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 Rectangle Triangle

w a c
h
l

A=lw P = 2 l + 2w
b
A area A = 1 bh P=a+b+c
2
P perimeter
l length A area
w width P perimeter
b base
h altitude
a, c sides

Parallelogram Right Triangle

h
c
b

b
a
A = bh
Pythagorean theorem: a2 + b2 = c2
A area
a, b legs
b base
c hypotenuse
h altitude ( height)

Trapezoid Circle
b1

b2
A = 1 h (b1 + b2 )
2
A area
b1, b2 bases A = πr2 C = 2 πr
h altitude A area
C circumference
r radius
 Cube Rectangular Prism

s
s c
s

V = s3 S = 6s2 a
V volume
V = abc S = 2 ac + 2 ab + 2bc
S total surface area
s length of a side V volume
S total surface area
a width
b length
c height

Sphere Right Circular Cylinder

r
r
h

V = 4 πr 3 S = 4πr 2 V = πr 2h S = 2 πr 2 + 2π rh
3
V volume V volume
S total surface area S total surface area
r radius r radius
h altitude (height)

Pyramid Right Circular Cone

h s
h

base r

V = 1 πr 2 h S = πr 2 + πr s
3
V = 1 Bh
3 V volume
V volume S total surface area
B area of base r radius
h altitude ( height) h altitude (height)
s slant height
ELEMENTARY
ALGEBRA
NINTH EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
 NINTH
ELEMENTARY
EDITION
ALGEBRA

Jerome E. Kaufmann
Karen L. Schwitters
Seminole State College of Florida

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Elementary Algebra, Ninth Edition © 2011, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Jerome E. Kaufmann and Karen L. Schwitters
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
CONTENTS

1 Some Basic Concepts of Arithmetic and Algebra 1

1.1 Numerical and Algebraic Expressions 2
1.2 Prime and Composite Numbers 8
1.3 Integers: Addition and Subtraction 14
1.4 Integers: Multiplication and Division 21
1.5 Use of Properties 26
Chapter 1 Summary 35
Chapter 1 Review Problem Set 37
Chapter 1 Test 39

2 Real Numbers 41
2.1 Rational Numbers: Multiplication and Division 42
2.2 Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers 50
2.3 Real Numbers and Algebraic Expressions 59
2.4 Exponents 69
2.5 Translating from English to Algebra 75
Chapter 2 Summary 82
Chapter 2 Review Problem Set 85
Chapter 2 Test 87
Chapters 1 – 2 Cumulative Review Problem Set 88

3 Equations, Inequalities, and Problem Solving 91

3.1 Solving First-Degree Equations 92
3.2 Equations and Problem Solving 97
3.3 More on Solving Equations and Problem Solving 103
3.4 Equations Involving Parentheses and Fractional Forms 111
3.5 Inequalities 120
3.6 Inequalities, Compound Inequalities, and Problem Solving 127
Chapter 3 Summary 135
Chapter 3 Review Problem Set 139
Chapter 3 Test 141

v
vi Contents

4 Formulas and Problem Solving 143

4.1 Ratio, Proportion, and Percent 144
4.2 More on Percents and Problem Solving 152
4.3 Formulas 158
4.4 Problem Solving 167
4.5 More about Problem Solving 172
Chapter 4 Summary 178
Chapter 4 Review Problem Set 181
Chapter 4 Test 182
Chapters 1 – 4 Cumulative Review Problem Set 183

5 Exponents and Polynomials 185

5.1 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 186
5.2 Multiplying Monomials 192
5.3 Multiplying Polynomials 197
5.4 Dividing by Monomials 204
5.5 Dividing by Binomials 208
5.6 Integral Exponents and Scientific Notation 212
Chapter 5 Summary 220
Chapter 5 Review Problem Set 223
Chapter 5 Test 225
Chapters 1 – 5 Cumulative Review Problem Set 226

6 Factoring, Solving Equations, and Problem Solving 229

6.1 Factoring by Using the Distributive Property 230
6.2 Factoring the Difference of Two Squares 236
6.3 Factoring Trinomials of the Form x ⫹ bx ⫹ c
2
242
6.4 Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax ⫹ bx ⫹ c2
249
6.5 Factoring, Solving Equations, and Problem Solving 255
Chapter 6 Summary 264
Chapter 6 Review Problem Set 266
Chapter 6 Test 268

7 Algebraic Fractions 269

7.1 Simplifying Algebraic Fractions 270
7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Fractions 274
7.3 Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Fractions 278
7.4 Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions and Simplifying Complex Fractions 284
 Contents vii

7.5 Fractional Equations and Problem Solving 292

7.6 More Fractional Equations and Problem Solving 298
Chapter 7 Summary 307
Chapter 7 Review Problem Set 310
Chapter 7 Test 312
Chapters 1 – 7 Cumulative Review Problem Set 313

8 Coordinate Geometry and Linear Systems 315

8.1 Cartesian Coordinate System 316
8.2 Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities 324
8.3 Slope of a Line 332
8.4 Writing Equations of Lines 340
8.5 Systems of Two Linear Equations 350
8.6 Elimination-by-Addition Method 360
Chapter 8 Summary 370
Chapter 8 Review Problem Set 375
Chapter 8 Test 377

9 Roots and Radicals 379

9.1 Roots and Radicals 380
9.2 Simplifying Radicals 385
9.3 More on Simplifying Radicals 391
9.4 Products and Quotients Involving Radicals 397
9.5 Solving Radical Equations 402
Chapter 9 Summary 409
Chapter 9 Review Problem Set 412
Chapter 9 Test 413
Chapters 1 – 9 Cumulative Review Problem Set 414

10 Quadratic Equations 417

10.1 Quadratic Equations 418
10.2 Completing the Square 426
10.3 Quadratic Formula 431
10.4 Solving Quadratic Equations—Which Method? 436
10.5 Solving Problems Using Quadratic Equations 440
Chapter 10 Summary 447
Chapter 10 Review Problem Set 449
Chapter 10 Test 450
viii Contents

11 Additional Topics 451

11.1 Equations and Inequalities Involving Absolute Value 452
11.2 3 ⫻ 3 Systems of Equations 456
11.3 Fractional Exponents 465
11.4 Complex Numbers 470
11.5 Quadratic Equations: Complex Solutions 474
11.6 Pie, Bar, and Line Graphs 477
11.7 Relations and Functions 485
11.8 Applications of Functions 490
Chapter 11 Summary 494
Chapter 11 Review Problem Set 497
Chapter 11 Test 500

Appendix A Table of Squares and Approximate Square Roots 501

Appendix B Extra Word Problems 503
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems and All Chapter Review, Chapter Test,
Cumulative Review Problems, and Appendix B Problems 513

Index I-1
PREFACE

When preparing Elementary Algebra, Ninth Edition, we attempted to preserve the fea-
tures that made the previous editions successful; at the same time we incorporated several
improvements suggested by reviewers.
This text was written for those students who have never had an elementary algebra course
and for those who need a review before taking additional mathematics courses. The basic con-
cepts of elementary algebra are presented in a simple, straightforward manner. These con-
cepts are developed through examples, continuously reinforced through additional examples,
and then applied in problem-solving situations.
Algebraic ideas are developed in a logical sequence, and in an easy-to-read manner, with-
out excessive vocabulary and formalism. Whenever possible, the algebraic concepts are
allowed to develop from their arithmetic counterparts. The following are two specific exam-
ples of this development.
• Manipulation with simple algebraic fractions begins early (Sections 2.1 and 2.2) when
we review operations with rational numbers.
• Multiplying monomials, without any of the formal vocabulary, is introduced in Section
2.4 when we work with exponents.
There is a common thread that runs throughout the book: first, learn the skill; next,
practice the skill to help solve equations; and finally apply the skill to solve application
problems. This thread influenced some of the decisions we made in preparing this text.
• Approximately 550 word problems are scattered throughout this text. (Appendix B con-
tains another 150 word problems.) Every effort was made to start with easy problems,
in order to build students’ confidence in solving word problems. We offer numerous
problem-solving suggestions with special discussions in several sections. We feel that
the key to solving word problems is to work with various problem-solving techniques
rather than to be overly concerned about whether all the traditional types of problems
are being covered.
• Newly acquired skills are used as soon as possible to solve equations and applications.
So the work with solving equations is introduced early—in Chapter 3—and is developed
throughout the text. This concept continues through the sections on solving equations in
two variables (in Chapter 8).
• Chapter 6 ties together the concepts of factoring, solving equations, and solving applica-
tions.
In approximately 700 worked-out examples, we demonstrate a wide variety of situations, but
we leave some things for students to think about in the problem sets. We also use examples
to guide students in organizing their work and to help them decide when they may try a short-
cut. The progression from showing all steps to demonstrating a suggested shortcut format is
gradual.
As recommended by the American Mathematical Association of Two-Year Colleges, we
integrate some geometric concepts into a problem-solving setting, and these show the connec-
tions among algebra, geometry, and the real world. Approximately 25 examples and 180 prob-
lems are designed to review basic geometry ideas. The following sections contain the bulk of
the geometry material:
Section 2.5: Linear measurement concepts
Section 3.3: Complementary and supplementary angles; the sum of the measures of the three
angles of a triangle equals 180⬚
Section 4.3: Area and volume formulas
Section 6.3: The Pythagorean theorem
Section 10.1: More on the Pythagorean theorem, including work with isosceles right triangles
and 30⬚–60⬚ right triangles

ix
 x Preface

New Features
Design
The new design creates a spacious format that allows for continuous and easy reading, as
color and form guide students through the concepts presented in the text. Page size has
slightly enlarged, enhancing the design to be visually intuitive without increasing the length
of the book.

M
Learning Objectives
Found at the beginning of each section,
Learning Objectives are mapped to
Problem Sets and to the Chapter
Summary.

Classroom Examples
M

To provide the instructor with

more resources, a Classroom
Example is written for every
example. Instructors can use these
to present in class or for student
practice exercises. These classroom
examples appear in the margin, to
the left of the corresponding
example, in both the Annotated
Instructor’s Edition and in the
Student Edition. Answers to the
Classroom Examples appear only
in the Annotated Instructor’s
Edition, however.

Concept Quiz
M

Every section has a Concept Quiz

that immediately precedes the
problem set. The questions are
predominantly true/false questions
that allow students to check their
understanding of the mathematical
concepts and definitions introduced
in the section before moving on to
their homework. Answers to the
Concept Quiz are located at the end
of the Problem Set.
 Preface xi

Chapter Summary
M
The new grid format of the Chapter Chapter 2 Summary
Summary allows students to review
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY EXAMPLE
material quickly and easily. Each
Classify numbers in the real Any number that has a terminating or 3
Classify ⫺1, 27, and .
row of the Chapter Summary number system.
(Section 2.3/Objective 1)
repeating decimal representation is a
rational number. Any number that has a
4

includes a learning objective, a non-terminating or non-repeating decimal

representation is an irrational number. The
Solution
⫺1 is a real number, a rational number,
summary of that objective, and a rational numbers together with the irrational
numbers form the set of real numbers.
an integer, and negative.

27 is a real number, an irrational

worked-out example for that number, and positive.
objective. 3
is a real number, a rational number,
4
noninteger, and positive.

Reduce rational numbers to a#k a 6xy

The property ⫽ is used to express Reduce .
lowest terms. b#k b 14x
(Section 2.1/Objective 1) fractions in reduced form.
Solution
6xy 2 # 3 # x # y
⫽
14x 2 # 7 # x
2 # 3 # x # y
⫽
2 # 7 # x
3y
⫽
7

Continuing Features
Explanations
Annotations in the examples and text provide further explanations of the material.

Examples
More than 700 worked-out Examples show students how to use and apply mathematical
concepts. Every example has a corresponding Classroom Example for the teacher to use.

Thoughts Into Words

Every problem set includes Thoughts Into Words problems, which give students an
opportunity to express in written form their thoughts about various mathematical ideas.

Further Investigations
Many problem sets include Further Investigations, which allow students to pursue more
complicated ideas. Many of these investigations lend themselves to small group work.

Problem Sets
Problems Sets contain a wide variety of skill-development exercises. Because problem sets
are a focal point of every revision, problems are added, deleted, and reworded based on
users’ suggestions.

Chapter Review Problem Sets and Chapter Tests

Chapter Review Problem Sets and Chapter Tests appear at the end of every chapter. Chapter
Review Problem Sets give students additional practice, and the Chapter Tests allow students
to prepare and practice for “real” tests.

Cumulative Review Problem Sets

Cumulative Review Problem Sets help students retain skills that were introduced earlier in
the text.

Answers
The answer section at the back of the text provides answers to the odd-numbered exercises
in the problem sets and to all answers in the Chapter Review Problem Sets, Chapter Tests,
Cumulative Review Problem Sets, and to Appendix B (Extra Word Problems).
xii Preface

Content Changes
• A focal point of every revision is the problem sets. Some users of the previous edition
have suggested that the “very good” problem sets could be made even better by adding
a few problems in different places. Based on these suggestions, problems have been
added to Problem Sets 2.4, 4.1, 6.2, and 8.4. Problem Sets 8.5 and 8.6 are basically new
to this edition, because the text in those sections has been rewritten.
• In Section 6.5 we reinforced the thread learn a skill, use the skill to help solve equa-
tions, and then use equations to help solve applications. Then we offered a step-by-step
procedure for solving equations in this section.
• In Section 7.1 we clarified the distinction between an algebraic fraction and a rational
expression. We also explained that the algebraic fractions in this chapter are all ration-
al expressions.
• In Section 7.5 we briefly reviewed the concept of a proportion and then used the
cross product property to solve some rational equations that were in the form of a
proportion.
• At the end of Section 8.4, we added material on writing equations of lines parallel
and perpendicular to a given line. Appropriate problems were then added to Problem
Set 8.4.
• Sections 8.5 and 8.6 are new sections. In Section 8.5 we introduce the method of solv-
ing systems of two linear equations by graphing the equations. We follow this with a
discussion of the substitution method. In Section 8.6 the elimination-by-addition
method is presented using a format that extends naturally to systems of three linear
equations. In Section 11.2 we explore the systems of three linear equations for those
that want to follow that path.

Additional Comments about Some of the Chapters

• Chapter 3 presents an early introduction to an important part of elementary algebra:
Problem solving and the solving of equations and inequalities are introduced early so
they can be used as unifying themes throughout the text.
• Chapter 4 builds upon Chapter 3 by expanding on both solving equations and problem
solving. Many geometric formulas and relationships are reviewed in a problem solving
setting in Chapter 4, and many consumer-oriented problems are presented.
• Chapter 6 clearly illustrates the theme (learn a skill → use the skill to solve equations →
use equations to solve problems) mentioned earlier in the preface. In this chapter we
develop some factoring techniques and skills that can be used to solve equations. Then
the equations are used to expand our problem-solving capabilities.
• Chapter 8 introduces some basic concepts of coordinate geometry. Some graphing ideas
are presented with an emphasis on graphing linear equations and inequalities of two vari-
ables. The last two sections are devoted to solving systems of two linear equations in two
variables.
• Chapter 11 is an “extra” chapter; most of the topics in this chapter are a continuation of
topics studied earlier in the text. For example, Section 11.1 (Equations and Inequalities
Involving Absolute Value) could follow, as it does in our Intermediate Algebra text, after
Section 3.6 (Inequalities, Compound Inequalities, and Problem Solving). Certainly this
chapter could be very beneficial for students who plan to take additional mathematics
courses.
 Preface xiii

Ancillaries for the Instructor

Print Ancillaries
Annotated Instructor’s Edition (1-439-04918-1)
This special version of the complete student text contains the answers to every problem in the
problem sets and every new classroom example; the answers are printed next to all respective
elements. Graphs, tables, and other answers appear in a special answer section at the back of
the text.

Complete Solutions Manual (0-538-73954-1)

The Complete Solutions Manual provides worked-out solutions to all of the problems in the
text.

Instructor’s Resource Binder (0-538-73675-5)

New! Each section of the main text is discussed in uniquely designed Teaching Guides that
contain instruction tips, examples, activities, worksheets, overheads, assessments, and solu-
tions to all worksheets and activities.

Electronic Ancillaries
Solutions Builder (0-538-74019-1)
This online solutions manual allows instructors to create customizable solutions that they can
print out to distribute or post as needed. This is a convenient and expedient way to deliver
solutions to specific homework sets.

Enhanced WebAssign (0-538-73809-X, 0-538-73810-3 with eBook)

Enhanced as in WebAssign, used by over one million students at more than 1100 institutions,
allows you to assign, collect, grade, and record homework assignments via the web. This
proven and reliable homework system includes thousands of algorithmically generated home-
work problems, an eBook, links to relevant textbook sections, video examples, problem-
specific tutorials, and more.

M
Note that the WebAssign problems for this text are highlighted by a .

PowerLecture with ExamView® (0-538-73957-6)

This CD-ROM provides the instructor with dynamic media tools for teaching. Create, deliv-
er, and customize tests (both print and online) in minutes with ExamView® Computerized
Testing Featuring Algorithmic Equations. Easily build solution sets for homework or exams
using Solution Builder’s online solutions manual. Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides and
figures from the book are also included on this CD-ROM.

Text Specific DVDs (0-538-73955-X)

These 10- to 20-minute problem-solving lessons, created by Rena Petrello of Moorpark
College, cover nearly all the learning objectives from every section of each chapter in the
text. Recipient of the “Mark Dever Award for Excellence in Teaching,” Rena Petrello
presents each lesson using her experience teaching online mathematics courses. It was
through this online teaching experience that Rena discovered the lack of suitable content
for online instructors, which inspired her to develop her own video lessons—and ulti-
mately create this video project. These videos have won two Telly Awards, one
Communicator Award, and one Aurora Award (an international honor). Students will love
the additional guidance and support if they have missed a class or when they are prepar-
ing for an upcoming quiz or exam. The videos are available for purchase as a set of DVDs
or online via www.ichapters.com.
xiv Preface

Ancillaries for the Student

Print Ancillaries
Student Solutions Manual (0-538-73956-8)
The Student Solutions Manual provides worked-out solutions to the odd-numbered problems
in the problem sets as well as to all problems in the Chapter Review, Chapter Test, and
Commulative Review sections.

Student Workbook (0-538-73191-5)

NEW! Get a head-start: The Student Workbook contains all of the Assessments, Activities,
and Worksheets from the Instructor’s Resource Binder for classroom discussions, in-class
activities, and group work.

Electronic Ancillaries
Enhanced WebAssign (0-538-73809-X, 0-538-73810-3 with eBook)
Enhanced as in WebAssign, used by over one million students at more than 1,100 institutions,
allows you to do homework assignments and get extra help and practice via the web. This
proven and reliable homework system includes thousands of algorithmically generated home-
work problems, an eBook, links to relevant textbook sections, video examples, problem-
specific tutorials, and more.

Text-Specific DVDs (0-538-73955-X)

These 10- to 20-minute problem-solving lessons, created by Rena Petrello of Moorpark
College, cover nearly all the learning objectives from every section of each chapter in the text.
Recipient of the “Mark Dever Award for Excellence in Teaching,” Rena Petrello presents each
lesson using her experience teaching online mathematics courses. It was through this online
teaching experience that Rena discovered the lack of suitable content for online instructors,
which inspiredher to develop her own video lessons—and ultimately create this video proj-
ect. These videos have won two Telly Awards, one Communicator Award, and one Aurora
Award (an international honor). Students will love the additional guidance and support if they
have missed a class or when they are preparing for an upcoming quiz or exam. The videos
are available for purchase as a set of DVDs or online via www.ichapters.com.

Additional Resources
Mastering Mathematics: How to Be a Great Math Student, 3e (0-534-34947-1)
Richard Manning Smith, Ph.D., Bryant College
Providing solid tips for every stage of study, Mastering Mathematics stresses the importance
of a positive attitude and gives students the tools to succeed in their math course. This prac-
tical guide will help students avoid mental blocks during math exams, identify and improve
areas of weakness, get the most out of class time, study more effectively, overcome a per-
ceived “low math ability,” be successful on math tests, get back on track when feeling “lost,”
and much more!

Conquering Math Anxiety (with CD-ROM), Third Edition (0-495-82940-4)

Cynthia A. Arem, Ph.D., Pima Community College
Written by Cynthia Arem (Pima Community College), this comprehensive workbook pro-
vides a variety of exercises and worksheets along with detailed explanations of methods to
help “math-anxious” students deal with and overcome math fears.

Math Study Skills Workbook, Third Edition (0-618-83746-9)

Paul D. Nolting, Ph.D., Learning Specialist
This best-selling workbook helps students identify their strengths, weaknesses, and personal
learning styles in math. Nolting offers proven study tips, test-taking strategies, a homework
system, and recommendations for reducing anxiety and improving grades.
 Preface xv

Acknowledgments
We would like to take this opportunity to thank the following people who served as review-
ers for the ninth editions of the Kaufmann-Schwitters algebra series:
Yusuf Abdi Radha Sankaran
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey Passaic County Community College
Kim Gwydir Joan Smeltzer
University of Miami; Penn State University, York Campus
Florida International University
Janet Hansen Brandon Smith
Dixie Junior College Wallace Community College, Hanceville
M. Randall Holmes Kathy Spradlin
Boise State University Liberty University
Carolyn Horseman Hien Van Eaton
Polk Community College, Winter Haven Liberty University
Jeffrey Osikiewicz James Wood
Kent State University Tarleton State University
Tammy Ott Rebecca Wulf
Penn State University Ivy Tech Community College, Lafayette
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the staff of Cengage Learning, especially
to Marc Bove, for his continuous cooperation and assistance throughout this project; and to
Susan Graham and Tanya Nigh, who carry out the many details of production. Finally, very
special thanks are due to Arlene Kaufmann, who spends numerous hours reading page proofs.
Jerome E. Kaufmann
Karen L. Schwitters
 1 Some Basic Concepts
of Arithmetic and Algebra

1.1 Numerical and

Algebraic Expressions
1.2 Prime and Composite
Numbers
1.3 Integers: Addition
and Subtraction
1.4 Integers: Multiplication
and Division
1.5 Use of Properties

© photogolfer
Golfers are familiar with positive
and negative integers.

Karla started 2010 with $500 in her savings account, and she planned to
save an additional $15 per month for all of 2010. Without considering any accu-
mulated interest, the numerical expression 500  12(15) represents the amount
in her savings account at the end of 2010.
The numbers 2, 1, 3, 1, and 4 represent Woody’s scores relative to par
for five rounds of golf. The numerical expression 2  (1)  (3)  1  (4) can be
used to determine how Woody stands relative to par at the end of the five rounds.
The temperature at 4 A.M. was 14°F. By noon the temperature had in-
creased by 23°F. The numerical expression 14  23 can be used to determine
the temperature at noon.
In the first two chapters of this text the concept of a numerical expression is
used as a basis for reviewing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
various kinds of numbers. Then the concept of a variable allows us to move from
numerical expressions to algebraic expressions; that is, to start the transition
from arithmetic to algebra. Keep in mind that algebra is simply a generalized

Video tutorials based on section learning objectives are available in a variety

of delivery modes.
1
2 Chapter 1 • Some Basic Concepts of Arithmetic and Algebra

approach to arithmetic. Many algebraic concepts are extensions of arithmetic ideas;

your knowledge of arithmetic will help you with your study of algebra.

1.1 Numerical and Algebraic Expressions

OBJECTIVES 1 Recognize basic vocabulary and symbols associated with sets

2 Simplify numerical expressions according to the order of operations

3 Evaluate algebraic expressions

In arithmetic, we use symbols such as 4, 8, 17, and  to represent numbers. We indicate the
basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by the symbols , ,  ,
and , respectively. With these symbols we can formulate specific numerical expressions.
For example, we can write the indicated sum of eight and four as 8  4.
In algebra, variables allow us to generalize. By letting x and y represent any number,
we can use the expression x  y to represent the indicated sum of any two numbers. The x
and y in such an expression are called variables and the phrase x  y is called an algebraic
expression. We commonly use letters of the alphabet such as x, y, z, and w as variables; the
key idea is that they represent numbers. Our review of various operations and properties per-
taining to numbers establishes the foundation for our study of algebra.
Many of the notational agreements made in arithmetic are extended to algebra with a few
slight modifications. The following chart summarizes the notational agreements that pertain
to the four basic operations. Notice the variety of ways to write a product by including paren-
theses to indicate multiplication. Actually, the ab form is the simplest and probably the most
used form; expressions such as abc, 6x, and 7xyz all indicate multiplication. Also note the
c
various forms for indicating division; the fractional form, , is usually used in algebra,
d
although the other forms do serve a purpose at times.

Operation Arithmetic Algebra Vocabulary

Addition 46 xy The sum of x and y

Subtraction 72 wz The difference of w and z
Multiplication 98 a  b, a(b), (a)b, The product of a and b
(a)(b), or ab
8 c
Division 8  2, , 2冄8 c  d, , or d冄 c The quotient of c and d
2 d

As we review arithmetic ideas and introduce algebraic concepts, it is important to

include some of the basic vocabulary and symbolism associated with sets. A set is a collec-
tion of objects, and the objects are called elements or members of the set. In arithmetic and
algebra the elements of a set are often numbers. To communicate about sets, we use set
braces, {}, to enclose the elements (or a description of the elements), and we use capital let-
ters to name sets. For example, we can represent a set A, which consists of the vowels of the
alphabet, as
A  {Vowels of the alphabet} Word description
A  {a, e, i, o, u} List or roster description
 1.1 • Numerical and Algebraic Expressions 3

We can modify the listing approach if the number of elements is large. For example, all of the
letters of the alphabet can be listed as
{a, b, c, . . . , z}
We begin by simply writing enough elements to establish a pattern, then the three dots indi-
cate that the set continues in that pattern. The final entry indicates the last element of the pat-
tern. If we write
{1, 2, 3, . . .}
the set begins with the counting numbers 1, 2, and 3. The three dots indicate that it continues
in a like manner forever; there is no last element.
A set that consists of no elements is called the null set (written ). Two sets are said to
be equal if they contain exactly the same elements. For example,
{1, 2, 3}  {2, 1, 3}
because both sets contain the same elements; the order in which the elements are written
does not matter. The slash mark through the equality symbol denotes not equal to. Thus if
A  {1, 2, 3} and B  {1, 2, 3, 4}, we can write A ⬆ B, which we read as “set A is not equal
to set B.”

Simplifying Numerical Expressions

Now let’s simplify some numerical expressions that involve the set of whole numbers, that
is, the set {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 1 Simplify 8  7  4  12  7  14.

Simplify 2  6  3  7  11  9.

Solution
The additions and subtractions should be performed from left to right in the order that they
appear. Thus 8  7  4  12  7  14 simplifies to 30.

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 2 Simplify 7(9  5).

Simplify 5(8  6).

Solution
The parentheses indicate the product of 7 and the quantity 9  5. Perform the addition
inside the parentheses first and then multiply; 7(9  5) thus simplifies to 7(14), which
becomes 98.

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 3 Simplify (7  8)  (4  1).

Simplify (5  11)  (8  4).

Solution
First, we perform the operations inside the parentheses; (7  8)  (4  1) thus becomes
15  3, which is 5.

78
We frequently express a problem like Example 3 in the form . We don’t need
41
parentheses in this case because the fraction bar indicates that the sum of 7 and 8 is to be
divided by the difference, 4  1. A problem may, however, contain parentheses and fraction
bars, as the next example illustrates.
 4 Chapter 1 • Some Basic Concepts of Arithmetic and Algebra

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 4 (4  2)(7  1) 4

(6  3)(4  1)
Simplify  .
Simplify 
8
. 9 73
5 13  5
Solution
First, simplify above and below the fraction bars, and then proceed to evaluate as follows.
(4  2)(7  1) 4 (6)(6) 4
  
9 73 9 4
36
 1415
9

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 5 Simplify 7  9  5.

Simplify 4 # 7  3.

Solution
If there are no parentheses to indicate otherwise, multiplication takes precedence over addi-
tion. First perform the multiplication, and then do the addition; 7  9  5 therefore simplifies
to 63  5, which is 68.

Remark: Compare Example 2 to Example 5, and note the difference in meaning.

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 6 Simplify 8  4  3  14  2.

Simplify 6  10  5  4 # 5.
Solution
The multiplication and division should be done first in the order that they appear, from left to
right. Thus 8  4  3  14  2 simplifies to 8  12  7. We perform the addition and sub-
traction in the order that they appear, which simplifies 8  12  7 to 13.

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 7 Simplify 8  5  4  7  3  32  8  9  3  2.

Simplify 3 # 8  6  5 # 2 
21  3  8  4 # 3.
Solution
When we perform the multiplications and divisions first in the order that they appear and then
do the additions and subtractions, our work takes on the following format.
8  5  4  7  3  32  8  9  3  2  10  21  4  6  33

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 8 Simplify 5  6[2(3  9)] .

Simplify 9  3[5(2  4)].

Solution
We use brackets for the same purpose as parentheses. In such a problem we need to simplify
from the inside out; perform the operations inside the innermost parentheses first.
5  6[2(3  9) ]  5  6[2(12) ]
 5  6[24]
 5  144
 149

Let’s now summarize the ideas presented in the previous examples regarding simplify-
ing numerical expressions. When simplifying a numerical expression, use the following
order of operations.
 1.1 • Numerical and Algebraic Expressions 5

Order of Operations
1. Perform the operations inside the symbols of inclusion (parentheses and brackets)
and above and below each fraction bar. Start with the innermost inclusion symbol.
2. Perform all multiplications and divisions in the order that they appear, from left to
right.
3. Perform all additions and subtractions in the order that they appear, from left to
right.

Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

We can use the concept of a variable to generalize from numerical expressions to algebraic
expressions. Each of the following is an example of an algebraic expression.
3x  2y 5a  2b  c 7(w  z)
5d  3e
2xy  5yz (x  y) (x  y)
2c  d

An algebraic expression takes on a numerical value whenever each variable in the expres-
sion is replaced by a specific number. For example, if x is replaced by 9 and z by 4, the alge-
braic expression x  z becomes the numerical expression 9  4, which simplifies to 5. We
say that x  z “has a value of 5” when x equals 9 and z equals 4. The value of x  z, when x
equals 25 and z equals 12, is 13. The general algebraic expression x  z has a specific value
each time x and z are replaced by numbers.
Consider the following examples, which illustrate the process of finding a value of an
algebraic expression. We call this process evaluating algebraic expressions.

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 9 Find the value of 3x  2y , when x is replaced by 5 and y by 17.
Find the value of 5x  4y, when x is
replaced by 3 and y by 13.
Solution
The following format is convenient for such problems.
3x  2y  3(5)  2(17) when x  5 and y  17
 15  34
 49

Note that in Example 9, for the algebraic expression 3x  2y , the multiplications “3 times x”
and “2 times y” are implied without the use of parentheses. Substituting the numbers switches
the algebraic expression to a numerical expression, and then parentheses are used to indicate the
multiplication.

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 10 Find the value of 12a  3b, when a  5 and b  9.
Find the value of 11m  5n, when
m  4 and n  7.
Solution
12a  3b  12(5)  3(9) when a  5 and b  9
 60  27
 33
 6 Chapter 1 • Some Basic Concepts of Arithmetic and Algebra

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 11 Evaluate 4xy  2xz  3yz, when x  8, y  6, and z  2.

Evaluate 6xy  3xz  5yz,
when x  2, y  5, and z  3.
Solution
4xy  2xz  3yz  4(8)(6)  2(8)(2)  3(6)(2) when x  8, y  6, and z  2
 192  32  36
 188

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 12 5c  d

6a  b Evaluate for c  12 and d  4.
Evaluate for a  4 and b  6. 3c  d
4a  b
Solution
5c  d 5(12)  4
 for c  12 and d  4
3c  d 3(12)  4
60  4 64
  2
36  4 32

Classroom Example EXAMPLE 13 Evaluate (2x  5y)(3x  2y), when x  6 and y  3.

Evaluate (4x  y)(7x  2y),
when x  2 and y  5.
Solution
(2x  5y)(3x  2y)  (2 ⴢ 6 5 ⴢ 3)(3 ⴢ 6  2 ⴢ 3) when x  6 and y  3
 (12  15)(18  6)
 (27)(12)
 324

Concept Quiz 1.1

For Problems 1–10, answer true or false.
1. The expression “ab” indicates the sum of a and b.
2. Any of the following notations, (a)b, a ⴢ b, a(b), can be used to indicate the product of a
and b.
3. The phrase 2x  y  4z is called “an algebraic expression.”
4. A set is a collection of objects, and the objects are called “terms.”
5. The sets {2, 4, 6, 8} and {6, 4, 8, 2} are equal.
6. The set {1, 3, 5, 7, . . . } has a last element of 99.
7. The null set has one element.
8. To evaluate 24  6 ⴢ 2, the first operation that should be performed is to multiply
6 times 2.
9. To evaluate 6  8 ⴢ 3, the first operation that should be performed is to multiply
8 times 3.
10. The algebraic expression 2(x  y) simplifies to 24 if x is replaced by 10, and y is
replaced by 0.
 1.1 • Numerical and Algebraic Expressions 7

Problem Set 1.1

For Problems 1– 34, simplify each numerical expression. 40. x  8y  5xy for x  12 and y  3
(Objective 2)
41. 14xz  6xy  4yz for x  8, y  5, and z  7
1. 9  14  7 2. 32  14  6
42. 9xy  4xz  3yz for x  7, y  3, and z  2
3. 7(14  9) 4. 8(6  12)
54 n
5. 16  5 ⴢ 7 6. 18  3(5) 43.  for n  9
n 3
7. 4(12  9)  3(8  4) 8. 7(13  4)  2(19  11) n 60 n
44.   for n  12
9. 4(7)  6(9) 10. 8(7)  4(8) 4 n 6
11. 6 ⴢ 7  5 ⴢ 8  3 ⴢ 9 12. 8(13)  4(9)  2(7) y  16 50  y
45.  for y  8
13. (6  9)(8  4) 14. (15  6)(13  4) 6 3
w  57 90  w
15. 6  4[3(9  4)] 16. 92  3[2(5  2)] 46.  for w  6
9 7
17. 16  8 ⴢ 4  36  4 ⴢ 2
47. (x  y)(x  y) for x  8 and y  3
18. 7 ⴢ 8  4  72  12
48. (x  2y)(2x  y) for x  7 and y  4
8  12 9  15 19  7 38  14
19.  20.  49. (5x  2y)(3x  4y) for x  3 and y  6
4 8 6 3
50. (3a  b)(7a  2b) for a  5 and b  7
21. 56  [3(9  6)] 22. 17  2[3(4  2)]
51. 6  3[2(x  4)] for x  7
23. 7 ⴢ 4 ⴢ 2  8  14 24. 14  7  8  35  7  2
52. 9  4[3(x  3)] for x  6
25. 32  8 ⴢ 2  24  6  1
53. 81  2[5(n  4)] for n  3
26. 48  12  7 ⴢ 2  2  1
54. 78  3[4(n  2)] for n  4
27. 4 ⴢ 9  12  18  2  3
28. 5 ⴢ 8  4  8  4 ⴢ 3  6 For Problems 55– 60, find the value of
bh
for each set of val-
2
6(8  3) 12(7  4) ues for the variables b and h. (Objective 3)
29. 
3 9
55. b  8 and h  12 56. b  6 and h  14
3(17  9) 9(16  7)
30.  57. b  7 and h  6 58. b  9 and h  4
4 3
59. b  16 and h  5 60. b  18 and h  13
4(12  7) 6(21  9)
31. 83  32. 78 
5 4 h(b1  b2 )
For Problems 61– 66, find the value of for
33.
6537965
4 2
each set of values for the variables h, b1, and b2. (Subscripts are
723 3582
used to indicate that b1 and b2 are different variables.)
784 964
34.  61. h  17, b1  14, and b2  6
5  8  10 6  5  20
62. h  9, b1  12, and b2  16
For Problems 35–54, evaluate each algebraic expression for 63. h  8, b1  17, and b2  24
the given values of the variables. (Objective 3) 64. h  12, b1  14, and b2  5
35. 7x  4y for x  6 and y  8 65. h  18, b1  6, and b2  11
36. 8x  6y for x  9 and y  5 66. h  14, b1  9, and b2  7
37. 16a  9b for a  3 and b  4 67. You should be able to do calculations like those in Problems
38. 14a  5b for a  7 and b  9 1– 34 with and without a calculator. Be sure that you can do
Problems 1– 34 with your calculator, and make use of the
39. 4x  7y  3xy for x  4 and y  9 parentheses key when appropriate.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
"No, hers is a different genre. I have a voice and I sing. The
audience likes it more. Sister's voice is a little weaker. So she plays in
vaudeville mostly."
"So even in acting some are priests, some deacons and others just
sextons?"
"Yes, but we share our income equally. That was our understanding
from the very beginning—to share all money equally."
"Like good sisters? Well, there is nothing better than that. How much
will that be, father? If you divide six thousand by months, how much
will that make?"
"Five hundred rubles a month, and divided by two it makes two
hundred and fifty rubles a month each."
"My, what a heap of money! We could not spend that much in a
year. Another thing I meant to ask you, is it true that actresses are
treated as if they were not real women?"
The priest became so alarmed that his cassock flew open; but seeing
that Anninka took the question quite indifferently, he said to himself,
"Eh—eh—she is really a hard nut to crack," and felt reassured.
"What do you mean 'not real women?'" she asked.
"Well, they kiss and embrace. I heard they must do it whether they
want to or not."
"No, they don't kiss—they only pretend to. And as to whether they
want to or not, that is out of the question entirely, because
everything is done according to the play. They must act whatever is
written in the play."
"Yes, but even if it's in the play—you know—sometimes a man with a
slabbery snout sidles up to you. He is loathsome to look at, but
you've got to hold your lips ready to let him kiss you."
A blush suffused Anninka's face. There suddenly flashed up in her
memory the slabbery face of the brave Captain Papkov, who had
actually "sidled up to her" and, alas! not even in accordance with the
play.
"You have a wrong notion of what takes place on the stage," she
said drily.
"Of course, we've never been to the theatre, but I am sure many
things happen there. Father and I have often been speaking about
you, madam. We are sorry for you, very sorry, indeed."
Anninka was silent. The priest tugged at his beard as if he, too, had
finally gathered up enough courage to say something.
"Of course, it must be admitted, madam, that every calling has its
agreeable and disagreeable sides," he at last delivered himself, "but
we humans in our failings extol the former and try to forget the
latter. And why do we try to forget? Because, madam, we want as
far as possible to avoid even the remembrance of duty and of the
virtuous life we formerly led." He heaved a sigh and added, "And
above all, madam, you must guard your treasure."
The priest glanced at Anninka admonishingly, and his wife shook her
head sadly, as much as to say, "Not much chance of that."
"And it is very doubtful whether you can preserve your treasure
while an actress," he continued.
Anninka was at a loss what answer to make to these warnings. Little
by little she began to see that the talk of these simple-minded folk
about her "treasure" was of the same value as the pointed remarks
of the officers of the regiments stationed in the various towns about
la chose. Now it became quite clear to her that both at her uncle's
and at the priest's she was considered a peculiar individual to whom
one may condescend, but from a distance, so as not to soil oneself.
"Father, why is your church so poor?" she asked to change the
subject.
"There is nothing here to make it rich—that's why it's poor. The
landlords are all away in the government service, and the peasants
haven't much to thrive on. In all there are a little over two hundred
parishioners."
"Our bell, you see, is a very poor one," sighed the priest's wife.
"Yes, the bell and everything. Our bell, madam, weighs only five
hundred pounds, and to make matters worse, it is cracked. It does
not ring, it coughs. To be so poor is even sinful. The late Arina
Petrovna promised to erect a new bell and, if she were alive we
would most likely have a new bell by now."
"Why don't you tell uncle that grandmother promised you one?"
"I did tell him, madam, and I must admit he listened very kindly to
my grievance, but he could not give me a satisfactory answer. He
said he had heard nothing about it from mother; that his late dear
mother had never spoken about the matter. He would gladly carry
out her wishes, he said, if he had only heard mother express them."
"He could not help hearing them," said the priest's wife. "It was
known throughout the district."
"So we live on in this wise. At first we had hopes, at least, now we
have no hopes left. Not to mention our own personal needs, there is
nothing to perform the service with sometimes—neither host nor red
wine."
Anninka wanted to rise and take leave, but a new tray appeared on
the table, with two dishes on it, one of mushrooms, the other with
bits of caviar, and a bottle of Madeira.
"Do oblige us and have a bite—it's the best we have."
Anninka obeyed and quickly swallowed some mushrooms, but
refused the Madeira.
"Another thing I meant to ask," continued the priest's wife, "we have
a girl in our parish, the daughter of a peasant in the service of
Lyshechevsky. She was the chambermaid of a certain actress in St.
Petersburg. She says the life of an actress is very easy and pleasant,
but an actress must produce a special passport every month. Is that
true?"
Anninka stared at her and did not understand.
"That is for the greater freedom," explained the priest. "But I think
she did not tell the truth. On the contrary, I heard that many
actresses even get pensions from the government for their services."
Anninka became convinced that matters were going from bad to
worse, and she rose to take leave.
"We thought you would give up acting now," the priest's wife
persisted.
"Why should I?"
"Yes, but—you are a lady. You have reached your majority, you have
an estate of your own—what could be better?"
"And you are your uncle's heiress, you know," added the priest.
"No, I sha'n't live here."
"And how we were hoping for it! The father and I would often speak
about our little mistress. We thought you would surely come to live
at Pogorelka. In the summer it is very nice here. You can go to the
woods and pick mushrooms," tempted the priest's wife.
"We have mushrooms even in a dry summer, plenty of mushrooms,"
chimed the priest.
At last Anninka left. When she reached Pogorelka, her first word
was, "Horses! Please have the horses ready at once!" But Fedulych
only shrugged his shoulders.
"What's the use of shouting horses? We haven't fed them yet," he
grumbled.
"But why? Oh, my God, as if everybody were conspiring against me!"
"That's it, we have conspired. How can you help conspiring if it's
clear as day that we can't ride at night in thawing weather? Anyway,
you'll get stranded in the mud a whole night, so it is better to be
stranded at home, I think."
Grandmother's apartments had been well heated. The bedroom had
been prepared, and a samovar was puffing on the table. Afimyushka
scraped together the remnants of tea at the bottom of Arina
Petrovna's tea-caddy. While the tea was drawing, Fedulych stood at
the door, his arms folded, facing the young mistress. Beside him
stood the cattle woman and Morkovna looking as if at the first wave
of the hand they were ready to flee for their lives.
Fedulych was first to begin the conversation.
"The tea is grandmother's—just a bit left in the bottom of the box.
Porfiry Vladimirych was going to take the box away, too, but I
wouldn't let him. 'Maybe,' I say, 'the young mistress will come and
will want to have some hot tea. So let it stay here till she gets some
of her own.' Well, I had no trouble with him—he even joked. 'You old
rascal,' he says, 'you will use it up yourself! Be sure,' he says, 'to
bring the box to Golovliovo.' I wouldn't be surprised if he sends for it
tomorrow."
"You should have given it to him then."
"Why should we? He has enough tea of his own. And now, at least,
we, too, will have some after you. Another thing, madam, are you
going to make us over to Porfiry Vladimirych?"
"Why, I never meant to."
"Just so. We were going to mutiny, you know. If, supposing, let's
say, we are put under the rule of the Golovliovo master, we will all
hand in our resignations."
"Why? Is uncle really so terrible?"
"No, he is not terrible, but he tortures you, he is all words. He can
talk a man into his grave."
Anninka smiled involuntarily. It was vile dirt indeed, that oozed from
Yudushka's orations, not mere babble. It was an ill-smelling wound
from which the pus flowed incessantly.
"And what have you decided, about yourself?" Fedulych continued to
question.
"Why, what was there to decide about myself?" said Anninka, a bit
confused, feeling that she would again be compelled to listen to
orations on the "treasure."
"Aren't you really going to give up acting?"
"No—that is, I haven't thought of it so far. But what harm is there in
my earning my own bread?"
"I don't see any good in going with a bagpipe from fair to fair to
amuse drunkards. Surely you are a lady."
Anninka did not reply, only knitting her brows. A painful thought
drummed in her head, "God, when will I leave this place?"
"Of course, you know better how to take care of yourself. But we
thought you would come back to live with us. The house is warm,
and roomy enough to play tag in. The late mistress looked after the
building herself. And if you feel dull, why then you can go sleigh-
riding. In the summer you can go to the woods to pick mushrooms."
"We have all kinds of mushrooms here—lots of them," lisped
Afimyushka temptingly.
Anninka leaned her elbows on the table and tried not to listen.
"There was a girl here," continued Fedulych cruelly. "She was a
chambermaid in St. Petersburg. She says all actresses must have
special passports. Every month they have to present their license at
the police station."
Anninka could bear it no longer. She had had to listen to such
speeches all day long.
"Fedulych!" she shouted in pain. "What have I done to you? Why do
you take pleasure in insulting me?"
It was all she could stand. She felt as if something was strangling
her. Another word—and she would break down.

BOOK V

FORBIDDEN FAMILY JOYS

CHAPTER I

Not long before the catastrophe that befell Petenka, Arina Petrovna,
on one of her visits to Golovliovo, noticed a change in Yevpraksia.
Brought up in the practices of serfdom, where the pregnancy of a
domestic was the subject of a detailed and not uninteresting
investigation, and was even considered an item of income, Arina
Petrovna had a keen eye for such matters. She merely looked at
Yevpraksia, and the girl, without saying a word, turned away her
flushed face in full cognizance of her guilt.
"Come now, come now, my lady. Look at me. Pregnant, eh?" the
experienced old woman asked the young culprit. However, there was
no reproach in her voice, on the contrary, it sounded jocose, almost
gay, as if the old woman scented a whiff of the dear, good, old
times.
Yevpraksia, bashful and complacent, kept silence, but under Arina
Petrovna's inquisitive look, the red of her cheeks deepened.
"For some time I have been noticing that you walk kind of stiff,
strutting about and twirling your skirts as if you were a respectable
lady! But, my dear, you can't fool me with your strutting and twirling.
I can see your girlish tricks five versts ahead! Is it the wind that
puffed you up? Since when is it? Out with it now. Tell me all about
it."
A detailed inquiry ensued, followed by a no less detailed explanation.
When had the first symptoms appeared? Had she a midwife in view?
Did Porfiry Vladimirych know of the joy in store for him? Was
Yevpraksia taking good care of herself? Was she careful not to lift
anything heavy? The findings were that it was now the fifth month
since Yevpraksia had been pregnant; that she had no midwife in
view as yet; that Porfiry Vladimirych had been informed of the
matter, but had said nothing. He had only folded his hands,
mumbled something, and glanced at the ikon, to intimate that all is
from God and that He, the Heavenly Father, provides for all
occasions. Yevpraksia had been careless; she had lifted a samovar
and had then and there felt that something inside of her snapped.
"You've got brains, I must say," said Arina Petrovna in a grieved tone
when the confession was out. "I see I'll have to look into the matter
myself. Did you ever! A woman in the fifth month and hasn't even
provided for a midwife! But why at least didn't you see Ulita about it,
you fool, you?"
"I was going to, but the master doesn't like Ulita, you know."
"Nonsense, girl, nonsense! Whether Ulita offended the master or not
has nothing at all to do with the case. He doesn't have to kiss her,
does he? No, there is no way out of it. I'll have to take this thing in
hand myself."
It was on the tip of her tongue to complain that even in her old age
she had hardships to bear, but the subject of the conversation was
so attractive that she only parted her lips with a smack and
continued:
"Well, my girl, you are in for it. Take your medicine, try it and see
how it tastes. Go ahead, just try it. I myself raised three sons and a
daughter, and I buried five little ones—I ought to know. We are no
better than slaves to those nasty men!" she added, slapping herself
on the nape of her neck.
Suddenly, she stopped, struck by a new idea. "Holy saints! If it isn't
going to be in Lent! Wait, just a moment, let's figure it out."
They began to figure on their fingers, they figured once, twice, a
third time—it surely came out on a Lenten day.
"So that's how it is. That's the kind of saint he is. Just wait, I'll tease
the life out of him. A pretty mess for him! I'll tease him. My name is
mud if I won't," jested Arina Petrovna.
And truly, that very day, when all were gathered at evening tea,
Arina Petrovna began to poke fun at Yudushka.
"See what a trick our saint has played. Maybe it really is the wind
that puffed your queen up. Well, brother, you've surprised me, I
must say."
At first Yudushka answered his mother's banter with grimaces of
aversion, but seeing that Arina Petrovna spoke good-naturedly and
meant no harm, he brightened up little by little.
"You are wag, mother dear, you certainly are," he jested in his turn,
though evading the real point.
"Why call me a wag? We had better speak seriously about the
matter. It's no joke, you know. It's a 'sacrament,' that's what it is.
Though not a proper one but still——No, we've got to give it serious
thought. What do you think; is she to stay here, or will you send her
to the town?"
"I don't know, mother, I don't know a thing, darling," said Porfiry
Vladimirych evasively. "You are a wag, you certainly are."
"Well, my girl, never mind, then. We'll talk it over, just the two of us,
at leisure. We'll figure it out, and arrange things properly. These
mean men—all they need is to satisfy their lust, and we, poor devils,
we get the worst of it."
Arina Petrovna felt in her element. She spent a whole evening
discussing things with Yevpraksia and could have gone on
indefinitely. Even her cheeks began to glow and her eyes to glitter
youthfully.
"You know, my dear, what it is? It's something divine, it is," she
insisted. "Because, even if it isn't in the proper way, still it's the
natural way. But you had better look out. If it comes during Lent—
God save you! I'll tease you to death, I'll make this world too hot for
you."
Ulita was also called into the council. First matters of real importance
were taken up; whether an injection was to be made or whether the
abdomen was to be massaged with quicksilver salve. Then they
turned to the favorite theme and figured on their fingers again—it
came out on a Lenten day! Yevpraksia turned as red as a peony and
did not deny it, but pleaded her subordinate position.
"What could I do?" she said. "I must do what he wants me to do. If
the master orders us to do something, we, poor devils, can't help
but obey."
"Look at her playing the goody-goody. I'll bet, you yourself—-"
jested Arina Petrovna.
The woman fairly revelled in the affair. Arina Petrovna recalled a
number of incidents from her past, and did not fail to narrate them.
First she told of her own pregnancies, what tortures she had had to
stand from Simple Simon; how, while carrying Pavel Vladimirych, she
travelled by post to Moscow, changing horses at every stage so as
not to miss the Dubrovino auction, and as a result nearly departed
to the better world, etc., etc. All her deliveries had been remarkable
for something or other. Yudushka's was the only one that had come
easy.
"I didn't feel the least bit of heaviness," she said. "I would sit and
think, 'Lord, am I really pregnant?' And when the time came I just
lay down to rest for a few minutes and I don't know how it
happened—I gave birth to him. He was the easiest son to me, the
very, very easiest."
Then followed stories about domestics, how she herself "caught
some of them in the act," how others were spied upon by her
trusties, Ulita being generally the leader. Her old woman's memory
faithfully guarded these remarkably distinct recollections. In all her
drab past—always devoted to hoarding on both a petty and a large
scale, the tracking of lust-stricken domestics was the only romantic
element that touched a living chord in her.
It was as if in a dull magazine where the reader expects to find
treatises on dry fogs and Ovid's grave, he suddenly comes upon
"See the troika, gaily dashing," or some such spirited song of gaiety
or sadness. The dénouement of these simple love affairs of the
maids' room was generally drastic and even cruel. The woman was
married off into a remote village, by all means to a widower with a
large family, the male culprit was degraded to the position of a cattle
tender or even pressed into military service. Arina Petrovna's
recollection of the closing chapters of such romances had faded
(cultured people have a memory indulgent of their own past), but
the spying out of the amorous intrigues passed before her eyes in all
its vividness. And no wonder. In those days there was the same
absorbing interest in spying of that sort as there is nowadays in the
serial "evening story," in which the author, instead of at once
crowning the mutual longing of the hero and the heroine, breaks off
at the most pathetic place and writes, "to be continued."
"Those girls gave me no end of trouble. Some would keep up the
pretense to the last minute, and would feign and sham in the hope
of eluding me. But no, my dear, you can't fool me. I am an old hand
at it myself," she added almost sternly, as if threatening some one.
Finally came the stories of diplomatic pregnancies, so to speak, in
which Arina Petrovna had figured not as the chastiser, but as the
accomplice and concealer.
For example, her father Piotr Ivanych, when he was an old, tottering
man of seventy, had also had a "mistress," who had also been
discovered with an "increment"; and for higher considerations it had
been necessary to conceal the "increment" from the old man. As ill
luck would have it, Arina Petrovna was then at odds with her brother
Piotr Petrovich who, also for some diplomatic reasons, had wanted
to spy upon the pregnancy and leave his father in no doubt as to his
lady-love's position.
"And what do you think? We carried the whole thing through almost
in front of father's nose. The old dear slept in his bedroom, and the
two of us, alongside of him, went on with our work, quietly, in a
whisper and on tiptoe. I myself with my own hands closed up her
mouth, so she could not scream, disposed of the linen, and then
grabbed hold of her baby—he was a fine, big fellow—and dispatched
him to the foundling asylum. When brother learned about it a week
later he only gasped."
There had been another diplomatic pregnancy. Her cousin Varvara
Mikhailovna had been involved in the case. Her husband had left on
a campaign against the Turks, and she had not been sufficiently
careful. She came galloping to Golovliovo like one possessed and
had shouted "Save me, cousin!"
"Well, though we were on the outs with her at that time, I did not
make her feel it. I welcomed her in the most hospitable way, calmed
her, reassured her, pretended she had just come to us on a visit, and
fixed the matter up so that her husband did not know a thing about
it till his dying day."
Thus ran the tales of Arina Petrovna, and seldom has a narrator
found more attentive listeners. Yevpraksia swallowed every word as
if the incidents of a wonderful fairy tale were actually passing before
her eyes. As to Ulita, she as an erstwhile participant in most of it,
only made smacking sounds with the corners of her lips.
Ulita also brightened up and felt more comfortable than she had for
a long time. Hers was a restless life. Even in childhood she had
burned with servile ambitions. Sleeping and waking, she would
dream about gaining favor in her master's eyes and getting the
whiphand over those in her own station in life. But her dreams never
came true. As soon as she set foot on the rung higher up, she would
be tugged back and plunged into the inferno by an unseen,
mysterious power. She possessed in perfection the qualities of an all-
round servant of the gentlefolk. She was venomous, evil-tongued
and always ready for treachery, but also slavishly ready to go
anywhere and do anything that neutralized her viciousness. In
former days, when it was necessary to follow up an event in the
maid servants' room, or settle any dubious affair, Arina Petrovna had
gladly made use of her services, though she had never appreciated
them and had not admitted her to any office of trust. Ulita would
then make loud complaints, and sting with her tongue, but no one
paid attention to her grumblings, for she was well known as a
malevolent woman, ready to curse herself and others to eternal
damnation, but the next moment at a mere wink willing to come
running and sit up on her hind legs prepared to do her master's
bidding.
And so she had been knocked about, always trying to get
somewhere and never getting there, till the abolition of serfdom put
an end to her slavish ambitions.
One event in Ulita's youth had kindled in her great hopes. Porfiry
Vladimirych, on one of his visits to Golovliovo, had become intimate
with her, and, as tradition had it, had even had a child by her. That
had brought down upon him the wrath of Arina Petrovna. It is
uncertain whether the relationship had been kept up on his
subsequent visits; at any rate, when Yudushka decided to establish
himself permanently at Golovliovo, Ulita's hopes had been shattered
grievously. Immediately after his arrival she came to him with a heap
of gossip, in which Arina Petrovna was accused of all sorts of fraud.
The master listened very affably to her gossip, but gave Ulita a cold
look, evidently failing to remember her former "good services."
Offended and deceived in her hopes, Ulita transferred herself to
Dubrovino, where Pavel Vladimirych, because of his hatred for his
dear brother Porfiry Vladimirych, received her gladly and even made
her his housekeeper. Here for a long time her condition seemed to
improve. Pavel Vladimirych would sit in the entresol and sip one
glass of vodka after another, and she would run busily from
storeroom to cellar, clanging a bunch of keys, and rattling her
tongue. She had even quarrelled with Arina Petrovna, whom the sly
wench nearly drove to her grave.
But Ulita loved treachery too well to be content with the peace and
quiet that had come with her "good living." That was when Pavel
Vladimirych had become so addicted to drink that his end could
readily be foreseen. Porfiry Vladimirych was alive to Ulita's priceless
value at this juncture, and he snapped his fingers again and
summoned her. He ordered her never for a moment to leave his
prey, not to contradict Pavel in anything, not even in his hatred of
his brother Porfiry, and by all means to eliminate the interference of
Arina Petrovna. This had been one of those domestic crimes which
Yudushka had a gift of perpetrating without previous deliberation,
spontaneously, and as a matter of course. Needless to say, Ulita
carried out his orders most faithfully. Pavel Vladimirych never ceased
to hate his brother, and the more he hated him, the more he drank
his vodka, and the less capable he became of heeding the remarks
and advice of Arina Petrovna as to "making provisions." Every
moment of the dying man, every word uttered were at once
reported to Golovliovo, so that Yudushka, equipped with a full
knowledge of the facts, could determine the exact moment he
should have to leave his ambush and step in as master of the
situation that he had created. And so he had! He had come to
Dubrovino at the very moment that he could get the estate for the
asking. Porfiry Vladimirych had rewarded Ulita's services by making
her a gift of cloth for a woolen dress, but he never admitted her
close to him.
Again Ulita had been plunged from the heights of grandeur into the
depths of inferno. It seemed to be her last fall. No one would snap
his fingers again and summon her for service. As a sign of special
favor and in consideration of her "nursing dear brother in his last
days," she had been allotted a nook in the house where all the
deserving old servants, who had remained after the abolition of
serfdom, had found shelter. Here Ulita had become completely
cowed, and when Porfiry Vladimirych made his choice of Yevpraksia,
she not only had not shown any obstinacy, but had even been first
to come to do homage to the master's love and had kissed her
shoulder.
And now, when she had given herself up as forgotten and
abandoned, she struck luck once more in Yevpraksia's pregnancy. It
was suddenly recalled that somewhere in the servants' room there
was a handy person. Somebody snapped her fingers and summoned
Ulita. True, it was not the master who had snapped his fingers. But
that he offered no obstacles was in itself sufficient grace. Ulita
celebrated her entry into the Golovliovo manor by taking the
samovar from Yevpraksia's hands. Bending sidewise a bit, with the
weight of it, she walked smartly into the dining-room, where Porfiry
Vladimirych was already seated. The master said not a word. He
even smiled, she thought, when upon another occasion, as she was
bringing in the samovar, she shouted from a distance, "Step to one
side, master, or I'll scald you."
When Ulita answered the summons to the family council she made
wry faces at first and refused to be seated. But when Arina Petrovna
shouted at her in a kindly way, "Sit down,—will you? What's the use
of your tricks? God made us all equal—be seated." Ulita sat down
and kept silence a while. Very shortly, however, her tongue
unloosened.
She, too, had her reminiscences. Her memory was stuffed with filth
from the days of her serfdom. Beside the carrying out of delicate
commissions like dogging the amorous doings of the maids' room,
Ulita had also held the office of leech and apothecary in the
Golovliovo manor. It was she who made all the injections, and
applied the cupping-glasses and mustard plasters. She had given
even the old master, Vladimir Mikhailych and Arina Petrovna
injections, and the young master, too—every one of them. She
retained the most grateful memories, and now there was a
boundless field for all her reminiscences.
A new mysterious life animated the Golovliovo manor. Arina Petrovna
would come over from Pogorelka every now and then to pay her
"good son" a visit and supervise preparations that as yet were given
no name. After the evening, the three women would go into
Yevpraksia's room, would eat some homemade jam, play fool, and,
till late into the night, would revel in reminiscences that would often
make the heroine of the occasion blush. The least incident, the
smallest trifle, served as a pretext for endless narrations. Yevpraksia
brought some raspberry jam, and Arina Petrovna began a story that
when she was carrying her daughter Sonya she could not stand even
the smell of raspberries.
"No sooner did a raspberry come into the house than I began to yell
at the top of my voice, 'Out, out with that damned thing!' After my
confinement it was all right again; I liked raspberries again."
Yevpraksia brought some caviar—and Arina Petrovna had an incident
to recall in connection with caviar, too.
"A really wonderful thing happened to me in connection with caviar.
It was a month or two after I was married and suddenly I was
seized with such a strong desire for caviar that I simply had to have
it at any cost. I would sneak into the cellar and eat as much as I
could. And once I said to my husband, 'Vladimir Mikhailych, why is it
that I eat caviar all the time?' He smiled at me, you know, and said,
'My dear, it is because you are pregnant.' And surely enough, just
nine months afterward I gave birth to Simple Simon."
But Porfiry Vladimirych continued to be noncommittal, never once
admitting that he had anything to do with Yevpraksia's condition.
Quite naturally this attitude of his embarrassed the women and
dampened their effusions in his presence, so that he came to be
completely abandoned. They chased him without ceremony from
Yevpraksia's room when he came in the evening to rest up and have
a chat.
"Be gone, you fine fellow!" Arina Petrovna said gaily. "You did your
part. Now it's none of your business any more, it's the women's
business. It's our turn now."
Yudushka took himself off in all meekness. Though not neglecting to
reproach his mother dear for being unkind to him, he rejoiced
inwardly that she was taking so much interest in the embarrassing
affair, and that he was left alone. If not for his mother's
participation, God knows what he would have had to undergo in
order to hush up the nasty affair, the very thought of which made
him spit out in disgust. Now, thanks to the experience of Arina
Petrovna and the skill of Ulita, he hoped the "trouble" would pass
without gaining publicity, and he himself, perhaps, would learn of the
results after all was over.

CHAPTER II

Porfiry Vladimirych's hopes were not realized. First occurred the

catastrophe with Petenka, then Arina Petrovna's death. And there
was no possibility in sight of his extricating himself by means of
some ugly machinations. He could not dismiss Yevpraksia for
dissolute conduct, because Arina Petrovna had carried the affair too
far and made it too widely known. Nor was Ulita so very reliable.
Dexterous woman though she was, yet if he put his trust in her, he
might have to deal with the coroner. For the first time in his life
Yudushka seriously and sincerely regretted his loneliness; for the
first time he realized vaguely that the people around him were not
mere pawns to be played with.
"Why didn't she wait a while to die?" Yudushka reproached his
mother dear. "She should have fixed it all up quietly and with good
sense, and then—as she pleased! If it's time to die—you can't help
it. I am sorry for the old woman. But if God wills it so, all our tears,
and the doctors, and the cures, and all of us are naught before the
power of God. The old woman lived long enough. She had her day—
was herself a mistress all her life, and left her children a gentry
estate. She lived to old age—well that's enough."
And as usual his idle mind, not used to dwell on a matter presenting
practical obstacles, skipped to the easier topic that gave occasion to
endless, unhampered verbiage.
"And to think how she died! Why, her death was worthy of a saint,"
he lied to himself, not knowing, though, whether he lied or spoke
the truth. "Without ailment, without trouble—just so. She heaved a
sigh, and before we knew it, she was no more. Oh, mother dear!
And her smile, and the glow of her cheeks! Her hands placed
together as if she wanted to confer a blessing. She shut her eyes
and—good-by!"
But in the very heat of his sentimental babblings, something would
suddenly prick him. That filthy business again. Fi, fi! "And really why
didn't she wait a while! It was only a matter of a month or so, and
now, look what she did!"
For some time he attempted to pretend ignorance, and answered
Ulita's inquiries just as he had answered his mother's, "I don't know,
I don't know anything."
But Ulita, an impudent woman, who had suddenly become conscious
of her power, could not be dismissed like that.
"Do I know? Have I brought this business on?" she cut him short.
And then he realized that from that moment on the happy
combination of the rôle of adulterer with the rôle of the unconcerned
observer of the consequences of his adultery had become quite
impossible.
Nearer and nearer came the disaster, inevitable, tangible. It pursued
him relentlessly and—what was worst of all—it paralyzed his idle
mind. He exerted all possible efforts to rid himself of the thought of
the approaching calamity, to drown it in a torrent of idle words, but
he succeeded only in part. He tried to hide behind the infallibility of
the law of Providence and, as was his custom, turned it into a ball of
thread which he could wind and unwind without end. There was the
parable of the hair falling from a man's head, and the legend of the
house built on sand; but just at the moment when his idle thoughts
were about to roll down into a kind of mysterious abyss, when the
endless winding of the ball seemed quite assured, a single word
suddenly jumped out from the ambush and broke the thread. Alas!
That one word was "adultery" and designated an act of which
Yudushka did not wish to confess himself guilty even to himself.
When all his efforts to forget the disaster or to do away with it
proved futile, when he realized at last that he was caught, his soul
became filled with anguish. He walked back and forth in the room,
thinking of nothing, and he felt that something inside of him
trembled and ached. It was a check that his idle mind felt for the
first time. Up to now, wherever his idle and empty imagination
carried him, it always found boundless space, space that gave room
to all possible kinds of combinations. Even the deaths of Volodka and
Petka, even the death of Arina Petrovna had not baffled his flow of
idle thoughts and words. Those were common, well recognized
situations, met by well recognized, well established forms—
requiems, funeral dinners, and the like. All this he had done in strict
accordance with the custom and thus vindicated himself, so to
speak, before the laws of man and Providence. But adultery—what
was that? Why, that meant an arraignment of his entire life, the
showing up of its inner sham. Though he had formerly been known
as a pettifogger, even as a Bloodsucker, gossip had had so little legal
background that he could safely retort, "Prove it!"
And now, all of a sudden—adulterer! A known, convicted adulterer.
He had not even resorted to "measures," so great had been his
confidence in Arina Petrovna; he had not even worked up a story to
cover the thing. And on a Lenten day at that. The shame of it!
In these inner talks with himself, in spite of their confusion, there
was something like an awakening of conscience. But the question
was whether Yudushka would continue along that path or whether
his idle mind would even in this grave matter perform its usual
function of finding a loophole through which he could crawl out and
emerge unscathed.
While Yudushka was thus smarting under his own mental vacuity,
Yevpraksia was undergoing an unexpected inner change. Evidently
the anticipation of motherhood untied the mental fetters that had
hitherto held her bound. Up to that time she had been indifferent to
everything and regarded Porfiry Vladimirych as a "master" in relation
to whom she was a mere subordinate. Now, for the first time, she
grasped a definite idea. It began to dawn on her that here was a
state of affairs where she was the most important figure, and where
she could not be driven about with impunity. As a consequence,
even her face, usually blank and stolid, became lighted up and
intelligent.
The death of Arina Petrovna had been the first fact in her semi-
conscious life that produced a sobering effect upon her. No matter
how peculiar the attitude of the old mistress to Yevpraksia's
prospective motherhood was, still there were glimpses of sympathy
in it and nothing of the disgusting evasiveness of Yudushka. So
Yevpraksia had begun to see a protector in Arina Petrovna, as if
expecting that some kind of attack was being planned against her.
The forebodings of that attack were all the more persistent since
they were not illuminated by consciousness, but merely filled the
whole of her being with vague anxiety. Her mind was not vigorous
enough to tell her definitely the point from which the attack would
come and the form it would take; but her instincts had already been
so aroused that the very sight of Yudushka filled her with an
inexplicable fear. "Yes, that's where it will come from," reverberated
in the inner chambers of her soul—from that coffin filled with dead
dust, from that coffin she had so long been tending like a hireling,
from that coffin which by some miracle had become the father and
lord of her child! The feeling this thought awakened in her was akin
to hatred and would inevitably have passed into hatred had it not
been diverted by the sympathy and interest of Arina Petrovna, who,
by constant chatter, never gave Yevpraksia a chance to think.
But Arina Petrovna retired to Pogorelka, and then vanished entirely.
The feeling of anxiety and uneasiness in Yevpraksia became still
more intense.
The stillness in which the Golovliovo manor became engulfed was
broken only by a rustle announcing that Yudushka was stealing
through the corridors, listening at the doors. Or sometimes, some
one of the servants would come running from the yard and bang the
door of the maids' room. But then stillness would again creep in
from all sides. It was a dead stillness that filled Yevpraksia's being
with superstitions and anguish. And since she was nearing her time,
she had not even the sleepy feeling to look forward to that came in
the evening after a day of household chores.
She tried once or twice to be affectionate with Porfiry Vladimirych
and engage his kindly sympathies. Her attempts only resulted in
brief but mean scenes that reacted painfully even on her crude
sensibilities. All that was left to her was to sit with her arms folded
and think, that is, be alarmed. And as to the causes for alarm, they
multiplied daily. The death of Arina Petrovna had untied Yudushka's
hands and introduced into the Golovliovo manor a new element of
tale-bearing, which thereafter became the one thing in which
Yudushka's soul reveled.
Ulita was aware that Porfiry Vladimirych was afraid and that with his
idle, empty, perfidious character fear bordered on hatred. Besides,
she knew very well that he was incapable not only of attachment but
even of simple pity, and he kept Yevpraksia only because, thanks to
her, his daily life flowed on in an undeviating rut. Equipped with
these simple data, Ulita was in a position to nurse the feeling of
hatred that arose in Yudushka whenever he was reminded of the
coming "disaster."
Soon Yevpraksia became entangled in a web of gossip. Ulita every
now and then "reported" to the master. In one instance she
complained about the wasteful disposal of house provisions.
"I am afraid, master, your stuff is spent a bit too fast. I went to the
cellar a while ago to get cured beef. I remembered a new tub had
been begun not long ago, and—would you believe it? I look into the
tub and find only two or three slices at the bottom."
"Is it possible?" said Porfiry Vladimirych, staring at her.
"If I had not seen it myself, I shouldn't have believed it, either. It's
surprising what heaps of stuff are used up! Butter, barley, pickles—
everything. Other folk feed their servants on gruel and goose-fat,
but our servants must have it with butter, and sweet butter at that."
"Is that so?" exclaimed Porfiry Vladimirych, almost frightened.
At another time she entered casually and "reported" about the
master's linen.
"Master, I think you ought to stop Yevpraksia, really. Of course, she
is a girl, inexperienced, but still, take the linen for instance. She
wasted piles of it on bed sheets and swaddling clothes, and it's all
fine linen, you know."
Porfiry Vladimirych merely cast a fiery glance, but the whole of his
empty being was thrown into convulsions by her "report."
"Of course, she cares for her infant," continued Ulita, in a mellifluous
voice. "She thinks Lord knows what, a prince is going to be born.
And I think that he, I mean the infant, could well sleep on fustian
bedding—with such a mother."
At times she simply teased Yudushka.
"Do you know, master, what I was going to ask you?" she began.
"What are you going to do about the infant? Are you going to make
him your son, or will you, like other folk, put him in the foundling
asylum."
At this Porfiry Vladimirych flashed such a fierce glance at her that
she was instantly silenced.
And amidst the hatred that was rising from every corner, the
moment drew nearer and nearer when the appearance of a tiny,
crying, "servant of God" would in one way or another bring order
into the moral chaos of the Golovliovo manor, and would increase
the number of the "servants of God" that inhabit this universe.
It was seven o'clock in the evening. Porfiry Vladimirych had had his
after-dinner nap and was in his study filling up sheets of paper with
columns of figures. He was busy with the following problem: How
much money would he now have had, if his dear mother Arina
Petrovna had not appropriated the hundred ruble note his
grandfather had given him on the day of his birth, but had placed it
in the bank to the credit of the minor Porfiry? It came out not much
—only eight hundred rubles in notes.
"It isn't a lot of money, let's say," Yudushka mused idly, "but still it's
good to know that you have it for a rainy day. Any time you need it
—you can just go and get it. You don't have to bow to anybody, or
ask favors—just take your own money, given to you by your
grandfather. Oh, mother dear! How could you have acted so rashly?"
Porfiry Vladimirych had allayed the fears that had only recently
paralyzed his capacity for thinking idle nonsense. The glimmerings of
conscience awakened by the difficult position in which Yevpraksia's
pregnancy put him, and by the sudden death of Arina Petrovna, little
by little faded away. His idle mind had done its work, and Yudushka
had finally succeeded by great effort, it is true, in drowning all
thought of the impending "disaster" in his bottomless pit of verbiage.
One could not say he had made up his mind consciously, but rather
intuitively. It was instinct in him that made him revert to his favorite
formula: "I don't know anything, I allow nothing, I forbid
everything," which he applied in every difficulty. On this occasion,
too, it put an end to the inner turbulence that had briefly agitated
him.
Now, this matter of the coming birth was of no concern to him, and
his face assumed an indifferent, impenetrable look. He almost
ignored Yevpraksia, not even calling her by name. If ever he did
inquire about her he would say, "How about that woman—still sick?"
He proved to be so strong that eyen Ulita, who had been through
the school of serfdom and had learned quite a lot about reading
people's minds, realized that to battle with a man who had no
scruples and who would go to any lengths was quite impossible.
The Golovliovo manor was plunged in darkness. Only Yudushka's
study and the side room occupied by Yevpraksia were illuminated by
a glimmering light. Stillness reigned in Yudushka's rooms, broken
only by the rattle of the beads on the counting board and the faint
squeak of Yudushka's pencil.
Suddenly, in the dead stillness he heard a distant but piercing groan.
Yudushka trembled, his lips quivered, his pencil jerked.
"One hundred and twenty rubles plus twelve rubles and ten kopeks,"
whispered Porfiry Vladimirych, endeavoring to stifle the unpleasant
sensation produced by the groan.
But the groans were now coming with increasing frequency. Finally
they got to be annoying. It became so difficult for him to work that
he left the desk. First he paced back and forth trying not to hear;
but little by little curiosity gained the upper hand. He opened the
door cautiously, put his head into the darkness of the adjacent room
and listened in an attitude of watchful expectation.
"My, I think I forgot to light the lamp before the ikon of the Holy
Virgin, the Assuager of Our Sorrows," flashed through his mind.
Suddenly he heard quick footsteps in the corridor, and he darted
back into his study, cautiously closing the door and mincing on tiptoe
to the ikon.
A moment later he was already in "proper form," so that when the
door opened wide and Ulita rushed into the room, she found him in
a pose of prayer with folded hands.
"I am afraid Yevpraksia's life is in danger," said Ulita, not hesitating
to interrupt Yudushka's prayers. But Porfiry Vladimirych did not even
turn his face; he began to move his lips faster than before, and
instead of answering waved his hand in the air as if to chase away
an annoying fly.
"What's the use of waving your hand? I say Yevpraksia is doing
poorly. She may die any moment," Ulita insisted gruffly.
This time Yudushka turned toward her, but his face was as calm and
unctuous as if he had just been in communion with the Deity, and
had cast off all earthly cares, and did not even understand what
could make people disturb him.
"Though it's sinful to chide after prayer, still as a human being I
cannot keep from complaining. How many times have I not asked
you not to disturb me when I say my prayers?" he said in a voice
befitting his worshipful mood, and permitting himself only a shake of
his head as a sign of Christian reproach. "Well, what has happened?"
"What could have happened? Yevpraksia is in labor and cannot give
birth. As if you haven't heard it before. Oh, you! Go and look at her
at least."
"What is there to look at? Am I a doctor? Can I give her advice, or
what? I don't know anything, I don't know any of your business. I
know there is a sick woman in the house, but why she is sick and
what her sickness is, that, I confess, I never had the curiosity to find
out. Send for the priest if the patient is in danger. That's one piece
of advice I can give you. Send for the priest, pray with him, light the
ikon lamps. And then I'll have tea with the parson."
Porfiry Vladimirych was glad that he expressed himself so well in this
most decisive moment. He looked at Ulita firmly as if he meant to
say, "Well refute me, if you can."
Even she was baffled by his equanimity. "Suppose you do come and
take a look," she repeated.
"I will not go because I have nothing to do there. If it were
business, I would go without being called. If I have to go five versts
on business, I'll go five versts, and if ten versts, I'll go ten. It may be
in wind and storm, but I'll go. For I know there is business to attend
to and I've got to go whether I want to or not."
Ulita thought she was asleep and that in her sleep she saw Satan
himself standing before her and discoursing.
"To send for the priest—that's business! A prayer—do you know
what the Scriptures say about a prayer? 'A prayer cures the afflicted.'
That's what it says. So see to it. Send for the priest, pray together,
and I, too, will pray in the meantime. You will pray there, in the ikon
room, and I will invoke God's mercy here in my study. By joint effort,
you on one side, I on the other, we may after all succeed in making
our prayers heard in Heaven."
The priest was sent for, but before he came, Yevpraksia, in agony,
delivered herself of the child. From the hurried steps and banging
doors, Porfiry Vladimirych understood that something decisive had
happened. And, indeed, in a few minutes hurried steps were heard
in the corridor, and Ulita rushed in holding a tiny creature wrapped
up in linen.
"Here! Look at it!" she exclaimed triumphantly, bringing the child
close to the face of Porfiry Vladimirych.
For a moment it looked as if Yudushka were hesitating. His body
swayed forward and a bright spark flashed in his eyes. But only for a
moment. The next instant he turned up his nose squeamishly and
waved his hand.
"No, no! I am afraid. I don't like them. Go away, go away!" he began
to stammer, with infinite aversion in his face.
"Why don't you at least ask if it's a boy or a girl?" Ulita pleaded with
him.
"No, no! What for? It's none of my business. It's your affair, and I
don't know anything. I don't know anything, and I don't want to
know either. Go away, for Christ's sake, be gone!"
Again Ulita felt as though she were in a nightmare with Satan
standing in front of her. It exasperated her.
"I'll take him and put him on your sofa. Go nurse him!" That was a
threat.
But Yudushka was not the man to be moved. While Ulita was
threatening, he was already facing the ikon, with hands stretched
upward. Evidently he was imploring God to forgive all people, those
who sinned knowingly, and those who sinned unknowingly; those
who sinned in word and those who sinned in deed; and he thanked
the Lord that he himself was not a sinner or an adulterer, and that
the Lord in His grace had led him in the righteous path. Even his
nose trembled with the solemnity of his feeling. Ulita observed him
for some time, blew out her lips in disgust and left.
"God took one Volodka and gave another Volodka," flashed up in
Yudushka's mind quite irrelevantly; but he at once became aware of
this sudden play of thought and spat inwardly in annoyance.
Soon the priest came and chanted and burned incense. Yudushka
heard the drawl of the sexton as he was chanting, "Oh, Zealous
Protectress!" and gladly chimed in. Soon Ulita came running to the
door again and shouted, "He was christened Volodimir!"
Yudushka was moved by the strange coincidence of this
circumstance and his recent aberration of mind. He saw the will of
God in it, and this time he did not spit, but said to himself:
"Well, then, thank God! He took one Volodka and gave another.
That's what God can do. You lose something in one place and you
think it's gone, but God, if He wishes, rewards you for it a
hundredfold."
At last it was announced that the samovar was on the table and the
priest was waiting in the dining-room. Porfiry Vladimirych became
quite peaceful and solemn. The Golovliovo priest, Father Aleksandr,
was a polite man, and he endeavored to give his intercourse with
Yudushka a worldly tone. In the landlord's manor there were all-
night vigils every week and on the eve of every principal holiday, in
addition to the ceremonial services performed every first of the
month. That meant an income of over a hundred rubles a year.
Father Aleksandr was not unmindful of this, nor of the fact that the
landmarks between the church lands and Yudushka's lands had not
yet been settled upon, and Yudushka, on passing the church
meadows, would many times exclaim, "My, what fine meadows!" So
the priest's worldly behavior toward Yudushka was tempered by fear,
which came out every time the priest visited the manor. He would
work himself up into gay spirits, though he really had no occasion to
feel happy. And when Porfiry Vladimirych gave expression to
heresies concerning the ways of Providence, the after-life, and so
forth, the priest, though not quite approving of the heresies, still did
not consider them sacrilegious and blasphemous, but ascribed them
to the temerity of spirit characteristic of the gentry.
When Yudushka entered, the priest hurriedly gave him his blessing
and just as hurriedly pulled his hand back as if afraid the
Bloodsucker would bite it. He wanted to congratulate his spiritual
son on the birth of the new little Vladimir, but uncertain how
Yudushka was taking the matter, he decided not to congratulate him.
"It's misty outdoors," the priest began. "By popular signs, in which
one may say there seems to be a great deal of superstition, such a
state of the atmosphere signifies that thawing weather is near."
"And maybe it will turn out to be a frost. We are foretelling thawing
weather and God will go ahead and send us a frost," retorted
Yudushka, with a bustling; air of gaiety, and seated himself at the
table, this time attended by the butler Prokhor.
"It is true that man in his aspirations strives to attain the
unattainable and to gain access to the inaccessible; and as a
consequence he incurs cause for penance, or even veritable grief."
"That is why we ought to refrain from guessing and foretelling and
be satisfied with what God sends us. If He sends us warm weather,
we ought to be satisfied with warm weather; if He send us frost, let
us welcome the frost. We'll order the stoves heated more than usual,
and those who travel will wrap themselves tight in fur coats, and
there you are—we're all warm."
"Quite true."
"There are many nowadays who go circling round. They don't like
this and they are dissatisfied with that, and the other thing is not
after their heart, but I don't approve. I don't make forecasts myself,
and I don't care for it in others. It is haughtiness of spirit—that's
what I call it."
"That's true, too."
"We are all pilgrims here, that's how I look at it. Well, as to having a
glass of tea, or a light bite, or something, we are allowed to do that,
for God gave us our body and limbs. Even the government would
not forbid us that. 'You can eat, if you want to,' it says, 'but hold
your tongue.'"
"Also perfectly true," exclaimed the priest, tapping the saucer with
the bottom of his empty tea-glass in exultation over the harmony
between them.
"As I understand it, God gave man reason not to explore the
unknown, but to refrain from sin. If I, for instance, feel a craving of
the flesh or a temptation of some kind, I call my reason to the
rescue and say, 'Show me, forsooth, the ways by which I may
overcome this craving,' and I am quite right, for in such cases
reason can really be of great use."
"Still, faith is superior, in a way," the priest offered in slight
correction.
"Faith is one thing and reason is another. Faith points out the goal,
and reason finds the way. It goes searching in every direction till at
last it finds something. Take, for instance, all these drugs and
plasters and healing herbs and potions—all of them have been
invented by reason. But we ought to see to it that such invention is
in accordance with faith, to our salvation and not to our ruin."
"I cannot disagree with you in this, either."
"There is a certain book, father, that I read some time ago. It says
that one must not disdain the offices of reason if the latter is guided
by faith, for a man without reason soon becomes the plaything of
passion; and I even think that the first downfall of man came about
because the devil in the shape of the serpent beclouded the human
reason."
The reverend father did not object to this either, though he refrained
from assent, since it was not yet clear to him what Yudushka had up
his sleeve.
"We often see that people not only fall into sinful thought, but even
commit crimes, all because of lack of reason. The flesh tempts, and
if there is no reason, man falls into the abyss. Man craves something
sweet, he craves gaiety and pleasure, especially when it comes
through women. How will you preserve yourself without the aid of
reason? And if, let's say, for instance, I do possess reason, I'll take
some camphor and rub it in where necessary, and put some in other
parts, and before you know, the craving is over as if it had never
been there."
Yudushka became silent as if waiting to hear what the priest had to
say in response, but the priest was still uncertain what Yudushka
was driving at and therefore he only coughed and said quite
irrelevantly:
"There are hens in my yard—very restless on account of the change
of season. They run and jump about, and can't find a place for
themselves."
"All because neither birds nor beasts nor reptiles possess reason.
What is a bird? It has no worry, no cares—just flies about. The other
day, for instance, I looked out of the window and saw some
sparrows pecking at manure. Manure is enough for them but not for
man."
"Yet in some cases even the Scriptures take birds as examples."
"In some cases, that's true. Where faith without reason can be a
man's salvation, we must do as the birds do, pray to God, compose
verses."
Porfiry Vladimirych grew silent. Though talkative by nature and
though the event of the day naturally lent itself to a lengthy
discussion, the most suitable form for the remarks on the subject
had evidently not yet ripened in his mind.
"Birds need no reason," he said at last, "because they have no
temptations. Or, rather, they have temptations but they are never
called to answer for their doings. Birds lead a natural life. They have
no property to take care of, no legitimate marriages, hence no
widowhood. They are responsible neither to God nor to the
authorities. They have only one lord—the cock."
"The cock! That's true. The cock is a sort of Sultan of Turkey to
them."
"But man has so arranged his life, that he has given up the liberties
granted to him by nature, and therefore he needs much reason:
first, to keep himself from falling into sin, and second, not to tempt
others. Am I right, father?"
"It is gospel truth. The Scriptures advise us to pluck out the
tempting eye."
"That is, if you understand it literally, but there may be a way of
avoiding sin not by plucking out the eyes, but by seeing to it that the
eye is not tempted. One must have more frequent recourse to
prayer, and curb the unruly flesh. Take me, for instance. I am in
good health and vigor, I dare say. Well, I have female servants. Still
that does not disturb me in the least. I know I can't get along
without servants, well then, I keep them. I keep male servants, and
female servants of every kind. A maid is needed in the household to
fetch something from the cellar, to pour the tea, bring in something
to eat—well—God bless her!—She does her work and I do mine, and
so we get along very nicely indeed."
While speaking Yudushka tried to look into the priest's eyes, and the
latter in his turn, tried to look into Yudushka's. But happily, there
was a burning candle between them, so that they could look at each
other to their hearts' content and see nothing but the flame of the
candle.
"And then again, I take it this way. If you become intimate with your
female servants, they'll begin to have their way in the house. And
you'll have squabbles and disorder and quarrels and impertinence. I
like to keep away from such things."
The priest stared so steadily that his eyes began to swim. Good
manners, he knew, demanded that in a general conversation one
should every now and then join in with at least a word. So he shook
his head and muttered:
"Tss——"
"And if, at that, one behaves as other folks do, as my dear neighbor,
Mr. Anpetov, for example, or my other neighbor, Mr. Utrobin, then
you can fall into sin before you know it. Utrobin has six offspring on
his place begot in that disgraceful way. But I don't want it. I say that
if God took away my guardian angel, it means that such was His
holy will, that He wanted me to be a widower. And if I am a widower
by the grace of God, I must observe my widowerhood honestly and
not contaminate my bed. Am I right, father?"
"It's hard, sir."
"I know it's hard, but still I observe it. Some say it's hard, and I say
the harder the better, provided God is with you! We can't all have it
sweet and easy. Some of us must bear hardships in the name of
God. If you deny yourself something here, you will obtain it there.
Here it is called hardship and there, virtue. Am I right?"
"As right as can be."
"And talking about virtues—they are not all of the same kind. Some
virtues are great, others are small. What do you think?"
"Yes, quite possible, there may be small virtues and great virtues."
"That's just what I say. If a man is careful in his behavior, if he does
not speak vile words, if he does not speak vain words, if he does not
judge others, if, in addition to all this, he does not vex anybody or
take away what is not his—that man will have a clear conscience,
and no mud can soil him. And if anyone secretly speaks ill of a man
like that, give it no heed. Spit at his insinuations—that's the long and
short of it."
"In such cases the precepts of Christianity recommend forgiveness."
"Yes, forgive also. That's what I always do. If someone speaks ill of
me, I forgive him and even pray to God for him. He is the gainer
because a prayer on his behalf goes to Heaven, and I, too, am the
gainer, for after I have prayed I forget about the whole matter."
"That's correct. Nothing lightens one's heart as much as a prayer.
Sorrow and anger, and even ailment, all run before it as does the
darkness of night before the sun."
"Well, thank God, then. And we should always conduct ourselves so
that our life is like a candle in a lantern—seen from every side. Then
we will not be misjudged, for there will be no cause. Take us, for
example. We sat down here a while ago, have been chatting and
talking things over—who could find fault with us? And now let us go
and pray to the Lord, and then—to bed. And tomorrow we shall rise
again. Isn't that so, father?"
Yudushka rose noisily, shoving his chair aside in sign that the
conversation was at an end. The priest also rose and made ready to
raise his arm to bless, but Porfiry Vladimirych, as an indication of
special favor, caught the priest's hand and pressed it in his own.
"So he was christened Vladimir, father?" said Yudushka, shaking his
head sadly in the direction of Yevpraksia's room.
"In honor of the saintly Prince Vladimir, sir."
"Well, God be praised. She is a good and faithful servant, but as to
intelligence—well, she hasn't much of it. That's why they fall into
adultery."

CHAPTER III

The whole of the next day Porfiry Vladimirych remained in his study,
praying to God for guidance. On the third day he emerged for
morning tea, not in his dressing gown, as usual, but in full holiday
attire, the way he always dressed when he intended to transact
important business. His face was pale, but radiated inner serenity; a
benign smile played upon his lips; his eyes looked kindly and all-
forgiving. The tip of his nose was slightly red with elation.
He drank his three glasses of tea in silence, and between gulps
moved his lips, folded his hands, and looked at the ikon as if, in spite
of yesterday's vigil, he still expected speedy aid and intercession
from it. Finally he sent for Ulita, and while waiting for her, kneeled
again before the ikon, that he might once more strengthen himself
by communion with God, and also that Ulita might see plainly that
what was about to happen was not his doing, but the work of God.
Ulita, however, as soon as she glanced at Yudushka, perceived there
was treachery in the depth of his soul.
"Well, now I have prayed to God," began Porfiry Vladimirych, and in
token of obedience to His holy will, he lowered his head and spread
his arms.
"That's fine," answered Ulita, but her voice expressed such deep
comprehension that Yudushka involuntarily raised his eyes.
She stood before him in her usual pose, one hand upon her breast,
the other supporting her chin. But her face sparkled with suppressed
laughter. Yudushka shook his head in sign of Christian reproach.
"I suppose God bestowed His grace upon you," continued Ulita,
unperturbed by his gesture of warning.
"You always blaspheme," Yudushka blustered. "How many times
have I warned you with kindness, and you are the same as ever.
Yours is an evil tongue, a malicious tongue."
"It seems to me I haven't said anything. Generally when people have
prayed to God, it means that God's grace is visited upon them."
"That's just it—'it seems!' But why do you prate about all that
'seems' to you? Why don't you learn how to hold your tongue when
necessary? I am talking business and she—'it seems to me!'"
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