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Core Java for the
Impatient
Third Edition
 Core Java for the
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Third Edition

Cay S. Horstmann

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To Chi—the most patient person in my life.
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author

1 FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAMMING STRUCTURES

1.1 Our First Program
1.1.1 Dissecting the “Hello, World” Program
1.1.2 Compiling and Running a Java Program
1.1.3 Method Calls
1.1.4 JShell
1.2 Primitive Types
1.2.1 Signed Integer Types
1.2.2 Floating-Point Types
1.2.3 The char Type
1.2.4 The boolean Type
1.3 Variables
1.3.1 Variable Declarations
1.3.2 Identifiers
1.3.3 Initialization
1.3.4 Constants
1.4 Arithmetic Operations
1.4.1 Assignment
1.4.2 Basic Arithmetic
1.4.3 Mathematical Methods
1.4.4 Number Type Conversions
 1.4.5 Relational and Logical Operators
1.4.6 Big Numbers
1.5 Strings
1.5.1 Concatenation
1.5.2 Substrings
1.5.3 String Comparison
1.5.4 Converting Between Numbers and
Strings
1.5.5 The String API
1.5.6 Code Points and Code Units
1.5.7 Text Blocks
1.6 Input and Output
1.6.1 Reading Input
1.6.2 Formatted Output
1.7 Control Flow
1.7.1 Branches
1.7.2 Switches
1.7.3 Loops
1.7.4 Breaking and Continuing
1.7.5 Local Variable Scope
1.8 Arrays and Array Lists
1.8.1 Working with Arrays
1.8.2 Array Construction
1.8.3 Array Lists
1.8.4 Wrapper Classes for Primitive Types
1.8.5 The Enhanced for Loop
1.8.6 Copying Arrays and Array Lists
1.8.7 Array Algorithms
1.8.8 Command-Line Arguments
1.8.9 Multidimensional Arrays
 1.9 Functional Decomposition
1.9.1 Declaring and Calling Static Methods
1.9.2 Array Parameters and Return Values
1.9.3 Variable Arguments
Exercises

2 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
2.1 Working with Objects
2.1.1 Accessor and Mutator Methods
2.1.2 Object References
2.2 Implementing Classes
2.2.1 Instance Variables
2.2.2 Method Headers
2.2.3 Method Bodies
2.2.4 Instance Method Invocations
2.2.5 The this Reference
2.2.6 Call by Value
2.3 Object Construction
2.3.1 Implementing Constructors
2.3.2 Overloading
2.3.3 Calling One Constructor from Another
2.3.4 Default Initialization
2.3.5 Instance Variable Initialization
2.3.6 Final Instance Variables
2.3.7 The Constructor with No Arguments
2.4 Records
2.4.1 The Record Concept
2.4.2 Constructors: Canonical, Custom, and
Compact
2.5 Static Variables and Methods
 2.5.1 Static Variables
2.5.2 Static Constants
2.5.3 Static Initialization Blocks
2.5.4 Static Methods
2.5.5 Factory Methods
2.6 Packages
2.6.1 Package Declarations
2.6.2 The jar Command
2.6.3 The Class Path
2.6.4 Package Access
2.6.5 Importing Classes
2.6.6 Static Imports
2.7 Nested Classes
2.7.1 Static Nested Classes
2.7.2 Inner Classes
2.7.3 Special Syntax Rules for Inner Classes
2.8 Documentation Comments
2.8.1 Comment Insertion
2.8.2 Class Comments
2.8.3 Method Comments
2.8.4 Variable Comments
2.8.5 General Comments
2.8.6 Links
2.8.7 Package, Module, and Overview
Comments
2.8.8 Comment Extraction
Exercises

3 INTERFACES AND LAMBDA EXPRESSIONS

3.1 Interfaces
 3.1.1 Using Interfaces
3.1.2 Declaring an Interface
3.1.3 Implementing an Interface
3.1.4 Converting to an Interface Type
3.1.5 Casts and the instanceof Operator
3.1.6 The “Pattern-Matching” Form of
instanceof
3.1.7 Extending Interfaces
3.1.8 Implementing Multiple Interfaces
3.1.9 Constants
3.2 Static, Default, and Private Methods
3.2.1 Static Methods
3.2.2 Default Methods
3.2.3 Resolving Default Method Conflicts
3.2.4 Private Methods
3.3 Examples of Interfaces
3.3.1 The Comparable Interface
3.3.2 The Comparator Interface
3.3.3 The Runnable Interface
3.3.4 User Interface Callbacks
3.4 Lambda Expressions
3.4.1 The Syntax of Lambda Expressions
3.4.2 Functional Interfaces
3.5 Method and Constructor References
3.5.1 Method References
3.5.2 Constructor References
3.6 Processing Lambda Expressions
3.6.1 Implementing Deferred Execution
3.6.2 Choosing a Functional Interface
 3.6.3 Implementing Your Own Functional
Interfaces
3.7 Lambda Expressions and Variable Scope
3.7.1 Scope of a Lambda Expression
3.7.2 Accessing Variables from the Enclosing
Scope
3.8 Higher-Order Functions
3.8.1 Methods that Return Functions
3.8.2 Methods That Modify Functions
3.8.3 Comparator Methods
3.9 Local and Anonymous Classes
3.9.1 Local Classes
3.9.2 Anonymous Classes
Exercises

4 INHERITANCE AND REFLECTION

4.1 Extending a Class
4.1.1 Super- and Subclasses
4.1.2 Defining and Inheriting Subclass
Methods
4.1.3 Method Overriding
4.1.4 Subclass Construction
4.1.5 Superclass Assignments
4.1.6 Casts
4.1.7 Anonymous Subclasses
4.1.8 Method Expressions with super
4.2 Inheritance Hierarchies
4.2.1 Final Methods and Classes
4.2.2 Abstract Methods and Classes
4.2.3 Protected Access
 4.2.4 Sealed Types
4.2.5 Inheritance and Default Methods
4.3 Object: The Cosmic Superclass
4.3.1 The toString Method
4.3.2 The equals Method
4.3.3 The hashCode Method
4.3.4 Cloning Objects
4.4 Enumerations
4.4.1 Methods of Enumerations
4.4.2 Constructors, Methods, and Fields
4.4.3 Bodies of Instances
4.4.4 Static Members
4.4.5 Switching on an Enumeration
4.5 Runtime Type Information and Resources
4.5.1 The Class Class
4.5.2 Loading Resources
4.5.3 Class Loaders
4.5.4 The Context Class Loader
4.5.5 Service Loaders
4.6 Reflection
4.6.1 Enumerating Class Members
4.6.2 Inspecting Objects
4.6.3 Invoking Methods
4.6.4 Constructing Objects
4.6.5 JavaBeans
4.6.6 Working with Arrays
4.6.7 Proxies
Exercises

5 EXCEPTIONS, ASSERTIONS, AND LOGGING

 5.1 Exception Handling
5.1.1 Throwing Exceptions
5.1.2 The Exception Hierarchy
5.1.3 Declaring Checked Exceptions
5.1.4 Catching Exceptions
5.1.5 The Try-with-Resources Statement
5.1.6 The finally Clause
5.1.7 Rethrowing and Chaining Exceptions
5.1.8 Uncaught Exceptions and the Stack
Trace
5.1.9 API Methods for Throwing Exceptions
5.2 Assertions
5.2.1 Using Assertions
5.2.2 Enabling and Disabling Assertions
5.3 Logging
5.3.1 Should You Use the Java Logging
Framework?
5.3.2 Logging 101
5.3.3 The Platform Logging API
5.3.4 Logging Configuration
5.3.5 Log Handlers
5.3.6 Filters and Formatters
Exercises

6 GENERIC PROGRAMMING
6.1 Generic Classes
6.2 Generic Methods
6.3 Type Bounds
6.4 Type Variance and Wildcards
6.4.1 Subtype Wildcards
 6.4.2 Supertype Wildcards
6.4.3 Wildcards with Type Variables
6.4.4 Unbounded Wildcards
6.4.5 Wildcard Capture
6.5 Generics in the Java Virtual Machine
6.5.1 Type Erasure
6.5.2 Cast Insertion
6.5.3 Bridge Methods
6.6 Restrictions on Generics
6.6.1 No Primitive Type Arguments
6.6.2 At Runtime, All Types Are Raw
6.6.3 You Cannot Instantiate Type Variables
6.6.4 You Cannot Construct Arrays of
Parameterized Types
6.6.5 Class Type Variables Are Not Valid in
Static Contexts
6.6.6 Methods May Not Clash after Erasure
6.6.7 Exceptions and Generics
6.7 Reflection and Generics
6.7.1 The Class<T> Class
6.7.2 Generic Type Information in the Virtual
Machine
Exercises

7 COLLECTIONS
7.1 An Overview of the Collections Framework
7.2 Iterators
7.3 Sets
7.4 Maps
7.5 Other Collections
 7.5.1 Properties
7.5.2 Bit Sets
7.5.3 Enumeration Sets and Maps
7.5.4 Stacks, Queues, Deques, and Priority
Queues
7.5.5 Weak Hash Maps
7.6 Views
7.6.1 Small Collections
7.6.2 Ranges
7.6.3 Unmodifiable Views
Exercises

8 STREAMS
8.1 From Iterating to Stream Operations
8.2 Stream Creation
8.3 The filter, map, and flatMap Methods
8.4 Extracting Substreams and Combining
Streams
8.5 Other Stream Transformations
8.6 Simple Reductions
8.7 The Optional Type
8.7.1 Producing an Alternative
8.7.2 Consuming the Value If Present
8.7.3 Pipelining Optional Values
8.7.4 How Not to Work with Optional Values
8.7.5 Creating Optional Values
8.7.6 Composing Optional Value Functions
with flatMap
8.7.7 Turning an Optional into a Stream
8.8 Collecting Results
 8.9 Collecting into Maps
8.10 Grouping and Partitioning
8.11 Downstream Collectors
8.12 Reduction Operations
8.13 Primitive Type Streams
8.14 Parallel Streams
Exercises

9 PROCESSING INPUT AND OUTPUT

9.1 Input/Output Streams, Readers, and Writers
9.1.1 Obtaining Streams
9.1.2 Reading Bytes
9.1.3 Writing Bytes
9.1.4 Character Encodings
9.1.5 Text Input
9.1.6 Text Output
9.1.7 Reading and Writing Binary Data
9.1.8 Random-Access Files
9.1.9 Memory-Mapped Files
9.1.10 File Locking
9.2 Paths, Files, and Directories
9.2.1 Paths
9.2.2 Creating Files and Directories
9.2.3 Copying, Moving, and Deleting Files
9.2.4 Visiting Directory Entries
9.2.5 ZIP File Systems
9.3 HTTP Connections
9.3.1 The URLConnection and HttpURLConnection
Classes
9.3.2 The HTTP Client API
 9.4 Regular Expressions
9.4.1 The Regular Expression Syntax
9.4.2 Testing a Match
9.4.3 Finding All Matches
9.4.4 Groups
9.4.5 Splitting along Delimiters
9.4.6 Replacing Matches
9.4.7 Flags
9.5 Serialization
9.5.1 The Serializable Interface
9.5.2 Transient Instance Variables
9.5.3 The readObject and writeObject Methods
9.5.4 The readExternal and writeExternal
Methods
9.5.5 The readResolve and writeReplace
Methods
9.5.6 Versioning
9.5.7 Deserialization and Security
Exercises
10 CONCURRENT PROGRAMMING
10.1 Concurrent Tasks
10.1.1 Running Tasks
10.1.2 Futures
10.2 Asynchronous Computations
10.2.1 Completable Futures
10.2.2 Composing Completable Futures
10.2.3 Long-Running Tasks in User-Interface
Callbacks
10.3 Thread Safety
10.3.1 Visibility
 10.3.2 Race Conditions
10.3.3 Strategies for Safe Concurrency
10.3.4 Immutable Classes
10.4 Parallel Algorithms
10.4.1 Parallel Streams
10.4.2 Parallel Array Operations
10.5 Threadsafe Data Structures
10.5.1 Concurrent Hash Maps
10.5.2 Blocking Queues
10.5.3 Other Threadsafe Data Structures
10.6 Atomic Counters and Accumulators
10.7 Locks and Conditions
10.7.1 Locks
10.7.2 The synchronized Keyword
10.7.3 Waiting on Conditions
10.8 Threads
10.8.1 Starting a Thread
10.8.2 Thread Interruption
10.8.3 Thread-Local Variables
10.8.4 Miscellaneous Thread Properties
10.9 Processes
10.9.1 Building a Process
10.9.2 Running a Process
10.9.3 Process Handles
Exercises
11 ANNOTATIONS
11.1 Using Annotations
11.1.1 Annotation Elements
11.1.2 Multiple and Repeated Annotations
 11.1.3 Annotating Declarations
11.1.4 Annotating Type Uses
11.1.5 Making Receivers Explicit
11.2 Defining Annotations
11.3 Standard Annotations
11.3.1 Annotations for Compilation
11.3.2 Meta-Annotations
11.4 Processing Annotations at Runtime
11.5 Source-Level Annotation Processing
11.5.1 Annotation Processors
11.5.2 The Language Model API
11.5.3 Using Annotations to Generate
Source Code
Exercises
12 THE DATE AND TIME API
12.1 The Time Line
12.2 Local Dates
12.3 Date Adjusters
12.4 Local Time
12.5 Zoned Time
12.6 Formatting and Parsing
12.7 Interoperating with Legacy Code
Exercises
13 INTERNATIONALIZATION
13.1 Locales
13.1.1 Specifying a Locale
13.1.2 The Default Locale
13.1.3 Display Names
13.2 Number Formats
 13.3 Currencies
13.4 Date and Time Formatting
13.5 Collation and Normalization
13.6 Message Formatting
13.7 Resource Bundles
13.7.1 Organizing Resource Bundles
13.7.2 Bundle Classes
13.8 Character Encodings
13.9 Preferences
Exercises
14 COMPILING AND SCRIPTING
14.1 The Compiler API
14.1.1 Invoking the Compiler
14.1.2 Launching a Compilation Task
14.1.3 Capturing Diagnostics
14.1.4 Reading Source Files from Memory
14.1.5 Writing Byte Codes to Memory
14.2 The Scripting API
14.2.1 Getting a Scripting Engine
14.2.2 Evaluating Scripts
14.2.3 Bindings
14.2.4 Redirecting Input and Output
14.2.5 Calling Scripting Functions and
Methods
14.2.6 Compiling a Script
Exercises
15 THE JAVA PLATFORM MODULE SYSTEM
15.1 The Module Concept
15.2 Naming Modules
 15.3 The Modular “Hello, World!” Program
15.4 Requiring Modules
15.5 Exporting Packages
15.6 Modules and Reflective Access
15.7 Modular JARs
15.8 Automatic Modules
15.9 The Unnamed Module
15.10 Command-Line Flags for Migration
15.11 Transitive and Static Requirements
15.12 Qualified Exporting and Opening
15.13 Service Loading
15.14 Tools for Working with Modules
Exercises

Index
Preface
Java has seen many changes since its initial release in 1996.
The classic book, Core Java, covers, in meticulous detail, not
just the language but all core libraries and a multitude of
changes between versions, spanning two volumes and over
2,000 pages. However, if you just want to be productive
with modern Java, there is a much faster, easier pathway for
learning the language and core libraries. In this book, I don’t
retrace history and don’t dwell on features of past versions.
I show you the good parts of Java as it exists today, so you
can put your knowledge to work quickly.
As with my previous “Impatient” books, I quickly cut to the
chase, showing you what you need to know to solve a
programming problem without lecturing about the
superiority of one paradigm over another. I also present the
information in small chunks, organized so that you can
quickly retrieve it when needed.
Assuming you are proficient in some other programming
language, such as C++, JavaScript, Swift, PHP, or Ruby, with
this book you will learn how to become a competent Java
programmer. I cover all aspects of Java that a developer
needs to know today, including the powerful concepts of
lambda expressions and streams, as well as modern
constructs such as records and sealed classes.
A key reason to use Java is to tackle concurrent
programming. With parallel algorithms and threadsafe data
structures readily available in the Java library, the way
application programmers should handle concurrent
programming has completely changed. I provide fresh
coverage, showing you how to use the powerful library
features instead of error-prone low-level constructs.
Traditionally, books on Java have focused on user interface
programming, but nowadays, few developers produce user
interfaces on desktop computers. If you intend to use Java
for server-side programming or Android programming, you
will be able to use this book effectively without being
distracted by desktop GUI code.
Finally, this book is written for application programmers, not
for a college course and not for systems wizards. The book
covers issues that application programmers need to wrestle
with, such as logging and working with files, but you won’t
learn how to implement a linked list by hand or how to write
a web server.
I hope you enjoy this rapid-fire introduction into modern
Java, and I hope it will make your work with Java productive
and enjoyable.
If you find errors or have suggestions for improvement,
please visit http://horstmann.com/javaimpatient, head for the
errata page, and leave a comment. Be sure to visit that site
to download the runnable code examples that complement
this book.

Register your copy of Core Java for the Impatient, Third

Edition, on the InformIT site for convenient access to
updates and/or corrections as they become available. To
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informit.com/register and log in or create an account.
Enter the product ISBN (9780138052102) and click
Submit. Look on the Registered Products tab for an
Access Bonus Content link next to this product, and
follow that link to access any available bonus materials.
If you would like to be notified of exclusive offers on
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Acknowledgments
My thanks go, as always, to my editor Greg Doench, who
enthusiastically supported the vision of a short book that
gives a fresh introduction to Java. Dmitry Kirsanov and Alina
Kirsanova once again turned an XHTML manuscript into an
attractive book with amazing speed and attention to detail.
My special gratitude goes to the excellent team of reviewers
for all editions who spotted many errors and gave thoughtful
suggestions for improvement. They are: Andres Almiray,
Gail Anderson, Paul Anderson, Marcus Biel, Brian Goetz,
Mark Lawrence, Doug Lea, Simon Ritter, Yoshiki Shibata, and
Christian Ullenboom.

Cay Horstmann
Berlin
August 2022
About the Author
Cay S. Horstmann is the author of JavaScript for the
Impatient and Scala for the Impatient (both from Addison-
Wesley), is principal author of Core Java, Volumes I and II,
Twelfth Edition (Pearson, 2022), and has written a dozen
other books for professional programmers and computer
science students. He is professor emeritus of computer
science at San Jose State University and is a Java Champion.
Chapter 1

Fundamental
Programming Structures

Topics in This Chapter

1.1 Our First Program

1.2 Primitive Types
1.3 Variables
1.4 Arithmetic Operations
1.5 Strings
1.6 Input and Output
1.7 Control Flow
1.8 Arrays and Array Lists
1.9 Functional Decomposition
Exercises

In this chapter, you will learn about the basic data types and
control structures of the Java language. I assume that you
are an experienced programmer in some other language
and that you are familiar with concepts such as variables,
loops, function calls, and arrays, but perhaps with a different
 syntax. This chapter will get you up to speed on the Java
way. I will also give you some tips on the most useful parts
of the Java API for manipulating common data types.
The key points of this chapter are:

1. In Java, all methods are declared in a class. You invoke a

non-static method on an object of the class to which the
method belongs.
2. Static methods are not invoked on objects. Program
execution starts with the static main method.
3. Java has eight primitive types: four signed integral types,
two floating-point types, char, and boolean.
4. The Java operators and control structures are very similar
to those of C or JavaScript.
5. There are four forms of switch: expressions and
statements with and without fall-through.
6. The Math class provides common mathematical functions.
7. String objects are sequences of characters or, more
precisely, Unicode code points in the UTF-16 encoding.
8. Use the “text box” syntax to declare multiline string
literals.
9. With the System.out object, you can display output in a
terminal window. A Scanner tied to System.in lets you read
terminal input.
10. Arrays and collections can be used to collect elements of
the same type.

1.1 Our First Program

When learning any new programming language, it is
traditional to start with a program that displays the
message “Hello, World!”. That is what we will do in the
following sections.

1.1.1 Dissecting the “Hello, World”

Program
Without further ado, here is the “Hello, World” program in
Java:
Click here to view code image
package ch01.sec01;

// Our first Java program

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

Let’s examine this program:

Java is an object-oriented language. In your program,
you manipulate (mostly) objects by having them do
work. Each object that you manipulate belongs to a
specific class, and we say that the object is an instance
of that class. A class defines what an object’s state can
be and what it can do. In Java, all code is defined inside
classes. We will look at objects and classes in detail in
Chapter 2. This program is made up of a single class
HelloWorld.

main is a method, that is, a function declared inside a

class. The main method is the first method that is called
when the program runs. It is declared as static to
indicate that the method does not operate on any
objects. (When main gets called, there are only a handful
of predefined objects, and none of them are instances of
 the HelloWorld class.) The method is declared as void to
indicate that it does not return any value. See Section
1.8.8, “Command-Line Arguments” (page 52) for the
meaning of the parameter declaration String[] args.
In Java, you can declare many features as public or
private, and there are a couple of other visibility levels
as well. Here, we declare the HelloWorld class and the
main method as public, which is the most common
arrangement for classes and methods.
A package is a set of related classes. It is a good idea to
place each class in a package so you can group related
classes together and avoid conflicts when multiple
classes have the same name. In this book, we’ll use
chapter and section numbers as package names. The full
name of our class is ch01.sec01.HelloWorld. Chapter 2 has
more to say about packages and package naming
conventions.
The line starting with // is a comment. All characters
between // and the end of the line are ignored by the
compiler and are meant for human readers only.
Finally, we come to the body of the main method. In our
example, it consists of a single line with a command to
print a message to System.out, an object representing
the “standard output” of the Java program.
As you can see, Java is not a scripting language that can be
used to quickly dash off a few commands. It is squarely
intended as a language for larger programs that benefit
from being organized into classes, packages, and modules.
(Modules are introduced in Chapter 15.)
Java is also quite simple and uniform. Some languages have
global variables and functions as well as variables and
methods inside classes. In Java, everything is declared
inside a class. This uniformity can lead to somewhat
verbose code, but it makes it easy to understand the
meaning of a program.

Note
You have just seen a // comment that extends to the
end of the line. You can also have multiline comments
between /* and */ delimiters, such as
Click here to view code image
/*
This is the first sample program in Core Java
for the Impatient.
The program displays the traditional greeting
"Hello, World!".
*/

There is a third comment style, called documentation

comment, with /** and */ as delimiters, that you will
see in the next chapter.

1.1.2 Compiling and Running a Java

Program
To compile and run this program, you need to install the
Java Development Kit (JDK) and, optionally, an integrated
development environment (IDE). You should also download
the sample code, which you will find at the companion
website for this book, http://horstmann.com/javaimpatient.
Since instructions for installing software don’t make for
interesting reading, I put them on the companion website as
well.
Once you have installed the JDK, open a terminal window,
change to the directory containing the ch01 directory, and
run the commands
Click here to view code image
javac ch01/sec01/HelloWorld.java
java ch01.sec01.HelloWorld

The familiar greeting will appear in the terminal window

(see Figure 1-1).
Note that two steps were involved to execute the program.
The javac command compiles the Java source code into an
intermediate machine-independent representation, called
byte codes, and saves them in class files. The java
command launches a virtual machine that loads the class
files and executes the byte codes.
Once compiled, byte codes can run on any Java virtual
machine, whether on your desktop computer or on a device
in a galaxy far, far away. The promise of “write once, run
anywhere” was an important design criterion for Java.
Figure 1-1 Running a Java program in a terminal window

Note
The javac compiler is invoked with the name of a file,
with slashes separating the path segments, and an
extension .java. The java virtual machine launcher is
invoked with the name of a class, with dots separating
the package segments, and no extension.
 Note
If your program consists of a single source file, then
you can skip the compilation step and run the program
with the command
Click here to view code image
java ch01/sec01/HelloWorld.java

Behind the scenes, the program is compiled before it

runs, but no class files are produced.

Note
On Unix-like operating systems, you can turn a Java
file into an executable program by following these
steps:

1. Rename the file so that it doesn’t have extension

.java:
mv HelloWorld.java hello

2. Make the file executable:

chmod +x hello

3. Add a “shebang” line at the top of the file:

Click here to view code image
#!/path/to/jdk/bin/java --source 17

Now you can run the program as

./hello
To run the program in an IDE, you need to first make a
project, as described in the installation instructions. Then,
select the HelloWorld class and tell the IDE to run it. Figure 1-
2 shows how this looks in Eclipse. Eclipse is a popular IDE,
but there are many other excellent choices. As you get more
comfortable with Java programming, you should try out a
few and pick one that you like.
Figure 1-2 Running a Java program inside the Eclipse
IDE

Congratulations! You have just followed the time-honored

ritual of running the “Hello, World!” program in Java. Now
we are ready to examine the basics of the Java language.

Tip
At http://horstmann.com/javaimpatient, you can
download the sample code for all chapters of this book
that presents the book’s code snippets in context. The
code is organized so that you can make a single
project that holds all the example programs. I
encourage you to download, run, and study the code
as you follow along with the book content.

1.1.3 Method Calls

Let us have a closer look at the single statement of the main
method:
Click here to view code image
System.out.println("Hello, World!");

System.out is an object. It is an instance of a class called

PrintStream. The PrintStream class has methods println,
print, and so on. These methods are called instance
methods because they operate on objects, or instances, of
the class.
To invoke an instance method on an object, you use the dot
notation
object.methodName(arguments)
In this case, there is just one argument, the string "Hello,
World!".

Let’s try it with another example. Strings such as "Hello,

World!" are instances of the String class. The String class
has a method length that returns the length of a String
object. To call the method, you again use the dot notation:
"Hello, World!".length()

The length method is invoked on the object "Hello, World!",

and it has no arguments. Unlike the println method, the
length method returns a result. One way of using that result
is to print it:
Click here to view code image
System.out.println("Hello, World!".length());

Give it a try. Make a Java program with this statement and

run it to see how long the string is.
In Java, you need to construct most objects (unlike the
System.out and "Hello, World!" objects, which are already
there, ready for you to use). Here is a simple example.
An object of the Random class can generate random numbers.
You construct a Random object with the new operator:
new Random()

After the class name is the list of construction arguments,

which is empty in this example.
You can call a method on the constructed object. The call
new Random().nextInt()

yields the next integer that the newly constructed random

number generator has to offer.
If you want to invoke more than one method on an object,
store it in a variable (see Section 1.3, “Variables,” page 14).
Here we print two random numbers:
Click here to view code image
Random generator = new Random();
System.out.println(generator.nextInt());
System.out.println(generator.nextInt());

Note
The Random class is declared in the java.util package.
To use it in your program, add an import statement,
like this:
package ch01.sec01;

import java.util.Random;

public class MethodDemo {

...
}

We will look at packages and the import statement in

more detail in Chapter 2.

1.1.4 JShell
In Section 1.1.2, “Compiling and Running a Java Program”
(page 4), you saw how to compile and run a Java program.
The JShell program provides a “read-evaluate-print loop”
(REPL) that allows you to experiment with Java code without
compiling and running a program. When you type a Java
expression, JShell evaluates your input, prints the result,
and waits for your next input. To start JShell, simply type
jshell in a terminal window (Figure 1-3).
Figure 1-3 Running JShell
JShell starts with a greeting, followed by a prompt:
Click here to view code image
| Welcome to JShell -- Version 17
| For an introduction type: /help intro

jshell>
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Herodes, 438
Hierosolymarius, 136
Hilarus, freedman of Cicero, 30
Hipparchus, 124
Hirrus, see Lucilius Hirrus
Hispania, 296, 362
Hortalus, cognomen of Hortensius, 194, 306;
cf. Hortensius
Hortensiana, 288
Hortensius (Q.), orator, 34, 44, 48, 50, 52, 114, 210, 340, 356, 366,
380, 428, 470
Hortensius (Q.), son of the orator, 462
Hypsaeus, see Plautius Hypsaeus

Ialysus, 176
Iconium, 388, 400
Idaeus pastor, 78
Ilium, 206
Interamna, 104
Interamnates, 308
Iphicrates, 114
Isauricum forum, 404
Isocrates, 100, 426
Issus, 390
Italia, 42, 86, 152, 174, 196, 202, 222, 230, 260, 280
Iulia lex, 162, 358, 402, 474
Iulius Caesar (C.), dictator, 4, 30, 34, 74, 106, 110, 116, 13O, 142, 154,
162, 166, 178, 188, 190, 236, 304, 308, 310, 312, 316, 318, 320,
 330, 332, 342, 348, 350, 360, 362, 368, 370, 394, 396, 400, 438,
440, 472, 482
Iulius Caesar (L.), consul 64 B.C., 2, 8, 324
Iulius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (C.), 412
Iunia lex, 136, 316
Iunius Brutus (M.), 190, 380, 384, 403, 408, 410, 412, 414, 416, 418,
420, 422, 442, 448, 450, 452, 456, 458, 460
Iunius Silanus (D.), 2
Iuventas, 78
Iuventius Laterensis (M.), 162, 190
Iuventius Talna, 56

Κικέρων (ὁ μικρός), (i.e. Tullius Cicero (Q.), son of the orator, q.v.),
138, 150
Κικέρων ὁ φιλόσοφος, (i.e. Tullius Cicero (Q.), the orator, q.v.), 144
Κόνων, 466
Κορινθίων (πολιτεία), 112
Κροτωνιάτης, (i.e. T. Annius Milo, q.v.), 464, 466
Κροτωνιατικά, 466
Κύρου παιδεία, 114

Laconicum, 298
Laelius, 170, 172
Laelius Sapiens (C.), 314
Laenius Flaccus (M.), 396, 400, 406, 422, 458
Λαιστρυγονίη, 146
Lamia (L. Aelius), 354
Laodicea, 372, 374, 376, 380, 388, 392, 396, 400, 404, 414, 424,
438, 442, 446, 462, 474
Larinum, 300
Laterensis, see Iuventius Laterensis
Laterium, 290
Latinus ἀττικισμός, 332;
-ae (tribus), 8;
-ni (libri), 96, 98, 112;
-num (commentarium), 90
Lentulus, ship-owner, 20, 22
Lentulus, see also Cornelius Lentulus
Lepreon, 444
Lepta (Q.), 378, 426, 476
Leucata, 356
Leuctrica pugna, 442
Liberalia, 428
Libertas, 266, 324
Licinia lex, 136, 316
Licinius Crassus (M.), 12, 40, 42, 72, 80, 116, 120, 122, 146, 176, 182,
190, 222, 224, 250, 298, 302, 314
Licinius Lucullus Ponticus (L.), 4, 44, 90, 190
Licinius Lucullus (M.), brother of the last, 78, 268
Licinius Macer (C.), 12
Ligur or Ligus (L.), 346
Ligurinus μῶμος, 392
Livineius Regulus (L.), 234
Livineius Trypho (L.), 234
Livius Drusus, 310, 316, 324
Locri, 434
Lollius Palicanus (L.), 2, 80
Lucceius (L. M. f.), 396, 412, 438
Lucceius (L. Q. f.), 10, 14, 26, 46, 74, 110, 288, 296, 300
Lucilius (Sex.), 392
Lucilius Hirrus (C.), 316
Lucretius (Q.), 316
Lucrinenses res, 296
Luculli, 64
Lucullus, see Licinius Lucullus
Lurco, see Aufidius Lurco
Lutatius Catulus (Q.), consul 78 B.C., 34, 54, 94, 148, 190, 192, 284
Lutatius Catulus (Q.), consul 102 B.C., 268, 270, 272
Lycaonia, 374
Lycaonium forum, 404
Lycii, 468
Lycurgei, 36

Macedonia, 188, 196, 206, 388

Macer, see Licinius Macer
Macro, 300
Maecia tribus, 310
Magnus, see Pompeius Magnus
Mallius, 64
Manilius (M’), 314
Manlius Torquatus (A.), 340, 346, 406, 422
Manlius Torquatus (L.), 330
Marcellinus, see Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus
Marcellus, see Claudius Marcellus
Marcius Figulus (C.), 8
Marcius Philippus (L.), 368, 370, 408
Martius campus, 78, 326
Maso, see Papirius Maso
Matinius (P.), 406, 420, 458
Megabocchus, 130
Megarica signa, 20, 22
Melita, 198, 386
Memmiana epistula, 426
Memmius (C.), 78, 142, 144, 308, 316, 320, 364, 438
Menelaus, 78
Menniana praedia, 336
Menophilus, 292
Menturnae, 340
Menturnenses (litterae), 344
Mescinius Rufus (L.), 464, 474
Messalla (or Messala), see Valerius Messalla
Messius (C.), 262, 264, 310
Metellina oratio, 36
Metellus, see Caecilius Metellus
Metrodorus, of Scepsus, 118
Milo, see Annius Milo
Minerva, 12
Minucius Thermus (Q.), 2, 4, 370, 396, 412, 428
Misenum, 36
Mitilenae, 364
Moeragenes, 374, 428
Molo, 110
Mucia, wife of Pompey, 30
Mucius Scaevola (P.), consul 133 B.C., 84
Mucius Scaevola (Q.), augur, 314
Mucius Scaevola (Q.), pontifex maximus, 380, 418, 430
Mucius Scaevola (Q.), tribune 54 B.C., 322, 330
Mulviana controversia, 150
Munatius Plancus Bursa (T.), 426
Musae (Μοῦσαι,) 52, 118, 124
Mytilenaei, 362

Nanneiani, 54
Nar, 308
Nares Luc(aniae), 196
Nasica, 110. Cf. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
Natta, 294
Neapolis, 16, 296
Nemus, 440
Nepos, see Caecilius Metellus Nepos (Q.)
Nero, see Claudius Nero
Nicanor, 344, 396
Nigidius Figulus (P.), 112
Ninnius Quadratus (L.), 248
Nonius Sufenas (M.), 306, 428
Numestius (Numerius), 170, 184, 186, 192
Octavius (C.), father of Augustus, 112
Octavius (M.), 402, 436
Ὁμηρικῶς, 48
Opimius, 320
Oppius (C.), 336, 348
Oppius Cornicinus (Cn.), 268
Ὀπούντιοι, 444
Ὀποῦς, 444
Ops, 434
Orodes, 382, 398, 430
Osaces, 390
Otho, see Roscius Otho

Pacciana epistula, 318

Paccius (M.), 312
Paciliana domus, 46
Pacorus, 382
Paetus, see Papirius Paetus
Palatina palaestra, 120
Palicanus, see Lollius Palicanus
Pammenes, 398
Pammenia illa, 452
Pamphylium forum, 404
Panhormus, 90
Papia lex, 330
Papirius Maso (M.), 346
Papirius Paetus (L.), 96, 98, 110, 296
Parilia, 134, 298
Paris, 78
Parthicum bellum, 398, 418, 428;
-otium, 372
Parthus, 356, 378;
-i, 362, 380, 388, 390, 398, 404, 430, 448, 472
Patrae, 356
Patro, 364, 386
Paulus, see Aemilius Paulus (L.)
Peducaeus (Sex.), 12, 14
Pella, 206
Πελληναίων (πολιτεία), 112
Peloponnesiae civitates, 444
Peloponnesus, 444
Pentelici Hermae, 20
Phaetho, 206
Phemius, 396, 404, 428
Philadelphus, 28
Philippicae orationes, 102
Philippus, king, 60
Philippus, see Marcius Philippus
Philogenes, 370, 394, 442, 452, 454
Philomelium, 388
Philotimus, 120, 298, 344, 348, 354, 378, 386, 424, 434, 454
Philoxenus, 286
Philus, see Furius Philus
Phliasii, 444
Φλιοῦς, 444
Φωκυλίδης, 296
Pilia, 282, 300, 316, 364, 436, 452, 462, 464, 468, 476, 478
Pilius Celer (Q.), 330
Pinarius (T.), 438
Pindenissitae, 388
Pindenissus, 392, 424
Piraeus, 314, 366, 478
Pisaurensis Drusus, 130
Pisidae, 468
Piso, see Calpurnius Piso and Pupius Piso
Pituanius, 306
Placentia, 482
Plaetorianum incendium, 396
Plancius (Cn.), 30, 222, 244
Plancus, see Munatius Plancus
Plato, 108, 314
Plautius Hypsaeus, 206
Plautus, 56
Plotia lex, 80
Plotius (A.), 374
Πολυκλῆς, 434
Polycharmus, 364
Pompeianus cistophorus, 126;
-na laus, 42;
-ni prodromi, 28;
-num (praedium), 92, 110, 120, 296, 340
Pompeius Magnus (Cn.), 4, 28, 30, 38, 40, 42, 60, 74, 80, 84, 86, 88,
106, 116, 146, 166, 170, 178, 180, 182, 184, 188, 190, 192, 206, 208,
210, 212, 218, 220, 222, 226, 236, 244, 246, 250, 262, 264, 270,
284, 296, 298, 308, 310, 316, 318, 326, 334, 342, 348, 350, 352,
362, 368, 382, 386, 400, 406, 412, 418, 426, 430, 438, 440, 452,
456, 458, 472, 476.
See also Cicero (Cn.) and Sampsiceramus
Pompeius Rufus (Q.), 324
Pompeius Vindullus, 440
Pomponia, 14, 18, 110, 116, 118, 120, 338
Pomponius (M.), 304 (i.e., Dionysius q.v.)
Pomponius Atticus (T.), 28, 132, 138, 144, 154, 172, 198, 210, 230,
238, 244, 246, 270, 326, 436, 450, 452, 474
Pomptina tribus, 310
Pomptinus (C.), 330, 338–40, 346, 348, 350, 352, 358, 362, 390,
406, 454
Pontidia, 412, 426
Pontius Aquila (L.), 6, 340, 342, 344
Porcius Cato (C.), 306, 316, 318
Porcius Cato (M.), 36, 42, 62, 74, 80, 108, 122, 136, 138, 174, 224,
310, 324, 330, 420, 424, 428, 450
Posidonius, 100
Postumia, 406, 412
Postumius, 406
Postumus, see Curtius Postumus (M.)
Πουλυδάμας, 122
Preciana hereditas, 480
Procilius, historian, 112
Procilius, 306, 316
Prognostica, name of a book, 110
Protogenes, 176
Ptolemaeus, 296
Publius, see Clodius Pulcher (P.)
Pulchellus (i.e., Clodius Pulcher (P.), q.v.), 104, 162, 180
Pulcher, see Clodius Pulcher (P.)
Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus (M.), consul 61 B.C., 32, 38, 42, 44,
48, 56
Puteolanus, 374;
-na res, 296;
-ni, 340;
-num raudusculum, 478
Puteoli, 36, 296

Quintus, see Tullius Cicero (Q.)

Rabiriana domus, 16
Rabirius (C.), 102
Rantius, 322
Reatini, 308
Regulus, see Livineius Regulus
Rex, 58
Rhinton, 94
Rhodii, 362, 366, 368, 476
Rhodos, 100, 110, 384, 474
Rhosica vasa, 428
Roma, 4, 8, 10, 14, 22, 68, 92, 104, 112, 124, 126, 132, 134, 140, 142,
144, 148, 150, 156, 158, 180, 186, 208, 212, 256, 258, 266, 290,
298, 302, 306, 308, 340, 350, 352, 354, 356, 360, 368, 370, 374,
 378, 380, 382, 384, 386, 394, 396, 406, 408, 412, 426, 454, 456,
460, 464, 466, 470, 478
Romanus homo, 90;
populus, 54–6;
-na mysteria, 440;
-nae res, 42, 44, 76, 306, 326, 478;
-ni cives, 384, 402, 404;
-ni equites, 78, 290
Romulus, 108
Roscia lex, 168
Roscius Otho (L.), 102
Rosia (rura), 308
Rufio Vestorianus, 340.
See also Sempronius Rufus
Rutilius Rufus (P.), 314

Sacra via, 274

Salaminius senatus, 450;
-nii, 406, 408, 420, 422, 448, 450, 452
Salamis, 420
Saliarem in modum, 356
Sallustius (Cn.), 10, 26
Salus, 260
Samius, 434
Sampsiceramus (i.e. Pompeius Magnus), 146, 154, 158, 184
Samus, 368
Saturnalia, 388, 392
Saturninus, see Annius Saturninus
Satyrus, see Caninius Satyrus
Saufeius (L.), 10, 134, 286, 426, 482
Scaevola, see Mucius Scaevola
Scaptius (M.), 406, 408, 410, 420, 422, 424, 448, 450, 452, 458
Scaptius (M.), in Cappadocia, 418, 458
Scaurus, see Aemilius Scaurus
Scepsius, see Metrodorus of Scepsus
Scipio, see Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio (P.) and Cornelius Scipio
Scribonii Curiones, 190
Scribonius Curius (C.), consul 76 B.C., 42, 48, 62
Scribonius Curio (C.), son of the last, 130, 132, 142, 160, 166, 168,
188, 190, 224, 240, 438, 448, 456
Scrofa, see Tremellius Scrofa
Sebosus, 148, 150
Seius (M.), 370, 396
Seleuciana provincia, 332
Selicius (Q.), 28
Sempronius Rufus (C.), 452.
See also Rufio Vestorianus
Septem Aquae, 308
Septimius (C.), 188
Serapion, geographer, 118, 124
Serapion, see Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapion
Sergius Catilina (L.), 2, 8, 42, 58, 102, 274
Serranus, see Atilius Serranus
Servilia, 346, 426
Servilius (M.), 462
Servilius Ahala (C.), 190
Servilius Caepio Brutus (i.e. M. Junius Brutus q.v.), 188, 190
Servilius Vatta (P.), 432
Servilius Vatta Isauricus (P.), praetor 54 B.C., 90, 110, 310, 330
Servius, see Sulpicius Rufus
Sestius (P.), 234, 238, 242, 250, 276, 380, 438
Sicca, 196, 198
Sicilia, 104, 434
Sicinius, 346
Siculus Epicharmus, 88;
-i, 104, 364
Sicyon, 32
Sicyonii, 90, 96, 110, 146, 178
Sidicinus, see Egnatius Sidicinus
Silanus, see Iunius Silanus
Silius Nerva (P.), 428
Σιπούντιοι, 444
Σιποῦς, 444
Socrates, 314
Σωκρατικῶς, 116
Solonium, 116, 134
Sophocles, 130
Sopolis, 330
Sositheus, 30
Σπάρτα, 94, 286
Spartacus, 450
Spongia, 56
Statius, 162, 164, 338, 442
Statius (Sex.), 422
Sufenas, see Nonius Sufenas
Sulla, see Cornelius Sulla
Sullani homines, 84
Sulpicius Galba (P.), 2
Sulpicius Rufus (Ser.), 122, 346, 404
Sybota, 354
Synnadense forum, 404
Synnas (Synneda), 376, 388
Syria, 56, 296, 382, 390, 454, 462, 468, 478
Syros, 366

Tadiana res, 16;

-num negotium, 20
Tadius, 16, 20
Talna, see Juventius Talna
Tarentinus (ager), 200
Tarentum, 200, 350
Tarquitius (L.), 476
Tarsenses, 402
Tarsus, 378, 380, 390, 402, 406, 462
Tauri pylae, 390
Taurus, 374, 382, 390, 402, 412
Τέμπη, 308
Tenea, 444
Terentia, 8, 16, 28, 116, 120, 132, 138, 144, 150, 200, 208, 210, 236,
250, 426, 404
Terentius, 290,, 428
Terentius, tribune 54 B.C., 322
Terentius Culleo (Q.), 228
Terentius Varro (M.), 170, 178, 182, 192, 206, 222, 224, 238, 270,
304, 312, 362
Terminalia, 414
Tettius Damio, 274
Teucris (Τεῦκρις), 28, 38, 46
Thallumetus, 366
Thalna, see Iuventius Thalna
Theophanes (Θεοφάνης), 122, 144, 158, 362
Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος), 118, 136, 154, 434
Theopompium genus, 126
Theopompus, 426
Thermus, see Minucius Thermus
Thesprotia, 456
Thessalia, 244
Thessalonica, 68, 206, 208, 212, 214, 218, 222, 230, 236, 242, 244
Thurium, 200
Thyillus, 22, 30, 64
Tiberius, 402
Tigranes, 118, 128
Tigranes filius, 206
Timaeus, 434
Tiro, see Tullius Tiro
Titinius (Q.), 118, 402
Titus (Τίτος Ἀθηναῖος), see Pomponius Atticus
Torquatus, see Manlius Torquatus
Tralles, 372
Transpadanus, 362;
-ni 342
Trebonius (C.), 292
Trebulanum (praedium), 340, 342, 344
Tremellius Scrofa (Cn.), 346, 428
Tres Tabernae, 32, 140, 142, 144
Triarius, see Valerius Triarius
Tritia, 444
Tritones piscinarum, 136
Τρῳάδες, 122
Τρῶες, 122
Trophoniana narratio, 444
Trypho, see Caecilius Trypho
Tubero, see Aelius Tubero
Tullia (or Tulliola), 10, 16, 20, 26, 134, 238, 260, 282, 426, 464, 476,
482
Tullii Cicerones, 378, 396, 426
Tullius, scribe, 344, 346
Tullius (L.), legate of Cicero, 346, 362, 372, 402
Tullius Cicero (L.), cousin of Cicero, 12
Tullius Cicero (M.), the orator, 378.
See also Κικέρων ὁ φιλόσοφος
Tullius Cicero (M.), his son, 76, 132, 138, 312, 332, 356, 452, 478;
see also Κικέρων (ὁ μικρός).
Tullius Cicero (Q.), brother of the orator, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 46, 64,
66, 90, 118, 126, 132, 156, 208, 216, 220, 230, 234, 236, 238, 244,
250, 256, 260, 264, 274, 288, 290, 296, 304, 310, 314, 330, 334,
338, 360, 392, 396, 402, 406, 412, 456
Tullius Cicero (Q.), son of the last, 112, 250, 288, 290, 296, 426, 444,
460, 474, 480
Tullius Tiro (M.), 474
Turpio, 432
Turranius (D.), 18, 480
Tusculana villa, 270;
-num aedificium, 46;
-um (praedium), 12, 16, 18, 22, 110, 134, 138, 272, 302, 314, 336,
438
Tyrannio, 124, 280, 282, 292

Valerius, 114
Valerius, interpreter, 30
Valerius (P.), 412
Valerius Flaccus (L.), 82, 194
Valerius Messalla (M.), 296, 310, 316, 320, 366, 386
Valerius Messalla Niger (M.), consul 61 B.C., 32, 36, 38, 40, 44, 262
Valerius Triarius (P.), 316, 324
Varius (P.), 4
Varro, see Terentius Varro
Vatinius (P.), 126, 130, 138, 190
Vedianae res, 440
Vedius (P.), 440
Veiento, 322
Velinus lacus 308;
-na tribus, 310
Vennonius (C.), 440, 458
Venus, 176
Venusia, 348
Vestorius (C.), 288, 304, 316, 332, 340, 444, 452
Vettius, 284
Vettius, a broker, 432
Vettius (L.), 188, 190
Vettius Chrysippus, 120
Vibius, 174
Vibo, 198
Visellius, 250
Volaterrani, 84
Volusius (Cn.), 362
Volusius (Q.), 402

Xeno, of Apollonis, 370

Xeno, of Athens, 360, 364
Xenocrates, 52

Zaleucus, 434
Zoster, 360
W. H. Smith & Son, The Arden Press, Stamford Street, S.E.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. P. 52, corrected “ὃππως” to “ὅππως”.
2. P. 88, corrected “ταυτα” to “ταῦτα”.
3. P. 156, corrected “δε” to “δὲ”.
4. P. 359, corrected “ἒρδοι τις ἥν ἕκαστος εἰδείη
τέχνην” to “ἔρδοι τις ἣν ἕκαστος εἰδείη
τέχνην”.
5. Silently corrected typographical errors in
punctuation and spelling in the index which
didn't agree with the text.
6. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and
uncertain spellings as printed.
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