Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE

Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier

Transform(CT/DT)
Department of ECE

Solomon T. Mawcha
Address:

[email protected]

Mekelle University-Mekelle Institute of Technology

May 23, 2017

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Outline

1 Fourier Transform

2 Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

3 Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

4 DT Fourier Transform

5 Filter

6 Sampling

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

CT Fourier Transform

Fourier series was defined for periodic signals

we represented the periodic signals as linear combination
of complex exponentials using FS
we extend these concepts to apply to aperiodic signals
Aperiodic signals can be considered as a periodic signal
with fundamental period ∞
energy signals wil be represented as linear combination of
complex exponentials

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms

as T approaches ∞, w0 approaches 0:
1 the harmonicsPget closer R
2 summation ( ) is substituted by ( )
3 Fourier series will be replaced by Fourier transform

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

2 x(t) is Aperiodic

Figure 1 : Aperiodic Signal.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

1 to construct periodic signal from x(t), add replicas of x(t)

which are equally spaced in both sides

Figure 1 : A CT periodic square wave Signal.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

1 we can determine the Fourier Series Coefficients of x 0 (t)

T
1
x 0 (t)ejkw0 t dt
R
1 ak = T − T2
2

T
x 0 (t)ejkw0 t dt
R
2 Tak = 2
− T2
2sin(kw0 T1 )
3 Tak = kw0 = 2sin(wT
w
1)
where w = kw0

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

Samples of the envelope of Tak

Figure 1 : The FS coefficients and their envelop for the periodic

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

As T increase:
1 w0 = 2π
T decreases
2 the envelope is sampled with a closer and closer spacing
as T becomes arbitrarily large, the square wave
approaches a rectangular pulse
the set of FS coefficients approaches the envelope
function as T approaches ∞

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

T
x 0 (t) = x(t) for |t| < 2, since x(t) = 0 outside the interval

Figure 1 : (a) Aperiodic signal x(t), (b) periodic signal x’(t)

constructed to be equal over one period.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

FS coefficients of x 0 (t)
T T
1 1
x 0 (t)e−jkw0 t dt = x(t)e−jkw0 t dt
R R
1 ak = T T
2
T − T2
2

1
R−∞2
2 ak = T −∞
x(t)e−jkw0 t dt
Defining the envelope X (jw) of Tak
R∞
1 X (jw) = −∞ x(t)e−jkw0 t dt
2 Tak = X (jw)
3 ak = T1 X (jw)
P∞ P∞ 1
x 0 (t) = k=−∞ ak e
jkw0 t =
k=−∞ T X (jw)e
jkw0 t

1 ∞ jkw0 t w , since T = 2π
x 0 (t) =
P
2π k=−∞ X (jw)e 0 w0

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Construction of Fourier Transforms ... Cont’d

as w0 approaches 0, the right-hand side of the above

equation passes to an integral
each term in the summation on the right-hand side is the
area of a rectangle of height X (jw)ejkw0 t and width w0
as w0 approaches 0, the summation converges to the
integral of X (jw)ejkw0 t
1
R∞
1 x(t) = 2π −∞
X (jw)ejwt dw
R∞
2 X (jw) = −∞ x(t)e−jwt dt

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 1

Consider the signal x(t) = e−at u(t) for a > 0, then

determine the FT of x(t)
Solution:
R∞ R∞ 1
1 X (jw) = 0 e−at e−jwt dt = 0 e−(a+jw)t dt = a+jw for a > 0
2 magnitude |X (jw)| √ 21 2
a +w
3 phase of X (jw) = −tan−1 ( wa )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 1 ... Cont’d

Figure 1 : FT of x(t) = e−at u(t) for a > 0.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 2

Consider the signal x(t) = e−a|t| for a > 0, then determine

the FT of x(t)
Solution:
R∞ R0 R∞
1 X (jw) = −∞ e−a|t| e−jwt dt = −∞ e(a−jw)t dt + 0 e−(a+jw)t dt
for a > 0
1 1
2 X (jw) = a−jw + a+jw = a2 2a
+w 2

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 2 ... Cont’d

Figure 1 : x(t) = e−a|t| and FT of x(t) = e−a|t| for a > 0.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 3

Consider the signal x(t) = δ(t) for a > 0, then determine

the FT of x(t)
Solution:
R∞
1 X (jw) = −∞
δ(t)e−jwt dt = 1

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 4

Consider the rectangular pulse signal

(
1 if |t| < T1
x(t) =
0 if |t| > T1
Find the FT of x(t)
Solution:
R T1 2
1 X (jw) = −T1
e−jwt dt = w sin(wT1 )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 4 ... Cont’d

Figure 1 : The rectangular pulse signal and its FT.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 5

Consider the rectangular pulse signal

(
1 if |w| < W
X (jw) =
0 if |w| > W
Find the inverse FT of X (jw)
Solution:
RW 1
1 x(t) = −W
ejwt dt = πt sin(Wt)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Fourier Transform

Example 5 ... Cont’d

Figure 1 : Inverse Fourier Transform of X(jw).

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

Outline

1 Fourier Transform

2 Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

3 Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

4 DT Fourier Transform

5 Filter

6 Sampling

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

Convergence of CT FT

To ensure x(t) = x 0 (t) for any t (except discontinuities

which will be the average value of discontinuity) the
following Dirichlet conditions should be satisfied
R∞
1 Absolute integrability of x(t): −∞ |x(t)|dt < ∞
2 within any finite interval x(t) should have finite max and min
points
3 within any finite interval x(t) should have finite
discontinuities, the discontinuities should be finite
Exercise: Does Gibbs phenomena applicable for FT?

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

FT for Periodic Signals

X (jw) = 2πδ(w − w0 )
1
R∞ R∞
1 x(t) = 2π −∞
X (jw)ejwt dw = −∞ δ(w − w0 )ejwt dw =
R∞
ejw0 t −∞ δ(w − w0 )dw = ejw0 t
P∞
now for X (jw) = −∞ 2πak δ(w − kw0 )
P∞ jkw0 t
1 x(t) = −∞ ak e (which is Fourier series representation
of a periodic signal)
therefore
1 by having
P∞ak , X (jw) is obtained:
x(t) = −∞ 2πak δ(w − kw0 )
1
2 by having X (jw), ak is obtained: ak = T X (jkw0 )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Outline

1 Fourier Transform

2 Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

3 Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

4 DT Fourier Transform

5 Filter

6 Sampling

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Notations

1
R∞ jwt
x(t) = 2π −∞ X (jw)e dw
R∞ −jwt dt
X (jw) = −∞ x(t)e
FT: F {x(t)} = X (jw)
1
F {e−at u(t)} = a+jw

IFT: F −1 {X (jw)} = x(t)

1
F −1 { a+jw } = e−at u(t)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Linearity

if x(t) ⇔ X (jW ) and y (t) ⇔ Y (jW ) then

ax(t) + by (t) ⇔ aX (jW ) + bY (jW )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Time Shifting

if x(t) ⇔ X (jW ) then x(t − t0 ) ⇔ e−jwt0 X (jW )

how?
1
R∞
1 x(t − t0 ) = 2π X (jw)ejw(t−t0 ) dw
1
R−∞
∞
2 x(t − t0 ) = 2π −∞ (e−jwt0 ) X (jw))ejw(t dw
3 F {x(t − t0 )} ⇔ e−jwt0 X (jW )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Example:

Figure 2 : Decomposing signal into its Linear constitutes

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Example: ... Cont’d

x(t) = 21 x1 (t − 52 ) + x2 (t − 52 )
2sin( w2 ) 2sin( 3w )
X1 (jw) = w and X2 (jw) = w
2

5w sin( w )+2sin( 3w )
X (jw) = e−j 2 ( 2
w
2
)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Differentiation and Integration

Differentiation
d
dt x(t) ⇔ jwX (jw)
d 1
R∞
dt x(t) = 2π −∞
(jwX (jw))ejwt dw
Integration
Rt 1
−∞
x(t) ⇔ jw X (jw) +0

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Time and Frequency Scaling

1
if x(t) ⇔ X (jW ) then x(at) ⇔ |a| X (jW )
using the substitution τ = at
( R∞ w
1
x(τ )e−j a τ dτ if a > 0
F {x(at)} = a−1 −∞
R∞ w
a −∞
x(τ )e−j a τ dτ if a < 0

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

The Convolution Property

Y (jw) = X (jw)H(jw)
consider
R ∞the convolution integral:
y(t) = −∞ x(τ )h(t − τ )dτ
R∞ R∞
then F {y(t)} = Y (jw) = −∞ ( −∞ x(τ )h(t − τ )e−jwt dt)dt
interchange the order of integration
R∞ R∞
Y (jw) = −∞ x(τ )( −∞ h(t − τ )e−jwt dt)dτ
R∞
Y (jw) = −∞ x(τ )e−jwτ dτ H(jw)
Y (jw) = X (jw)H(jw)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Example 1

Consider a CT LTI system with input x(t) and impulse response

h(t) = δ(t − t0 ), then find the output response
solution:
Y (jw) = H(jw)X (jw) = e−jwt0 X (jw)
1
R ∞ −jwt
y(t) = F −1 {Y (jw)} = 2π −∞ e
0 X (jw)e jwt dw

1
R ∞ −j(t−t0 )w dw
y(t) = 2π −∞ X (Jw)e
y(t) = x(t − t0 )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Example 2

Consider a CT LTI system for which the input x(t) and the
d
output response are related by y(t) = dt x(t), then determine
the FT of h(t)
solution:
use the differentiation property
Y (jw) = jwX (jw) = H(jw)X (jw)
then H(jw) = jw

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

The Multiplication Property

convolution in Time domain corresponds to a multiplication

in frequency domain
multiplication in Time domain corresponds to convolution in
frequency domain
referred as amplitude modulation
1
then r (t) = s(t)p(t) ⇔ R(jw) = 2π (S(jw) ∗ P(jw))

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Example 1

Let s(t) be a signal whose spectrum S(jw) is depicted in the

figure below and p(t) = cos(tw0 )
1
R(jw) = F {s(t)p(t)} = 2π (S(jw) ∗ P(jw))
1
R(jw) = 2π (S(jw) ∗ (πδ(w − w0 ) + πδ(w + w0 ))
1
R(jw) = 2 (S(j(w − w0 )) + S(j(w + w0 )))

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Example ... cont’d

Figure 2 : Use of multiplication property.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Conjugate and Conjugate Symmetry:

if x(t) ⇔ X (jw) then x ∗ (t) ⇔ X ∗ (jw)

R∞ R∞
x ∗ (jw) = ( −∞ x(t)e−jwt dt)∗ = −∞ x ∗ (t)ejwt dt
replace w by −w
R∞
x ∗ (−jw) = −∞
x ∗ (t)e−jwt dt

if x(t) is real, then X (jw) has conjugate symmetry:

x(t) ⇔ X (−jw) = X ∗ (−jw)
∗
if x(t) is real,
R ∞x (t) = jwt
x(t)
X (−jw) = −∞ x(t)e dt = X (jw)
if x(t) is real and even
x(t) = x(−t) ⇔ X (jw) = X (−jw) = X ∗ (−jw)
if x(t) is real and odd
x(t) = −x(−t) ⇔ X (jw) = −X (−jw) = −X ∗ (−jw)
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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Example

if x(t) = e−at u(t)

1
X (jw) = a+jw
1
X (−jw) = a−jw = X ∗ (jw)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Parseval’s Relation

if x(t) and X (jw) are a FT pair, then

R∞ 2 1
R∞ 2
−∞
|x(t)| = 2π −∞
|X (jW )|
R∞ 2 R∞ ∗
−∞ |x(t)| = −∞ x(t)x (t)dt
R∞ 2 R∞ 1
R∞ ∗ −jwt dw)dt
−∞ |x(t)| = −∞ x(t)( 2π −∞ X (jw)e
reversing the order of integration
R∞ 2 1
R∞ ∗ R∞ −jwt dt)dw
−∞ |x(t)| = 2π −∞ X (jw)( −∞ x(t)e
R∞ 2 1
R∞ ∗ 1
R∞ 2
−∞ |x(t)| = 2π −∞ X (jw)X (jw)dw = 2π −∞ |X (jw)| dw

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Duality Property

reconsider FT
1
R∞ jwt
x(t) = 2π −∞ X (jw)e dw
R∞
X (jw) = −∞ x(t)e−jwt
they are similar but not identical
we can find a duality relation between them
Example:
d
dt x(t)⇔ jwX (jw)
d
−jtx(t) dw X (jW )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

Duality ... Cont’d

Figure 2 : Duality property.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

Outline

1 Fourier Transform

2 Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

3 Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

4 DT Fourier Transform

5 Filter

6 Sampling

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

Aperiodic to Periodic

Similar to CT, aperiodic signals for DT can be considered as a

periodic signal with fundamental period (N ...∞):

Figure 3 : Aperiodic to periodic.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

DT Fourier Transform

1 consider x[n] is aperiodic and has values for N1 ≤ n ≤ N2

2 define a periodic signal x’[n] with fundamental period N
which is identical to x[n] in −N1 : N2 interval
3 as N ⇒ ∞ x[n] = x 0 [n]

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

DT Fourier Transform

jk 2π n
x 0 [n] =
P
k=<N> ak e
1 N

−jk 2π PN1 2π
ak = N1 0 n 1
x[n]e−jk n
P
k=<N> x [n]e = =
2 N N
N k=−N1
1 P∞ −jk 2π n
k=−∞ x[n]e
N
N

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

DT Fourier Transform

P∞ −jwn
1 Now define X (ejw ) = n=−∞ x[n]e
1 jw0 )
2 ak = N X (e
1 w0
N =
3
2π
1 P
4 x 0 [n] = 2π k=<N> X (e
jw0 )ejw0 n w
0
5 as N increase ⇒ w0 decreases
P R
6 when N ⇒ ∞ is substitute by
7 moreover, X (ejw ) and ejwn are periodic with 2π
8 N⇒∞
1
X (ejw )ejwn dw
R
1 x[n] = 2π 2π

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

DT Fourier Transform ... cont’d

1 jw jwn dw
R
x[n] = 2π X (e )e
2π
∞
X (ejw ) = n=−∞ x[n]e−jwn
P

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

DT Fourier Transform ... cont’d

the main differences between CT and DT fourier

transforms:
1 in DT, X (ejw ) is periodic
2 in DT, the integral of the synthesis equation is finite.
these properties are similar to DT Fourier Series and they
are due to the fact that DT complex exponentials are
periodic with 2π

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

Example 1

(
1 if |n| ≤ N1
x[n] =
0 if |n| > N1
for N1 = 2
sin(w(N1 +0.5))
X (ejw ) = sin(0.5w) Show it!
this is DT counterpart of sinc function that is obtained from
FT of CT rectangular pulse signal
the main difference is that the sinc function in DT is
periodic but in CT it is aperiodic

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

Example 1... Cont’d

Figure 3 : Continuous Sinc function

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

Example 2

Figure 3 : Fourier transform of DT Rectangular pulse

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
DT Fourier Transform

Example 3

x[n] = δ[n]
X (ejw ) = 1
FT of impulse response provides equal contribution at all
frequencies

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Outline

1 Fourier Transform

2 Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

3 Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

4 DT Fourier Transform

5 Filter

6 Sampling

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Fourier Series Representation for DT signals

Filtering: is a process to
1 Change the relative frequency components
2 Eliminate some frequency components
the filters can be
1 frequency shape filter: changes the shape of spectrum
2 frequency selective filter: passes some frequencies and
significantly attenuate or eliminate others
for LTI systems, we have: Y (jw) = H(jw)X (jw)
therefore for LTI systems filtering is defining proper
frequency response H(jw)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Frequency Selective Filters

this filters keep some band of frequencies and eliminate

others.
Example: If there is a noise in an audio recording in high
frequency band, it can be removed by such filters
Example: In Amplitude Modulation (AM), information is
transmitted from different sources simultaneously s.t. each
channel puts its information in separate frequency band. At
receiver (in home radio/TV)
1 frequency Selective Filters separate the individual channels
2 frequency Shaping Filters (like equalizer) adjust the quality
of tone

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Frequency Selective Filters... Cont’d

based on the bound that the Frequency Selective Filters pass,

these filters can be categorized to
Lowpass filters
Highpass filters
Bandpass filters

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Lowpass Filters

they passes the lower freqs. ( freq. around w = 0) and

attenuate or reject higher freqs
in CT

Figure 3 : Lowpass Filters for CT

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Lowpass Filters ... Cont’d

in DT (Low freq. is at w = 2k π, k = 0, ±1, ±2, ...)

Figure 3 : Lowpass Filters for DT

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Highpass Filters

they passes the high freqs. and attenuate or reject low

freqs.
in CT

Figure 3 : Highpass Filters for CT

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Highpass Filters ... Cont’d

in DT (Low freq. is at w = (k + 1)π, k = 0, ±1, ±2, ...)

since ejπn = (−1)n

Figure 3 : Highpass Filters for DT

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Bandpass Filters

They passes a band of freqs. and attenuate or reject low

and high freqs

Figure 3 : Bandpass Filters for DT

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Filter

Pass Band : The band of freq. that is passed through filter

Stop Band: The band of freq that is rejected by filter
Cutoff Freq.: The border between pass band and stop
band

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Sampling

Outline

1 Fourier Transform

2 Convergence of CT FT and FT for Periodic Signals

3 Some Properties of CT Fourier Transform

4 DT Fourier Transform

5 Filter

6 Sampling

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Sampling

Sampling

due to significant development of digital technology, DT

processors are more flexible comparing to CT ones.
we are looking to define a method to transfer CT signals to
DT.
a method is sampling from CT signals

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Sampling

Sampling ... Cont’d

if we take samples with unified distance from a CT signal,

can we always retrieve it uniquely?

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Sampling

Sampling ... Cont’d

let us use impulse train to take samples from x(t) in

identical distance.
δ(t − NT ) ⇐ P(jw) = 2π
P
p(t) = T δ(w − ws ) where
ws = 2πT Sampling frequency
1
Xp (jw) = 2π (X (jW ) ∗ P(jw))

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Sampling

Sampling Effect in Freq.

there is no overlap between the shifted replicas of X(jw) if

wM < ws ... ws > 2wM

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Sampling

Sampling Effect in Freq. ... Cont’d

if ws < 2wM

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE
Sampling

Sampling Theorem

if ws > 2wM , x(t) can be exactly recovered from xp (t) by

employing a lowpass filter with gain T and a cutoff freq.
wM < wc < ws − wM

ws is Nyquist freq.
wM is Nyquist rate
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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE

” Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach
a man to fish and you feed him for a life time.”
Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie

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Signal and Systems Lecture 4:Fourier Transform(CT/DT) Department of ECE

Vielen Dank!

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