a
to 28) : Read the given passage and
Direction (Q. ltto. 26
answer the following questions.
Chemical reactions involve interaction of atoms
and molecules. A large number of atoms/molecules
carbon atoms.
Reason : Both contain 1 g atom of carbon.
32. Assertion : Equivalent weight of NH, in the
reaction, Nz ) NHs is L7/3 while that of N, is 2816.
a
(approximately 6.023 x 1023) are present in a few Reason : Equivalent weight
grams of any chemical compound varying with Molecular weight
their atomic/molecular masses. To handle such Number of electron lost or gained per mole
large numbers conveniently, the mole concept was 33. Assertion : One mole of NaCl contains
introduced. This concept has implications in diverse 6.023 x 1023 molecules of sodium chloride.
areas such as analytical chemistry, biochemistry, Reason : 58.5 g of NaCl also contains 6.023 x
electrochemistry and radiochemistry. The following molecules of NaCl.
example illustrates a typical case, involving 34. Assertion : Combustion of 16 g of methane
chemicaVelectrochemical reaction, which requires a gives 36 g of water.
clear understanding of the mole concept. Reason : In the combustion of methane, water is
A 4.0 molar aqueous solution of NaCl is prepared one of the products.
and 500 mL of this solution is electrolysed. This
leads to the evolution of chlorine gas at one of lnteger/ Ilumerical Ualue
the electrodes (atomic mass: Na = 23, Hg = 200:' 35. The NaNO3 weighed out to make 50 mL of an
1 faraday = 96500 coulombs). aqueous solution containing 70.0 mg Na* per mL is
26. The total number of moles of chlorine gas evolved g. (Rounded off to the nearest integer)
1S
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0 (c) 2.0
27. The total charge (coulombs) required for
(d) 3.0
[Given : Atomic weight in g mol-r - Na : 23; N :t4:
O : 161
COOH COOH
(JEE Main)
a
FeBr,
complete electrolysis is 36 + Br, t + HBr
(a) 24L25 (b) 48250 Br
(c) 96500 (d) 193000 Consider the above reaction where 6.1 g of Benzoic
28. If the cathode is a Hg electrode, the maximum acid is used to get 7.8 S of m-bromo benzoic acid. The
percentage yield of the product is
weight (g) of amalgam formed from this solution is (Round offto the nearest integer).
(a) 200 (b) 225 [Given : Atomic masses : C : 12.0 u, H : 1.0 u,
(c) 400 (d) 446 O : 16.0 u, Br : 80.0 ul
-.(,IEE Main) fq]
54 WWG I 00PERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

. A 100 mL solution of 0.1 N HCI was titrated

37 Few drops of concentrated HCI were added to this
with 0.2 N NaOH solution. The titration was solution and gently warmed. Further, oxalic acid
discontinued after adding 30 mL of NaOH solution. (225 mg) was added in portions till the colour of
The remaining titration was completed by adding the permanganate ion disappeared. The quantity
0.25 N KOH solution. The volume of KOH (in L) of MnCl, (in mg) present in the initial solution
required for completing the titration is -[Ei| is (Atomic weights in g mol-l: Mn = 55,
38. A non-metal, A forms two oxides. The mass Cl = 35.5) UEE Ad,uanced) lA
percentage of oxygen in first oxide (,4406) is 43.7,
which is same as mass percentage of-A in second 40.-.Aluminium reacts with sulphuric acid to form
oxide. If the formula of second oxide is A*O, , then aluminium sulphate and hydrogen. What is the
the value of (r + y) is volume of hydrogen gas in liters (L) produced at 300
39. To measure the quantity of MnCl, dissol
K and 1.0 atm pressure, when 5.4 g of aluminium
ln
an aqueous solution, it was completely converted to and 50.0 mL of 5.0 M sulphuric acid are combined
KMnOn using the reaction, for the reaction? (Use molar mass of aluminium as
MnCl, + IQSTO, + HrO -+ KMnOu + H,SO* + HCI 27.0 g mol-l, .B = 0.082 atm L mol-1K-1)
(equation not balanced) @EE Aduanced) @
ANSWERS
1. (b) : Molecular formula of ammonium dichromate is Volume of O, = (2 x 112) - 224 nl
(NH*)rCrr0r. 224
Molecular mass of (NH*)rCrrO, 4) + 2 x 52 + 7 x 16
Moles of o,
' = 22400 -0.01
r+ 0, + 2Kl + HrO + 2KOH + l, + 0,
No. of parts by mass of cation, NHi =:l:
= 2(14 + 4) = 36 Moles of l, = moles of 0, = 0.0'l
%of NHI= *x100 - 14.29o/o Weight of l, liberated is = 0.01 x 254 = 2.54 g
252
% of CrrO', = (100 - 14.29) - 85.71o/o 5.
'60 - +x
(b) : Percentage of carbon in CH,COO H 100=40%
2. (c) : 2H, + 0, + 2H2O
100 cc of H, will combine with 50 cc of 0, to form Percentage of carbon in CuH,206 =
100 cc of HrO.
#r100=40%
0, left = (100 - 50) = 50 cc 6. (c) : No. of moles of HCI = 'li'j = 0.5 in 1 L
At 25oC, HrO will be in liquid state. 36.I
Thus, volume of gas = Volume of 0, = 50 cc No. of moles of HCI in 20 mL = 'o.t* ?0 = 0.01
1 000
At 110o, H20 will be in vapour or gaseous state. M(OH),+ 2HCl + MClr+ 2Hr0
Thus, volume of gas 0, + Volume of H20 vapour
= Volume of 2 moles of HCI neutralise 1 mole of M(0H)r.
= 50 cc + 100 cc = 150 cc 0.01 moles of HCI neutralise 0.005 mole of M(0H)2.
3. (d) : ln the second experiment, CuO losses 0.144 g of its Molecular mass ' 'L
of MOil.,= --rnass = =122 u
0'91
weight. This is due to reduction of CuO to Cu. no. of moles 0.005
CuO+Hz+Cu+HrO Let atomic mass of M be x.
Hence, 0.144 g oxygen reacts with 200 mL Hr. x+2x(16+ 1)= 122 or, x+34=122+x=88u
Now 32 g oxygen occupies 22.4 Lvolume at STP 7. (c) : BaO + 2HCl -+ BaCl, + HrO
CaO+2HCl +CaClr+HrO
0.1449 oxygen occupies =
#x0.144 Let amount of BaO in the mixture = x g

mL 0' .'. Amount of CaO in the mixture = (29 - x) g

The ratio of H, and 0, wate;lrf"':.,'r8t ='il'8 x
in
ln the first experiment, ratio of H, and 0,
Number of moles of BaO = 153
in water is 10 : 5 =2: 1

Ihus, law of constant composition is proved here. 29 - x

(a) : 30,
Number of moles of cao -
4. -+ 20: 56
lnitially 1000 mL 0 mL 6x1oo'8
Finally ('1000 - 3x) mL 2x nL
Moles of HCI used = -0.604g
1 000
1000-3x+2x =888 ot, x= 112ml Now moles of HCI are used for each mole of BaO and CaO.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 55

2x x) For HrPOr,
Number of moles of HCI used = *2(29-
s6
Na0H + HrP0,
-+ NaHrP0, + HrO
x)= Number of moles of HrPO, = 0.2 mol
!*2(2?: 0.6048 ,, -:1e.03
153 56 Number of moles of NaOH required = 0.2 x 1 - 0.2 mol
Amount of BaO in mixture is '19.03 g Volume of NaOH = 0.2 L = 200 mL

% BaO - 19'03
xloo =65.620/o
12. (a): (a) [/ass of water -Vxd = 18 x 1 = 18 g
29 Molecules of water = mole x rV4 =
13r,
= ,,
8. (d) : 1 2.4 g ofNarSrOr.5H20 = l1'* *of.s = 0.05 mole
(b)
ffr, -
248 Molecules of water = mole x No= 1O-2 Nn
1 mole of NarSrO3.5H20 contain O-atoms = 8 moles
o'99224
0.05 mole of NarSrO3.5H20 contain 0-atoms (c) Moles of water -
22.4
= 1o-4
-8x0.05 tt/olecules of water = mol€ x No
= 0.4 moles = 0.4 x 6.02?-x 1023 atoms 1O-4 NA _
-
(d) Molecules of water = mole x Nn = 10-r /V/
- 2.4088 x 1023 atoms
Thus no. of moles = 2,4088 x 1023 13. :l + 2HCl -->AClr+H, ['.'Let A=x0,8 =(2-x)91
(a)
2'a0-88x]-023 x
Mole: 15 x
Days taken
' - 48x10o
= 5.02 x 101s days 15

I + 2HCl --+ 8Cl, + H,

9. (b) : Weight of AB, 125 x 10-3 kg
- 2-x
Mole: 30 2-x
Moles of AB, = 5 moles 30
Weight of ArBr= 300 x 10-3 kg
Moles of ArBr= 10 moles Total moles of H, -**+=*=*
15 30 22.4 10 = x- 1g
weight
As we know, Moles - 9i)ren
Molar mass
14. (d): (a) 2NH4N03(s)+ 2Nz1,t + 4Hr0gy + 0z1n)

Mol. mass Mol mass

Given weight
Itilolar rrdsS = = 80 g mol-l = 28 g mol-l
Moles
30 g of NH4N03 gives 28 g of Nr.
Molar mass of ,48, = 1?}I3 = 25 x t 0r J mol-l
kg
5 moles 1g will glve
of NH4N03JJSO =':x 1 = 0.35 g

lrr, = %5&
l\4olar mass of = 30 x t04 kg mol-l
(b) Ba(N3)2gy--+ Ba1r1 + 3Nz1,l
' 10 moles Mol. mass
A + 28 = 25 x 10-3 ...(i) = 221 g mol-1
?A+28=30x10-3 221 g of Ba(N3)2 gives 3 x 28 g of N,
A+B=15x10-3 ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get 1g will give =
of Ba(N3)21J221 'l1t *1= 0.38 g
B - x 10r kg mol-1; A -5 x 10-3 kg mol-1
10
(c) (NHo)2Crr07(s)----+ Nz1,) + 4H200) + Crr0r1r1
Therefore, Mt= 5 x 10-3 kg mol-l and
MB = 1o x f o-3 kg mol-1 Mol. mass
= 252 g mol-l
10. (d) : Given, percentage of carbon - 78o/o and hence
252 g of (NHo)2CrrO, gives 28 g of N,
percentage of hydrogen - 22o/o.
Element o/o
Relative number Simplest 1g of (NHo)rCrrO, will give =
' *x1
252
= 0.1 1 1g

of atoms ratio
(d) 2NH30)---) Nz1,) + 3Hz1,l
78 6.5 _, Mol. mass
Carbon 78 = 6.5
12 6.5 = 17 g mol-1
2x 17 g of NH, gives 28 g of N,
4=22 22
Hydrogen -3.3 = 3
72
1 6.5 1g of NH, will give =
' 3=x
2x17
1 = 0.823 g

Empirical formula = CH: 15. (b) : Wt. of CrrH,o0o - 2x 890 = 1780 g

11. (b) : For H3P03, Wt. of H20 = 110 x 18 = 1980 g
H3P03 + 2Na0H NarHP0, + 2Hr0
1780 g CszHr,'oOu produces 1980 g HzO
Number of moles of HrP0, = 0.05 mol
Number of moles of NaOH required = 0.05 x 2 - 0.1 mol 445 gCszHrls06 produces =
i#
x445 - 4g5 g
Volume of NaOH = 0.1 L = 100 mL
56 WWe l00PERCENTChemistry Class-t t

16. (a) : FeCrOc

= Fe'* + Crofr- 50 mL of 0,1M NaoH contains - 0'1x50
moles
For I mol of Fe2*, 210 mol of KMnO, is needed and for 1 mol of 1 000
CrAi-,2/5 rnolof KMnOo is needed. = 0.005 moles = 0.005 g eq,
So for 'l mol fuC204, 0.005 g eq. Na0H neutralises 0.005 g eq. HrS0o

moles of KMnoo required = :*

g H2S04 left in solution = 0.02 - 0.005 9 eQ. = 0.015 g eq.
'10510 3 -
9 9l?=0.1 N ; Molaritv = 9l-0.0s
Fe2(c204)3
= 2Fer* + 3crof-
Normality
' = 0.150 2 -'-- M '

Fe3* is not affected by KMnOo. 22. (b) : 1.4 g nitrogen gas contains

-
6'022x1023 x1 '4 x lo'Zmolecules
For 3 Crof-, moles of KMnOo needed - 3 x | *o1., 28
molecules = 3.0.l 1

1 Mole of FeSOo requires - 2110 moles of KMn0o = 3.011 x 1022x 14 electrons -4.215 x 1023 electrons
Fer(S0a)3 is not oxidised by KMn0r.

so total moles of KMno,

6
*9* 2 -6+12+2 = 2 moles
" = 10510
649of srcontainr=
# atoms
l0
= 1 .2044 x 102a atoms
17. (c d1 18. (c a1 1000 mL x 1 !/mL
Mass of 1 lit of water = - 1000 g
19. (a, O : (a) Law of conservation of mass (d)Avogadro law 6'022x101 x1000
1000 g water contains -- molecules
2A. (a, d) 18
21. (c) : P. 100 mL of 0.2 M H2S04 contains H2S04 = 3.34 x 102s molecules
6'022x1023x20
=
0.2x100
moles = 0.04 g eq.
20 L NH3 contains - 22.4
molecules
1000
0'1x50 = 5.376 x 1023 molecules - 5.376 x 1023 x 10 electrons
50 mL of 0.1 HCI contains HCI - - 0.005 moles
= 5.38 x 102a electrons
-:0.02 000 1

= 0.005 g eq. 23. (d) : (i) 44 g of C02 = 1 mol

0.02+0.005 88gofC02=2mol
Molarity - 0.150
=0.167 M
(ii) 6.022x 1023 molecules of HrO = 1 mol of HrO
0.04+0.005 (iii) 22.4 L of 0, at STP = 1 mol
Normality: =0.3 N
0.1 50
5.6 L of 0, at STP = *22.4 t 5.6 = 0.25 mol
- _1000 oeo
0.1x 50
a. 50 mL of 0.1 N H2S04 contains J ,
(iv) 32 g of 0z = 1 mol
- 0.005 g eq.
96gof Or= *x96-3mol
9J x 100eQ.= o.o1
- 32
100 mL of 0.1 N Na0H contain - tooo: 9 g eq.
(v) 1 mole of any gds = 6.022 x 1023 molecules
0.005 g eq. HrSOo neutralises 0.005 g eq. NaOH
24. (b) : No. of moles of C = 93'71 -1.8
Na0H left in solution (0.01 - 0.005) = 0.005 g.eq.
- 12
1oo -93'71
Normality of NaoH = ':o,o-t =0.033 N No. of moles of H = =6.29
0.1 5 1

Molarity of NaoH -
0'9-33
=0.033 M
Ratio of their moles =nc : fiH- 7.8:6.29 - i.24 : I -5 : 4
Empirical formula = CsH+
1
Empirical formula rrdss= 5x l2 +4xl -64
R. 100 mL of 0.2 N H2so4 contains - #looo gJ.0. t
128
= o.o2 g eQ.= o.o1 mole n = J64 =2 Molecular formula is CloHr.
O.]j:o _0.005 gJ eq.
50 mL of 0.1 N HCt contains = 25. (c) : 0,1 mole of carbohydrate contains I g of hydrogen
1000 1 mole of carbohydrate contains = 10 g of hydrogen
= 0.005 moles
o'01+o'oo5
= 10 g atoms of hydrogen
'-
rvolaritv ln CHrO, atomic ratio of C : H : 0 = 1 :Z : 1
=0.1 M
0.1 50 with 10 g atoms of H, g atoms of C combine = 5
o'02+o'oo5=0.167 with 10 g atoms of H, g atoms of 0 combine = 5
Normalitv
'- 0.1 50
N
Hence, actual formula will be CsHtoOs

s. o 26. (b) : 500 mL of 4.0 molar NaCl solution contains 2 moles

100 mL of 0.1t\4 H2S04 contains = ]f^oo moles
of Nacl. The chlorine content of this sample will be evolved as
000 1

= 0.01 moles = 0.02 g eq. chlorine gas.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 57

The number of moles of NaCl = Number of moles of Cl- = 2 moles Ihe given actual yield is 7.8 g and tre calculated theoret{ca{ yie,ld
Number of moles of Cl, gas evolved is 10.05 g.
)
= 'i = 1 mole (2NaCl -+ Cl2) % yield of m-BTC'H'COOH
' = .+x100
10.05 -77.6:!896
27. (d) : Na* + e- -+ Na 37. (0.015) : N,,V, = NzYt
ffr = Normality of HCl, rV2 - Normalrty of frlaoH
Moles of Na* discharged at cathode 2 - l/r = Volume of HCl, [z :Volume of Na0tl
The number of electrons required for this purpose - 2 moles
Total charge required = 2 Faradays
oI, 0.1 x Vt -0.2 x 30 or, Il :60 mL
Now (100 - 60) - 40 mL of HCI is present
-2x 96500 = 193000 Coulombs
NtVt = NzVz
28. (d) : Number of moles of Na* = 2 or, 0.1 x 40 - 0.25 xV, or, Vz: \6 rnl- - 0.016 l-
2NaCl:2Na . O,rygen
38. (7): A
Na + Hg -+ Na(Hg)
Moles 2 2 2 First oxide parB 43.7 56-3 pa,rm
By electrolysis we can get a maximum of 2 moles of sodium which Second oxide 56.3 parts 43"7 panm
can combine with exactly 2 moles of mercury to give amalgam. Formula of first oxide is,Aoou.
Maximum weight of Na amalgam (assuming equimolar Na Here in first oxidg 43.7 partsoxygen conespomd to
and Hg) - 46 + 400 = 446 g. = 6 orygen atoms
29. (d) : No. of gram molecules or mole molecules ln second oxidg 56.3 pars oxylpn conesporrrd to

=ffi=ii=o'z
Mass of substance 27
-
uI-tu-''
43.7
-t.13 oxygen atoms
[Molecular mass of S02Cl2 is 135 ul ln first oxidg 56.3 parsA conespond to :4A - atoms
4x43'7
Gram molecule is defined as the number of grams of a substance ln second oxidg 43.7 parts / conrespoad rto -
that is same as the relative molecular mass of the substance. atoms = 3.1/ - atoms
/ 55'3
30. (d):/ +28 -->C Atomic ratio ofA and O in second oxide
or, 1 mole of ,4 reacts with 2 moles of B. =3.1 :7.73-1:2.5-2:5
5 moles of ,4 react with 10 moles of 8. Hence, formula of second oxide isArOr.
Here we have 8 moles of B. x-2,f-5andx+y -2+5-l
Hence, E is the limiting reagent 39. (126) : From principle of atom cons€ruatiotrr,
Amountof Cformed= 9=4 moles. 2MnCl, + 5KrSrO, + 8HrO -+ 2Kfil[mo, + 4KrSO*
2 + 6HrSO* + 4HCll ...(ii)
31. (a) : 106 g NarC0: = 1 mole= contains 1 g atom of C mmoles of MnCl, - mmoles of KMnO* =x(h$
84 g NaHCO: = 1 mole + contains 1 g atom of C. 2KMnOo + SHrC.,Oo+ 3HrSOo --r
K2SO4 + 2MnSO, + SHrO + 10CO, ...(iiii)
32. (a) :
Nr+3H, + 2NHj meq of KMnOu = m€Q of oxalic acid
0-3
I: 4 xx5--('!\", ) x-l
E.M of NH, =
'36 E.wt of N, = \ 90 / (.'. mass of oxalic add added 225
- mrrg)
33. (b) mmoles of MnCl, - 1

34. (c) : CH* + 2O.r+ C0, + 2HrO (55 + 71)

16 g methane gives 36 g of water.
mg of MnCl, - - 126 rng
fi. (6.15) : Given : f- 3fi) Yn P = I atn, wAt : 5.4 g
70 mgx50 mL M"r*o= 5.0 M,V*r*^- 50.0 m[
35. (13) : Na* present in 50 mL =
lml 2N +
- 35oo mg or 3.5 g 2 moles
3H2SO4 +Al2(SO;b + 3H,
3 rnoles 3 moles
Moles of Na* = - - moles of NaN03
23

Mass of NaNO, = -
23
x 85 - 12.9 =13 g [==e,*) [$g#)
Ihus, for 2 moles of Al, 3 moles of HrSO* is required i-e", for 0.2 mofi
ooul''',t'9, of Al, 0.3 rnol of H2SO4 is required hrt ilrc moles of HrSO* anilable
36. (78) : percentage yietd - Theoretical yield
=,
, x 100
is 0.25 molfrut H2SO. is t're limiting reagenl So,0.25 mol of H,
122 gof benzoic acid gives 201 g of m-bromobenzoic acid will be produced i.e.,n = 0.25 rnol.
6.1 of C'H'CO0H g tves
201
x 6.19 of m-BrCuHrCOOH = 10.05 g N:nRT
122 - l xV - 0.25 x 0.082 x 3fi) 1l/ - 6.15 t
58 wLtG I 00PERCENT Chemistry Class-t t

FOR BOARD EXAM

General lnstructions : Read the following instructions carefully.
(a) There are 30 questions in this question paper. All questions are compulsory.
(b) SectionA:Q. No. 1 to 14 are objective and very short answertype questions carry 1 mark each
(c) Section B:Q. No.'15 to 19 are short answertype questions and carry 2 marks each.
(d) Section C : Q. No. 20 to 26 are short answer type questions and carry 3 marks each.
\ (e) Section D : Q. No. 27 to 30 are long answer type questions carrying 5 marks each,
(fl There is no overall choice. However, internal choices have been provided.
(g) Use of calculators and log tables is not permitted.

sEcTlol,l - A 6. How many more grams of NaOH would it require

for conversion into NarCOs if the mixture (one mole)
1. Few quantities with their units are listed below. is completely oxidized to CO2.
Mark the units which are not correctly matched. CO + COz + NaOH ----+ NarCO3
(i) Density : kg m-3
(ii) Velocity of light: m s-1 E;t" 2o e
(when only CO, reacts with NaOH)
(iii) Planck's constant : J-1s-1 (a) 50g G) 30g (c) 60g (d) 70s
(iv) Acceleration : m s-2 (v) Force : kg m
(a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii) OR
(c) (iii) and (v) (d) (iv) and (v) If 2 moles of potassium chlorate is thermally
decomposed and produced oxygen was used to oxidise
2. What wiII be the molarity of the solution in which aluminium, then how many moles of aluminium
0.365 g of HCI gas is dissolved in 100 mL of solution? oxide will be formed?
(a) 2M (b) 0.2 M (c) lM (d) 0.1 M (a) 1.5 (b) 2 (c) 2.5 (d) 3
3. A balanced equation for combustion of methane 7. Assuming complete dissociation, how many
is given below : CHn*, + 2O21u1=+ COrgr+ 2HrOg1 chloride ions are present per mL in a solution
Which of the following statements is not correct on obtained by mixing of 100 mL of 0.5 M BaCl2,
the basis of the above chemical equation? 100 mL of 0.2 M KCI and 100 mL of water?
(a) One mole of CHn reacts with 2 moles of oxygen (a) 6.022 x 1023 (b) L.204 x 1o2o
to give one mole of CO, and2 moles of water. (c) 2.408 x 1o2o (d) 2.408 x 1023
(b) One molecule of CHn reacts with 2 molecules of
oxygen to give one molecule of CO, and 2 molecules
8. Which law states "equal volumes of all gases
under similar conditions of temperature and
of water.
pressure contain equal number of molecules"?
(c) 22.4 L of methane reacts with 44.8 L of oxygen
to give 44.8 L of CO, and22.4 L of water. 9. Write down the empirical formula of acetic acid.
(d) 16 S of methane reacts with 64 S of 02 to gqve 44 10. How much volume of 10M HCI should be rnade
g of CO; and 36 g of water. up with water to prepare 2L of 5M HCI?
4. A solution is prepared by adding 5 g of a solute ln the following questions (Q.ttto. 11 to 14), a statement
'X to 45 g of solvent'Y . What is the mass per cent of of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given.
the solu te 'X? Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) lU%o (b) Ll.LVo (c) 90Vo (d) 75Vo (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason
5. At 10"C and 1 atm if the density of liquid water is correct explanation for assertion.
is 1 g/cm3 and that of water vapour is 0.0006 glcc, (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is

then the volume occupied by water molecules in 1 not correct explanation for assertion.
litre of steam at that temperature is (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(a) 0.6 cm3 (b) 6 cmS (c) 60 cma (d) 0.006 cm3. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 59

11. Assertion : Number of moles of H2in 0.224 L of 0.3 g of X + 0.+ g of Y -+ 0.7 g of P

H, is 0.1 mole. 18gofX+48gofY +66 gofq
Reason z 22.4 L of H2 at S.T.P contains 40 gof X + 160 gof Y -+ 200.9 g ofB
6.022 x 1023 molecules.
Which law of chemical combination is illustrated by
12.Assertion : Law of conseruation of mass is the above data? State the law.
invalid for nuclear reactions like nuclear frssion,
fusion, etc. 21. (i) How many years would it take to spend
Reason : The law states that matter is neither Avogadro's number of rupees at the rate of
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Rs. L lakh per second?
13. Assertion : The relative atomic mass has no unit. (ii) What is one molal solution?
Reason : The atomic masses are always whole number. OR
14. Assertion : The number of significant frgures in (i) Calculate the mass of carbon monoxide having
670094 is 6. the same number of oxygen atoms as are present in
Reason : In 670094, all zeros are significant. 88 g carbon dioxide.
OR (ii) What is the mass of a molecule of t4COr?
Assertion (A) : Signifrcant figures for 0.200 is 3 22. (i) Dissolving L20 g urea in 1000 g of water
whereas for 200 it is 1. gave a solution of density 1.15 g/ml. What is the
Reason (R) : Zero at the end or right of a number molarity of the solution?
are significant provided they are not on the right (ii) Calculate the molality of a 1 L solution of
side of the decimal point. 23Vo H2SOa (weighUvolume). The denisty of solution is

SECTION . B
1.4 g mL-1.
23. (a) Determine the mass of aluminium that has
15. Why molality is preferred over molarity in
expressing the concentration of a solution? What is
the same number of atoms as there are in l-2.6 mg of
the SI unit of molarity? silver.
(b) If 20 g of CaCO, is treated with 2O g of HCI how
15. What is the difference between molecules and
many grams of CO2 will be produced?
compounds? Give example of each.
24. Calculate the volume of 1.00 mol,/L aqueous
17. Taking N2 and 02 as main components of the
solution of sodium hydroxide that is neutralise by
air (79Vo N, and 2LVo Oz by volume) determine the
200 mL of 2.00 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid. Also
molecular mass of air.
calculate the mass of sodium chloride produced.
OR
25. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is987o H2SO4
When a heap of straw is ignited in air, only a little ash by mass and has a density of 1.84 SlmL.Calculate
remains. Explain whether law of conservation of mass molarity. What volume of the concentrated acid is
is applicable or not. required to make 5.0 L of 0.5 M H2SO, solution?
18. Perform the following calculations to the proper (Molar mass of H2SO+ = 98 g)
number of signifrcant digits : 26. (a) The empirical formula and molecular
(i) s't9\0-'973zo (ii) 845 x 0.00219 + 202 mass of a compound are CH2O and 180 g mol-1
9.003 respectively. What will be the molecular formula of
19. Give one example each of a molecule in which the compound?
empirical and molecular formula are (b) The density of 3 M solution of NaCI is 1.25 g mL-1.
(i) same, (ii) different. Calculate the molality of the solution.
OR
SECTION . D
Calculate the mass percent of different elements
present in ethyl alcohol. 27. (a) An organic compound on analysis gave
the following percentage composition : C = 57 .8Vo,
sEcTtoN - c H = 3.6Vo and the rest is oxygen. The vapour density
20. ElementsXand Ycombine to form three different of the compound was found to be 83. Find out the
compounds P, Q and ^R as below : molecular formula of the compound.
50 W+G IOOPERCENT Chemistry Ctass-t t

ft) What volume of hydrogen gas at 273 K and Case Based Guestions [5 x 1 lVark]
1 atm pressure will be consumed in obtaining 108 g 30. Read the passage given below and answer
of elemental boron from the reduction of boron the following questions (i) to (v) :
trichloride by hydrogen? Given atomic mass of
B = 10.8 u. One mole is that amount of the substance which
contains as many elementary entities (atoms,
28. (a) Calculate the percentage by mass of given molecules, ions or other particles) as there are atoms
element in the following compounds : in exactly 0.0L2 kg or L2 S of carbon - L2 isotope. One
(i) Mg in MgSOn.THrO (ii) Al in KAI(SO ),.LZ}J,O mole represents 6.022 x 1023 particles. The number
(b) What will be the number of moles of oxygen in 5 6.022 x 1023 is called Avogadro's number. Mass of
litre of air containing ZLVo oxygen by volume under one mole atoms of any element in grams is equal to
standard conditions?
its gram atomic mass. Mass of one mole molecules
29. Calculate, of any substance in grams is equal to its gram
(i) the mass of 1x 1022 molecules of CuSO4.5H2O. molecular mass. Mole is also related to the volume
(ii) The total number of electrons in 3.2 S of methane. of the gaseous substance. Volume of one mole of any
(iii) The number of magnesium atoms in 2.5 g of gaseous substance is called its molar volume. It has
chlorophyll if it contains Z.ffiVo of magnesium by weight. been observed that one mole of an ideal gas occupies
OR 22.4liters at S.T.P.
(a) (i) Chloropicrin (CCIB.NO2), an insecticide, (i) Calculate the mass of 1 amu or 1 u from mole
is manufactured by following reaction : concept.
CH,NO2 + SCl, -+ CCIB.NO, + 3HCl (ii) What will be the number of electrons in one mole
Calculate the amount of nitromethane required for of Or?
preparation of 150 g of CClr.NOr. (iii) Calculate the mass of 1023 molecules of methane
(ii) Calculate the amount of MgS formed when at S.T.P.
2 gMS reacts with 2 g S. (iv) What is the ratio of molecules between
ft) What volume of oxygen at S.T.P. can be obtained one mole of NH, and one mole of COr?
by 5.25 g of potassium chlorate according to the (v) 1 L of a gas at STP weighs L.97 g. What is the
reaction, 2KCIO3 -+ 2KCl + 3O2 vapour density of the gas?
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry CHAPTER

1
YOURSELF ANSWERS
1. C is a compound because heat is absorbed in this 9. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 (Mass of KClO3 = 4.85 g)
process and properties of C are different than its constituents Total mass of products = (2.5 + 2.35)g = 4.85g
A and B. \ Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
Thus, it illustrates the law of conservation of mass.
2. Homogeneous mixtures : Kerosene oil, diesel oil, bronze
and brass. 10. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Heterogeneous mixtures : Paint, smoke, gun powder and Mass of reactant = Mass of product.
butter. or 14 = 8.68 + x or, x = 5.32
\ 5.32 g carbon dioxide was given out.
3. (i) Gas
11. Method (i) : 1.43 g copper oxide contains 1.14 g copper
(ii) Gas
1.14
(iii) Solid \ 100 g copper oxide contains = × 100  80 g copper
1.43
4. Suppose the temperature be x. Method (ii) : 2.31 g copper oxide contains 1.85 g copper
9 1.85
F  (C)  32 \ 100 g copper oxide contains = × 100 = 80 g copper
5 2.31
9 Method (iii) : 2.65 g copper oxide contains 2.12 g copper
or, x   x  32
5 2.12
9x 5x  9 x \ 100 g copper oxide contains  100  80 g copper
or, x   32 or,  32 2.65
5 5 As the percentage of copper in copper oxide derived from all
or, –4x = 160 or, x = –40° the three methods is same, hence, the above data illustrate
5. (i) Ω–1 (ohm–1) the law of definite proportions.
(ii) Hz (Hertz) 12. In second case, 0.144 g weight is lost from CuO. This is
(iii) V (volt) due to reduction of CuO into Cu.
(iv) J (Joule) 32 g oxygen = 22400 mL at STP
6. (a) 2.00 × 10–2 × 103 m + 4.2 × 102 × 10–2 m 22400 × 0.144
0.144 g oxygen = = 100.8 mL O2
= (20.0 m) + (4.2 m) = 24.2 m 32
(b) (1.5 × 101 cm)(8.0 × 102 cm) (0.0100 × 102 cm) It means ratio of H2 and O2 in water = 200 : 100.8 = 2 : 1
In first case,
= 1.2 × 104 cm3
Ratio is H2 : O2 = 10 : 5 = 2 : 1
7. Mass of solid = 10.024 g – 0.03 g = 9.994 g Thus, law of constant composition is proved.
The 4 must be dropped from the difference since the mass of
13. The percentage of oxygen and metal in both the oxides
the weighing paper is known only to the second decimal place.
are given respectively.
\ Mass of solid = 9.99 g
First oxide Second oxide
mass of solid 9.99 g Oxygen = 27.6% Oxygen = 30%
Density of solid = = = 8.12 g/cm3
volume of solid 1.23 cm3 Metal = 72.4% Metal = 70%
8. (i) The answer calculated is 29.42, but the correctly Formula of first oxide = M3O4
reported answer will be 29.4 (to the same number of decimal Let the atomic weight of metal = x
places as that of the term with least number of decimal 3x
Percentage of metal in the compound M3O4 ×100
places). 3 x + 64
3x
(ii) The answer calculated is 130.8, but the last 8 is number ×100 = 72.4
is over 5, so the answer is rounded up to the next higher 3 x + 64
integer, i.e., 131 or 300 x = 217.2 x + 4633.6
2 100PERCENT Chemistry Class-11

or 82.8 x = 4633.6 or x = 55.96 ≈ 56 In ICl : % of iodine = 78.2% and

Now in the second oxide, metal and oxygen are 70% and % of chlorine = (100 – 78.2) = 21.8%
30%. Therefore, their atomic ratio will be The ratio of chlorine and iodine in ICl
M:O = 21.8 : 78.2 = 1 : 3.5 Hence, the data illustrate the law of
70 30 reciprocal proportions.
:
56 16 16. Gay Lussac’s law of combining volume applies only to
1.25 : 1.875 gases measured under the same temperature and pressure.
or 1 : 1.5 17. If any reactant or product is a liquid or solid, the volume
or 2 : 3 occupied by them is extremely small as compared to the gas
Therefore, formula of the second compound = M2O3. and hence, the law of Gay Lussac’s is not obeyed.
14. Compound A Compound B Compound C 18. According to Dalton’s theory, atom is the fundamental
59.68 g Cl 68.95 g Cl 74.75 g Cl particle of an element. Dalton considered atom to be
40.32 g X 31.05 g X 25.25 g X indivisible and indestructible.

40.32 19. The postulate is “Matter is made up of atoms which

For 1 g X, Cl needed in A = = 0.6756 g X can neither be created, nor destroyed i.e. atoms are
59.68
31.05 indestructible”.
For 1 g X, Cl needed in B = = 0.4503 g X
68.95 20. This is because the atomic mass of an element is the
25.25 average of relative masses of its various isotopes. While
For 1 g X, Cl needed in C = = 0.3378 g X
74.75 taking an average the result appears as a fraction.
The relative amounts of X in three cases are not affected if all 21. Molecular mass of H2SO4
three amount are divided by the smallest of them. = 2 × Atomic mass of H + Atomics mass of S + 
0.6756 0.4503 0.3378  4 × Atomic mass of O
0.6756 : 0.4503 : 0.3378 = : : = 2 × 1 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 98 u
0.3378 0.3378 0.3378
\ Gram molecular mass of H2SO4 = 98 g
= 2 : 1.33 : 1
Mass of 1 gram molecule of H2SO4 = 98 g
In whole number = 6 : 4 : 3
\ Mass of 5 gram molecule of H2SO4 = 5 × 98 g = 490 g
This illustrates law of multiple proportion.
22. Average atomic mass of Fe
15. In KCl : % of Potassium given K 5 90 5
= 52.0% =  54   56   57
100 100 100
% of chlorine = (100 – 52) = 48% KCl KI = 2.7 + 50.4 + 2.85 = 55.95 u
In KI : % of Potassium given = 23.6%;
23. For minimum molecular mass, insulin must have atleast
% of iodine = (100 – 23.6) Cl I
ICl one S atom in one molecule.
= 76.4%
Atomic mass of S = 32 u
In KI, 23.6 parts of potassium combine with 76.4 parts
For 3.4 g S, molecular mass of insulin = 100
of iodine.
100 × 32
76.4 \ For 32 g of S, molecular mass of insulin =
\ 1 part of potassium combines with = parts of 3.4
23.6
= 941.176
iodine = 3.237 parts of iodine
\ Minimum molecular mass of insulin is 941.176 u
Now in KCl, 52.0 parts of potassium combine with 48 parts
of chlorine. 24. Molecular mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 100 u
48 150
\ 1 part of potassium combines with = parts of No. of moles of CaCO3 = = 1.5
52 100
chlorine = 0.92 part of chlorine 1 mole of CaCO3 contains 3 moles of oxygen
The proportion of masses of chlorine and iodine which \ 1.5 moles of CaCO3 contain 3 × 1.5 = 4.5 moles of oxygen
combine with same mass of potassium = 0.92 : 3.237 No. of oxygen atoms = 4.5 × 6.022 × 1023 = 2.71 × 1024
= 1 : 3.5 Mass of oxygen atoms = 4.5 × 16 = 72 g
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

25. Atomic mass of the element 56

= mass of 1 atom × Avogadro’s constant % of Fe = × 100 = 30.52%
183.5
= 6.644 × 10–23 × 6.022 × 1023 = 40 g
2 × 32
No. of g - atoms in 80 kg of x % of S = × 100 = 34.88%
183.5
Mass of x 80 1000
= =  2000 28. 17 parts of H2O2 contains oxygen = 16 parts.
Atomic mass 40
\ 100 parts of H2O2 contains oxygen
26. Mass of 1 mole metal atoms = 54.94 g
\ Mass of 1 metal atom 16 ×100
= = 94.12 parts
54.94 17
= g = 9.12 × 10–23g \ % of Hydrogen = (100 – 94.12) = 5.88
6.022 ×1023
\ Volume occupied by one metal atom 29. Mohr’s salt is FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
Mass of one metal atom 9.12 1023 Molar mass = 56 + 32 + 64 + 28 + 8 + 32 + 64 + 6 × 18 = 392
= = = 1.23 × 10–23 cc
Denisty 7.42 6 ×18
Percentage of water of crystallisation = ×100
27. Molar mass of copper pyrites, CuFeS2 392
= 63.5 + 56 + 2 × 32 = 183.5 = 27.55%
63.5 2(32  64)
% of Cu = × 100 = 34.60% Percentage of SO2–
4 ions = 100  48.98%
183.5 392

30. Simplest whole, no.

Element Percentage Atomic ratio Simplest ratio
ratio
50 4.167
C 50 = 4.167 = 1.33 4
12 3.125
50 3.125
O 50 = 3.125 =1 3
16 3.125
\ Empirical formula is C4O3. 290
\ n= ≈ 3
Empirical formula mass = 4 × 12 + 3 × 16 = 96 96
Given, molecular mass = 290 u \ Molecular formula is (C4O3)3 = C12O9.

31. Element Percentage Atomic ratio Simplest ratio Simplest whole no.
ratio

C 57.82 57.82 4.82 4

= 4.82 =2
12 2.41

H 3.6 3.6 3.6 3

= 3.6 = 1.5
1 2.41
100 – (57.82 + 3.6) 38.58 2.41
O = 2.41 =1 2
= 38.58
16 2.41
\ Empirical formula is C4H3O2 For 2 moles of AgNO3, 1 mole of Zn is required.
Empirical formula mass = 4 × 12 + 3 × 1 + 2 × 16 = 83 u Moles of AgNO3 in the solution = 0.01
Molecular Mass = 2 × vapour density = 2 × 83 = 166 u 0.01
Moles of Zn to be added in solution = = 0.005
166 2
n= =2 Hence, mass of Zn to be added to solution = 0.005 × 65.4
83
\ Molecular formula = (C4H3O2)2 = C8H6O4. = 0.327 g
34. The balanced chemical reaction is
32. (i) NO2 (ii) CH (iii) Fe2O3 (iv) CH2O (v) CH2
2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O
33. The involved balanced reaction is Avogadro’s law states that volume of one mole of an ideal
Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag gas at STP is 22.4 L.
4 100PERCENT Chemistry Class-11

\ 44.8 lit. of butane or 2 moles of butane produces 2 moles of HCl produce = 1 mol of H2
8 moles of CO2. \ 0.52 mol of HCl will produce
\ Mass of CO2 = 8 × 44 = 352 g 1
= × 0.52 mol = 0.26 mol of H2
35. From the reactions, 2
2 moles of NH3 require = 3 moles of H2 and 1 mole of H2 is 38. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
produced from 1 mole of Zn. 100
3 moles of H2 are produced from 3 moles of Zn. 100 g H2 = 2 = 50 moles
\ 2 moles of NH3 requires 3 moles of Zn.
100 g O2 = 100 = 3.125 moles
3×5 32
or, 5 moles of NH3 requires = moles of Zn
2 1 mole of O2 requires 2 moles of H2
3 \ 3.125 moles of O2 requires = 2 × 3.125 moles
Mass of Zinc = × 5 × 65.4 g = 490.5 g
2 = 6.25 moles H2
36. The given reaction is More H2 is present than required. Hence, O2 is the limiting
3BaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NaCl
reagent.
(a) Reaction shows that, 3 moles BaCl2 ≡ 1 mole Ba3(PO4)2
Amount of H2O formed = 2 × 3.125 moles
\ 0.5 mole BaCl2 ≡ 1/3 × 0.5 = 0.16 mole of Ba3(PO4)2
= 2 × 3.125 × 18 g = 112.5 g
Again, 2 moles Na3PO4 ≡ 1 mole Ba3(PO4)2
22.4 ×112.5
1 × 0.2 Volume of H2O produced = L = 140 L
0.2 mole Na3PO4 ≡ = 0.1 mole mol of Ba3 (PO4 )2 18
2
Number of moles of H2 left unreacted = 50 – 6.25 = 43.75
Now, since Na3PO4 gives lesser number of moles i.e., 0.1 mole
Volume occupied by 43.75 moles of H2 = 43.75 × 22.4 = 980 L
of Ba3(PO4)2 than BaCl2 which gives 0.16 mole of Ba3(PO4)2,
hence, Na3PO4 is the limiting reagent. Moles of solute
39. Molality =
(b) Since, the number of moles of a product that can be kg of solvent
obtained from limiting reagent are the maximum possible 10.2
10.2 g glucose = = 0.0567 moles
moles of the product, hence maximum number of moles of 180
Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed = 0.1 mole. 405 g water = 0.405 kg
3 × 0.2 0.0567
(c) 0.2 mole Na3PO4 ≡ = 0.3 mole of BaCl2 \ Molality = = 0.14 m
2 0.405
Hence, moles of BaCl2 left after the reaction 40. (a) Molarity =
 = 0.5 – 0.3 = 0.2 mole Moles of solute 0.825/142
 = M = 0.013M
37. The reaction is Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Vol. of solutionL 0.45
In the reaction 1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 moles of HCl.
Moles of solute 0.825 / 142
Thus, 0.30 mol of zinc will react with = 2 × 0.30 (b) Molality = = = 0.013 m
kg of solvent 0.45
= 0.60 mol of HCl
(c) Moles of Na2HPO4 = 0.825/142 = 0.0058
But there are only 0.52 mol of HCl, therefore zinc cannot react
completely and hence it is not a limiting reagent. 450
Moles of water = = 25
Again, 2 mol of HCl react with 1 mol of zinc 18
0.0058
1
\ 0.52 mol of HCl will react with = × 0.52 Mole fraction of Na2HPO4 =  2.32 104
2 25  0.0058
= 0.26 mol of zinc 0.825
(d) Mass percent of Na2HPO4 =  1.83  103
As there are 0.30 mol of zinc, therefore, HCl will react 0.825  450
completely consumed in the reaction. i.e., HCl is the limiting 0.825
(e) ppm =  106  1830 ppm
reactant. 450.825
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
CHAPTER
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
ANSWERS

TOPIC 1 combine to form more than one compound the masses of

one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other
1. Mass of air at sea level = 1034 g cm–2
element are in the ratio of small whole numbers”.
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m s–2
Fixing the mass of dinitrogen as 28 g, masses of dioxygen
Pressure of air
combined will be 32, 64, 32 and 80 g in the given four
1kg (100) 2cm2
= 1034 g cm–2 × 9.8 m s–2 × × oxides. These are in the ratio of 2 : 4 : 2 : 5 which is a simple
1000 g 1m2
1N 1Pa whole number ratio. Hence, the given data obeys the law of
 × × = 1.01332 × 105 Pa multiple proportions.
kg m/s 1N/m 2
2
(b) (i) 106 mm, 1015 pm
2. The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram. The amount of matter
(ii) 10–6 kg, 106 ng
present in a substance is called mass. The unit of mass i.e.,
(iii) 10–3 L, 10–3 dm3
kilogram is defined as being equal to the mass of international
prototype of the kilogram. 9. Speed of light = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
Distance covered by light in 2.00 ns
3. (i) micro → 10–6
= 3.0 × 108 × 2 × 10–9 = 6.00 × 10–1 m = 0.600 m
(ii) deca → 10
(iii) mega → 106 10. (i) 28.7 × 10–12 m or 2.87 × 10–11 m
(iv) giga → 109 (ii) 15.15 × 10–12 m or 1.515 × 10–11 m
(v) femto → 10–15 (iii) 25365 mg = 25365 × 10–6 kg
[ 1 mg = 10–6 kg]
4. The total number of digits in a number with the last
= 2.5365 × 10–2 kg
digit that shows the uncertainty of the result is known as
11. (i) The least precise term has 3 significant figures
significant figure, e.g., 2.005 has four significant figures.
0.02856 × 298.15 × 0.112
5. (i) 4.8 × 10–3 =
0.5785
(ii) 2.34 × 105
0.9536983
(iii) 8.008 × 103 = = 1.6485711
0.5785
(iv) 5.00 × 102
Correct answer = 1.64
(v) 6.0012 × 100 or 6.0012
(ii) The second term has 4 significant figures
6. (i) 2
5 × 5.364 = 26.82
(ii) 3
(iii) The least number of decimal places in the term has 4
(iii) 4
significant figures so,
(iv) 3
0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215 = 0.8204
(v) 4
(vi) 5 TOPIC 2
7. (i) 34.2 1. (i) The molar mass of H2O = 1 × 2 + 16
(ii) 10.4 = 18 amu or 18 u
(iii) 0.0460 (ii) The molar mass of CO2 = 12 + 2 × 16 = 12 + 32
(iv) 2.81 × 103 = 44 amu or 44 u
8. (a) Law of multiple proportions : This law was (iii) The molar mass of CH4 = 12 + 1 × 4 = 12 + 4
proposed by Dalton in 1803. It states, “If two elements can = 16 amu or 16 u
2 100PERCENT Chemistry Class-11

2. The molar mass of CuSO4 8. (i) 1 mole of Ar contains 6.022 × 1023 atoms
= 63.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 63.5 + 32 + 64 = 159.5 amu or u 52 moles of Ar contains 52 × 6.022 × 1023
159.5 g of CuSO4 contains copper = 63.5 g = 3.13 × 1025 atoms
63.5 (ii) 4 u of He = 1 atom
100 g of CuSO4 contains copper × 100 = 39.81 g
159.5 1
52 u of He = × 52 = 13 atoms
3. The atomic mass (average) of chlorine 4
75.77 × 34.9689 + 24.23 × 36.9659 (iii) 4 g of He contains 6.022 × 1023 atoms
=
75.77 + 24.23 6.022 × 1023
52 g of He contains × 52 = 7.83 × 1024 atoms
2649.59 + 895.68 3545.27 4
= = = 35.45 u
100 100
TOPIC 3
4. (i) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 2 moles of carbon atoms.
1. The molecular mass of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
Number of moles of carbon atoms in 3 moles of
= 2 × 23 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 46 + 32 + 64 = 142 amu or 142 u
C 2H 6 = 3 × 2 = 6
2 × 23 46
(ii) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 6 moles of hydrogen atoms. Mass % of sodium = × 100 = × 100 = 32.39 %
142 142
Number of moles of hydrogen atoms in 3 moles of
32
C2H6 = 3 × 6 = 18 Mass % of sulphur = × 100 = 22.53 %
142
(iii) 1 mole of C2H6 = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
4 × 16
Number of molecules in 3 moles of C2H6 Mass % of oxygen = × 100 = 45.07 %
142
= 3 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.807 × 1024 molecules
2. Molar mass of sodium acetate = 82.0245 g mol–1
5. (iii) : (i) No. of atoms in 1 g of Au
Mass of CH3COONa required to make 500 mL of 0.375 M
1
= × 6.022 × 1023 = 3.057 × 1021 atoms solution
197
0.375 × 82.0245 × 500
(ii) No. of atoms in 1 g of Na = = 15.38 g
1000
1 3.
= × 6.022 × 1023 = 2.618 × 1022 atoms
23 Element Atomic % Mole of Mole Simplest whole
1
(iii) No. of atoms in 1 g of Li = × 6.022 × 10 23 mass atom ratio no. ratio
7
= 8.604 × 1022 atoms 69.9 1.25
Fe 56 69.9 =1 2
(iv) No. of atoms in 1 g of Cl2 56 1.25
1 = 1.25
= × 2 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.696 × 1022 atoms
71 30.1 1.88
Thus, 1 g of Li has largest number of atoms. O 16 30.1 = 1.5 3
16 1.25
12 23
6. 1 mol of C = 6.022 × 10 atoms = 12 g = 1.88
Thus, 6.022 × 1023 atoms of 12C = 12 g
Hence, the empirical formula is Fe2O3.
12 12
Mass of one atom of C = 4. (i) C + O2 →
 CO2
6.022 × 10 23
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole
–23
= 1.992 × 10 g (12 g) (32 g) (44 g)

7. Molar mass of naturally occurring argon isotope Hence, 1 mole of C produces 44 g of CO2.
(ii) C + O2 →  CO2
35.96755 × 0.337 + 37.96272 × 0.063 12 g 32 g 44 g
+39.9624 × 99.600 Here, O2 is the limiting reagent.
=
0.337 + 0.063 + 99.600 32 g of O2 reacts with C to produce 44 g of CO2.
12.12 + 2.39 + 3980.255 3994.765 16 g of O2 reacts with C to produce
= =
100 100 44
× 16 = 22 g of CO2
= 39.94 g mol–1 32
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

(iii) 2C +2O2 →
 2CO2 1.5 × 10−3 1000
24 g 64 g 88 g (ii) Molality of CHCl3 = ×
100 119.5
Here, O2 is the limiting reagent.
= 0.125 × 10–3 = 1.25 × 10–4 m
64 g of O2 reacts with C to produce 88 g of CO2
88 [ Molar mass of CHCl3 = 12 + 1 + 35.5 × 3 = 119.5]
16 g of O2 reacts with C to produce × 16 = 22 g of CO2.
64 10. According to the equation, one mole of A reacts with one
5. 69 mass per cent of nitric acid means that 69 g of HNO3 mole of B and one atom of A reacts with one molecule of B.
is present in 100 g of solution. (i) B is limiting reagent because 200 molecules of B will
Mass 100 g react with 200 atoms of A and 100 atoms of A will be left in
∴ Volume of solution = = =70.92 mL
Density 1.41g mL−1 excess.
69 (ii) A
Moles of HNO3 = = 1.095
63 (iii) Both will react completely because it is stoichiometric
Moles of HNO3 mixture. No limiting reagent.
Molarity = × 1000
Volume of soln. in mL (iv) B
1.095
= × 1000 = 15.44 M (v) A
70.92
6. For empirical formula, Refer Ans. 3 11. The balanced chemical equation is N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Molecular mass of Fe2O3 = 2 × 56 + 3 × 16 2.00 × 103
Moles of N2 = = 71.43
 = 112 + 48 = 160 28
1.00 × 103
Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula) Moles of H2 = = 500
Molecular mass 160 2
∴ n = = ⇒ n =1 1 mole of N2 required 3 moles of H2 from above equation.
Empirical formula mass 160
\ 71.43 mole of N2 will require 3 × 71.43
∴ Molecular formula = (Fe2O3) × 1 = Fe2O3
 = 214.29 mole of H2
7. The molecular mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 12 × 12 + But moles of H2 actually present = 500 moles
1 × 22 + 11 × 16 = 144 + 22 + 176 = 342 Thus, H2 is in excess and will remain unreacted and N2 is
20 limiting reagent.
∴ Moles of sugar = = 0.058
342 (i) 1 mole of N2 reacts with H2 to form NH3 = 2 moles
Volume of solution = 2 L 2
71.43 moles of N2 react with H2 to form NH3 = × 71.43
Molesof solute 1
∴ Molarity = = 142.86 moles
Volume of solution in litre
Mass of NH3 produced = 142.86 × 17 = 2428.6 g
0.058
= = 0.029 mol L–1 (ii) Yes, Hydrogen will remain unreacted.
2
(iii) Moles of H2 remaining unreacted
Moles of CH3OH
8. Molarity = = 500 – 214.29 = 285.71 moles
Volume in litre
Mass of H2 left unreacted = 285.71 × 2 = 571.42 g
Moles of CH3OH
⇒ 0.25= 12. 1 mol Na2CO3 ≡ 2 × 23 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 106 g mol–1
2.5
∴ Moles of CH3OH = 2.5 × 0.25 = 0.625 0.50 mol Na2CO3 ≡ 0.50 × 106 = 53 g
∴ Mass of CH3OH = 0.625 × 32 = 20 g 0.50 M Na2CO3 solution means that 0.50 moles or 53 g of
Na2CO3 are dissolved in 1000 mL of solution.
[ Molecular mass of CH3OH = 12 + 1 × 3 + 16 + 1 = 32]
∴ 0.793 × 103 g of CH3OH is present in 1000 mL 13. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
∴ 20 g of CH3OH is present in 2 volume + 1 volume → 2 volume
10 volume + 5 volume → 10 volume
1000
= × 20 = 25.2 mL. Thus, 10 volumes of H2O vapour will be produced.
0.793 × 103
n C2H5OH
9. (i) 15 ppm means 15 parts in million (106) parts. 14. xC2H5OH =
15 n C2H5OH + n H2O
% by mass = 6 × 100 = 15 × 10−4 = 1.5 × 10–3 %
10   = 0.040 (Given) .... (i)
4 100PERCENT Chemistry Class-11

The aim is to find number of moles of ethanol in 1 L of the Molar mass of gas = 25.98 ≈ 26 g mol–1
solution which is nearly = 1 L of water (because solution is
Molar mass 26
dilute) (iii) n = = =2
Empirical formula mass 13
Number of moles of water in 1 L of water
1000 g Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n = (CH)2 = C2H2
= = 55.55 moles
18 g mol-1 16. CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Substituting nH2O = 55.55 in eqn (i), we get
n C2H5OH No. of moles of HCl given = MHCIVHCI
= 0.040
n C2H5OH + 55.55 = 0.75 mole L–1 × 25 × 10–3 L
or 0.96 nC2H5OH = 55.55 × 0.040 = 18.75 × 10–3 mole = 0.0188 mole
or nC2H5OH = 2.31 mol 2 moles of HCl requires 1 mole of CaCO3
Hence, molarity of the solution = 2.31 M 0.0188
3.38 0.0188 mole of HCl will require =
15. Number of moles of CO2 = = 0.0768 mole 2
44 = 0.0094 mole of CaCO3
No. of moles of C = 0.0768 mole
0.690 Molar mass of CaCO3 = 100 g/mole
No. of moles of H2O = = 0.0383 mole
18 Mass of CaCO3 required = 100 × 0.0094 = 0.94 g
No. of moles of H = 2 × 0.0383 = 0.0766 mole
(i) The ratio of moles of C to H is 17. 4HCl( aq ) + MnO2( s) →
 2H2O( l ) + MnCl2( aq ) +Cl2( g )
4 mole 1 mole
0.0768 : 0.0766 or 1 : 1 or 146 g or 87 g
Therefore, empirical formula = CH
87 g of MnO2 reacts with HCl = 146 g
(ii) 10.0 L of fuel gas at STP weighs 11.6 g
11.6 × 22.4 146 × 5
22.4 L of fuel gas at STP weighs = 25.98 g 5 g of MnO2 reacts with HCl = = 8.39 ≈ 8.40 g
10 87
 Some Basic Concepts of
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
CHAPTER

M Chemistry 1
EXA
LL
DRI ANSWERS

1. (c) : Planck’s constant = J s Thermal decomposition of 2 moles of KClO3 produces 3 moles

of O2.
Force = kg m s–2
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
2. (d) : Molecular mass of HCl = 36.5
3 moles of O2 forms 2 moles of Al2O3.
0.365 7. (c) : No. of moles of BaCl2 in 100 mL of solution
No. of gram moles in 0.365 g of HCl = = 0.01
36.5 100  0.5
=  0.05
100 1000
Volume of solution in L = = 0.1 L
1000 No. of moles of Cl– ions in BaCl2 solution
n 0.01 = 2 × 0.05 = 0.1
Molarity = = = 0.1 M
V in L 0.1 100  0.2
No. of moles of KCl in 100 mL solution =  0.02
3. (c) : 22.4 L of methane reacts with 44.8 L of oxygen 1000
to give 22.4 L of CO2 and 44.8 L of water. No. of moles of Cl– ions in KCl solution = 0.02
Total volume after mixing = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300 mL
Mass of X
4. (a) : Mass percent of X = Mass of solution
× 100 Total moles of Cl– ions = 0.1 + 0.02 = 0.12
0.12
5 \ Moles of Cl– present per mL =
= × 100 = 10% 300
5 + 45
0 .12
5. (a) : Volume of steam = 1 litre = 103 cm3 \ No. of Cl– ions per mL = × 6.022 ×1023
300
Mass of 103 cc steam = Density × Volume = 2.408 × 1020 ions
= 0.0006 × 103 = 0.6 g 8. Avogadro’s Law
Actual volume occupied by H2O molecules of steam is equal 9. CH2O
to volume of water of same mass.
M1V1 2 × 5
\ Actual volume of H2O molecules in 0.6 g steam 10. M1V1 = M2V2 = V2 = = =1L
M2 10
Mass of steam 0.6 g 11. (d) : 22.4 L of H2 at S.T.P. contains 1 mole,
= = = 0.6 cm3
Density of H2O 1 g / cm3 Therefore, 0.224 L of H2 at S.T.P contains 0.01 moles.
6. (c) : 2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O 12. (b)
20 1 1 1 1 13. (c) : Atomic masses of most of the elements are
Moles of NaOH = = , moles of CO2 =   fractional.
40 2 2 2 4
1 3 14. (a) : Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
Moles of CO = 1 
4 4 OR
3 (c) Zero at the end or right of a number are significant
Moles of CO2 produced = (from CO)
4 provided they are on the right side of the decimal point.
3 3
\ Extra moles of NaOH required =  2  15. Molality involves only masses which do not change with
4 2
temperature whereas molarity involves volume which changes
3
\ Mass of extra NaOH =  40  60 g with temperature. Hence, molality is preferred over molarity.
2
The SI unit of molarity is mol dm–3.
OR
16. A molecule is a group of two or more atoms of same
(b) 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 element held together by chemical bonds e.g., oxygen,
2 100PERCENT Chemistry Class-11

hydrogen etc. A compound is a substance which is formed 160

by two or more different types of elements which are united \ 1g of X combines with = 4 g ofY
40
chemically in a fixed proportion, e.g., sugar, water etc. For a given fixed mass of X, the element Y bears a ratio of
17. Relative Abundance (%) ⇒ N2 = 79%, O2 = 21% 1.33 : 2.66 : 4 = 1 : 2 : 3. Hence, the law of multiple
xN = 0.79, xO = 0.21, MN = 28u, MO = 32u proportion is proved here. The law states, when two elements
2 2 2 2
\ Average molecular mass of air combine to form two or more chemical compounds, then the
masses of one of the elements which combine with a fixed
= (0.79 × 28 + 0.21 × 32) u = 28.84 u
mass of the other element bear a simple ratio to one another.
OR
21. (i) Total money to be spent = Avogadro’s number
When a heap of straw is ignited in air then the sum of the
= Rs. 6.022 × 1023
masses of the straw and the reacting oxygen will certainly be 6.022 × 1023
the same as the sum of the masses of ash, carbon dioxide and Time taken to spend Rs. 6.022 × 1023 = sec
105
water vapour produced, i.e., law of conservation of mass is = 6.022 × 1018 sec
applicable here. The gaseous carbon dioxide and water vapour
6.022 × 1018
escape from the system and only the ash remains as residue. = yrs = 1.91 × 1011 yrs
60 × 60 × 24 × 365
5.79 × 0.07326 (ii) One molal solution is a solution in which one mole of
18. (i) = 0.047115 = 0.0471
9.003 solute is present in 1000 g of solvent.
Number of significant figures in the term 5.79 (least number OR
of significant figures) is 3. Therefore, result should have 3 88
significant figures. (i) 88 g of CO2 = = 2 moles
44
(ii) 845 × 0.00219 + 202 = 1.85055 + 202 = 203.85055 1 mole of CO2 has 2 × NA atoms of oxygen
= 204 (after rounding off) 2 moles of CO2 will have 2 × 2 × NA = 4NA atoms of oxygen
Answer should have 3 significant figures. In one mole of CO, oxygen present = 1 × NA atoms
Thus, 4NA atoms of oxygen ≡ 4 moles of CO
19. (i) Same molecular formula and empirical formula
Mass of 4 moles of CO = 4 × 28 = 112 g
– CH4 (methane). (ii) Mass of one molecule of 14CO2
(ii) Different molecular formula and empirical formula = 14 + 2 × 16
– C6H12O6 glucose, its empirical formula is CH2O. = 14 + 32 = 46 u
OR 120
22. (i) No. of moles of urea = =2
Molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) 60
= 2 × 12 + 5 × 1 + 16 + 1 = 46 Total mass of the solution = (1000 + 120)g = 1120 g
24 1120
Mass percent of carbon =  100  52.17% Volume of the solution = = 974 mL
46 1.15
2
6 \ Molarity = × 1000 = 2.05 M
Mass percent of hydrogen =  100  13.04% 974
46
(ii) 1 L solution contains 230 g H2SO4.
16
Mass percent of oxygen = × 100 = 34.78%  ( Solution is 23% w/v)
46
230
20. Experiment 1 No. of moles of H2SO4 = = 2.35
98
0.3 g of X combines with 0.4 g of Y Mass of solution = v × d = 1000 × 1.4 = 1400 g
0.4 Mass of solvent = 1400 – 230 = 1170 g
\ 1 g of X combines with = 1.33 g ofY
0.3 2.35
Experiment 2 \ Molality = 1000  2 molal
1170
18 g of X combines with 48 g of Y
23. (a) 108 g of Ag contains 6.022 × 1023 atoms.
48
\ 1 g of X combines with = 2.67 g ofY \ 12.6 × 10–3 g of Ag contains
18
Experiment 3 6.022 1023
= 12.6 103 atoms
40 g of X combines with 160 g of Y 108
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

= 7.02 × 1019 atoms 3000

19
   = = 2.79 mol/kg
27 × 7.02 ×10 1074.5
7.02 × 1019 atoms of Al have mass =
6.022 ×1023 27. (a)
–3
= 3.15 × 10 g
Element % Atomic Moles Mole Simplest
(b) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
1 mole 2 mole 1 mole mass ratio or whole
or 100 g 71 g 44 g Atomic no. ratio
Here, CaCO3 will be limiting reagent. ratio
44 57.8 4.82
20 g of CaCO3 will react with HCl to produce   20 C 57.8 12 4
100 12 2.41
= 8.8 g of CO2
= 4.82 =2
24. M1V1 = M2V2 [M1 = molarity of NaOH solution, 3.6 3.60
or, 1 × V1 = 2 × 200 V1 = volume of NaOH solution, H 3.6 1 3
1 2.41
or, V1 = 400 mL M2 = molarity of HCl solution, = 3.60 = 1.49
Amount of NaOH V2 = volume of HCl solution] 38.6 2.41
1 400 O 38.6 16 2
  0.4 moles 16 2.41
1000 = 2.41 =1
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O \ Empirical formula = C4H3O2
1 mole of NaOH produced 1 mole of NaCl. Empirical formula mass
\ Moles of NaCl produced = 0.4 = (4 × 12) + (3 × 1) + (2 × 16) = 83 u
\ Mass of NaCl produced = 0.4 × 58.5 = 23.4 g Molecular mass = 2 × Vapour density
25. H2SO4 is 98% by mass.    = 2 × 83 = 166 u
\ Mass of H2SO4 = 98 g Molecularmass 166
n= = =2
Mass of solution = 100 g Empirical formula mass 83
\ Volume of solution Hence, molecular formula = n × (empirical formula)
100 100 = 2 × (C4H3O2) = C8H6O4
= mL = L = 0.054 L
1.84 1.84 × 1000 (b) 2BCl3 + 3H2 → 2B + 6HCl
wB 98 3 moles of H2 is consumed to give 2 moles of B.
\ MH2SO4 = =
MB × V (in L) 98 × 0.054 or, 3 × 22.4 L or 67.2 L H2 is consumed to give 2 × 10.8
= 18.51 M
= 21.6 g of B
Let V mL of this H2SO4 are used to prepare 5 L of 0.5 M
\ 21.6 g of B is produced by 67.2 L H2
H2SO4 solution.
67.2 ×108
Then, millimoles of conc. H2SO4 = millimoles of dil. H2SO4 \ 108 g of B is produced by = L of H2
( millimoles does not change on dilution.) 21.6
= 336 L of H2
V × 18.51 = 5000 × 0.5 ⇒ V = 135.06 mL \ 336 L of H2 will be consumed.
26. (a) Empirical formula mass of the compound = 30 u 28. (a) (i) Molar mass of MgSO4.7H2O
Molecular formula = n × Empirical formula
= 24 + 32 + 4 × 16 + 7 × 18 = 246 g/mol
Molecular mass 180
n= = =6 24
Empirical formula mass 30 Percentage by mass of Mg = 100  9.76%
246
\ Molecular formula = (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6
(ii) Molar mass of KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
(b) Mass of solution = 1000 mL × 1.25 g mL–1 = 1250 g
= 39 + 27 + 2 × (32 + 64) + 12 × 18 = 474 g/mol
Mass of solute
= Molarity × Molar mass of solute × Volume (in L) 27
Percentage by mass of Al = ×100 = 5.69%
= 3 × 58.5 × 1 = 175.5 g 474
Mass of solvent = 1250.0 – 175.5 = 1074.5 g (b) 100 mL of air at S.T.P contains = 21 mL of O2
n 3 21 × 5000
m= × 1000 = × 1000 \ 5000 mL of air at S.T.P contains = mL of O2
wA (in g) 1074.5 100
= 1050 mL of O2
4 100PERCENT Chemistry Class-11

1050 Thus, when 2 g S (i.e., 2/32 mole) reacts with Mg, S acts as
No. of moles of O2 = = 0.0469 moles
22400 limiting reagent while Mg is in excess.
29. (i) Molar mass of CuSO4⋅5H2O Thus, amount of product will be decided by moles of S and
= (63.5 + 32 + 64 + 90) g/mol = 249.5 g/mol not by moles of Mg, therefore
So, mass of 6.023 × 1023 molecules of CuSO4⋅5H2O 
1 mole S yields 1 mole MgS
= 249.5 g
2
Therefore, \ Moles of MgS formed =
mass of 1 × 1022 molecules of CuSO4⋅5H2O 32
2
249.5 × 1 × 1022 and mass of MgS formed = × 56 = 3.5 g
= = 4.14 g 32
6.023 × 1023
(ii) 16 g of methane = 6.022 × 1023 molecules (b) 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
2 moles 2 moles 3 moles
6.022 ×1023 × 3.2
3.2 g of methane = molecules Volume of O2 produced by 2 moles or 245 g of KClO3
16
1 molecule of CH4 contains = 6 + 4 = 10 electrons = 3 × 22.4 L
\ 3.2 g of methane contains \ Volume of O2 produced by 5.25 g of KClO3
10 × 6.022 ×1023 × 3.2 =
3 × 22.4 × 5.25
= 1.44 L
= electrons
16 245
1 12 g
= 1.2044 × 1024 electrons 30. (i) 1 amu or 1 u = × 23
= 1.66 × 10 −24 g
12 6.022 × 10
(iii) 100 g of chlorophyll contains Mg = 2.68 g
(ii) 1 mole O2 contains = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
2.68 × 2.5
\ 2.5 g of chlorophyll contains Mg = g =0.067 g = 2 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms
100
1 mole of Mg = 24 g = 6.022 × 1023 atoms = 2 × 8 × 6.022 × 1023 electrons
= 9.6352 × 1024 electrons
6.022 × 1023 × 0.067
\ 0.067 g of Mg = atoms
24 (iii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of methane have mass = 16 g
= 1.68 × 1021 atoms \ 1023 molecules of methane have mass
OR 16 ×1023
(a) (i) CH3NO2 + 3Cl2 → CCl3 NO2 + 3HCl = g = 2.657 g
1 mol        1 mol
6.022 ×1023
= 61 g       = 164.5 g (iv) 1 : 1
Thus, mass of CH3NO2 required for (v) 22.4 L of the gas at S.T.P will weigh
61
150 g of CCl3 NO2 = × 150 = 55.6 g = 1.97 × 22.4 g = 44.13 g
164.5
Therefore, molecular mass of the gas is 44.13 u
(ii) Mg + S → MgS
Mole : 1 mole       1 mole 44.13
Hence, vapour density will be = 22.065
Mass : 24 g        32 g 2