JUSTICE

AND
SOLIDARITY
FOR BANGLADESH
Request for Urgent Congressional
Hearing on Human Rights Violations
July-August 2024
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to the source. Reproductions for commercial purposes are prohibited. Bangladesh
Rights Watch disseminates this paper to advocate for action against the crimes
against humanity committed by Sheikh Hasina regime in Bangladesh. Our primary
objective is to raise awareness and mobilize efforts to address and seek justice and
accountability for these violations.
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CONTENTS
Title Pages

Key Facts and Statistics 04

Executive Summary 06

Introduction 09

Why does a congressional hearing matter? 12

Background of the Student Protest 14

Peaceful Student Movement 16

Government Response and Violence 18

Awami League has weaponized the Chhatra League to Suppress Student Protest 21

Student Protest to Mass Uprising 22

Crimes Against Humanity on Protesters and Students 24

Escalating Repression: Government Crackdown on Student Protests 31

International and Human Rights Organizations’ Reactions 32

Mass Uprising and Public Solidarity 40

Sheikh Hasina’s Resignation and Exile 41

Post-Resignation Casualties 42

Post-Resignation Attacks on Hindu Minorities 43

Hasina’s Longstanding Human Rights Violations Since 2009 46

The Actions Undertaken by Hasina Regime Constitute Crimes Against Humanity 47

Analysis under the Framework of International Law for Crimes Against Humanity 50

Conclusion and Call to Action 53

Bangladesh Rights Watch 3

 KEY FACTS AND
STATISTICS
July 16-August 4, 2024, Casualties:
Over 650 individuals have been confirmed dead,
while more than 33,000 people have been injured.
Among the injured, at least 6,703 were shot during the
incidents, and 231 sustained eye injuries caused by
bullets and projectiles. Additionally, 702 people have
become disabled as a result of their injuries. The legal
fallout includes over 11,000 legal cases filed, many
related to disappearances, and more than 10,000
arrests have been made during this period of unrest.
The death toll continues to rise every day as some who
sustained bullet injuries are unable to survive.
Post-Resignation Casualties:
Following the fall of Sheikh Hasina’s government on
August 5, 2024, Bangladesh has witnessed a surge
in violence, resulting in a reported death toll of 232
people as of August 7, 2024. These deaths occurred in
the wake of retaliatory attacks, violence, and sabotage
across the country. There are reports of violence against
the members of the Hindu minority, traditionally
aligned with the Awami League. Some reports indicate
that innocent Hindu families were also targeted during
the unrest.
Casualties Among Children:
Between July 16 and August 11, 66 children and
teenagers were among the dead, with 56 shot, 9 burnt
to death, 1 dying from splinter wounds, 39 killed
between July 16-August 4, 2024, and 27 killed between
August 5-11.

4 Bangladesh Rights Watch

Lethal Bullet Wounds:
78% of the analyzed deaths were from lethal bullet wounds
between July 16-August 4, with most victims shot in critical
areas like the head and chest.
Bullet Injuries:
Over 6,703 people were injured, with 239 suffering from bullet
wounds, underscoring the widespread violence.
Curfew and Military Presence:
The imposition of a nationwide curfew and the deployment of
military forces, including the use of vehicles and helicopters
marked with the United Nations insignia, further escalated
fatalities and violence.
Shoot-to-Kill Orders:
The government’s harsh response included orders to shoot
protesters on sight, sparking accusations of severe human
rights violations.
Awami League and Chhatra League Involvement in Armed
Attacks:
Some Awami League members killed were accused of criminal
activities and were targeted in retaliatory attacks. The Chhatra
League, the student wing of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s
Awami League Party, was reported to have used various
weapons, including sticks, rods, and firearms, during violent
attacks on student protesters, leading to significant injuries and
escalations in violence.
Indiscriminate Shooting from Helicopters:
Helicopters were used to fire bullets at protesters in several
areas of Dhaka and Narayanganj, resulting in multiple fatalities
including children and people not among the protestors.
Hasina’s Final Moments in Power:
Even minutes before her resignation, Hasina was determined
to hold onto power using brute force even at the cost of a
bloodshed.

Bangladesh Rights Watch 5

 EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
T
he Bangladesh Rights Watch urgently requests a
congressional hearing to address severe human rights
violations in Bangladesh during the recent political crisis,
which led to the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
on August 5, 2024. Between July 16 and August 4, 2024, over
542 individuals were killed, and more than 33,000 were injured,
including 6,703 people shot and 231 with severe eye injuries.
Additionally, 702 individuals have been disabled as a result of
their injuries, and over 10,000 people have been arrested, many
without just cause. These actions were part of a brutal crackdown
on peaceful protests against a government job quota system,
culminating in allegations of crimes against humanity.

6 Bangladesh Rights Watch

The government imposed curfews, deployed military forces, and gave shoot-
to-kill orders, escalating the violence and triggering retaliatory attacks.
The unrest disproportionately affected vulnerable populations, including
children and members of the Hindu minority. Following Hasina’s resignation,
violence surged, with 232 additional deaths reported by August 7, 2024.
The international community, including human rights organizations, has
condemned these events, calling for investigations into the systematic use
of violence by state forces.
Key incidents include the violent suppression of student-led protests
advocating for reforms to the government’s job quota system, which
disproportionately favored descendants of freedom fighters. The protests,
which started peacefully, were met with excessive force, including live
ammunition, tear gas, and mass arrests. The response to the protests
transformed into a mass uprising, with the government using military force,
shutting down educational institutions, and imposing internet blackouts to
suppress dissent.
These acts, which include extrajudicial killings, torture, and enforced
disappearances, violate international human rights laws, such as the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention
Against Torture (CAT), and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
They also meet the legal definition of crimes against humanity under the
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, given their systematic and
widespread nature.
The United States has previously taken steps to address human rights abuses
in Bangladesh, including sanctions against senior Bangladeshi officials. In
light of these recent developments, we urge the U.S. Congress to convene
a hearing to investigate the violations and to reaffirm its commitment to
promoting human rights and democracy globally.
A congressional hearing would be a critical step in ensuring accountability
for these atrocities and supporting the Bangladeshi people’s aspirations for
justice and democratic governance. The leadership of the U.S. government
in this matter will contribute to global efforts to uphold human rights and
strengthen international peace and stability.

Bangladesh Rights Watch 7

 Request for Urgent
Congressional Hearing on
Human Rights Violations

8 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Students clash with riot police during a protest against a quota system for government jobs,
in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Thursday, July 18, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

Introduction
Between July and August 2024, Bangladesh experienced a severe humanitarian
crisis under the leadership of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, marked by the excessive
use of force against protestors, resulting in widespread human rights violations and
documented crimes against humanity. The crackdown on peaceful student-led protests,
initially aimed at addressing inequalities in the government job sector’s quota system,
rapidly escalated as security forces deployed lethal measures against demonstrators.
The government’s strategy included imposing a nationwide curfew and deploying
military forces, escalating the violence and casualties. Notably, orders were reportedly
given to shoot protesters on sight.

Bangladesh Rights Watch 9

 Students clash over quota system at Jahangir Nagar University at Savar outside Dhaka, Bangladesh,
Monday, July 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Abdul Goni)

Over 542 individuals were confirmed dead and more than 33,000 injured, with thousands
sustaining severe injuries from live ammunition. The government’s directives included
shoot-to-kill orders against protestors, contributing to a dire situation characterized by 231
reported cases of severe eye injuries, 702 individuals left disabled due to the violence, over
11,000 legal cases filed and more than 10,000 arrests. These actions prompted accusations
of severe human rights violations against the Hasina government, highlighting a disturbing
disregard for basic human dignity and international law.
The situation deteriorated further following the resignation of Sheikh Hasina on August 5,
2024, as the country plunged into chaos with 232 additional deaths reported in just two
days amidst retaliatory attacks and continuing unrest. This period underscored the systemic
nature of the violence, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations, including
children and the Hindu minority traditionally aligned with the Awami League.
International bodies, human rights organizations and foreign governments have urgently

10 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Students advocating for quota reform in public service held a ceremony at Dhaka University in memory of
those who died during clashes, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Wednesday, July 17, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

called for investigations into these events, categorizing the actions of the Hasina government
as crimes against humanity. These accusations are grounded in the systematic use of
violence against civilians, including children, with documented cases of indiscriminate
shootings, enforced disappearances, and other forms of severe oppression.
This dark period in Bangladesh’s history reflects not only a profound crisis of governance
but also a critical challenge to the international norms governing human rights and
civilian protection. The response of Hasina’s government to the protests—characterized
by a harsh crackdown on dissent and a blatant disregard for human life—has opened the
administration to international scrutiny and calls for accountability.
As the United States stands as a beacon of democracy and human rights, it is imperative
that our government acts decisively. Over the past 50 years, the United States has
invested over eight billion dollars to improve the lives of Bangladeshis, and Bangladesh
is an important regional partner on economic, climate, humanitarian, and security

Bangladesh Rights Watch 11

 “There are serious and priorities.1 We urge you to spearhead and
credible allegations that the support the call for a congressional hearing to
security forces responded evaluate these developments. Such a hearing
overall to both protests would be instrumental in providing a platform
and subsequent violence for advocating necessary reforms and ensuring
that the international community holds those
with unnecessary and
responsible accountable.
disproportionate force.
The police and paramilitary
forces appear to have
Why does a congressional
frequently used force
indiscriminately against hearing matter?
both peaceful protests as The United States of America has been a
well as those with elements beacon of hope across the world in the fight for
of violence, employing democracy, upholding human rights including
rubber bullets, sound right to protest, peaceful assembly and freedom
grenades and firearms with of expression. What happened in Bangladesh
live lethal ammunition, in recent weeks is a slap in the face of human
including birdshot pellets rights and example of arrogant committal of
crimes against humanity by the prime minister
and bullets. Considering that
Sheikh Hasina and her accomplices who
certain individuals among
intentionally ordered security forces to ‘shoot
the protesters were seen on site’ and to kill peaceful protesters.2 The
typically using sticks, bricks United States previously stood by the people
or similar types of makeshift of Bangladesh and for the restoration of human
weapons, the security forces rights. In 2021, the country imposed human
recurring and persistent use rights sanctions against the Rapid Action
of firearms, including pellet Battalion.3 In 2023, the US Department of State
shotguns, handguns and imposed visa restriction on individuals and
rifles, would have regularly their family members who were responsible for
involved unnecessary and
1 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of South and Central Asian
disproportionate force. Affairs. (2022, July 19). U.S. relations with Bangladesh:
Reports indicate that security Bilateral relations fact sheet. U.S. Department of State.
https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-bangladesh/
forces also used helicopters 2 Alam, J. & Saaliq, S. (2024, July 20). Bangladesh imposes
to fire on protesters, further strict curfew with ‘shoot-on-site’ order following deadly
intensifying the violence.” protest. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/
bangladesh-student-protests-curfew-government-jobs-
UN Office of the High quota-9af35994b4855ffac9bd962861447cda.
Commissioner for Human 3 Riaz, A. (2021, December 16). US sanctions on Bangladesh’s
RAB: What happened? What’s next? Atlantic Council.
Rights, August 16, 2024 https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/us-
sanctions-on-bangladeshs-rab-what-happened-whats-next/.

12 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Students clash with riot police during a protest against a quota system for government jobs, in Dhaka,
Bangladesh, Thursday, July 18, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

or complicit in undermining the democratic election process in Bangladesh.4 In May 2024,

US sanctioned retired army chief Aziz Ahmed.5 Following these actions, it is reported that
some abuses dropped for a period.6
As recent as August 9, 2024, U.S. Representative Lloyd Doggett (D-TX-37) and U.S. Senator
Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) led “a group of colleagues in urging the Biden Administration to
impose targeted sanctions on former senior Bangladeshi officials responsible for violence
against peaceful student protestors”.7
4 United State Department of State. (2023, September 22). Taking steps to impose visa restrictions on individuals involved
in undermining the democratic election processes in Bangladesh [Press release]. Office of the Spokesperson, United
States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/taking-steps-to-impose-visa-restrictions-on-individuals-involved-in-
undermining-the-democratic-election-process-in-bangladesh/.
5 Rizve, S. (2024). US sanctions retired army chief, but it will have little impact. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.
com/2024/05/us-sanctions-retired-bangladeshi-army-chief-but-it-will-have-little-impact/.
6 Hasan, M. (2023). Sanctions help bring accountability in Bangladesh. The Interpreter, Lowy Institute. https://www.
lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/sanctions-help-bring-accountability-bangladesh.
7 United States Congress. (2024, August 9). Doggett, Van Hollen lead members in urging santions on former Bangladeshi

Bangladesh Rights Watch 13

 “As the protests Background of the Student
temporarily paused on 22 Protest
July and the first internet
In Bangladesh, the government job sector
shutdown was gradually was historically governed by a quota system,
lifted, reports began to allocating 56% of positions across various
emerge of targeted actions groups: 30% were reserved for children and
against BNP and JI leaders, grandchildren of freedom fighters, 10% for
activists, student leaders, individuals from each district, 10% for women,
and other individuals. 5% for tribal people (ethnic minorities), and
These actions included 1% for physically challenged individuals. This
system, intended to promote inclusivity, faced
intensified surveillance,
criticism and demands for reform over several
threats, and legal decades, particularly concerning recruitment
measures. Thousands of processes of the Bangladesh Public Service
arrests were reported in Commission (BPSC).8
Dhaka and other parts of The first significant student protests against the
the country, involving joint quota system’s discriminatory aspects occurred
operations by the Rapid in 1997, with subsequent demonstrations in
Action Battalion, police, 2007, 2013 and 2018, particularly at Dhaka
and army. Checkpoints University. Despite these protests, governmental
were established, and response remained minimal until 2018, when
phones were reportedly widespread national protests prompted Prime
Minister Sheikh Hasina to abolish quotas for first
being checked to remove
and second-class government jobs. This decision
evidence of police followed her parliamentary declaration, though
violence. The majority critics argue it was also a reaction to political
of those arrested were pressures, as the Prime Minister, accused of
not presented in court securing power through questionable elections,
within 24 hours, and dismantled the entire system.9
were denied access to officials over human rights violations [Press release]. https://
doggett.house.gov/media/press-releases/doggett-van-
legal representation, hollen-lead-members-urging-sanctions-former-bangladeshi-
while no information of officials.
8 The Daily Star. (2024, July 10). History of the quota system
their whereabouts was in Bangladesh. Star Digital Report, The Daily Star. https://
provided to their families.” www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/history-the-
quota-system-bangladesh-3653326
UN Office of the High 9 Tasmin, E. (2024, July 17). The quota and its constitutional
Commissioner for Human history: how far are demands to reform the quota system
justifiable? Dhaka Tribune. https://www.dhakatribune.com/
Rights, August 16, 2024 opinion/longform/352361/the-quota-and-its-constitutional-
history

14 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Page 15: University students shout slogans during a protest to demand justice for the victims
killed in the recent countrywide deadly clashes and ask for their campuses to be opened, in Dhaka,
Bangladesh, Wednesday, July 31, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

Distribution of Quota System in

30% Public Sector Jobs

44% 10% Children and Grandchildren of Freedom Fighters

District
Women

10% Ethnic Minorities

Physically Challenged
General (Merit-bashed)
5%
1%
Bangladesh Rights Watch 15
 “Bangladesh: Thousands Following the abolition, the Awami League,
of protesters arrested leveraging the historical narrative of the
arbitrarily. Arif Sohel, Rony liberation war for political gain, sought to
reinstate the quota system through judicial
Sheikh, and Sabir Rahman
avenues. This led to the High Court’s June
are three of the more than 5 declaration that the 2018 government
10,000 protesters (students, notification abolishing the quotas was illegal.
members of the opposition In response, students across the nation rallied
as well as bystanders) who once more, forming a peaceful, nationwide
were arrested in July 2024, movement advocating for rational quota
as part of the government’s reforms. This movement, perceived as a direct
challenge to the autocratic tendencies of the
intense crackdown against
current government, garnered support from
protesters. Families of the various sectors, including descendants of
three detained students freedom fighters who aligned with the students’
claim that neither they nor calls for justice and equitable reform.10
their lawyers have been
given access to them, and
they fear that they will be Peaceful Student Movement
subjected to torture and Following the High Court’s decision to uphold
other cruel, inhuman or the quota for freedom fighters in government
degrading treatment or jobs, a widespread and orderly student protest
punishment in custody. movement commenced at Dhaka University. On
July 6, students convened a protest rally in front
The government’s harsh
of the Raju Sculpture, an event marked by the
response has killed more participation of activists from the 2018 quota
than 200 people, including reform movement.11 The unrest spread to other
journalists and bystanders. educational institutions, including Jagannath
The Bangladeshi authorities University and Jahangirnagar University, where
must immediately end the students expressed their discontent across
mass arrests, release all both public and private campuses.
protesters detained solely On July 7, students from various universities
for exercising their human organized a nationwide event known as
rights and ensure the right the ‘Bangla Blockade,’ articulating four key
to fair trial for all detainees.”
10 Id.
Amnesty International, 11 The Business Standard. (2024, June 6). DU students protest
August 02, 2024 high court order on restoration of quota system in govt
jobs. The Business Standard. https://www.tbsnews.net/
bangladesh/education/du-students-protest-high-court-order-
restoration-quota-system-govt-jobs-870846

16 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Students clash over quota system at Jahangir Nagar University at Savar outside Dhaka, Bangladesh, Monday, July 15,
2024. Police have fired tear gas and charged with batons overnight during violent clashes between a pro-government
student body and student protesters, leaving dozens injured at a leading public university outside Bangladesh’s
capital over quota system in government jobs, police and students said Tuesday.(AP Photo/Abdul Goni)

demands centered around the reformation of the quota system. This event saw the blockade
of several major roads in Dhaka, lasting approximately five hours before the protesters
dispersed peacefully by 8 p.m. The following day, the student movement continued with
similar blockades and expanded to include boycotts of classes and examinations at colleges
and universities across the country, including Dhaka. This day also saw the formation of
a coordinated group named ‘Veishamyabirodhi Chhatra Andolan’ (Anti-Discrimination
Students Movement), consisting of 65 members (23 coordinators and 42 co-coordinators),
signaling a structured and unified response to the quota issue.12
In light of these protests, on July 8, five government ministers and state ministers met in
a session chaired by Awami League Secretary General and Road Transport and Bridges
Minister Obaidul Quader. Details of their discussions were not disclosed to the media,
adding to the tensions. 13

12 Daily Sun. (2024, July 10). Quota protesters’ nationwide Bangla Blockade brings commute to a standstill: they demand
quota reform in govt jobs. Daily Sun. https://www.daily-sun.com/post/757088
13 Hasan, A. (2024, July 8). Bangla Blockade: Students in shrouds and chains demand quota reform. Dhaka Tribune. https://
www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/351449/bangla-blockade-students-in-shrouds-and-chains

Bangladesh Rights Watch 17

Students clash over quota system at Jahangir Nagar University at Savar outside Dhaka, Bangladesh, Monday, July 15,
2024. Police have fired tear gas and charged with batons overnight during violent clashes between a pro-government
student body and student protesters, leaving dozens injured at a leading public university outside Bangladesh’s
capital over quota system in government jobs, police and students said Tuesday.(AP Photo/Abdul Goni)

The movement gained further momentum on July 10, when the Appellate Division of the
Supreme Court decided to postpone the High Court’s judgment for four weeks. Despite this
delay, the students vowed to continue their protests, calling for the executive branch’s direct
intervention to address and reform the entire quota system. This ongoing commitment
underscores the students’ determination to seek substantial and fair changes within the
governmental recruitment framework.14

Peaceful Protests and Government Violence

On July 12, students organized another ‘Bangla Blockade’ to advocate for comprehensive
quota reform in all levels of government employment through legislative changes in the
Parliament of Bangladesh.15 During this event, participants overcame a police barricade and

14 Id.
15 The Financial Express. (2024, July 11). Protest march and rally at university campuses nationwide on Friday. The
Financial Express. https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/education/protest-march-and-rally-at-university-campuses-
nationwide-on-friday

18 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Lawyers shout slogans in front of the Dhaka High Court demanding justice for the victims killed in the
recent countrywide deadly clashes, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Wednesday, July 31, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

occupied the Shahbag intersection in the capital city. Unfortunately, this demonstration
was met with violence when police clashed with students from Comilla University, resulting
in at least 15 students sustaining injuries.16
The following day, on July 13, protest marches and rallies were synchronized across university
campuses nationwide at 4 pm, both to demand quota reforms and to condemn the violent
police actions at Comilla University. The situation escalated further when, on July 14, Prime
Minister Sheikh Hasina disparaged the protesting students by labeling them as “Razakar’s
grandchildren,” a term historically associated with collaborators of the Pakistani army
during Bangladesh’s liberation war. This remark deeply offended the student community,
inciting them to chant slogans emphasizing their demands for justice and fairness over the
established quota system.17

16 Corraya, S. (2024, July 12). Dhaka: Students protest against quotas for government posts. Asia News. https://www.
asianews.it/news-en/Dhaka:-student-protests-against-quotas-for-government-posts-61137.html
17 The Daily Star. (2024, July 15). PM’s quota remark: late-night protest rock DU, other universities. The Daily Star. https://
www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pms-quota-remark-late-night-protests-rock-du-other-universities-3657201

Bangladesh Rights Watch 19

 “Authorities resorted The tension intensified on July 15 when
Obaidul Quader, the Minister of Road Transport
to a range of tactics to and Bridges and the General Secretary of the
punitively respond to Awami League, publicly stated that the Chhatra
the student protesters, League (the student wing of the ruling party)
was prepared to counteract the students’“brave
including the unlawful behavior” from the previous Sunday. Following
use of lethal and less- his statement, government-endorsed groups,
lethal weapons in the including the Chhatra League and the mercenary
group known as Lathial Bahini, aggressively
policing of protests in confronted the protesters.18 This government-
Bangladesh, leading sanctioned response aimed to suppress the
to hundreds of deaths. student-led movement with considerable
force, further involving various state forces
Security forces, including like the Police, the Rapid Action Battalion
the Rapid Action (RAB), the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB),
Battalion (RAB), the and Ansar. Such actions catalyzed widespread
condemnation as these entities attempted
Border Guard Bangladesh to forcefully quell the peaceful protests, with
(BGB), as well as the significant public backlash especially following
police, have unlawfully attacks on unarmed students, notably women
at Dhaka University.19
used both lethal and
less lethal weapons In reaction to these assaults, students across
Bangladesh united to boycott the Chhatra
(including 12-gauge League, marking a significant moment of
shotguns loaded with collective resistance against the aggressive
birdshot, 37/38mm tactics employed by government-supported
organizations. This nationwide rejection of the
grenade launchers, AK- Chhatra League underscored the escalating
pattern assault rifles and frustration and determination among students
Chinese type 56-1 assault to continue advocating for their rights in the
face of governmental violence.
rifle) and tear gas against
protesters as verified by
18 The Business Standard. (2024, July 15). BCL ready to strike
Amnesty International.” back on quota protesters’ audacity: Quader. The Business
Standard. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bcl-ready-
Amnesty International, strike-back-quota-protesters-audacity-quader-900046
July 29, 2024 19 Reuters. (2024, July 15). Bangladesh Students clash in job
quota protest, at least 100 injured. Reuters. https://www.
reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-students-clash-
job-quota-protests-least-100-injured-2024-07-15/

20 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Activists play music and sing during a song march to remember victims of the recent countrywide
deadly clashes, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Tuesday, July 30, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

Awami League has weaponized the Chhatra League to

Suppress Student Protest
The Awami League has weaponized the Chhatra League, its student wing, to suppress
dissent during the July-August 2024 student protests in Bangladesh.20 The Chhatra League’s
involvement in the violence became apparent when helmet-wearing members were
seen attacking peaceful protesters at universities across the country. This violence was
reportedly sanctioned by the ruling party’s leadership, particularly following remarks by
Obaidul Quader, the general secretary of the Awami League, who stated that the Chhatra
League would “teach a lesson” to those opposing the quota system.21 On July 15, 2024,

20 The Daily Star. (2024, August 4). Timeline of student protests: 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement. The Daily
Star. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/timeline-student-protests-3668996
21 Ahmed, K. (2024, July 17). Is political violence transforming Awami League? The Daily Star. https://www.thedailystar.
net/opinion/views/news/political-violence-transforming-awami-league-3658401

Bangladesh Rights Watch 21

Chhatra League members, armed with sticks and iron rods, attacked student protesters at
Dhaka University. The violence was not limited to the campus, as Chhatra League activists
even assaulted injured students receiving treatment at Dhaka Medical College Hospital.
This orchestrated violence, which resulted in hundreds of injuries and numerous deaths,
was part of a broader strategy by the ruling Awami League to maintain control by using its
student wing to intimidate and suppress any opposition.22 There are calls by civil societies
to ban Chhatra League as a terrorist organization after the recent incidents.23

Student Protest to Mass Uprising

Abu Sayeed, a 25-year-old student from Begum Rokeya University, was tragically killed
during a clash between police and protesters in Rangpur, Bangladesh. The incident, which
occurred on July 16, 2024, was captured on video and showed police firing directly at Sayed,
who posed no immediate threat to them. Sayed’s death has sparked significant outrage and
widespread protests across the country.24
Faced with escalating student protests, the government resorted to shutting down all
educational institutions, including universities, colleges, schools, and madrasas nationwide
on July 16. In addition to this drastic measure, law enforcement forcibly evacuated students
from campus facilities at major universities such as Dhaka University, Jahangirnagar
University, and Rajshahi University. Students were expelled from campus dormitories and
mess halls, effectively displacing them.
As the student-led protests continued unabated, the government escalated its response
by deploying the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) throughout the country. This response
included open fire on processions involving students and unarmed civilians, leading
to indiscriminate violence. Notably, on this day, Abu Sayeed, a protest coordinator from
Begum Rokeya University, was fatally shot at close range by police. The violence resulted in
the deaths of at least six students across various regions, including Dhaka and Chittagong,
with the involvement of police, the Chhatra League, and the Jubo League—both of which
are affiliated with the ruling party.25
This harsh crackdown did not quell the spirit of the protesters; rather, it ignited a broader
national outcry. The oppressive actions taken by the government transformed the student

22 The Daily Star. (2024, August 4). Timeline of student protests: 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement. The Daily
Star. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/timeline-student-protests-3668996
23 Daily Sun. (2024, August 14). Gono Odhikar Parishad demands ban of Awami League, Chhatra League. Daily Sun.
https://www.daily-sun.com/post/761954
24 Abu Sayed’s Death in Police Firing: Cops’ FIR Runs Counter to Known Facts.” The Daily Star, July 27, 2024. https://www.
thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/abu-sayeds-death-police-firing-cops-fir-runs-counter-known-facts-3662771.
25 Mahmud, F. (2024, July 18). Student protests in Bangladesh over job quotas escalate into violence. Nikkei Asia. https://
asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Society/Student-protests-in-Bangladesh-over-job-quotas-escalate-into-violence

22 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Activists take part in a protest march against Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her government to
demand justice for more than 200 people killed in last month’s violent demonstrations, in Dhaka,
Bangladesh, Friday, Aug. 2, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

protests into a significant mass uprising, marking one of the most substantial movements
in the history of Bangladesh. The general populace joined students in the streets, rallying
against the government’s severe tactics and calling for fundamental changes and
accountability. This mass mobilization reflected a pivotal moment in the nation’s pursuit
of justice and democratic governance, highlighting a collective stand against authoritarian
measures.26

26 Zulfaqar, S., Regan, H., & Capellan, A. (2024, July 21). Bangladesh has erupted over jobs reserved for the children of
freedom fighters. Here is what you need to know. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/19/asia/bangladesh-job-quota-
protests-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html

Bangladesh Rights Watch 23

Crimes Against Humanity on Protesters and Students
During an imposed curfew, the Bangladesh army used military vehicles and helicopters
marked with the United Nations insignia in attempts to suppress the protesters, which
brought the moral legitimacy of the UN under question The UN-marked vehicles are
only allowed to be used in UN-mandated missions.27On the streets, the police, Rapid
Action Battalion (RAB), and Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) escalated their use of force,
firing bullets, rubber bullets, tear shells, and sound grenades from helicopters directly at
protesters. Despite these extreme measures, the widespread public dissent continued to
grow, underscoring the depth of discontent among the populace.28
On July 17, in a poignant response to the violence, students across various campuses held
funeral and coffin processions to honor those killed. Tragically, these memorials were also
marred by violence as government forces and Chhatra League members disrupted the
gatherings. This aggression led students to declare a ‘complete shutdown’ nationwide. That
evening, the Prime Minister addressed the nation but failed to acknowledge or meet the
protesters’ demands. Concurrently, Awami League General Secretary Obaidul Quader urged
party leaders to bolster local resistance against the protests.29
By July 18, in a further clampdown, the government suspended all internet connections,
instituting a communications blackout that plunged the country into informational
darkness. The officially reported death toll was at least 213, with human rights organizations
suggesting figures between 300 to 500. The government’s aggressive actions extended to
the streets, where even wounded protesters seeking medical help were attacked by Chhatra
League, prevented from receiving care, and had their medical records confiscated.30
The nationwide curfew continued, with the military intensifying its presence. Reports
indicated several fatalities due to military actions, including the use of UN-marked vehicles
and helicopters to quell peaceful assemblies. The actions of the government, led by a
Prime Minister widely criticized for authoritarian practices, sparked international outcry
over the apparent crimes against humanity. Despite her claims of protecting students, her
government’s actions spoke otherwise, casting protesters as militants and imposing severe
reprisals against any form of dissent. 31
27 Paul, R., & Patel, S. (2024, July 25). Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained
unrest. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-says-it-forgot-remove-un-logos-vehicles-it-
contained-unrest-2024-07-25/
28 Paul, R., & Patel, S. (2024, July 25). Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest.
Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-says-it-forgot-remove-un-logos-vehicles-it-contained-
unrest-2024-07-25/
29 AFP. (2024, July 18). Students killed in Bangladesh protest mourned. The Manila Times. https://www.manilatimes.
net/2024/07/18/world/americas-emea/students-killed-in-bangladesh-protests-mourned/1958000
30 Stepansky, J., & Mahmud, F. (2024, July 18). Bangladesh quota protest updates: students vow shutdown as 19 killed.
Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/7/18/bangladesh-quota-protests-live-students-vow-shutdown-
as-11-more-killed
31 Paul, R., & Patel, S. (2024, July 25). Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest.

24 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Nasima Khatun comforts her 20-year-old son Salman Hossain, who got shot during last month’s
violent demonstrations, as he recovers at National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic
Rehabilitation Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Friday, Aug. 2, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

The repression resulted in the mass arrest of over 10,000 individuals, predominantly
students, with many detained under harsh conditions, often without just cause or legal
proceedings. The government’s response has been characterized by a disturbing disregard
for basic human rights, prompting widespread domestic and international condemnation.
The severity of the government’s tactics against its citizens highlights a grim reality in
Bangladesh, prompting calls from global entities for restraint and respect for human rights.
As the government tentatively restored internet services, the crackdown’s depth and the
subsequent erasure of evidential records continued to provoke severe backlash both within
and outside Bangladesh.

Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-says-it-forgot-remove-un-logos-vehicles-it-contained-
unrest-2024-07-25/.

Bangladesh Rights Watch 25

The reported casualties from the recent events in Bangladesh include:
Deaths 650+ individuals have lost their lives.1
Injuries 33000+ people have been reported injured.2
Shot 6,703+ individuals have been reported as shot during the incidents, as of
July 29, 2024.3
Eye injuries There have been 231+ cases of eye injuries caused by bullets and other
projectiles, as of July 29, 2024.4
Disability 702+ people have become disabled as a result of their injuries, as of July 29,
2024.5
Legal Cases There have been 11,000+ plus legal cases filed or disappearance in relation
to the incidents.6 286+ cases in Dhaka, about 450,000 accused.7

Arrests: 10,000+ cases of arrests have been made.8

These figures are sourced from Prothom Alo, Shohid.info, and reflect casualties primarily
reported by hospitals. Human rights organizations assert that unofficial numbers are likely
much higher. Key details regarding the widespread violence and excessive use of force
against civilian protesters include:
Lethal Bullet Wounds

22%
Of the 175 deaths analyzed, 78%
1.
had lethal bullet wounds, with most
victims hit in critical areas like the
head and chest. 9
78%

Lethal Bullet Wounds Other Injuries

Figure: 175 deaths analyzed, 78% had lethal bullet wounds

2. The report highlights the use of lethal firearms by law enforcement, despite official claims that miscreants
were responsible. 10

3. The report mentions the treatment of 6,703 injured individuals, with 239 suffering from bullet injuries.11

26 Bangladesh Rights Watch

A medical assistant attends to 40-year-old Mohammad Billal, who got shot during last month’s violent
demonstrations, at National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Hospital in
Dhaka, Bangladesh, Friday, Aug. 2, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

4. The analysis indicates a troubling trend of excessive force used against unarmed protesters, leading to a
high number of casualties.12
5. The nationwide curfew continued, with the military intensifying its presence. Reports indicated several
fatalities due to military actions, including the use of UN-marked vehicles and helicopters to quell
peaceful assemblies.13

6. The government’s response included the imposition of curfews, shutdowns of mobile internet services,
and orders to shoot civilian protesters on sight, leading to severe of human rights violations.14

7. The analysis reveals that many of the Awami League members killed were accused of criminal activities
and retaliatory attacks.15

8. Chhatra League, the student wing of the Awami League, was involved in violent attacks on student
protesters. Protesters were assaulted with weapons such as sticks, guns and other objects, leading to
significant injuries and escalations in violence.16

Bangladesh Rights Watch 27

 People injured during last month’s violent demonstrations recover at National Institute of
Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Friday, Aug. 2, 2024.
(AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

9. A significant portion of the deaths was attributed to the politicization of police forces and the use of
excessive force to suppress the protests.17

10. Even minutes before her resignation, Hasina was determined to hold onto power using brute force even
at the cost of a bloodshed.18

11. Helicopters were used to fire bullets at protesters in several areas of Dhaka and Narayanganj, resulting
in multiple fatalities including children and people not among the protestors.19

12. Between July 16 and August 11, 2024, 66 children and teenagers were among the dead, with 56 shot, 9
burnt to death, 1 dying from splinter wounds, 39 killed between July 16-August 4, and 27 killed between
August 5-11.20

28 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Children and Teenagers Killed Cause of Deaths Among
Children and Teenagers

27%

39%

Lethal Bullet Wounds

Burnt to Death
July 16-August 4, 2024 August 4-11, 2024 Splinter Wounds

Figure 3: Death Among Children and Teenagers Between July 16 and August 11, 2024

13. On August 20, 2024, 17-year-old Hasanatul Islam Fayaz, recently a top performer in
the Dhaka Board SSC exams, was taken into police custody in connection with the
murder of a police officer during a protest in Dhaka. Despite being legally a minor
as evidenced by his birth registration, he was incorrectly listed as 19 in the case files
and given a 7-day remand.32
14. On August 4, 2024, the High Court of Bangladesh dismissed a writ petition seeking
to prohibit direct firing by law enforcement during protests.33
15. On July 22, 2024, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a student leader named Nahid Islam
[currently one of the advisors of the interim government] shared his traumatic
experience of abduction and torture with journalists, including EFE. The abductors,
claiming to be police, interrogated and physically assaulted him, demanding he
cease the protests. 34 In Dhaka, Bangladesh, on July 27, 2024, police forcibly removed
three student protest leaders from a hospital where they were receiving treatment
for injuries. 35

32 Sadi, N. S. (2024, July 27). 17-year-old placed on 7-day remand in police killing case. The Business Standard. https://
www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/17-year-old-placed-7-day-remand-police-killing-case-904761
33 The Report Desk. (2024, August 4). Writ seeking prohibition on direct firing during protests dismissed by HC. The
Report. https://thereport.live/legal/writ-to-prohibit-on-direct-firing-during-protests-dismissed-by-hc/31229
34 Majumder, A. (2024, July 22). Horror in Dhaka: Student leader abducted, tortured over Bangladesh protests. EFE News.
https://efe.com/en/other-news/2024-07-22/horror-in-dhaka-student-leader-abducted-tortured-over-bangladesh-protests/
35 Jones, T. (2024, July 27). Bangladesh: Protest leaders held ‘for their own security’. DW. https://www.dw.com/en/
bangladesh-protest-leaders-held-for-their-own-security/a-69775790

Bangladesh Rights Watch 29

Twenty-five-year-old Mohammad Akash, left, who lost his left leg after getting a bullet in it during last month’s violent
demonstrations, talks to Kawsar Hossain, 29, who also received a bullet wound, at National Institute of Traumatology
and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Friday, Aug. 2, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

16. In Dhaka, nighttime raids and mass detentions by security forces, primarily
targeting students, have instilled a pervasive climate of fear among the youth. The
government’s response has been to conduct widespread arrests, including pulling
students from their homes and even hospitals. This heavy-handed approach has
affected over 3,500 students from Dhaka metropolitan area alone, creating an
atmosphere where being a student became synonymous with potential criminal
suspicion and indiscriminate harassment. The crackdown has been so severe
that students have been forced to hide or misrepresent their identities to avoid
detention.36

36 Marof, M. H. (2024, July 31). Raids, mass arrests and a climate of terror: Student identity sparks concerns of detention in
Bangladesh. The Wire. https://thewire.in/south-asia/raids-mass-arrests-and-a-climate-of-terror-student-identity-sparks-
concerns-of-detention-in-bangladesh

30 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Firefighters douse a fire engulfing a shopping center which was set on fire by protesters during a rally
against Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her government demanding justice for the victims killed in the
recent countrywide deadly clashes, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Sunday, Aug. 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajib Dhar)

17. Sheikh Hasina expressed a strong determination to maintain power until the very
end, even as officials advised against using force due to escalating tensions. Despite
clear indications from the Inspector General of Police (IGP) and other top officials
that the situation was beyond control through force, Hasina resisted stepping down.
It was only after significant persuasion from her family and a direct intervention by
her son, who was abroad, that she agreed to resign.37

Escalating Repression: Government Crackdown on Student Protests

In the wake of a massive crackdown on student protests in Bangladesh, the government
has initiated a series of arrests targeting student leaders and opposition activists. In a show
of abusing legal system, the government has charged with violence a staggering 61000
37 Sultan, T. (2024, August 6). Sheikh Hasina wanted to remain in power by force till the very last moment. Prothom Alo.
Retrieved from https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/jo33itpoxc

Bangladesh Rights Watch 31

 “Further in multiple unidentified people.38 Over 10000 protesters
were detained in those charges.39 Thousands
videos from 18 July, the of protesters were arrested arbitrarily, and they
unconscious body of were denied access to lawyers.40 The detainees
Shykh Aashhabul Yamin, were tortured physically including using
electric shock, and their family members were
a student at the Military psychologically tortured using threats of killing
Institute of Science and and forced disappearance.41
Technology, was seen
on top of an Armoured
International and Human Rights
Personnel Carrier (APC)
Organizations’ Reactions
driving down the
This massive crackdown, and crimes against
Dhaka-Aricha Highway. humanity is documented in national and
In three videos international media and human rights
verified by Amnesty organizations.
International, officers UN Office of the High Commissioner for
can be seen violently Human Rights: The Preliminary Analysis of
Recent Protests and Unrest in Bangladesh report
yanking Yamin’s body (published August 16, 2024, by the UN Office
down off the APC, of the High Commissioner for Human Rights)
causing Yamin’s head provides a detailed overview of the severe
human rights violations that occurred during
to hit the pavement as the protests sparked by the reinstatement of a
his body fell. Eventually
38 Netra News (2024, July 23). Hasina puts on brave face as
other officers can be anxiety grows: with her control under question, Bangladesh
seen dragging his prime minister Sheikh Hasina reassert control. Netra News.
https://netra.news/2024/hasina-puts-on-brave-face-as-
body over the road’s 39
anxiety-grows/.
Ethirajan, A. (2024, August 4). Bangladesh clashes: 90
median barriers, and killed in anti-government protest. BBC. https://www.bbc.
com/news/articles/c8vdd4venj7o.
eventually driving away 40 Amnesty International (2024, July 25). Bangladesh: further
video and photographic analysis confirm police unlawfully
leaving Yamin’s body used lethal and less lethal weapons against protesters.
Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/
on the road.” Amnesty news/2024/07/bangladesh-further-video-and-photographic-

International, July 29, analysis-confirm-police-unlawfully-used-lethal-and-less-

lethal-weapons-against-protesters/.
2024 41 Ahmed, R., & Ellish-Petersen, H. (2024, August 1).
Bangladesh arrests more than 10000 in crackdown on
protest. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/
article/2024/aug/01/bangladesh-arrests-protests-crackdown

32 Bangladesh Rights Watch

government job quota system. Key points of focus include the excessive use of force by
security forces, significant human rights abuses, and potential crimes against humanity.
The report documents credible allegations of security forces using unnecessary and
disproportionate force against both peaceful and violent protests. Law enforcement
personnel, including the police and paramilitary forces, employed live ammunition, rubber
bullets, sound grenades, and birdshot pellets, even when protesters posed no immediate
threat. Security forces were also accused of using helicopters to fire on protesters. This level
of force was reportedly used indiscriminately, resulting in significant casualties, including
the deaths of protesters, bystanders, and journalists. The use of UN-marked vehicles and
helicopters for these actions was also noted, indicating possible violations of international
protocols.
Human rights abuses included extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests and detentions,
enforced disappearances, and torture and ill-treatment of detainees. The report highlights
mass arrests without due process, the denial of legal representation, and the use of torture
on detainees. Security forces also allegedly engaged in block raids and surveillance,
further intensifying the repression of protestors and activists. The imposition of an internet
shutdown severely restricted freedom of expression and assembly, further contributing to
the suppression of basic rights.
The report strongly suggests that the actions undertaken by security forces could constitute
crimes against humanity, as defined by the Rome Statute. The systematic and widespread
use of excessive force, extrajudicial killings, and other severe human rights abuses—such
as torture and enforced disappearances—were targeted at civilian populations, particularly
student protesters. The report emphasizes the need for independent investigations to hold
those responsible accountable and to ensure justice for the victims of these crimes. 42
Amnesty International: On August 02, 2024, Amnesty International report titled,
“Bangladesh: Thousands of protesters arrested arbitrarily” highlights a significant crackdown
on protests in Bangladesh, with over 10,000 protesters, including students and opposition
members, arbitrarily arrested in July 2024. This crackdown also affected bystanders, some of
whom have been detained without access to legal representation or their families, raising
fears of torture or inhumane treatment in custody. The government’s response to the
protests has been severe, resulting in over 200 deaths, including journalists and innocent
bystanders. Amnesty International calls for an immediate halt to mass arrests, the release of
those detained for exercising their rights, and ensuring fair trials for all detainees.43

42 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2024, August 16). Preliminary analysis of recent protests and
unrest in Bangladesh. United Nations. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/preliminary-analysis-
recent-protests-and-unrest-bangladesh
43 Amnesty International. (2024, August 2). Bangladesh: Thousands of protesters arrested arbitrarily. Amnesty International.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/8388/2024/en/

Bangladesh Rights Watch 33

On July 29, 2024, Amnesty International reported under the headline “What is happening at
the quota-reform protests in Bangladesh?” that On July 15, 2024, Dhaka University students
peacefully protested for quota reforms in government jobs when attacked by armed
individuals, reportedly Bangladesh Chhatra League (BCL) members affiliated with the ruling
Awami League. On July 16, police used tear gas and batons on protesters at Begum Rokeya
University, resulting in Abu Sayed’s death from police gunfire, sparking national outrage.
By July 18, 32 protesters had died, escalating to 75 on July 19, with a total of over 200 killed
and 2,500 arrested within ten days. Authorities imposed an internet blackout and deployed
security forces, leading to mass violence, arbitrary arrests, and media suppression.44
Amnesty International has confirmed in the report titled “Bangladesh: Witness testimony,
video and photographic analysis confirm police used unlawful force against protesters” on July
17, 2024 the use of unlawful force by Bangladeshi authorities against unarmed student
protesters during the ‘Bangla-Blockade’ quota-reform protests. Evidence, including witness
testimonies and authenticated videos, indicates that police used excessive force, including
live ammunition, tear gas, rubber bullets, and birdshot, which resulted in at least six deaths
and thousands of injuries over two days. Specific incidents include the killing of 25-year-
old Abu Sayed by police using 12-gauge shotguns loaded with birdshot, deemed unlawful
for protest policing. Protesters were also attacked by members of the Bangladesh Chatra
League (BCL), affiliated with the ruling party, who used rods, sticks, and clubs, leading to
severe injuries like bashed heads, broken hands, and fractured legs. Amnesty International
calls for accountability and adherence to international laws protecting the right to peaceful
assembly.45
Human Rights Watch: On July 22, 2024, The Human Rights Watch report titled “Bangladesh:
Security Forces Target Unarmed Students” details severe human rights violations by
Bangladeshi security forces against student protesters. The government deployed the
army, imposed curfews, and shut down internet services following violent clashes. Over 160
people were reported killed, with fears that the actual number is higher. Protesters were
initially demonstrating against a reinstated job quota favoring war veterans’ descendants.
The government’s response included the use of live ammunition and tear gas, resulting in
numerous deaths and injuries. Journalists were also targeted, and many protesters were
arbitrarily arrested and allegedly tortured. The report calls for international pressure to halt
the excessive use of force and to hold those responsible accountable.46

44 Corea, H., & Erum, N. (2024, July 29). What is happening at the quota reform protest in Bangladesh? Amnesty
International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/what-is-happening-at-the-quota-reform-protests-in-
bangladesh/
45 Amnesty International. (2024, July 17). Bangladesh: witness testimony, video and photographic analysis confirm
police used unlawful force against protesters. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/
bangladesh-witness-testimony-video-and-photographic-analysis-confirm-police-used-unlawful-force-against-protesters/
46 Human Rights Watch. (2024, July 22). Bangladesh: Security forces target unarmed students. International pressure needed
to protect rights with army deployed , internet shutdown. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/22/
bangladesh-security-forces-target-unarmed-students

34 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 An activist waves
Bangladesh flag during a
protest march against Prime
Minister Sheikh Hasina and
her government to demand
justice for the victims killed in
the recent countrywide deadly
clashes, in Dhaka, Bangladesh,
Saturday, Aug. 3, 2024. (AP
Photo/Rajib Dhar)

Bangladesh Rights Watch 35

 “Abu Sayed, a 25-year- DW: On July 19, 2024, DW reports titled “UN
decries ‘shocking’ attacks on Bangladesh student
old student, was killed protests” that The United Nations human rights chief
in the north-western condemned the “shocking and unacceptable” attacks
city of Rangpur. In on student protesters in Bangladesh. Following
weeks of peaceful demonstrations against the
two videos verified by reintroduction of a public sector job quota system,
Amnesty International, Bangladeshi authorities enforced a curfew and
at least two police conducted a violent crackdown, resulting in over
100 deaths and hundreds of injuries. The protests
officers discharge escalated as police and paramilitary units used
12-gauge shotguns excessive force, including live ammunition and
directly towards him tear gas, to disperse unarmed demonstrators.
Eyewitnesses reported severe injuries, including
from across the street. bashed heads and fractured limbs. The situation
Sayed clutches his chest worsened with the government imposing an
on impact as officers fire internet blackout and detaining opposition
leaders and protest organizers. The UN has called
at least two more times. for impartial investigations and accountability for
Amnesty International those responsible for the violence. 47
used satellite imagery to Reuters: The Reuters article “Bangladesh protesters
geolocate the positions call for PM Hasina’s resignation as death toll rises
of Sayed and the police to 91” highlights a severe human rights crisis in
Bangladesh, where widespread violence and
officers and found that state repression have resulted in significant loss
they were at a distance of life and injuries. At least 91 people were killed,
of about 15 metres including protesters, students, and police officers,
during clashes as demonstrators demanded the
during the shooting. resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The
Also, Sayed posed no government’s response has been characterized
apparent physical threat by excessive force, including the use of tear gas
and rubber bullets, and the declaration of an
to the police. Sayed’s indefinite nationwide curfew. Critics, including
death certificate states human rights organizations, have accused the
he was ‘brought dead’ to Hasina government of committing crimes against
humanity by using disproportionate violence to
the hospital.” Amnesty
International, July 17, 47 Deutsche Welle. (2024, July 19). UN decries shocking attacks
on Bangladesh student protests. Deutsche Welle. https://www.
2024 dw.com/en/un-decries-shocking-attacks-on-bangladesh-student-
protests/a-69717260

36 Bangladesh Rights Watch

suppress dissent. The situation escalated to the point where the government shut down
internet services, restricting freedom of communication and access to information. The
violence has led to attacks on hospitals, with reports of civilians, including construction
workers, being shot. The article depicts a country in turmoil, with human rights violations
and state-sponsored violence creating a dire situation for the population.48
The PBS News: This article “Renewed protests in Bangladesh leave nearly 100 dead as military
announces new curfew” covers the intense protests in Bangladesh, where nearly 100 people
were killed and hundreds were injured as demonstrators called for the resignation of Prime
Minister Sheikh Hasina. The unrest began as student-led protests against a government
jobs quota system, but it escalated into nationwide violence, drawing in broader opposition
groups. The government’s response included the imposition of curfews, shutdowns of mobile
internet services, and orders to shoot protesters on sight, leading to accusations of human
rights violations. Many protesters were injured or killed in clashes with the military, police,
and ruling party supporters. The prime minister has been accused of using excessive force and
stifling dissent, raising concerns about abuses of power, suppression of free speech, and crimes
against humanity. Despite Hasina’s offers for dialogue, the opposition and protesters continue
to demand accountability for the deaths and violence that have occurred during her long-
standing rule. The situation highlights the ongoing struggle for political freedom and human
rights in Bangladesh, as the government seeks to maintain control amid growing unrest.49
ABC News: On August 04, 2024, the ABC News reports “Violence in Bangladesh leaves many
people dead, hundreds injured as protests continue” on renewed anti-government protests
in Bangladesh, resulting in nearly 100 deaths and hundreds of injuries. The unrest has
been fueled by opposition to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, with demonstrators calling
for her resignation. The protests, which began as a movement against a quota system for
government jobs, escalated into widespread violence. Hasina has accused the protesters of
sabotage, while the government has responded by imposing curfews, cutting off mobile
internet services, and arresting thousands. Human rights concerns are evident in the
government’s harsh measures, including shoot-on-sight curfews and the use of force against
civilians. The report highlights how protesters have clashed with police and ruling party
supporters, leading to deaths on both sides. Hasina’s administration has been criticized for
its crackdown on dissent, raising fears of further human rights violations in the country as
the government struggles to maintain control.50

48 Paul, R. (2024, August 4). At least 73 killed as clashes rock Bangladesh, curfew imposed. Reuters. https://www.reuters.
com/world/asia-pacific/seven-killed-bangladesh-clashes-protesters-push-pm-resign-2024-08-04/
49 Alam, J. (2024, August 4). Renewed protests in Bangladesh leave nearly 100 dead as military announces new curfew.
PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/renewed-protests-in-bangladesh-leave-nearly-100-dead-as-military-
announces-new-curfew.
50 Aslam, J. (2024, August 4). Violence in Bangladesh leaves many people dead, hundreds injured as protests continue.
ABC. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/violence-bangladesh-leaves-8-people-dead-hundreds-
injured-112551655

Bangladesh Rights Watch 37

Associated Press (AP): On August 04, 2024, the AP report “Renewed anti-government
protests leave nearly 100 dead, hundreds more injured in Bangladesh” highlights the severe
human rights violations and potential crimes against humanity occurring in Bangladesh
during the renewed anti-government protests. Nearly 100 people have been killed, and
hundreds more injured, as the government has responded to calls for Prime Minister Sheikh
Hasina’s resignation with harsh measures. The government’s actions include imposing
indefinite curfews, cutting off mobile internet access, and using excessive force, including
live ammunition, rubber bullets, and tear gas, against protesters. Over 11,000 people have
been arrested, often arbitrarily, and there are fears of mistreatment and abuse in custody.
These measures, including shoot-on-sight curfews and the suppression of communication,
constitute a serious breach of fundamental human rights, particularly the right to peaceful
assembly and free expression. The violent response by the government raises concerns of
state-sponsored repression and abuse of power.51
On July 31, 2024, the AP news article titled, “Bangladesh mourns some 200 deaths as student
protests wind down and thousands are arrested” highlights significant human rights concerns
in Bangladesh, focusing on the government’s excessive use of force in response to student
protests. Initially peaceful, the demonstrations were met with violent crackdowns after
escalating tensions on July 15, 2024. Security forces employed tear gas, rubber bullets, and
live ammunition to suppress the protests, resulting in over 200 deaths and thousands of
injuries. Rights groups have condemned the mass arrests and detention of around 10,000
individuals, claiming that these actions were politically motivated and intended to silence
dissent against the government. Amnesty International described the authorities’ actions
as a “witch hunt” to stifle protestors and perpetuate a climate of fear. The government,
however, defended its actions as necessary for maintaining law and order, insisting that
arrests were based on concrete evidence. These events reflect broader concerns about the
erosion of civil liberties and the suppression of dissent under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s
administration, raising alarm about the excessive use of force and the violation of basic
human rights during political unrest.52
On July 21, 2024, The report highlights the violent and deadly clashes in Bangladesh, where
students have been protesting against a controversial government job quota system. The
protests have resulted in widespread violence, with scores of people killed and many more
injured as the situation escalated. The government’s response, including the use of tear
gas, rubber bullets, and imposing curfews, has been harsh, raising serious concerns about
human rights violations. The government has also shut down the internet and ordered

51 Alam, J. (2024, August 5). Renewed anti-government protests leave nearly 100 dead, hundreds more injured in
Bangladesh. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-hasina-student-protest-quota-violence-1496d647
1792cbc11f39c3bacee813f7
52 Alam, J. (2024, July 31). Bangladesh mourns some 200 deaths as student protests wind down and thousands are
arrested. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-student-protests-hasina-quota-arrests-mourning-e30f
c4d7603edad5acacde1c97efbdc0

38 Bangladesh Rights Watch

people to stay at home, further infringing on the rights to free expression and assembly.
The escalation of violence, with reports of students being beaten, injured, and killed,
points to a grave situation where state forces are potentially committing crimes against
humanity by using excessive force against peaceful protesters. This crackdown on dissent
highlights a severe violation of human rights and the suppression of democratic freedoms
in Bangladesh.53
Aljazeera: On 20 July, 2024, Aljazeera reports under the title “Bangladesh imposes curfew
as death toll from student protests mounts” in Bangladesh, the government has imposed a
nationwide curfew and communication blackout to suppress student-led protests against
government job quotas. Security forces, including the military and police, have been
deployed to patrol the streets. The protests, initially peaceful, escalated due to violent
crackdowns, resulting in over 114 deaths and thousands of injuries. Security forces have
used live ammunition, tear gas, rubber bullets, and birdshot against unarmed protesters,
leading to significant casualties. Hospitals have reported receiving numerous bodies, and
many protestors have been severely injured, with reports of bashed heads, broken hands,
and fractured legs. The curfew and internet shutdown continue, intensifying public anxiety
and unrest.54
The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH): On July 18, 2024, The
International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) reports under the headline “Bangladesh:
Attacks and killings of peaceful student protesters strongly condemned” that The International
Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) and Odhikar have condemned the violent attacks on
peaceful student protesters in Bangladesh, which resulted in 13 deaths and over a thousand
injuries. The protests began on July 1, 2024, against a High Court ruling to reintroduce a
quota system for government jobs, reserving 30% for descendants of 1971 Liberation War
fighters. Law enforcement used excessive force, including firearms, tear gas, stun grenades,
rubber bullets, and shotgun pellets. The Bangladesh Chhatra League (BCL), affiliated with
the ruling party, also attacked protesters. The government blocked mobile internet services
and deployed paramilitary forces in major cities. FIDH and Odhikar call for an independent
investigation into the violence and accountability for those responsible.55
The Diplomat: Bangladeshi netizens and the diaspora have shown significant solidarity
against the recent violent actions of the Bangladeshi government and are demanding
justice. Following the deadly clashes in July 2024, which resulted in over 200 deaths due
to law enforcement actions against student protesters, there has been a strong anti-
53 Associated Press. (2024, July 21). Student violence in Bangladesh has killed scores of people. Associated Press.
https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-violence-photos-cb09f1d5fa111771be8ac919ad2793ff
54 Aljazeera. (2024). Bangladesh imposes curfew as death toll from student protest mounts. Aljazeera. https://www.
aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/20/bangladesh-imposes-shutdown-as-death-toll-from-student-protests-mounts
55 International Federation for Human Rights. (2024, July 18). Bangladesh: attacks and killings of peaceful student
protesters strongly condemned [Statement]. https://www.fidh.org/en/region/asia/bangladesh/bangladesh-attacks-and-
killings-of-peaceful-student-protesters

Bangladesh Rights Watch 39

 “The Bangladeshi government sentiment online. Despite an internet
government has deployed blackout and social media restrictions, people have
the army against student used VPNs to express their outrage. On July 29, the
protesters, imposed shoot- government declared a mourning day for the victims,
on-sight curfew orders, and but many boycotted this, seeing it as insincere.
shut down mobile data and Instead, organizers of the Anti-Discrimination Student
internet services, Human Movement urged people to show their protest by
Rights Watch said today. using red symbols on social media, representing a ‘red
These actions followed card’ to the government’s actions. This online protest
violent protests against saw widespread participation from students, teachers,
excesses by security forces activists, celebrities, and journalists, who changed their
to quell a peaceful student profile pictures and posted images with red cloths,
protest campaign. With symbolizing their dissent and demand for justice. 56
more than 160 people killed,
foreign governments should
immediately call on Prime Mass Uprising and Public Solidarity
Minister Sheikh Hasina and As the protests continued into late July, they received
her administration to end the support from various societal groups, including
use of excessive force against university teachers, guardians, and even segments
protesters and hold troops of the business community. On July 31, teachers and
to account for human rights students held silent processions, while guardians
abuses. ‘Bangladesh has protested the deaths of children, facing police
been troubled for a long time obstructions. This broad-based support indicated
due to unfettered security that the movement was no longer just about student
force abuses against anyone grievances but had become a symbol of the people’s
who opposes the Sheikh demand for justice and democratic governance.57
Hasina government, and we Ordinary citizens, professionals, and people from
are witnessing that same different religious and social backgrounds joined the
playbook again, this time students on the streets, turning the protests into a
to attack unarmed student broader movement for democratic rights and justice.58
protesters,’ said Meenakshi
Ganguly, deputy Asia 56 Rizve, S. (2024, July 31]. A Majority of Bangladeshi Netizens
director at Human Rights Show Red Card to Government’s Mourning Decision. The Diplomat.
Watch. ‘Now is the time for https://thediplomat.com/2024/07/a-majority-of-bangladeshi-netizens-
shows-red-card-to-governments-mourning-decision/]
influential governments to 57 The Daily Star. (2024, August 4). Timeline of student protests:
press Sheikh Hasina to stop 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement. The Daily Star. https://
www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/timeline-student-
her forces from brutalizing protests-3668996
students and other 58 Ghosal, A. (2024, August 12). How a young generation in Bangladesh
protesters.’” Human Rights forced out the leader who ruled for much of their lives. Associated
Press. https://apnews.com/article/sheikh-hasina-bangladesh-students-
Watch, July 22, 2022 gen-z-protests-2723012c6177c2feafd1e81c20c68309

40 Bangladesh Rights Watch

The University Teachers’ Network in Bangladesh proposed a five-point plan for a democratic
transition, calling for the formation of an interim government inclusive of various societal
sectors. This proposal demands Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina hand over power to an interim
government consisting of teachers, judges, lawyers, and civil society members. The move
aims to address the current political turmoil marked by violent clashes and significant loss
of life due to the non-cooperation movement led by Students Against Discrimination (SAD),
which demands the resignation of the government. The Teachers’ Network held a press
conference at the Dhaka Reporters’ Unity, outlining their proposal, which includes forming
a special tribunal to investigate the recent violence, releasing detainees from fabricated
cases, and organizing elections for a constitutional assembly to draft a new democratic
constitution. The network expressed solidarity with the students’ one-point demand for
the government’s immediate resignation, emphasizing the need for a transparent and
accountable interim government to pave the way for a democratic election. Professor
Anu Muhammad, representing the network, stressed that the situation would deteriorate
if the current government remains in power, urging a swift resignation to avoid further
bloodshed. The network believes this transition is crucial for establishing a Bangladesh free
of discrimination and ensuring justice for the victims of the recent violent events.59
The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) has advised all
garment factory owners to close their facilities indefinitely due to safety concerns amidst
ongoing unrest. This decision comes in the wake of violent clashes and protests across the
country, leading to severe disruptions and casualties. The BGMEA’s directive aims to protect
the safety and security of the workers during this volatile period. As the situation remains
uncertain, the garment industry, a crucial sector in Bangladesh’s economy, faces potential
significant losses. This shutdown aligns with broader efforts to handle the crisis, including a
nationwide curfew and the government’s struggle to manage the escalating violence and
political demands from various groups.60
Sheikh Hasina’s Resignation and Exile
The political upheaval in Bangladesh that led to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s resignation
on August 5, 2024, after weeks of deadly anti-government protests. Protesters stormed
her residence in Dhaka, forcing her to flee to India. The unrest, sparked by opposition to a
quota system for government jobs, escalated into violent clashes between demonstrators
and security forces, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. The military intervened, with
Bangladesh’s army chief announcing an interim government and calling for calm.61
59 Prothom Alo. (2024c, August 4). Students against discrimination’s ‘march to Dhaka’ on Monday. Prothom Alo. https://
en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/fhlprn5bxd.
60 UNB. (2024, August 4). BGMEA urges all garment factories to close indefinitely. The Business Standard. https://www.
tbsnews.net/economy/rmg/bgmea-urges-all-garment-factories-close-indefinitely-909886.
61 Yee, I., & Ripon, T. M. (2024, August 6). Bangladesh Prime Minister flees to India as anti-government protesters storm
her residence. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/05/asia/bangladesh-prime-minister-residence-stormed-intl/index.
html; https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/05/bangladesh-prime-minister-hasina-resigns/

Bangladesh Rights Watch 41

 On Monday, protesters stormed Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s residence in
the capital, Dhaka. Photo: KM Asad/ZUMA Press Wire/Shutterstock

Post-Resignation Casualties
Following the fall of Sheikh Hasina’s government on August 5, 2024, Bangladesh has
witnessed a surge in violence, resulting in a reported death toll of 232 people as of August
7, 2024. These deaths occurred in the wake of retaliatory attacks, violence, and sabotage
across the country. The situation remains volatile, with many deaths resulting from clashes
between different political groups and confrontations with law enforcement.62 There are
reports of violence against members of the Hindu minority, traditionally aligned with the
Awami League. In the week following her ouster, at least 200 attacks were recorded against
Hindus and other religious minorities across 52 districts.63 Some reports indicate that
innocent Hindu families were also targeted during the unrest.64

62 Prothom Alo English Desk. (2024, August 8). 232 killed since the fall of government. Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.
com/bangladesh/0ytt2jqr77

63 Pathi, K., Garjon, A. E., & Ganguly, S. (2024, August 13). The violence in Bangladesh after Hasina’s ouster stirs fear
within the country’s Hindu minority. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-violence-hindu-sheikh-
hasina-85fe6619c38e1b07e407441cb054a74e
64 Id.

42 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 A studio in Dhaka was vandalized due to its ownership by a prominent Hindu singer. Photo: BBC.

Post-Resignation Attacks on Hindu Minorities

In the aftermath of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s resignation and departure
following widespread protests, Hindu minorities in Bangladesh have faced targeted attacks.
During this recent unrest, additional reports emerged of mobs attacking 20-25 Hindu homes
in Kishoreganj, looting a gold shop, and causing damage to properties across the country.65In
the week since her departure on August 5, 2024, at least 200 attacks have been reported
against Hindus and other religious minorities across 52 districts, according to the Bangladesh
Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council.66 And 15-20 Hindu temples damaged. Up to 40
people have been injured though not seriously.67However, reports circulated in Indian media

65 Biswas, S., & Sarkar, A. (2024, August 6). ‘There is no law and order. And Hindus are being targeted again’. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy77vgmjlzo
66 Pathi, K., Garjon, A. E., & Ganguly, S. (2024, August 13). The violence in Bangladesh after Hasina’s ouster stirs fear within
the country’s Hindu minority. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-violence-hindu-sheikh-hasina-
85fe6619c38e1b07e407441cb054a74e
67 Paul, R., & Das, K. N. (2024, August 6). Hindu homes, temples targeted in Bangladesh after Hasina ouster, minority group
says. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hindu-homes-temples-targeted-bangladesh-after-hasina-
ouster-minority-group-says-2024-08-06/

Bangladesh Rights Watch 43

 Relatives salvage furniture from a house belonging to a Hindu supporter of Bangladesh’s former
prime minister that was burnt down by a mob, in Botiaghata, Khulna district, Bangladesh,
Sunday, August 11, 2024. Al-emrun Garjon - staff, ASSOCIATED PRESS.

and on social media platforms claimed widespread and targeted violence against Hindus
by Muslims, including claims of a “Hindu genocide.”68For example, a video from Mirror Now
falsely claimed that 24 people were burnt alive, despite only two Hindus being confirmed
killed since Hasina’s resignation: one police officer and one Awami League activist.69Fact-
checkers have debunked many of these claims, stating that most attacks were politically
motivated, targeting members and supporters of Hasina’s Awami League party rather than
being religiously driven.70Although, some of the victims reported during the violence in

68 Rahman, S. A. (2024, August 23). Misinformation about Hindus being targeted in Bangladesh fuels Islamophobia fears.
South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3275603/misinformation-about-hindus-
being-targeted-bangladesh-fuels-islamophobia-fears
69 Mahmud, F., & Sarker, S. (2024, August 8). ‘Islamophobic, alarmist’: How some India outlets covered Bangladesh crisis. Al Jazeera.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/8/islamophobic-alarmist-how-some-india-outlets-covered-bangladesh-crisis
70 Rahman, S. A. (2024, August 23). Misinformation about Hindus being targeted in Bangladesh fuels Islamophobia fears.
South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3275603/misinformation-about-hindus-
being-targeted-bangladesh-fuels-islamophobia-fears

44 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 After Sheikh Hasina’s abrupt resignation and flight abroad ended her autocratic rule, numerous
Hindu families came into the crosshairs of their neighbours © LUIS TATO / AFP

Bangladesh were not affiliated with any political party.71Additionally, among the Hindu
victims, some were participants in the July-August protests that led to the ouster of
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.72These attacks are part of a broader pattern where Hindus,
perceived as supporters of the Awami League, are often targeted when the party loses
power. Despite some Muslim groups protecting Hindu homes, the absence of law and
order has left the Hindu community vulnerable to repeated violence. The attacks have
intensified fears among minorities.73

71 Pathi, K., Garjon, A. E., & Ganguly, S. (2024, August 13). The violence in Bangladesh after Hasina’s ouster stirs fear
within the country’s Hindu minority. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-violence-hindu-
sheikh-hasina-85fe6619c38e1b07e407441cb054a74e
72 Rahman, S. A. (2024, August 28). Fact-checkers question accounts of ‘anti-Hindu’ violence in Bangladesh. VOA News.
https://www.voanews.com/a/fact-checkers-question-accounts-of-anti-hindu-violence-in-bangladesh/7762644.
html
73 Biswas, S., & Sarkar, A. (2024, August 6). ‘There is no law and order. And Hindus are being targeted again’. BBC
News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy77vgmjlzo

Bangladesh Rights Watch 45

 After Sheikh Hasina fled, Muslim communities in some areas began safeguarding Hindu temples.
Photo: BBC.

Hasina’s Longstanding Human Rights Violations Since 2009

Since 2009, over 700 people have been victims of enforced disappearance during the
Sheikh Hasina regime.74 These forced disappearances were committed by the Bangladeshi
security forces. Some of the forcefully disappeared persons were secretly kept in torture cell
Aynaghor (house of mirror) for years.75 Some of the forcefully disappeared individuals were
found killed in India.76
74 Rahman, S. A. (2024, August 8). Bangladesh families of enforced disappearance victims hopeful after Hasina’s
downfall. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3273699/bangladesh-
families-enforced-disappearance-victims-hopeful-after-hasinas-downfall?campaign=3273699&module=perpetual_
scroll_0&pgtype=article.
75 Narayan, P. (2024, August 7). What is Aynaghor, Sheikh Hasina’s house of horrors for political prisoners. India
Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/aynaghar-aynaghor-sheikh-hasina-house-of-mirror-political-prisoners-
bangladesh-protests-pm-forced-disappearances-2578386-2024-08-07.
76 Reuters (2024, May 22). Missing Bangladeshi lawmaker found murdered in India, minister says. Reuters. https://www.
reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/missing-bangladeshi-lawmaker-found-murdered-india-minister-says-2024-05-22/.

46 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 “On 15 July 2024, The Actions Undertaken by Hasina
Regime Constitute Crimes Against
students of Dhaka Humanity
University were sitting
According to the article seven of the Rome
with placards and Statute, crimes against humanity refers to the
flags in a peaceful acts of murder, extermination, enslavement,
protest calling for forcible transfer of population, imprisonment,
torture, enforced disappearance, persecution
reforms on the against any identifiable group or collectivities
quota allocation for among others. The same article articulates when
government jobs in these acts “committed as part of widespread or
systematic attack directed against any civilian
Bangladesh. Suddenly, population with knowledge of the attack” are
they were attacked crimes against humanity.77
by individuals armed Evidence indicates at least a number of these
with rods, sticks and acts have been committed by the recently
ousted Sheikh Hasina government, its law
clubs with a few enforcement apparatuses in collaboration with
even brandishing its political wings Bangladesh Awami League
revolvers. Within and Chattra League’s leaders and supporters.
Most importantly, as the evidence suggest,
hours, a pattern these criminal acts were committed against the
emerged across the civilian population with the knowledge and at
country with similar the direction of the ousted prime minister Sheikh
Hasina to silence the students’ protest so she
attacks coordinated could strengthen her grip on power.
by people believed
l Legal Definition and Context: Crimes
to be members of the against humanity are defined by the Rome
Bangladesh Chatra Statute of the International Criminal Court
League (BCL), a group as acts committed as part of a widespread
or systematic attack directed against
affiliated with the any civilian population, with knowledge
ruling Awami League of the attack. These include murder,
(AL), against student extermination, enslavement, deportation,
imprisonment, torture, rape, and other
protesters.” Amnesty
International, July 77 International Criminal Court (2021). Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court. International Criminal Court.
29, 2024 ISBN No, 92-9227-386-8, ICC-PIOS-LT-01-003/18_Eng.

Bangladesh Rights Watch 47

 “The initial protests in forms of sexual violence of comparable
early July were small but gravity. Notably, these crimes do not require
persistent and met with a connection to armed conflict and can be
occasional violence from committed in times of peace.
pro-government Awami l Government Actions During the Protests:
League (AL) supporters, In the context of the Bangladeshi protests,
namely its student wing the government’s response involved the
Bangladesh Chhatra League use of lethal and non-lethal force against
(BCL). The confrontation demonstrators, many of whom were unarmed
escalated when Prime students protesting peacefully. Reports
Minister Sheikh Hasina indicate that the security forces engaged
equated the protesters to in actions such as shooting, indiscriminate
‘razakars,’ a derogatory term shooting from helicopters, use of tear gas, and
(translated as ‘volunteer’) baton charges, which resulted in numerous
referring to those who deaths and injuries. The use of UN-marked
collaborated with Pakistani armored vehicles and helicopters to suppress
forces to fight against peaceful gatherings further indicates
Bangladesh’s independence a coordinated effort to intimidate and
in the 1971 war. In response, violently quash the protests. Additionally,
the protesters adopted the the massive arbitrary arrests and detention
term as their own, declaring, of thousands of protesters, the suppression
‘We are razakars’ and of protest through internet shutdowns, and
calling the prime minister the targeting of opposition members further
an autocrat. This highly exemplify a systematic attack against the
inflammatory rhetorical civilian population.
shift portended violence.
The AL’s secretary general l Widespread and Systematic Nature: The
said that its student wing scale of the response, involving thousands of
would give the protesters a alleged victims across multiple locations, and
‘fitting response.’ Heeding the reported coordination of these actions,
the call, BCL members, suggest a systematic approach to repressing
the police, and other the protest movement. This aligns with the
government supporters requirement for crimes against humanity that
descended on student the acts be part of a widespread or systematic
protesters, precipitating attack against a civilian population.
clashes on July 17 that killed l State or Organizational Policy The element
at least six people in Dhaka, of a state or organizational policy, as required
Chattogram, and Rangpur.” by international law for crimes against
The United States Institute humanity, appears to be met here. The
of Peace, July 22, 2024

48 Bangladesh Rights Watch

 Protesters wave Bangladesh’s national flag as they celebrate at Shahbag area,
near Dhaka university in Dhaka on August 5, 2024. Photo: AFP.

deployment of the military and the coordination among various security forces
suggest state-level endorsement and orchestration of the crackdown.
l Knowledge and Intent: The deployment of significant military and police
resources, the use of tear gas, and live ammunition against protesters indicate that
these actions were taken with knowledge of the attack on the civilian population.
The actions appear to be part of an orchestrated campaign to enforce government
policy and authority through extreme measures.
l Government Policy: The repeated and coordinated nature of the responses to the
protests suggests these actions were carried out in furtherance of a state policy.
This policy does not need to be explicitly documented as it can be inferred from the
scale and nature of the violence used against the civilian population.

Bangladesh Rights Watch 49

 “Students who set Analysis under the Framework of
International Law for Crimes
out to raise their Against Humanity
voices against The reported human rights abuses in Bangladesh
under the regime of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
a policy from constitute severe violations of international
the governing human rights law, specifically infringing upon
key international covenants and treaties to which
Awami League are Bangladesh is a party.
facing police and i. International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR): Bangladesh ratified the ICCPR
military violence. in 2000, which obligates the state to protect the
They have now fundamental rights to life, liberty, and security
of person (Articles 6 and 9). The repression of
been put under peaceful student protests, resulting in hundreds
curfew and police of deaths and injuries, violates these protections.
The use of disproportionate force, including live
given shoot- ammunition and arbitrary detention of protesters,
breaches Article 21 of the ICCPR, which guarantees
on-sight orders. the right to peaceful assembly.78
Emergency rooms Article 7 of the ICCPR, which prohibits torture
are overwhelmed or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, is
directly violated by reports of torture of detained
as more and more students, including electric shock and other brutal
people have been methods. These acts demonstrate the Bangladeshi
government’s disregard for its obligations under
swept up in the the covenant.79

violence with ii. General Comment No. 36 of the ICCPR (Right

to Life)
around 200 people
General Comment No. 36 is a significant
reported killed and interpretation of Article 6 of the International
thousands more Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),
which deals with the right to life. Adopted by the
injured.” Index on United Nations Human Rights Committee in 2018,

Censorship, July
78 United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and
26, 2024 79
Political Rights.
Id.

50 Bangladesh Rights Watch

General Comment No. 36 provides authoritative guidance on the scope of the right to life,
which is described as the “supreme right” from which no derogation is permitted, even in
times of emergency.
The General Comment emphasizes the state’s obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the
right to life, addressing various issues related to the use of force by law enforcement, arbitrary
killings, and the responsibility of the state to investigate violations of this fundamental
right.80
In the context of Bangladesh’s crackdown on student protests, several key provisions of
General Comment No. 36 are relevant:
State Responsibility to Protect Life (Paragraph 3): General Comment No. 36 emphasizes
that states must take all appropriate measures to protect the lives of individuals from acts of
violence by state agents as well as by private actors. The excessive use of force, including live
ammunition, by security forces in Bangladesh to suppress peaceful protests is a violation of
the state’s duty to protect life. Paragraph 3 explicitly notes that law enforcement officials
must comply with international standards on the use of force, including the Basic Principles
on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials.
Prohibition of Arbitrary Deprivation of Life (Paragraph 7): The right to life must be
protected by law, and no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of their life. Paragraph 7 of the
General Comment specifies that any deprivation of life by state authorities must comply
with strict legal standards, including the principle of necessity and proportionality. The
killing of protesters in Bangladesh by state forces, including instances where unarmed
students were shot, represents an arbitrary deprivation of life, violating Article 6 of the
ICCPR as interpreted by the General Comment.
Use of Lethal Force (Paragraph 12): The General Comment outlines strict limitations
on the use of lethal force by state authorities. Lethal force may only be used when it is
strictly necessary to protect life from an imminent threat. The use of live ammunition
by Bangladeshi forces to disperse protests fails to meet the standards of necessity and
proportionality, as defined in Paragraph 12. This unjustified use of lethal force against non-
violent demonstrators constitutes a violation of the ICCPR.
State Duty to Investigate Violations (Paragraph 27): General Comment No. 36 imposes
an obligation on states to investigate violations of the right to life effectively, promptly, and
impartially. In Bangladesh, the lack of transparent and independent investigations into the
deaths and injuries caused by state forces during the protests indicates a failure to fulfill
this obligation. Paragraph 27 stresses that failure to investigate such incidents can itself

80 United Nations Human Rights Committee. (2018). General Comment No. 36 on Article 6 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: The right to life. CCPR/C/GC/36.

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amount to a violation of Article 6 of the ICCPR.
Accountability for Violations (Paragraph 28): The General Comment underscores that
states must ensure accountability for those responsible for violations of the right to life.
This includes ensuring that perpetrators of unlawful killings are prosecuted and punished,
and that victims’ families are granted effective remedies. In the case of Bangladesh, there
has been a lack of accountability for the actions of security forces, and this undermines the
state’s duty to uphold the right to life under international law.
iii. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearance (ICPPED): Although Bangladesh has not ratified the ICPPED, enforced
disappearances are considered crimes under customary international law. The reported
disappearances of over 700 individuals during Sheikh Hasina’s regime, some of whom
were kept in secret detention facilities like Aynaghor, constitute a violation of fundamental
human rights. These acts align with Article 2 of the ICPPED, which defines enforced
disappearance as an abduction by state authorities followed by a refusal to disclose the fate
or whereabouts of the disappeared individuals.81
iv. Convention Against Torture (CAT)
Bangladesh ratified the CAT in 1998, which categorically prohibits torture (Article 2) and
mandates the punishment of perpetrators (Articles 4 and 12). Reports of government forces
torturing protesters and detainees, including through beatings, electric shocks, and denial
of legal representation, violate the country’s obligations under the CAT. Article 11 of the
CAT requires the state to keep under systematic review the methods of interrogation and
custody, but Bangladesh has failed to ensure the safety and dignity of those detained.82
v. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, is a foundational
document that sets out fundamental human rights to be universally protected. Although
not legally binding, it has heavily influenced international human rights law and serves as
a common standard for nations around the world, including Bangladesh. Several articles of
the UDHR are relevant to the violations reported during the crackdown on student protests
in Bangladesh.83
Article 3: Right to Life, Liberty, and Security of Person The UDHR enshrines the right
of every individual to life, liberty, and security. The reported deaths of over 500 protesters,
as well as the arbitrary arrests of thousands, constitute direct violations of this article.
The state’s failure to protect the right to life and its use of excessive force against civilians
challenge this most fundamental right.
81 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED). (2006). Article 2.
United Nations General Assembly.
82 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). (1984). Articles 2,
4, 11, 12. United Nations General Assembly.
83 United Nations General Assembly. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).

52 Bangladesh Rights Watch

Article 5: Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment The UDHR
prohibits torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. Reports of torture, including the
use of electric shocks on detainees, physical beatings, and threats against family members
of detainees, represent clear violations of this article. The government’s use of torture to
suppress dissent is incompatible with international human rights norms and obligations.
Article 9: Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile Arbitrary arrests, particularly
of students and opposition members, violate Article 9 of the UDHR, which states that no
one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. The mass detentions of protesters,
many of whom were denied legal representation and subjected to inhumane conditions,
further breach this provision.
Article 19: Freedom of Opinion and Expression The government’s efforts to suppress
freedom of expression, including the imposition of internet blackouts and the censorship
of media, violate Article 19 of the UDHR. This article protects the right to hold opinions
without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any
media.
Article 20: Right to Peaceful Assembly and Association The student-led protests were
initially peaceful, making the state’s violent response a violation of Article 20, which
guarantees the right to peaceful assembly. The government’s use of lethal force, curfews,
and the involvement of state-affiliated groups to disrupt protests directly contravenes this
right.
Article 7: Right to Equality Before the Law The targeted nature of the arrests, focusing on
students, protesters, and political opponents, undermines Article 7, which ensures equality
before the law and protection against discrimination. The government’s crackdown reflects an
arbitrary use of power against those exercising their legitimate rights.

Conclusion and Call for Action:

In conclusion, we implore you to take a leading role in convening a congressional hearing
to address the profound human rights crisis in Bangladesh. The documented crimes
against humanity, including the excessive use of force, extrajudicial killings, and enforced
disappearances under the former government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, call for a
robust response from the international community, particularly from a nation committed
to global democratic values like the United States. This hearing would not only serve to
further document these abuses and provide a platform for international accountability
but would also send a strong signal to the world about the U.S. commitment to human
rights and democratic governance. It is an opportunity to support the Bangladeshi people’s
aspirations for a democratic society that upholds the rule of law and human dignity. Your

Bangladesh Rights Watch 53

leadership can help ensure that the egregious violations of human rights are addressed,
and that such violations do not go unchecked. We look forward to your support in this
critical matter, which will undoubtedly contribute to the promotion of peace, stability, and
democracy in Bangladesh and strengthen the global human rights agenda. Thank you for
your consideration and commitment to protecting human rights worldwide.

(Footnotes)
1 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2024, August 16). Preliminary
analysis of recent protests and unrest in Bangladesh. United Nations. https://www.ohchr.
org/en/documents/country-reports/preliminary-analysis-recent-protests-and-unrest-
bangladesh
2 Shohid.info. (2024). Martyrs of the Bangladesh Protests. Shohid.info. Retrieved from
https://shohid.info/?lang=bn
3 Prothom Alo. (2024, July 30). Quota protest deaths: countrywide mourning today.
Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/accident/hlvaclwmd6
4 Id.
5 Id.
6 Shohid.info. (2024). Martyrs of the Bangladesh Protests. Shohid.info. Retrieved from
https://shohid.info/?lang=bn
7 Prothom Alo. (2024, August 17). 66 children, teenagers among killed during anti-
government movement. Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime-
and-law/dhn9ag041u
8 Ahmed, R., & Ellis-Petersen, H. (2024, August 1). Bangladesh arrests more than 10,000
in crackdown on protests. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/
article/2024/aug/01/bangladesh-arrests-protests-crackdown
9 Moral, S., & Hassan, A. (2024, August 3). Quota reform movement: 78pc of killed persons
have lethal bullet wounds. Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/
wzj6sx6gzu
10 Id.
11 Id.
12 Id.

54 Bangladesh Rights Watch

13 Paul, R., & Patel, S. (2024, July 25). Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from
vehicles as it contained unrest. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/
bangladesh-says-it-forgot-remove-un-logos-vehicles-it-contained-unrest-2024-07-25/.
14 Alam, J. (2024, August 4). Renewed protests in Bangladesh leave nearly 100 dead as
military announces new curfew. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/renewed-
protests-in-bangladesh-leave-nearly-100-dead-as-military-announces-new-curfew.
15 Hassan, A. (2024, August 12). 326 killed in 4-6 August. Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.
com/bangladesh/uehg958yy8
16 Ahmed, K. (2024, July 17). Is political violence transforming Awami League? The Daily Star.
https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/political-violence-transforming-
awami-league-3658401
17 Hassan, A. (2024, August 12). 326 killed in 4-6 August. Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.
com/bangladesh/uehg958yy8
18 Sultan, T. (2024, August 6). Sheikh Hasina wanted to remain in power by force till the
very last moment. Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/jo33itpoxc.
19 The Business Standard. (2024, August 15). Who ordered shooting from helicopter?
[News article]. Retrieved from https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/who-ordered-
shooting-helicopter-917596
20 Prothom Alo. (2024, August 17). 66 children, teenagers among killed during anti-
government movement. Prothom Alo. https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime-
and-law/dhn9ag041u

Bangladesh Rights Watch 55

 JUSTICE
AND
SOLIDARITY
FOR BANGLADESH
Request for Urgent Congressional Hearing on Human Rights Violations
July-August 2024