1 DIT 0302

WEB DEVELOPMENT -1

FACILITATOR:

SAMWEL NGUGI

CELL: 0723518144

E-mail: [email protected]
2 WEB APPS

 A web application (also called ‘Web App’), is any computer program that
performs a specific function by using a web browser as its client; -The
application can be as simple as a message board or a contact form on a
website or as complex as a word processor or a multi-player mobile gaming
app that you download to your phone.
 A Web application (Web app) is an application program that is stored on a
remote server and delivered over the Internet through a browser interface.
 A web application is a computer program that utilizes web browsers and
web technology to perform tasks over the Internet.
3 Contd…

WebApps,” this network-centric software

category spans a wide array of applications. In
their simplest form, WebApps can be little
more than a set of linked hypertext files that
present information using text and limited
graphics.
4 Schematic…
5 What is a Client?

The "client" is used in client-server environment to refer

to the program the person uses to run the application. A
client-server environment is one in which multiple
computers share information such as entering
information into a database. The "client" is the application
used to enter the information, and the 'server' is the
application used to store the information.
6 The Unique attributes of Web Apps

 In the early days of the World Wide Web (circa 1990 to 1995),
websites consisted of little more than a set of linked hypertext files
that presented information using text and limited graphics. As time
passed, the augmentation of HTML by development tools (e.g.,
XML, Java) enabled Web engineers to provide computing capability
along with informational content. Web-based systems and
applications. Today, WebApps have evolved into sophisticated
computing tools that not only provide stand-alone function to the
end user, but also have been integrated with corporate databases
and business applications
7 Network intensiveness

 A WebApp resides on a network and must serve the needs of a

diverse community of clients. The network may enable worldwide
access and communication (i.e., the Internet) or more limited access
and communication (e.g., a corporate Intranet).
8 Concurrency

A large number of users may access the

WebApp at one time. In many cases, the
patterns of usage among end users will vary
greatly.
9 Unpredictable load.

The number of users of the WebApp

may vary by orders of magnitude
from day to day.
10 Performance.

If a WebApp user must wait too long (for access,

for server-side processing, for client-side
formatting and display), he or she may decide
to go elsewhere.
11 Availability

 Although expectation of 100 percent availability is

unreasonable, users of popular WebApps often demand
access on a 24/7/365 basis. Users in Australia or Asia
might demand access during times when traditional
domestic software applications in North America might
be taken off-line for maintenance.
12 Data driven

The primary function of many WebApps is to use

hypermedia to present text, graphics, audio, and video
content to the end user. In addition, WebApps are
commonly used to access information that exists on
databases that are not an integral part of the Web-based
environment (e.g., e-commerce or financial applications).
13 Content sensitive.

The quality and aesthetic(look & feel) nature of

content remains an important determinant of
the quality of a WebApp.
14 Continuous evolution.

 Unlike conventional application software that evolves

over a series of planned, chronologically spaced
releases, Web applications evolve continuously. It is not
unusual for some WebApps (specifically, their content)
to be updated on a minute-by-minute schedule or for
content to be independently computed for each
request.
15 Immediacy

 Although immediacy—the compelling need to get

software to market quickly—is a characteristic of many
application domains, WebApps often exhibit a time-to-
market that can be a matter of a few days or weeks.
16 Security.

 SInce WebApps are available via network access, it is difficult, if not

impossible, to limit the population of end users who may access the
application. In order to protect sensitive content and provide
secure modes of data transmission, strong security measures must
be implemented throughout the infrastructure that supports a
WebApp and within the application itself.
17 Aesthetics.

 An undeniable part of the appeal of a WebApp is its

look and feel. When an application has been designed
to market or sell products or ideas, aesthetics may have
as much to do with success as technical design.
18

Categories of WebApps
19 Informational WebApps

An informational WebApp—one that contains

read-only content with simple navigation and
links.
20 Download WebApps

 These provides you with PDF (Portable Document

Format) specification files to download the product
specs - The WebApp now incorporates informational
and download capability.
21 Customizable WebApps.

 These allows the use to customize/change the look of the

WebApp without changing the application’s source code. -
themes, for each user.
22 Interaction WebApps.

 Traffic increases rapidly, and before long you have

hundreds of visitors each day. You want to create a
feeling of community among your visitors—a place
where people can chat, ask and answer questions,
provide product testimonials, and the like. You decide to
implement an extension to that supports a chat room
feature.
23 User Input WebApps.

These implements forms-based input so that

every user data/information is captured.
24 Service-Oriented WebApps.

 Here, services are provided to the other components,

through a communication protocol over a network. The
basic principles of service-oriented architecture are
independent of vendors, products and technologies.
25 Portals

A web portal is a specially designed website

that brings information from diverse sources,
like emails, online forums and search engines,
together in a uniform way.
26 Database Access.

 A database is a shared collection of related data/information

about and organization. The database is now an integral part of our
day-to-day life. For instance, in purchases using your credit card,
there is a database somewhere that contains information about the
purchases and a database to check that the credit card details.
27 Data Warehousing

 A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-

volatile collection of data. This data helps analysts to take informed
decisions in an organization.
 Data warehouses organize around subjects, as opposed to traditional
application systems which organize around processes. Subjects in a
warehouse include items such as customers, employees, financial
management and products.
28

HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

29 The Internet evolved from ARPANET, which was developed in 1969 by the Advanced
Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense.

One of the primary goals for ARPANET was to allow multiple users to send and receive
information simultaneously over the same communications paths. It was the first
operational packet-switching network. In packet switching, digital data are sent in
small bundles called packets. The packets could be sent through different paths and if
one path failed the network could still function by using the still functional paths.

The packets contain address, error control and sequencing information. The address
information is necessary for routing of information to its destination and error control
information is for ascertaining accuracy of received information and taking corrective
action if need be. The sequencing information is for reassembling the packets into their
original order for presentation to the recipient. It is possible for packets to arrive out of
order. Packets from different sources could be intermixed hence cost sharing.
 ARPANET began operations in four locations: UCLA, University of Santa Barbara, the
30 University of Utah, and SRI (Stanford Research Institute). Today the number of hosts is
in tens of millions, the number of users in the hundreds of millions, and the number of
countries participating over 200. The number of connections to the Internet
continues to grow exponentially.

Ability to link computers together on a global basis has been around for decades. It
became a phenomenon resulting into the Internet given the combination of a new
simplifying technology and a new language to use with it – the browser and
hypertext markup language (HTML). There was also the development of addressing
systems and search engines. Originally, the Internet grew around UNIX operating
system – a command-line, text-driven, difficult to use system.

HTML made it easy to write pages of text, browser allowed reading of HTML file from
any operating system on any computer, and the Internet address and file name
and search engines
31 made possible finding of file on the Internet. To navigate
between files easily, hyper linking was developed and
adopted – together with HTML and browsers.

The Internet (Internet Protocol - IP) addresses are used to

identify the systems containing the information needed. The
IP address contains a 32-bit global Internet address, generally
consisting of a network identifier and a host identifier. The
address is coded to allow a variable allocation of bits to
specify network and host. The addresses are usually written in
what is called dotted decimal notation. Example of an
address is 192.228.17.57.
32 Internet

 It is a Massive network of networks.

 The Internet is a worldwide network of computer links,
linking hundreds of thousands of individual networks all
over the world. This giant network of networks has
become the primary infrastructure for both electronic
commerce and electronic business. Originally, the
Internet was to serve R&D purposes. It was however
privatized in 1995. This led to the commercial uses and
with the businesses spending more on the Internet thus
enhancing it in order to better serve their clients.
33 Contd..

 It is a global interconnection of computers and computer networks to

facilitate global information transfer. This technology allows computers to
equip with telecommunication links to exchange information freely.
Information flowing along the network to or from the many terminals forms
an information super highway [cyber space/world wide web (www)]. The
World Wide Web is a facility that links the internet users to the actual
internet document (Web page).It is therefore a system that links together
many kinds of information all over the world.

 When information is sent through the internet, it is split into smaller pieces
called packets and each packet has its own path to travel through the
internet. The language used by computers to exchange information is
called TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) or the Internet Protocol (IP).
When an email is sent to its proper destination (sink), it is assisted by a
router.
34 Intranet

 It is an internal corporate network that adapts or uses the

infrastructure and standards (protocols) of the internet and the
World Wide Web. It can connect to all types of computers and has
a private web server which can be made available to the
organizations individual departments or specific departmental
workgroups.
35 Homepage-

 It is either the first page loaded by our browsers e.g. Microsoft edge,
Mozilla fire fox, Baidu, Safari, Netscape navigator, Internet explorer,
Operamini, etc, at startup of the main web document for a
particular group or organization or person or the main web page.
36 Website

 Also called a web presence.

 A collection of hyperlinked web pages OR
 It is a collection of screens(windows) that provide information in text
or in a graphical form (JPEG/ MPEG) that can be viewed by the
users by activating the relevant commands (Address-URL).
 A website is a collection of publicly accessible, interlinked Web
pages that share a single domain name. Websites can be created
and maintained by an individual, group, business or organization to
serve a variety of purposes. Together, all publicly accessible
websites constitute the World Wide Web.
37

Internet benefits to organizations

38 Connectivity and Global Reach

Ability to easily and inexpensively connect

so many people from so many places all
over the globe.
39 Reduced Communication Costs

 Before the Net, organizations had to build their own

wide area networks or subscribe to a value-added
network (VAN) service.
 Employing the Internet, although far from cost free, is
certainly more cost effective for many organizations
than building a private network or paying VAN
subscription fees. Thus, the Internet helps organizations
reduce operational costs or minimize operational
expenses while extending their activities.
40 Lower Transaction Costs

Businesses have found that conducting

transactions electronically can be done at a
fraction of the cost of paper-based processes.
41 Reduced Agency Costs

 As organizations expand and globalization continues, the need to

coordinate activities in remote locations is becoming more critical. The
Internet reduces agency costs—the cost of managing employees and
coordinating their work—by providing low-cost networks and inexpensive
communication and collaboration tools that can be used on a global
scale.
42 Interactivity, Flexibility, and Customization

 Internet tools can create interactive applications that can be customized

for multiple purposes and audiences. Web pages have capabilities for
interacting with viewers. Visitors attracted by displays of text, graphics,
video, and sound also can click on hot buttons to make selections, take
actions, or pursue additional information.

 Companies can use e-mail, chat rooms, and electronic discussion groups
to create ongoing dialogues with their customers, using the information
they have gathered to tailor communication precisely to fit the needs of
each individual. They can create dynamic pages that reflect each
customer's interests, based on information the customer supplies to the
Web site. The content of a dynamic page changes in response to user
input at a Web site.
43 Accelerated Distribution of Knowledge

 In today's information economy, rapid access to knowledge is

critical to the success of many companies. The Internet helps with
this problem. Organizations are using e-mail and on-line databases
to gain immediate access to information resources in key areas
such as business, science, law, and government. The Internet can
link a lone researcher sitting at a computer screen to mountains of
data (including graphics) all over the world, which would be
otherwise too expensive and too difficult to tap.
44

Internet Services
45 E-Mail -(Electronic Mail)

 E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending messages,

notes or letters from one person to another or even many people at
the same time via the Internet.
 E-mail is very fast compared to the normal post- E-mail messages
usually take only few seconds to arrive at their destination.
 One can send messages anytime of the day or night, and, it will get
delivered immediately.
46 Contd..

 It is a system that enables sending and receiving mails

electronically through the computer networks. It can
also be used for communicating information between
organizations or departments of the same organization
(intranet and extranet respectively), where the user has
his/her mail address (mail box) inform of a computer
storage to receive messages. Each user has a password
to protect access to his/her mailbox.
47 Advantages of Email

 It is economical i.e. cheap since there is no need for stamps or

envelopes.
 It is secure i.e. access is restricted by use of passwords.
 It is fast i.e. mails can be sent instantaneously.
 It is efficient i.e. messages prepared once can be sent to several
people or different destinations at a go. This is known as
multicasting.
 It reduces the cost of communication e.g. travel costs.
 It enhances communication and coordination e.g. setting up of
internal websites to keep the employees informed about the
company’s development.
48 Contd..

 Accelerating and distribution of knowledge e.g. business,

science(research), law and governance through the Electronic
Bulletin Board (EBB).
 Improves customer service and satisfaction e.g. giving product
information, ordering and technical support is easy and immediate.
 It facilitates marketing and sales e.g. through E commerce/business,
by connecting willing buyers and sellers of goods/services or
products.
49 Disadvantages of Email

 The cost of installation and browsing is high.

 Messages may be lost before they are read due to
virus infiltration.
 Messages may not be kept for future reference due
to the cost of storage i.e. irregular deletion of the
hard disk contents.
 Lack of security (privacy and confidentiality as a
result of hacking)
 Legal problems or issues e.g. the use of electronic
signatures.
50 Contd..

 Internet users tend to rely much on the research posted on the internet
therefore discarding the original laboratory work, thus this dependency cannot
always be helpful because a researcher could be having good
ideas(discoveries) but decides not to take the long root to try and discover new
inventions.
 Initially, internet was designed for academic purposes or as scientific tools but a
strong anticommercial culture grew with it, therefore a lot of information is
posted to the internet living hundreds of unanswered questions not being
catered for since the information has become literally unmanageable.
 Technological problems as a result of many users accessing the internet services
for more/long hours(lurking in the internet) than others, therefore denying
potential users the opportunity to access the band width as a result of
information congestion.
 Promotes immorality-debatable)
51 Components of an Email

 User name i.e. name of account owner.

 Domain name i.e. who links you to the internet e.g. yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail
e.t.c.
 Domain type i.e. the type of service you need from the internet e.g. .com,
.org, .co, .ac.
 Location i.e. where are you operating from? E.g. co.ke for a company in
Kenya.

 Besides there must be a password. A password is a unique code that

identifies the legal user of a particular piece of data/information or
machine.
52 Main uses of Passwords

 It is used as a security measure.

 It enhances direct access to services.
 It enhances distribution of data in the web.
 It enhances linkage between communicating terminals.
53 Major uses of Emails

 For personal use i.e. keeping in touch with family and friends around
the globe.
 For professional use i.e. professionals participating in discussions (use
net groups) and receiving updates on conference training and
workshop.
 For organizational use i.e. sharing memos, newsletters or making
sales and purchases and checking the progress of the same.
 Societal use i.e. where the voice of opinions on the issues of the day
either politically, socially or economically are aired.
54 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

 File Transfer Protocol, is an Internet utility software used to upload and

download files. It gives access to directories or folders on remote
computers and allows software, data and text files to be transferred
between different kinds of computers.
 FTP works on the basis of same principle as that of Client/Server. FTP “Client”
is a program running on your computer that enables you to communicate
with remote computers. The FTP client takes FTP command and sends these
as requests for information from the remote computer known as FTP servers.
To access remote FTP server it is required, but not necessary to have an
account in the FTP server.
 When the FTP client gets connected, FTP server asks for the identification in
terms of User Login name and password of the FTP client. If one does not
have an account in the remote FTP server, still he can connect to the server
using anonymous login.
55 Telnet (Remote Computing)

 Telnet or remote computing is telecommunication utility software,

which uses available telecommunication facility and allows you to
become a user on a remote computer. Once you gain access to
remote computer, you can use it for the intended purpose.

 The TELNET works in a very step by step procedure. The commands

typed on the client computer are sent to the local Internet Service
Provider (ISP), and then from the ISP to the remote computer that
you have gained access. Most of the ISP provides facility to TELENET
into your own account from another city and check your e-mail
while you are travelling or away on business.
56 Objectives of FTP:

 Provide flexibility and promote sharing of computer programs, files

and data
 Transfer data reliably and more efficiently over network
 Encourage implicit or indirect use of remote computers using
Internet
 Shield a user from variations in storage systems among hosts.
57 Information searching

 It is also known as browsing or surfing that revolves

around looking for information of interest in a website i.e.
collection of information held in a database such as
scientific or entertainment. In doing this, a search engine
is used to access the required information in the website.
Such information is held in window like pages called the
webpage with the search engine being the page
identifier that locates the relevant information from the
website. When accessing a website, one logs on to the
website and thereafter downloads the relevant
information for reading.
58 E-commerce/ e-business

 Commonly known as e-commerce, ecommerce or e-comm,

consists of the buying and selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer
networks.
 Electronic business commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-
business", or an internet business, may be defined as the application
of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of
all the activities of business.
59 Leisure and Entertainment

 Internet has enabled people to explore leisure sites i.e.

restaurant guides, cinema theatres, latest music updates
or downloads, acts and theatres etc., enabling friends
and people of similar interests to get news and updates
of the same e.g. through You tube.
60 Electronic Bulletin Board (EBB)

 It is a board (electronic notice board) on which notices,

advertisements, bulletins, etc, are displayed.
 It is also a facility on a computer network allowing any
user to leave messages that can be read by any other
user, and to download software and information to the
user's own computer.
61 E-banking/Online banking/Mobile money
transfer

 It is also known as electronic funds transfer. Internet has enabled

one to transact business from home or office instead of walking into
the bank and in the same line, make travel arrangements e.g. flight
bookings, restaurant reservations online from home.
62 Research and Health

 Internet offers the facility that will enhance and allow one to access
a library on technology, research and health applications by
providing daily news updates and online journals on research and
healthcare for persons with interest.
63 Sporting news-

Example- livescore.com, m-goal.com, etc.

64 News updates

In real time….

65

The world wide web

(WWW)
66 World Wide Web (WWW) development also boosted very
significantly the Internet applications. WWW is the multimedia part
of the Internet. The Web is a system consisting of an international
distributed collection of multimedia files supported by clients (users)
and servers (information providers). Each file is addressed in a
consistent manner using its Uniform Resource Locator (URL). An
example of a URL is: http ://www.sugarwote .com.

Http- stands for hypertext transport protocol, which is the

communications standard used to transfer pages on the Web. Http
defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what
actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various
commands
67 Those who offer information through the Web must establish a home
page—a text and graphical screen display that usually welcomes
the user and explains the organization that has established the
page. For most organizations, the home page leads users to other
pages. All the pages of a company are known as its Web site. The
individual in charge of an organization's Web site is called a
Webmaster.

To access a Web site, the user must specify a uniform resource

locator (URL), which points to the address of a specific resource on
the Web. To find something new on the WWW you start generally
with search engines. These are indexing programs whose only
purpose is to gather up HTML pages on the WWW and index them.
 ASSIGNMENT ONE
68
Describe the following in respect to web development;

1) URLS and parts of a URL

2) Clients
3) SERVERS and types of servers
4) Multipurpose internet mail extensions (MIME)
5) Describe DYNAMIC HTML & STATIC HTML

DUE DATE:SUNDAY/30/09/2018
 REFERENCE
69 James D.S(2008): Introduction to the Internet, New Jersey: Addison Wesley, ISBN 786-95-89000

Gopalsamy ,N(2005) Information Technology and E-Commerce ,New Age ISBN 978-81-224-2454-6

Peter Bollop (2009),Web design for Dummies, ISBN-13: 978-1118540572

Geelen J. R(2008): Computer Basic: An Introduction to the Internet, Everything Simple.Com

Ventures,ISBN 08-67-5634566

Rose T.M.(2007) : An Introduction to Internet Management, Second Edition, New

Jersey: Prentice Hall ISBN 976-98756-8900

3. Petrr Bollop(2008),Web design and management,second edition ISBN 976-78495-3899

70

THANK YOU