ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

13(04), 190-200

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ADVANCED RESEARCH (IJAR)
Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/20713
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/20713

RESEARCH ARTICLE
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
ON THE GROWTH OF HYBRID CLARIAS FRY (MALE CLARIAS GARIEPINUS X FEMALE
CLARIAS ANGUILLARIS)

NdeyeCodouMbaye, Jean Fall, Mbaye B.A and AllaNdione

Institute of Fishery and Aquaculture, University Cheikh Anta DIOP of Dakar, BP:5005.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Aquaculture in Senegal faces constraints such as the high cost of fish
Received: 09 February 2025 feed, representing a brake on the sectors development. In thisstudy,
Final Accepted: 13 March 2025 alternative local meals cow blood meal chicken viscera meal and black
Published: April 2025 soldier fly larvae meal were used as feed additives for hybrid fry of
Clariasanguillarisand Clariasgariepinus. Four experimental diets R1,
Key words:-
Cow Blood Meal, Chicken Viscera, R2, R3 and R4 were formulated, in addition to an industrial control diet
Black Soldier Fly Larvae, Growth, Feed (R0), to assess their effects on growth, feed efficiency and production
Efficiency, Cost cost. 300 fry of initial mean weight of 1.56 g were distributed in 15
tanks of 50 liters. After 45 days of experimentation, the best
zootechnical performance was obtained with diet R4, containing the
combination of the three additives. This diet showed a relative mean
weight gain (RMWG) of 521.58% and a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of
1.44, similar to the control diet. Economically, the R4 diet had the
lowest feed cost of 666.41 FCFA/kg and fish cost of 958.94 FCFA/kg,
while maintaining a high survival rate (95%). These results demonstrate
that the use of local ingredients as additives is a sustainable and cost-
effective alternative for improving the productivity and competitiveness
of aquaculture in Senegal.

"© 2025 by the Author(s). Published by IJAR under CC BY 4.0. Unrestricted use allowed
with credit to the author."
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Fishery plays a considerable socio-economic role in Senegal. However, given the difficulties associated with
effective fisheries management and the growing demand for fisheries resources, Senegal has been faced for several
decades with the effects of overfishing of its ecosystems, climate change and the collapse of fisheries, impacting
local consumption of fisheries production, food security and economic growth (Balde, 2019). Faced with this
situation, the Senegalese government has been committed since 2007 to promote aquaculture as an alternative way
of coping with dwindling fisheries resources (Ndiaye, 2019).

Aquaculture plays a crucial role in food security and economic development, particularly in developing countries.
However, one of the major obstacles to its expansion remains the high cost of fish feed, representing between 40%
and 60% of total production costs (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). This dependence on imported feed limits farm
profitability and hinders the development of high-potential species such as Clariasgariepinusand Clariasanguillaris,

Corresponding Author:-NdeyeCodouMbaye 190

Address:-Institute of Fishery and Aquaculture, University Cheikh Anta DIOP of
Dakar, BP:5005.
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renowned for their rapid growth and adaptability. In this context, the use of local by-products to formulate less
costly diets represents a sustainable and economically viable alternative.
In Senegal, products such as chicken viscera, cow blood and black soldier fly larvae are often under-exploited.
Slaughterhouses discharge their effluents, including blood, into drainage channels without pre-treatment,
contributing to significant environmental pollution. These by-products, which are rich in essential nutrients,
nonetheless offer potential for valorization. Blood, for example, contains high-quality proteins, notably albumin and
hemoglobin, and its recovery reduces the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewater, thus limiting the
degradation of aquatic ecosystems (WHO, 2023). Chicken viscera, also rich in proteins, fats and amino acids, are
often regarded as waste, although they can be processed into meal for animal feed. Black soldier fly larvae, on the
other hand, are rich in protein and essential fatty acids, and have the advantage of being produced from recycled
organic matter, making them an ecological and sustainable source.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of these ingredients, used as feed additives, on the
growth of catfish hybrid fry of male Clariasgariepinusand female Clariasanguillaris. More specifically, it aims to:
1. add value to cow blood, broiler viscera and black soldier fly larvae by incorporating them as additives in Clarias
hybrid feeds;
2. determine the zootechnical performance of Clarias hybrids;
3. determine the nutritional contribution of foodstuffs on the flesh of Clarias hybrids;
4. determine variations in rearing water temperature and pH during experimentation;
5. determine the production cost of feed and fish.

Material and Methods

Methods
Processing of some ingredients used in this study
Various methods were used in this study. These included processing of raw materials into finished products, feed
formulation and manufacture, rearing conditions and determination of zootechnical parameters of Clarias hybrid fry.

Blood meal production

Fresh blood obtained from the SOGAS slaughter house in Dakar was placed in a 20L plastic container and
transported to the IUPA aquaculture station. To sterilize the fresh blood, it was heat-treated by boiling at 120
degrees Celsius for a quarter of an hour, then sun-dried for 48 hours and finely ground for use in diets. The blood
meal was stored in glass jars until use.

Black soldier fly meal production

Black soldier fly larvae were harvested when they reached an optimal stage of development, generally after 7 to 14
days of rearing.

After harvesting, the larvae were immobilized with hot water. Once treated, they were spread out in the sun to dry
and passed through a press to extract the oil. Finally, the dried and defatted larvae were ground to obtain a fine flour.

Chicken viscera meal production

Chicken guts obtained fresh from the market were meticulously washed and rinsed. This step was crucial to remove
impurities, food residues and contaminants, thus ensuring the cleanliness of the intestines prior to processing. After
this stage, they were then subjected to heat treatment by boiling at 100 degrees Celsius for a quarter of an hour.
After draining, the viscera were spread out in the sun to dry. Once dried, they were ground into a fine flour and
preserved in glass jars.

Diets formulation
Four experimental diets were formulated using the Pearson square method, and an industrial feed was used as a
control. Table I provides information on the centesimal composition of the different ingredients used and the
composition of the different ingredients in the industrial feed, as well as their bromatological compositions.

TableI:- Centesimal composition of the four formulated diets.

Ingredients R1 (viscera) R2 (viscera + R3 (viscera R4 (viscera + Industrial food
blood) +BSF) blood +BSF)

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Fish meal 35 35 35 35 Fish meal,

Soybean meal 10 10 10 10 Soya cake meal,
Peanut meal 10 10 10 10 Wheat meal,
Wheat bran meal 10 10 10 10 Soya oil,
10 10 10 10 Maize meal,
Corn flour
Cassava flour 9 9 9 9 Rice bran,
Chicken viscera 5 2,5 2,5 1,66 Distillers Dried
meal Grains with
Cow's blood meal 0 2,5 0 1,67 Solubles (DDGS)
BSF larvae meal 0 0 2,5 1,67 and
5 5 5 5 Maize gluten
Fish oil
Premix vitaminsa 1 1 1 1
Premix mineralsb 1 1 1 1
Yeast 4 4 4 4
Total 100 100 100 100
Crude Protein (%) 37,5 37,5 37,5 37,5 37
Crude lipid (%) 11,8 11,37 11,43 11,44 8
Cost of feed (F 657,22 654,72 691,43 666,415 1050
CFA)
a=vit A 250000 UI; vit D3 250000UI; vit E 5000mg; vit B1 100mg; vit B2 400mg; vit B3(pp) 1000mg; vit B5
pantode Ca2000mg; vit B6 300mg; vit K3 1000g; vit C 5000mg; H biotin 15mg; choline 100g; anti-oxydant (BHT),
crushed and calcined attapulgite qs 1000mg;
b=phosphorus 7%; calcium 17%; sodium 1,5%; potassium 4,6%; magnesium 7,5%; manganese 738mg; zinc
3000mg; iron 4000mg; copper 750mg; iodine 5mg; cobalt 208mg; calcined and ground attapulgite qs 1000g;
fluorine 1.5% (approximately),

Diets manufacturing
The different proportions of ingredients shown in Table I are formulated to produce 1000g of feed. The raw
materials for each feed were sieved, weighed and mixed to homogenize them. Water was then added at a rate of
30% of dry matter. This resulted in a malleable dough mixture. This mixture was passed into a Moulinex mincer,
from which it emerged in the form of spaghetti filaments. These filaments then underwent fragmentation, followed
by sun-drying for two days. Once dried, they were placed in a mortar, then crushed and sieved to obtain flour, which
was then preserved in bags.

Breeding conditions
The hybrids used in this experiment were derived from the artificial reproduction of a male Clariasgariepinusand a
female Clariasanguillaris. Three days after hatching, the larvae were fed artemia SEP for 15 days. During the course
of the experiment, 300 fry with an initial average weight of 1.56 g were randomly distributed in 15 aquariums of 50-
liter, i.e. 20 fry per tank. These fish were acclimatized for one week.

The experiment lasted 45 days. The fish received a daily ration corresponding to 8% of their live weight. This ration
was distributed in the morning at 8 a.m. and in the evening at 5 p.m., after temperature and pH measurements had
been taken.

Finally, to maintain water quality, the bottom of the rearing tanks was siphoned off eevery morning before feeding.
The edges were cleaned and rinsed thoroughly to limit the deposit of any fatty matter left by the feed.

Evaluation of survival growth parameters, feed efficiency and feed costs

Growth checks were carried out early in the morning after every two weeks of the experiment. Using a landing net,
the fish were transferred to a plastic pot placed on a scale. After weighing, the fry were returned to the carefully
cleaned aquariums. The results obtained were then entered into an Excel spreadsheet to determine zootechnical
parameters for assessing fish growth and feed utilization efficiency. The various zootechnical parameters used as
indicators in this experiment are:
Specific Growth rate (SGR, %/d)= (ln(final average weight)-ln(initial average weight)/experiment duration X100 .

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Survival Rate (SR, %)= number of final fish / number of initial fish X100 .
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) = Feed intake / weight gain .
Absolute Mean Weight Gain (AMWG, g/fish) = average final weight - average initial weight
Relative Mean Weight Gain (RMWG, %)= 100 x ((final average weight - initial average weight)/initial average
weight))
Cost of feed (FCFA) = Total costs (raw materials, processing, transport) /Quantity of feed produced per kg
Production cost per kg of fish (FCFA)= FCR× Feed cost (per kg)

Data analysis
Analysis of statistical differences between groups was carried out using ANOVA and Duncan test, implemented via
SAS software, which is a widely used computer program for statistical data analysis and database management.
Created in the 1970s by SAS Institute, it is particularly popular in fields as diverse as social sciences, bio statistics.
It enabled us to identify homogeneous groups based on their significant differences. Thanks to SAS' advanced
features, the averages were automatically grouped into distinct classes, facilitating interpretation of the results. This
method proved effective in highlighting significant differences while controlling the risk of Type I error, in line with
the study's objectives

Results and Discussion

Results
Yield of main ingredients used
The yields of the main ingredients used as additives are shown in Table II
TableII:-Yield of main ingredients used as additives.
Ingredients Initial quantity Final quantity (g) Yield (%)
Cow's blood 17 L 7000 41,48
Black soldier fly larvae 1.70 kg 465 27,35
Chicken viscera 20 kg 800 4

Table II shows a significant variation in yields between processed ingredients. Cow's blood shows the highest yield
(41.18%), reflecting efficient processing with moderate losses, making it an economically advantageous option.
Black soldier fly larvae, with a yield of 27.35%, show losses linked to their high-water content, but remain attractive
due to their high nutritional value and ecological impact. Chicken intestines, on the other hand, had a very low yield
(4%), indicating significant losses during the process, probably due to a high proportion of unusable material. These
results suggest that cow's blood and fly larvae should be preferred, while chicken intestine processing needs to be
optimized or alternative uses considered to reduce losses and improve recovery

Biochemical composition of mainingredients

The various ingredients used, in particular cow blood meal, chicken intestine meal and black soldier fly larvae meal,
were sent to LANAC for biochemical analysis using the AOAC, 1995 method. The results of the biochemical
composition are presented in Table III.
Table III:Biochemical composition of blood meal from Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae and chicken viscera meal
Biochemical composition Blood meal BSF meal Chicken viscerameal
Fat content (%) 1,97 14,32 19,33
Protein (%) 93,81 32,37 61,25

Water quality parameters (Temperature and pH variations)

TableIV: Changes in temperature and pH during experiment.

Parameters R0 R1 R2 R3 R4
Temperature 28,61±0,005a 28,42±00c 28,45±0,01c 28,45±0,03c 28,50±0,04b
a b
pH 7,83±0,005 8,04±0,02 7,99±0,01c 7,96±0,02d 7,93±0,01e

Table IV shows the results of statistical analyses of water parameters, namely temperature and pH, for five different
feeding diets (R0, R1, R2, R3, R4). Values shownincludemeans and their standard deviations, while letters (a, b, c,
d, e) show significant differences between treatments.

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For temperature, diet R0 (28.61°C) had a significantly higher temperature than all other diets. Diets R1, R2, and R3
(28.42; 28.45; 28.45°C) had statistically similar temperatures. Diet R4 (28.50°C) was slightly higher than R1, R2,
and R3, but still significantly different from R0 and the others.

In terms of pH, diet R0 (7.83) had the lowest pH and was significantly different from the other diets. Diet R1 (8.04)
showed the highest pH and was significantly different from all other treatments. Diets R2 (7.99) and R3 (7.96) had
close but statistically distinct values. Diet R4 (7.93) has the lowest pH after R0, but remains significantly different
from the others.

Zootechnical parameters
During the experiment, various zootechnical parameters were studied to determine fish growth in each diet. These
results are shown in Table V.

TableV:Growth, feed efficiency and survival parameters of catfish hybrids.

Parameters R0 R1 R2 R3 R4
IMW g 1,56a 1,56a 1,56a 1,56a 1,56a
a d c
FMW g 10,62±0,25 5,65±0,15 7,85±0,23 5,82±0,38d 9,69±0,11a
a ba ba
AMWG g 9,07±0,25 6,09±3,34 6,09±0,49 4,27±0,39b 8,13±0,11ba
a d c
RMWG% 582,76±16,81 262,46±17,59 390,73±31,89 274,56±25,44d 521,58±7,36ba
b a b
FCR 1,45±0,05 2,41±0,20 1,66±0,18 2,28±0,36a 1,44±0,06b
a c b
SCR%/J 4,27±0,06 2,86±0,05 3,53±0,14 2,93 ±0,15c 4,06±0,03a
a a a
SR% 93,33±5,77 93,33±2,88 90±0,10 85±13,23a 95±5a
NB: The letters a, b, c and d show the differences between the results of the statistical analyses.

TheIMW value was constant at 1.56 g for all diets (R0 to R4). This indicates that all fish groups had a homogeneous
initial weight, which is essential to ensure that the differences observed in the other parameters are not due to
variations in initial weight.

With regard to growth parameters (FMW, AMWG, RMWG, SGR), no statistically significant differences were
observed between fish fed diets R0 and R4. Diets R1 and R3 showed no significant differences between them, but
were both significantly lower than R0 and R4. For SGR, no significant differences were observed between fish fed
diets R0 and R4, nor between R1 and R3. On the other hand, fish fed the R2 diet showed statistical differences from
R0, R4, as well as R1 and R3.

In terms of feed efficiency (FCR), fish fed with R4 and R0 diets recorded the best FCR with values of 1.44 and 1.45
respectively, followed by those fed with R2 diet (1.66). However, these three diets had no significant statistical
difference and were better than R1 (2.41) and R3 (2.28), which had no significant difference. On the other hand, fish
fed diets R0, R2, R4 and those fed diets R1(2.41), R3(2.28) had FCR that were statistically different.

With regard to survival rates, the results obtained in this study do not show a significant difference for fish fed the
R0, R1, R2, R3 and R4 diets. Fish fed the R3 diet had the lowest survival rate, with a value of 85%.

Economic analysis
TableVI:Economic analysis of tested diets.
Parameters R0 R1 R2 R3 R4
Cost of Kg of feed 1050 657,22 654,72 691,43 666,41
(FCFA)
Cost of Kg of fish 1523,91±50,2 1585,86±137,7 1087,76±119,7 1579,70±250,3 958,94±39,5
(FCFA) 6a 2a 6b 3a 8b
NB: The letters a and b show the differences between the results of the statistical analyses.

Table VI shows the economic analysis of the diets tested. For feed costs, diet R0 (industrial feed) has the highest
cost (1050 FCFA), while diets R1, R2, R3 and R4 have significantly lower costs (around 657 to 691 FCFA).

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Production costs per Kg of fish vary between groups, with R4 (958.94 FCFA) and R2 (1087.76 FCFA) showing the
lowest costs and no significant statistical difference. Diets R0, R1, and R3 have the highest costs, exceeding 1500
FCFA and showing no significant statistical difference. However, R4, R2 and R0, R1, R3 are statistically different.

Fish flesh analysis

TableVII:Results of bromatological analysis of fish flesh.
Parameters Initial fish R0 R1 R2 R3 R4
Crude 16,81±0,10a 17,09±0,46a 16,82±0,10a 16,58±0,20a 16,74±0,84a 17,05±0,76a
Protein (%)
Crude Fat 3,94±0,19b 6,40±0,43a 4,31±0,54b 4,22±0,19b 4,57±0,15b 5,70±0,24a
(%)
Ash (%) 3.94±0.14bac 3.49±0.26dc 4.25±0.19ab 4,53±0,13a 3.76±0.22dc 3,28±0,31d
NB: The letters a, b, c and d show the differences between the results of the statistical analyses and

Bromatological results show that crude protein remains constant between groups, with values ranging from 16.58%
to 17.09%, with no significant difference. On the other hand, Crude fat contentvaries significantly: group R1 has the
highest content (6.40%), while the other groups (R0, R2, R3 and R4) have lower values, ranging from 3.94% to
4.57%, with no significant statistical difference. In terms of ash, groups R2 and R3 stand out with higher contents
(4.25% and 4.53%, respectively), indicating better mineralization. Conversely, groups R4 (3.28%) and R1 (3.49%)
show the lowest values, statistically different.

Discussion
Temperatures recorded during the experiment ranged from 26.6°C to 30.1°C. These results are in line with those of
Alofaet al. (2016), who argued that Clarias can withstand temperatures as low as 6°C and as high as 50°C. However,
a temperature range of 28 to 30° C is considered optimal for the growth of Clariasgariepinusand
Clariasanguillaris(Adebayo et al.,2008).

The pH ranged from 7.11 to 8.94. These results fall within the range reported by Geoffroy et al. (2019), who
summarized the literature on biological and zootechnical parameters of the African catfish Clariasgariepinusand
argue that Clariasgariepinussurvives and thrives best in water with a pH between 6 and 9.

In the present study, the highest growth was observed in diet R4 (a mixture of blood meal, chicken viscera meal and
black soldier fly larvae meal).

Mbaye (2023) has shown that blood meal and black soldier fly larvae meal represent promising alternative protein
sources in animal feed. Protein-rich bloodmeal and black soldier fly larvae meal were evaluated for their nutritional
benefits, but it was observed that the higher the fishmeal substitution, the higher the FCR. In terms of feed efficiency
(FCR), fish fed the diet containing 5% bloodmeal recorded the best FCR. The best growth performance was also
noted in fish fed the diet (5% bloodmeal). These results are similar to those of Olukunleetal.(2002), who reported
that optimal growth and nutrient utilization in hybrid Clarias (male Clariasgariepinusx female
Heterobranchuslongifilis) were achieved with 5% sun-dried bloodmeal.

Similarly, fly larvae meal, recognized for its durability and nutritional value, has shown significant potential as an
additive. Study have suggested that the optimal incorporation rate for this insect meal should not exceed 30%, due to
its chitin content (Gougbedji, 2022).

In this study, the R1 diet containing 5% chicken viscera meal had the highest FCR, followed by the R3 diet
containing 2.5% chicken viscera meal and 2.5% black soldier fly meal. These results concur with those of
Amtuletal. (2012) who worked on replacing fish meal with poultry by-product meal (chicken intestine) as a protein
source in carp fry diets. Diets containing chicken intestine meal, even at the lowest level, significantly limited
growth performance and feed efficiency. Values deteriorated as the incorporation rate of chicken intestine meal
increased. This was due to the ash and carbohydrate content of the gut meal, producing a faster intestinal transit rate,
leading to increased feed intake, associated with poor growth performance and feed efficiency. Similar results were
reported by Ronyaiet al. (2002) and Fagbenroetal. (2004), who revealed that deficiency in one or more amino acids
limits protein synthesis and affects fish growth

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The R2 diet containing 2.5% bloodmeal and 2.5% chicken viscera meal has a FCR of 1.66, and these results are in
line with those of Milliamena (2002) and Guo et al. (2007) who obtained better results when using bloodmeal to
balance lysine content by replacing fishmeal with poultry byproducts (including broiler viscera) used alone or in
combination with other ingredients of animal origin. According to Hu et al. (2008a), methionine and lysine are
present in small quantities in chicken viscera (1.43 and 3.51% respectively). This could account for the low growth
achieved in fish diets fed chicken viscera. The use of cow blood meal can correct lysine deficiency due to its
richness in this amino acid (Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual, 2000 and Alofa et al., 2016). However, methionine
deficiency remains. Although poultry by-products such as chicken viscera have proven to be nutritionally adequate
protein sources for many fish species (Fowler, 1991; Robainaetal.,1997; Abdel-Warith et al., 2001; Wang etal.,
2006), they were deficient in essential amino acids such aslysine, methionine that limited their utilization (Glencross
et al., 2007). Therefore, it will be beneficial to adjust the level of essential amino acids in chicken viscera through
supplementation. Hu et al.(2008b) provided 0.49% lysine and 0.14% methionine as supplementation in diets
containing chicken viscera with improved growth performance in Carassius auratusgibelio. Similar trends in results
were obtained by Rawles et al. (2006) in the Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis hybrid fed a broiler viscera diet
supplemented with methionine (0.63%) and lysine (1.55%)

The results of this study show that the diet containing a mixture of chicken viscera meal, cow blood meal and black
soldier fly meal, with a total incorporation rate of 5%, offers the best growth performance for catfish hybrid fry of
Clariasgariepinusand Clariasanguillaris. This success can be attributed to the nutritional complementarity of the
three ingredients: chicken viscera meal, rich in digestible proteins and deficient in amino acids including lysine and
methionine according to Wang et al. (2006), cow blood meal which provides iron-rich proteins beneficial to
hematopoiesis (Olukunleet al., 2002) and black soldier fly meal, a sustainable source of essential fatty acids and
balanced proteins (Gougbedji, 2022; Henry et al., 2015). The synergistic effect observed with this blend, highlighted
by Santiago and Lovell (1988) and Youssouf and Sedro (2020), probably results from the combination of diversified
nutritional inputs that optimize nutrient digestibility and assimilation. By keeping the incorporation rate low (≤ 5%),
negative effects such as reduced palatability or digestibility were avoided, as noted by El Sayed et al. (1998). These
results also confirm the findings of similar studydone by Youssouf and Sédro (2020) who reported that diets
combining different animal and insect protein sources improve growth performance and feed conversion in fish.

The results in Table VIII highlight the economic efficiency of treatments R4 and R2, characterized by significantly
lower production costs per Kg of fish, respectively 958.94 and 1087.76 F CFA compared to R0, R1 and R3, where
these costs exceed 1500 FCFA. These data corroborate the studies by Tacon and Metian (2015), who emphasized
the importance of optimized feed formulation to reduce production costs in aquaculture, by favoring accessible and
digestible ingredients. Furthermore, the discrepancy observed between treatments may be explained by variations in
feed conversion rate (FCR), a key parameter influenced by feed composition and rearing conditions, as suggested by
Boyd and Tucker (2012). Thus, the results reinforce the idea that the use of adapted formulations (R4 and R2) can
improve profitability while reducing the economic and environmental impact of fish production. Results for overall
fish body composition showed similar protein content in all treatments.

However, lipid content increased, probably due to the level of chicken viscera meal in the diets. These results are in
agreement with Goda et al.(2007), Giri et al.(2010) and Sugumaran et al.(2015), who reported that replacing fish
meal with poultry viscera meal in the diets did not affect the body protein content, but increased the whole-body
lipid content of the fish.

Conclusion
This study is part of an innovative approach to evaluate the effects of cow blood meal, chicken intestine meal and
black soldier fly larvae meal as additives in the feed of hybrid fry of Clariasgariepinusand Clariasanguillaris. The
results obtained show that these ingredients, used together at a total incorporation rate of 5%, offer significantly
better growth performance and feed efficiency than the other diets tested.

Diets containing the mixture of these three ingredients were well accepted by the fish, with no pathological
symptoms or negative impacts on their health. Environmental conditions, notably temperature and pH, were
favorable throughout the experiment. These observations underline the potential of these raw materials as viable and
sustainable alternatives to conventional fishmeal.

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In order to consolidate the results obtained in the present study, it would be relevant to analyze the impact of the
mixture on the fish immune system and disease resistance, and to study the long-term effects of these additives on
the health and overall performance of fish in different production systems.

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