IB Chem Year 1 2025 set 2 [358 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ1.25

Which method can be used to distinguish between HCl (aq) and
HCOOH(aq) of equimolar concentrations?

A. measuring the volume of NaOH(aq) needed to neutralize 20 cm3 of

the acid

B. measuring the mass loss when reacting with 1.0 g of NaHCO3 (s)

C. measuring the electrical conductivity of 20 cm3 of acid solution

D. measuring the volume of gas produced when reacting with 2.0 g of

Na2CO3 (s) [1]

Markscheme

2. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ1.32

Which compounds belong to the same homologous series?

A. CH3CH3, CH3CH2CH3, CH3CHCHCH3

B. CH3CHCH2, CH3CH2CHCH2, CH2CHCH(CH3)2

C. CH3OH, HCHO, HCOOH

D. CH3CH2CHO, (CH3)2CO, CH3CHO [1]

Markscheme
 B

3. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ1.33

What is the name of this compound?

A. 1-chloro-2-propylpropane

B. 1-chloro-2-methylpentane

C. 2-propyl-3-chloropropane

D. 1-chlorohexane [1]

Markscheme

4. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ1.34

What is the organic product when CH3COOH and (CH3)2CH(OH) are
heated together with concentrated sulfuric acid?

A. CH3COOCH2CH2CH3

B. CH3COOCH(CH3)2

C. (CH3)2COOCH2CH3

D. CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 [1]
 Markscheme

5. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ1.39

Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in 1H NMR
spectroscopy?

A. X-ray

B. ultraviolet

C. infrared

D. radio waves [1]

Markscheme

6. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ1.40

What information do we only get from the splitting pattern in an 1H
NMR spectrum?

A. number of hydrogen atoms in a particular chemical environment

B. number of hydrogen atoms on the adjacent atom(s)

C. number of different chemical environments for hydrogen atoms

D. ratio of hydrogen atoms in each chemical environment [1]

 Markscheme

7. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.1

Which of the following are homogeneous mixtures?

I. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride

II. A mixture of pentane and hexane

III. A mixture of ethanol and water

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

8. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.2

Which compound has the highest percentage of carbon by mass?

A. CH4

B. C2H6

C. CO
 D. CO2
[1]

Markscheme

9. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.3

6.00 mol of copper, Cu, are mixed with 12.00 mol of dilute nitric acid,
HNO3 (aq). The equation for the reaction that occurs is shown below.

3Cu (s) + 8HNO3 (aq) → 3Cu (NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO (g) + 4H2O (l)

What is the amount, in mol, of nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, produced

assuming that the reaction goes to completion?

A. 3.00

B. 4.00

C. 8.00

D. 18.00 [1]

Markscheme

10. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.4

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the fourth
shell in the atom (n = 4)?
 A. 8

B. 18

C. 32
[1]
D. 36

Markscheme

11. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.5

How are the lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen produced?

A. Electrons move to higher energy levels absorbing photons.

B. Electrons move to lower energy levels releasing photons.

C. Electrons move to higher energy levels releasing photons.

D. Electrons move to lower energy levels absorbing photons. [1]

Markscheme

12. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.6

Which graph shows the correct trend in the first ionization energies of
the first twelve elements in the periodic table?
 [1]

Markscheme

13. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.7

Which set of ions shows increasing ionic radii?

A. P 3− < Cl− < K+ < Ca2+

B. Cl− < P 3− < Ca2+ < K+

C. K+ < Ca2+ < P 3− < Cl−

D. Ca2+ < K+ < Cl− < P 3− [1]

Markscheme

14. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.8

 When the same amount of each oxide is added to an equal volume of
water, which oxide produces the solution with the highest pH?

A. MgO

B. Al2O3

C. SiO2

D. SO2 [1]

Markscheme

15. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.9

In which diagram are the 4s and 3d orbitals of the Co2+ ion correctly
filled with electrons?
 [1]

Markscheme

16. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.10

In which species is the oxidation state of chromium different?

A. [Cr (H2O)4 Cl2]+

B. [Cr (H2O)3 (OH)3]

C. [Cr (NH3)6]3+

D. CrO3 [1]

Markscheme
 D

17. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.11

What is the geometry around a carbon atom in graphene?

A. Hexagonal

B. Pyramidal

C. Tetrahedral

D. Trigonal planar [1]

Markscheme

18. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.12

What is the correct number of bonding pairs of electrons in
ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2?

A. 7

B. 8

C. 9

D. 18 [1]

Markscheme
 C

19. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.13

Which best explains the malleability of metals?

A. Delocalized electrons can move throughout the anion lattice.

B. Layers of anions are held together by delocalized electrons.

C. Non-directional bonds allow layers of cations to slide over each

other.

D. The attraction between the cations and the delocalized electrons is

strong. [1]

Markscheme

20. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.14

What are the numbers of sigma and pi bonds in propanenitrile,
CH3CH2CN?
 [1]

Markscheme

21. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.15

Which molecule is non-polar?

A. XeF2

B. IF5

C. SF2

D. PF3 [1]

Markscheme

22. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.20

 Which best explains the low rate of a reaction between two gases
occurring at high temperature and high pressure?

A. The frequency of collisions is low.

B. The bonds in the reactants are strong.

C. A high fraction of reactant molecules collides with the correct

orientation.

D. The activation energy of the reaction is low. [1]

Markscheme

23. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.36

What is the major product formed when Cl2 is added to propene?

A. 2,2-dichloropropane

B. 1,2-dichloropropane

C. 1-chloroprop-2-ene

D. 2-chloropropane [1]

Markscheme

24. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.39

 Which graph shows the correct relationship between the volume and
temperature of an ideal gas at constant pressure?

[1]

Markscheme

25. [Maximum mark: 1] 24M.1A.HL.TZ2.40

What are the number of signals and the splitting of these signals in the
1H NMR spectrum of propanone?
 [1]

Markscheme

26. [Maximum mark: 10] 24M.2.SL.TZ1.1

A powder has the following percentage composition by mass:

30.0 % sucrose, C12H22O11

45.0 % citric acid, C6H8O7

25.0 % sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3

In the presence of water, the powder effervesces as the citric acid reacts with the
sodium hydrogencarbonate:

3NaHCO3 (s) + C6H8O7 (aq) → Na3(C6H5O7) (aq) + 3CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)

(a.i) Determine the limiting reactant when 1.00 g of this powder

reacts. [3]

Markscheme

mol (citric acid) = 0.45

192.14
= 0.00234 ✔

mol (NaHCO3) = 0.25

84.01
= 0.00298 ✔
 0.00298÷3 = 0.000992 mol therefore NaHCO3 is LR ✔

Award 1 mark for 2 correct masses of reactants or molar masses

Accept sodium hydrogen carbonate for M3

Only award M3 if it is correctly based on previous mole calculations

(a.ii) Determine the volume, in dm3 at SATP, of carbon dioxide

released in the reaction in (a)(i). Use sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet. [2]

Markscheme

1:1, so 0.00298 mol ✔

= 0.0738 « dm3 » ✔
(0.00298⋅8.31⋅298)

100

(a.iii) Calculate the percentage yield obtained by a student who

collected 0.043 dm3 of carbon dioxide from 1.00 g of the
powder.

If you did not obtain an answer to (a)(ii), use 0.068 dm3, but this
is not the correct value. [1]

Markscheme

100 ⋅ 0.043

0.0738
= 58.4% ✔

(b.i) State the number of acidic hydrogens in the citric acid molecule
shown.
 [1]

Markscheme

three ✔

(b.ii) Deduce the structural formula of the conjugate base of citric

acid. [1]

Markscheme

[Source: With permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry]

(b.iii) Predict, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid. [1]

Markscheme

weak AND organic/carboxylic acid /has −COOH ✔

Accept weak AND partially dissociated.

(c) Calculate the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion

concentration, [H+] = 0.0025 mol dm−3. [1]
 Markscheme

−log(0.0025) = 2.60 ✔

Accept 2.6

27. [Maximum mark: 10] 24M.2.SL.TZ1.4

The water-gas shift reaction is another way to manufacture hydrogen.

CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ΔH = −41 kJ mol−1

(a.i) State the oxidation state of carbon in carbon monoxide and

carbon dioxide.

[1]

Markscheme

+2 AND +4 ✔

Accept II/2 AND IV/4

Do not accept 2+ and 4+

(a.ii) Identify the oxidising and reducing agents, and the species
oxidised and reduced, in the forward reaction.

[2]
 Markscheme

✔✔

Award [1] for every two correct.

(b.i) Draw the Lewis structure of carbon dioxide. [1]

Markscheme

Accept any combination of dots and crosses or lines.

Ignore non linear drawing of correct Lewis structure.

(b.ii) Annotate the Lewis structure in (b)(i) to show the polarity of the
bonds by adding the symbols δ+ and δ- as appropriate. [1]

Markscheme

Accept only one correct δ+ and δ−

(b.iii) Explain the molecular geometry and polarity of the carbon
dioxide molecule. [2]

Markscheme

linear AND two domains «repel» ✔

non-polar AND polar bonds cancel / symmetrical distribution of charge ✔

Accept OWTTE two domains

Accept non polar and no net dipole

Award [1] mark if correctly states “linear and non-polar" without correct explanations.

(b.iv) Outline why the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the

atmosphere is of international concern. [2]

Markscheme

CO2 greenhouse gas

OR
CO2 absorbs IR ✔

global warming/climate change

OR
doesn’t cause local pollution, but acts on a global scale / OWTTE ✔

Accept ocean acidification for M2

(b.v) Explain, referring to the enthalpy profile shown, whether

carbon monoxide is more or less stable than carbon dioxide.
 [1]

Markscheme

less AND exothermic/energy released «combustion of CO to form CO2 »

OR
CO is less stable as it has a higher enthalpy ✔

Accept CO burns in air/oxygen

28. [Maximum mark: 3] 24M.2.SL.TZ1.5

(a) State the electron configuration of sulfur, S. [1]

Markscheme

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

OR
[Ne] 3s2 3p4 ✔

Do not accept subscripts instead of superscripts

(b) State a physical property of sulfur which supports its

classification as a non-metal element. [1]
 Markscheme

Any one of:

insulator/non-conductor «of electricity/heat»
OR
brittle
OR
dull ✔

Accept other physical property.

Do not accept answers based on electron configuration

(c) Suggest a balanced equation for the reaction of an oxide of

sulfur with water. [1]

Markscheme

SO2 + H2O → H2SO3

OR
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 ✔

29. [Maximum mark: 5] 24M.2.SL.TZ1.6

(a) Determine the relative atomic mass of nickel from the mass
spectrum shown.
 [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

« 58 * 0.68 + 60 * 0.26 + 61 * 0.010 + 62 * 0.04 + 64 * 0.01 = » 58.77 ✔

Do not accept 58.69 (in data booklet)

(b.i) Deduce the nuclear symbol, A

Z
, for an ion of nickel-58 with 26
X

electrons. [1]
 Markscheme

58

28
Ni
2+
✔

(b.ii) Draw arrows to represent electrons in the orbital diagram for

this ion.

[1]

Markscheme

Accept single or double headed arrows

Do not award ECF from 6b(i)

(b.iii) Explain how the ions are held together in nickel chloride, and
why it only conducts electricity when molten. [2]

Markscheme

electrostatic attraction between « oppositely charged » ions ✔

ions unable to move / held in lattice unless melted

OR

Ions can only move when solid is melted ✔

Do not accept just “ionic bonding” for M1.

 Accept delocalised ions (not electrons)

30. [Maximum mark: 7] 24M.2.SL.TZ2.1

An organic compound, A, has the following composition by mass when its only
combustion products, carbon dioxide and water, are analysed.

(a) Outline why this compound is not a hydrocarbon. [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

percentages do not add up to 100 %

OR
contains oxygen ✔

(b) Determine the empirical formula of A. [2]

Markscheme

oxygen/O content = «100 – 71.93 – 12.10 =» 15.97 %

OR
C: « = 71.93

12.01
» 5.99 mol AND H: « 12.10

1.01
=» 11.98 mol ✔
C6H12O ✔
 Award [2] for correct formula.

(c) A sample of the vapour of A at 200.0 °C and 1.00 × 105 Pa has a

density of 2.544 × 103 g m−3.

Determine the molar mass and the molecular formula of A. [2]

Markscheme

3 −3 −1 −1

«M = =»
d×RT 2.544×10 gm ×8.31 J K mol ×473 K
5
p 1.00×10 Pa

OR

» 25.4 «mol per m3» ✔

5 3

n= «
pV 1.00×10 P a×1.00 m
= −1 −1
=
RT 8.31 J K mol ×473 K

«M =» 1.00 x 102 «g mol−1» AND C6H12O ✔

(d) The infrared (IR) spectrum of A is shown below.

[Source: Irina Doroshenko et al. Infrared Absorption Spectra of Monohydric

Alcohols. Open access article distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Image adapted.]
 [1]
Identify the bond responsible for the absorption labelled B in
the IR spectrum. Use section 26 of the data booklet.

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

O−H ✔

(e) A can be converted to compound E, which has a higher

molecular mass, by heating it under reflux with acidified
potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7.

Identify one functional group present in E, based on this

information only. [1]

Markscheme

carboxyl
OR
COOH/CO2H ✔

Accept carboxylic acid.

31. [Maximum mark: 10] 24M.2.SL.TZ2.2

In the stratosphere, ozone is decomposed by ultraviolet radiation.

O3 (g) → O2 (g) + O (g)

(a) State the full electron configuration of an oxygen atom and the
number of unpaired electrons in that atom.
 [2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

Electron configuration:
1s22s22p4 ✔

Unpaired electrons:
2✔

(b.i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure for the ozone molecule.

[1]

Markscheme

Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines for electron pairs, including an arrow for the coordinate
bond.
Do not accept delocalized structures.

Accept
(b.ii) Predict the shape and bond angle of the ozone molecule. [2]

Markscheme

bent/angular/V-shaped ✔

any estimated value in the range 110° – 119° ✔

Accept a bent diagram for M1.

(c) Suggest a value, in pm, for the bond lengths in the ozone
molecule and explain your answer. Use section 11 of the data
booklet. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

«both equal and» any estimated value in the range 122–147 «pm» ✔

resonance
OR
delocalization
OR
bond order is 1.5 ✔

(d) The concentrations of ozone molecules and chlorine monoxide,

ClO, free radicals were measured.
 [Source: Rowland, F.S., 2006. Stratospheric ozone depletion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
361(1469), pp. 769–790. [e-journal]
Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627294/ [Accessed 12 April 2023].
Source adapted.]

(d.i) Outline the relationship between the concentrations of ozone

and ClO, free radicals. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

negative/inverse «correlation»
OR
 one concentration increases as the other decreases ✔

Do not accept an answer that includes the term “proportional”.

(d.ii) Comment, based on this graph, on the conclusion that the hole
in the ozone layer is caused by ClO free radicals. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

Any two of:

evidence/supports «the claim» but does not prove the claim

OR
correlation does not imply causation ✔
mechanism/explanation of the link is needed ✔

other factor«s» may have caused these changes ✔

Accept Cl•+O3 →ClO•+O2 OR ClO• + O3 → Cl• + 2O2 OR ClO• + O3 →

ClO2 + O2 for M2 (without penalizing missing radical symbols).

Accept CFCs/Cl radicals deplete ozone AND ClO is part of the depletion mechanism for M2.

32. [Maximum mark: 8] 24M.2.SL.TZ2.3

The acid-base character of the oxides of elements depends on their position in
the periodic table.

(a.i) State one environmental problem caused by sulfur dioxide,

SO2.
 [1]

Markscheme

acid rain/deposition
OR
smog ✔

Accept any specific environmental problem caused by acid deposition or smog.

(a.ii) Write an equation to show how sulfur dioxide reacts in the

atmosphere to produce a secondary pollutant. [1]

Markscheme

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)

OR
SO2 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO3 (aq)
OR
2SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) → 2H2SO4 (aq) ✔

(b) A solution was prepared by dissolving 0.100 mol of sodium

oxide in distilled water and making the total volume up to 1.00
dm3.

(b.i) Write the equation for the reaction between sodium oxide and
water. [1]

Markscheme

H2O (l) + Na2O (s) → 2NaOH (aq) ✔

(b.ii) Calculate the pH of the solution. [2]

 Markscheme

«[OH−] = 2 x 0.100 = 0.200 mol dm−3»

Alternative One:

[H+] = « = » 5.00 × 10−14 «mol dm−3» ✔

−14
1.00×10

0.200

«pH=−log5.00 × 10−14 =» 13.30 ✔

Alternative Two:

«pOH = −log 0.200 =» 0.699 ✔

«pH = 14.00 − 0.699 =» 13.30 ✔

(c) Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, also reacts with water.

H3PO4 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + H2PO4−(aq)

(c.i) State an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this
equation. [1]

Markscheme

+ −
[H 3 O ][H 2 PO ]
«Kc=» [H 3 PO 4 ]
4
✔

(c.ii) State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on

the position of this equilibrium, assuming ΔH⦵ < 0. [1]

Markscheme

shifts to the left/toward reactants AND «forward» reaction is exothermic

OR
 shifts to the left/toward reactants AND favours endothermic «reverse»
reaction ✔

(d) Outline why the ionic radius of the phosphide ion, P 3−, is
greater than that of the sulfide ion, S2−. [1]

Markscheme

same electron configuration AND P 3− has smaller nuclear charge/number of

protons/atomic number ✔

Accept “same «number of» electrons/shells” OR “same shielding" for “same electron configuration”.

Accept “P3− has smaller effective nuclear charge” for “P3− has smaller nuclear charge”.

33. [Maximum mark: 16] 24M.2.SL.TZ2.4

Ethenone, CH2CO, is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.

(a) Suggest why the compound is given this IUPAC name. [2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).
 Any two of:
eth: contains two carbon atoms ✔
en: contains a carbon-carbon double bond / C=C ✔
one: contains a carbonyl / C=O ✔

Accept “alkene” for C=C and “ketone” for C=O.

Award [1 max] if two structural features given without relating to the relevant part of IUPAC name.

(b) Compare and contrast the intermolecular forces that result in

ethenone being less volatile than carbon dioxide. [2]

Markscheme

both have «similar» London/dispersion forces «due to having same number

of electrons/similar Mr» ✔

ethenone has dipole-dipole forces «and carbon dioxide does not» ✔

(c) Ethenone can be made by the thermal decomposition of

propanone.

CH3COCH3 (l) → CH2CO (g) + CH4 (g)

(c.i) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction. Use
ΔH⦵f ethenone = −87.2 kJ mol−1 and section 12 of the data
booklet. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

«∆𝐻° = ∑ ∆𝐻 °𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑ ∆𝐻 °𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 » = −74.0 − 87.2 + 248 ✔

= «+»86.8 «kJ» ✔
 Award [2] for correct final answer.
Award [1] for −86.8 «kJ».

(c.ii) Sketch the potential energy diagram for the thermal

decomposition of propanone from (c)(i). Use the axes given and
indicate both the enthalpy of reaction and the activation
energy.

[2]

Markscheme
 endothermic graph AND labelled arrow/line showing ΔH ✔

labelled arrow/line showing Ea ✔

(d) Ethenone can be converted to compound G, which reacts

slowly with metal oxides when in aqueous solution.

The mass spectrum of G is shown.

[Source: Used with permission. © United States of America as represented by the

Secretary of Commerce.]
 Deduce the identity of G, giving two reasons based on the
spectrum. [3]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

CH3COOH / ethanoic acid ✔

Award [2 max] for any two of:

«m/z=» 60 due to molecular ion/CH3COOH+ ✔
«m/z=»15 due to CH3+ / due to loss of COOH+ ✔
«m/z=» 43 due to CH3CO+ / due to loss of OH+ ✔
«m/z=» 45 due to COOH+ / due to loss of CH3+ ✔

Accept molar/molecular mass is 60.

(e) 10.0 cm3 of ethenone is mixed with 100 cm3 of oxygen and
burnt completely.

CH2CO (g) + 2O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Determine the final volume of the gaseous mixture after the

reaction mixture has returned to the original temperature and
pressure. [2]

Markscheme

20.0 «cm3» of O2 (g) reacts

OR
80.0 «cm3» of O2 (g) remains
OR
20.0 «cm3» of CO2 (g)produced ✔
 100 «cm3» ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

(f ) Calculations often assume that real gases behave like ideal

gases.

State one reason why gases such as carbon dioxide and

ethenone become less ideal at higher pressures. [1]

Markscheme

intermolecular forces no longer negligible/OWTTE

OR
volume occupied by molecules no longer negligible «compared to the total
volume» ✔

(g) Propanone can be synthesised by the oxidation of propan-2-ol.

Propan-2-ol can be synthesised in two ways, from H by
addition of water or from G by a substitution reaction.

Draw the structure of H and state the name of G, applying

IUPAC rules. [2]

Markscheme
 ** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

H:

/ H2C=CHCH3 ✔

G:
2-chloropropane
OR
2-bromopropane
OR
2-iodopropane ✔

Accept H2CCHCH3 / CH2CHCH3 for M1.

Award [1 max] for name for H and structure for G.

34. [Maximum mark: 15] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.1

A powder has the following percentage composition by mass:

30.0 % sucrose, C12H22O11

45.0 % citric acid, C6H8O7

25.0 % sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3

In the presence of water, the powder effervesces as the citric acid reacts with the
sodium hydrogencarbonate:

3NaHCO3 (s) + C6H8O7 (aq) → Na3(C6H5O7) (aq) + 3CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)
(a.i) Determine the limiting reactant when 1.00 g of this powder
reacts. [3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

mol (citric acid) = 0.45

192.14
= 0.00234 ✓

mol (NaHCO3) = 0.25

84.01
= 0.00298 ✓
0.00298÷3 = 0.000992 mol therefore NaHCO3 is LR ✓

Award 1 mark for 2 correct masses of reactants or molar masses

Accept sodium hydrogen carbonate for M3

Only award M3 if it is correctly based on previous mole calculations

(a.ii) Determine the volume, in dm3 at SATP, of carbon dioxide

released in the reaction in (a)(i). Use sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet. [2]

Markscheme

1:1, so 0.00298 mol ✓

(0.00298⋅8.31⋅298)

100
= 0.0738 « dm3 » ✓

(a.iii) Calculate the percentage yield obtained by a student who

collected 0.043 dm3 of carbon dioxide from 1.00 g of the
powder.
 If you did not obtain an answer to (a)(ii), use 0.068 dm3, but this [1]
is not the correct value.

Markscheme

100 ⋅ 0.043

0.0738
= 58.4% ✓

(b.i) State the number of acidic hydrogens in the citric acid molecule
shown.

[1]

Markscheme

three ✓

(b.ii) Deduce the structural formula of the conjugate base of citric

acid. [1]

Markscheme

[Source: With permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry]

(b.iii) Predict, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid. [1]

Markscheme

weak AND organic/carboxylic acid /has -COOH ✓

Accept weak AND partially dissociated.

(b.iv) Explain why sodium citrate solutions are basic.

[1]

Markscheme

salt of strong base and weak acid

OR

eqm removes H+ ions «in aqueous solution»

OR

citrate ion reacts with water to form conjugate acid and OH– ✓

Accept “conjugate base of weak acid”

(c) Calculate the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion

concentration, [H+] = 0.0025 mol dm−3 [1]

Markscheme

-log(0.0025) = 2.60 ✓
 Accept 2.6.

(d) Describe the bonding in solid sodium citrate. [2]

Markscheme

electrostatic attraction ✓
« between » Na+ and citrate– ions / oppositely charged ions ✓

Award [1 max] for just “ionic”.

(e) State, giving a reason, how the lattice and hydration enthalpies
would differ if potassium ions were present instead of sodium
ions. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

lattice lower AND hydration lower ✓

K+ lower charge density / larger ion «radius with same charge » ✓

Ignore references to atomic radii for M2

35. [Maximum mark: 27] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.2

A student investigated the use of hand sanitising gel containing propan-1-ol as a
camping fuel.
(a.i) Calculate the heat energy absorbed by the water, in J. Use
sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

400.00 * 4.18 * 21.0 = 35 112 = 35 100 J ✓

 Accept 35.1 kJ

(a.ii) Calculate the percentage uncertainty of your answer in (a)(i). [2]

Markscheme

21±1 ✓

«100 ∗ 0.02

400.00
+ 100 ∗ 1.0

2.1
= 0.005 + 4.76 = » 4.77% ✔

Accept 4.76 (if only temperature uncertainty used).

Accept correct final answer for 2 marks

(a.iii) Suggest a way to reduce the random uncertainty of the answer. [1]

Markscheme

repeat experiment AND take average ✓

Accept increase amount of water

Accept allow experiment to run longer to have greater ∆T
Accept more precise thermometer / temperature probe / digital thermometer.
Accept more precise balance /scale
Do not accept more precise equipment without names.
Do not accept references to accuracy

(b.i) Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-ol, in kJ

mol−1, stating one assumption.

If you did not obtain an answer to (a)(i), use 30 000 J, though

this is not the correct value.
 [3]

Markscheme

«36.03 + 8.08 + 16.00 = 60.11»

1.80/60.11 = 0.0299 ✓
–35100/0.0299 = –1200 kJ mol–1 ✓

Assumption: (any one from)

- propan-1-ol only ingredient to release heat

- gel is pure propan-1-ol
- no heat loss
- all heat transferred to water
- no heat absorbed by copper
- complete combustion ✓

Accept –1000 to –1004 kJ mol–1 if 30 000 used.

M2 can only be awarded for exothermic answer

(b.ii) Calculate the percentage error, using section 14 of the data

booklet. [1]

Markscheme

100(−1200−−2021)
« −2021
= – » 40.6% ✓
 Ignore negative signs
Accept 50% if 30 kJ used in 2bi

(b.iii) Suggest the main source of error, and a way to reduce it. [1]

Markscheme

heat loss AND insulate the calorimeter ✓

Accept heat loss AND decrease distance between calorimeter and flame.

Accept heat loss AND use screens to prevent drafts / OWTTE.

Accept heat loss and use a closed system / food calorimeter

Accept heat loss and use a calorimeter with a low heat capacity.
Do not accept Styrofoam / coffee cup calorimeter
Do not accept “add a lid"

(c) The student also investigates a second gel containing ethanol,

with the same percentage by mass as the propan-1-ol in the first
gel.

Determine whether the second gel would release more or less

energy per gram than the first gel. Use section 14 of the data
booklet. [3]

Markscheme

«1 g propan-1-ol contains = 1

60.11
0.017 mol » « 0.017(–2021) =» –33.62 «kJ»
✓

«1 g ethanol contains 1
46.08
= 0.022 mol » « 0.022(–1367) =» –29.72 «kJ» ✔

second gel/ethanol less energy ✓

Accept positive values for M1, M2

 Do not award M3 without M1 and M2.

(d) Ethanol and propan-1-ol are members of a homologous series.

(d.i) State the names of the class of compound and the functional
group of this series.

[2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

alcohol ✓

hydroxyl ✓

Award [1 max] for both answers, but the wrong way around.

Accept “hydroxy”, but not “hydroxide”

Ignore references to R-OH or other formula

(d.ii) State the strongest intermolecular force present in ethanol and

propan-1-ol. [1]

Markscheme

hydrogen bonding ✓

(d.iii) Predict an intermolecular force which would be stronger in the

next member of the homologous series, butan-1-ol. [1]
 Markscheme

London/dispersion forces ✓

Accept instantaneous / induced dipoles.

Do not accept van der Waals’ forces

(e) Butan-2-ol is optically active.

(e.i) Sketch two enantiomers of butan-2-ol to show the relationship

between them.

[2]

Markscheme

correct representation of 3D structure ✓

Enantiomeric/isomer pair clearly represented ✓

(e.ii) Deduce the organic products when butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol

are separately heated under reflux with acidified potassium
dichromate (VI).

[2]
 Markscheme

butanoic acid ✓

butanone ✓

Accept butan-2-one / 2-butanone.

Accept correct structures

(f ) Propan-1-ol can be produced from 1-chloropropane.

(f.i) Identify a nucleophile which could be used for this reaction.

[1]

Markscheme

OH– ✓

Accept water / H2O

Accept “hydroxide” / “sodium hydroxide / NaOH”

(f.ii) Sketch the mechanism of the reaction between 1-

chloropropane and the nucleophile in (f )(i), using curly arrows.

[3]

Markscheme
 curly arrow from lone pair/negative charge on O in OH– to C ✓

curly arrow originating on C–Cl bond to Cl ✓

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets

and partial bonds ✓

Hydroxide must have negative charge and lone pair(s) for M1

Do not award M3 if OH–C bond shown

(g) Ethyl ethanoate can be produced from ethene via a three-step

synthetic route.

step 1: CH2CH2 + H2O → CH3CH2OH

step 2: CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3COOH

step 3: CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + ____

(g.i) State the conditions necessary for the reaction in step 1. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

« conc.» H2SO4/H3PO4

AND

high temperature
 OR

high pressure ✓

Accept “H+/H3O+/strong acid”

Accept “heat” or “steam”

(g.ii) Identify the type of reaction occurring in step 3. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

esterification ✓

Accept “condensation”

Accept “addition-elimination” but not "addition" only

(g.iii) Identity the second product formed in step 3. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

H2O ✓

Accept water
36. [Maximum mark: 11] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.4
The water-gas shift reaction is another way to manufacture hydrogen.

CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ΔH = −41 kJ mol−1

(a.i) State the oxidation state of carbon in carbon monoxide and

carbon dioxide.

[1]

Markscheme

+2 AND +4 ✓

Accept II/2 AND IV/4

Do not accept 2+ and 4+

(a.ii) Identify the oxidising and reducing agents, and the species
oxidised and reduced, in the forward reaction.

[2]

Markscheme

✓✓
 Award [1] for every two correct.

(b.i) Draw the Lewis structure of carbon dioxide. [1]

Markscheme

Accept any combination of dots and crosses or lines.

Ignore non linear drawing of correct Lewis structure.

(b.ii) Annotate the Lewis structure in (b)(i) to show the polarity of the
bonds by adding the symbols δ+ and δ− as appropriate [1]

Markscheme

Accept only one correct δ+ and δ−

(b.iii) Explain the molecular geometry and polarity of the carbon

dioxide molecule. [2]

Markscheme

linear AND two domains «repel» ✓

non-polar AND polar bonds cancel / symmetrical distribution of charge ✓

 Accept OWTTE two domains

Accept non polar and no net dipole

Award [1] mark if correctly states “linear and non-polar" without correct explanations.

(b.iv) State the hybridization of the carbon atom in carbon monoxide

and in carbon dioxide.

[1]

Markscheme

carbon monoxide: sp
AND
carbon dioxide: sp ✓

(b.v) State the number of σ and π bonds in a carbon monoxide

molecule.

[1]

Markscheme

1σ AND 2π ✓

(b.vi) Determine the bond enthalpy of carbon monoxide, in kJ mol−1.

Use section 12 of the data booklet and the equation:

CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇌ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ΔH = −41 kJ mol−1 [2]

Markscheme
 CO + 2(O-H) – 2(C=O) – H-H = –41
OR
x + 2(463) – 2(804) – 436 = –41 ✓
« x = –41 – 926 + 2044 = » 1077 « kJ mol–1 » ✓

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Award [1] for –1077

37. [Maximum mark: 8] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.5

Successive ionization energies of an element (E) are shown. E is not the real
symbol of the element.

(a) Identify the group of the periodic table in which element E is

located, giving a reason. [1]

Markscheme

16
AND
7th IE much higher ✓

Accept VI/6

(b) Element E forms an oxide EO3. Two possible Lewis structures are
shown.

(b.i) Show which structure is most likely, using the concept of formal
charge.
 [3]

Markscheme

Structure 1:
E«6-0-4=» +2
2x O «6-6-1 = » –1
O «6-4-2 = » 0 ✔

Structure 2:
E «6-0-6 = » 0
3x O «6-4-2 = » 0 ✔

structure 2 most likely ✓

M1 requires two FCs for different oxygens

accept notations on diagram for M1, M2

Do not award M3 without explanation based on formal charge.

(b.ii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of EO3 with water.

[1]

Markscheme

EO3 + H2O → H2EO4 ✓

(c) A strong acid was titrated with 0.01 mol dm−3 ammonia
solution, NH3 (aq). The pH curve for the titration is shown.
(c.i) Identify the best indicator for this titration, using section 18 of
the data booklet. [1]

Markscheme

methyl red ✓

Accept bromothymol blue or bromocresol green

(c.ii) Sketch on the following graph the curve expected if 0.01 mol
dm−3 NaOH (aq) is used instead of the 0.01 mol dm−3 NH3 (aq).
 [2]

Markscheme
 New curve added. Straight section is now from pH4 to 10, and levels off
towards 12.

extend vertical section at equivalence point ✓

level off at pH 11-12 ✓

Need same equivalence volume for M1 (20 cm3)

38. [Maximum mark: 9] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.6

(a) Determine the relative atomic mass of nickel from the mass
spectrum shown.
 [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

« 58 × 0.68 + 60 × 0.26 + 61 × 0.010 + 62 × 0.04 + 64 × 0.01 = » 58.77 ✓

Do not accept 58.69 (in data booklet)

(b.i) Deduce the nuclear symbol, A

Z
X, for an ion of nickel-58 with 26
electrons. [1]

Markscheme

58
28
Ni
2+
✓
(b.ii) Draw arrows to represent electrons in the orbital diagram for
this ion.

[1]

Markscheme

Accept single or double headed arrows

Do not award ECF from 6b(i)

(b.iii) Predict, giving a reason, whether Ni2+ is para- or diamagnetic. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

paramagnetic AND unpaired electrons ✓

(c) Nickel forms the green complex ion [Ni(H2O)6]2+

(c.i) Explain why [Ni(NH3)6]2+ is blue-violet. Use sections 15 and 17

of the data booklet.

[2]

Markscheme
 ** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

NH3 stronger ligand/higher in spectrochemical series ✓

greater splitting of d-orbitals

OR
higher energy/orange/yellow absorbed « instead of red » ✓

Accept reference to correct wavelength absorbed

Accept converse statements for water as ligand

(c.ii) Identify, with a reason, whether ammonia acts as a Lewis acid or

Lewis base in the complex ion, [Ni(NH3)6]2+. [1]

Markscheme

Lewis base AND donates electron pair ✓

(c.iii) Describe whether ammonia acts as a Brønsted–Lowry acid or

base in its reaction with water. Include an equation in your
answer. [2]

Markscheme

base AND accepts H+/hydrogen ion/proton ✔

NH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4OH(aq)

OR
NH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) ✓

Accept either type of arrow

39. [Maximum mark: 20] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.103
Caesium chloride, CsCl, has the ionic lattice structure shown.

(a.i) Demonstrate, using sections 9 and 17 of the data booklet, how

this type of bonding could be predicted. [2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

electronegativity difference ∆ X«= 3.2 − 0.8» = 2.4

AND

average electronegativity ∑X «= 1
2
(3.2 + 0.8)» = 2.0 ✔

falls in “ionic” region of bonding diagram ✔

Accept 75% ionic and 25% covalent for M2.

Do not accept ionic without reference to diagram.

(a.ii) Outline the nature of the forces holding this structure together. [1]

Markscheme

electrostatic attraction
OR
attraction between oppositely charged ions ✔

Do not accept ionic.

(a.iii) Outline why caesium chloride crystals are very brittle. [1]

Markscheme

«small» displacement brings ions of same charge close together

OR
«small» displacement results in repulsion «between same charged ions»

Do not accept bonds are weak.

(b) Justify why caesium chloride is diamagnetic. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

all electrons are paired/have paired spins ✔

(c) Caesium metal is produced by electrolysis of molten caesium

chloride.

(c.i) Outline why caesium can only be produced by electrolysis. [1]

 Markscheme

«caesium» very reactive / very high in reactivity series

OR
cannot be reduced by chemical methods ✔

Do not accept simply caesium is reactive.

Accept difficult to reduce «caesium ions».
Accept Cs is higher on activity series than C.

(c.ii) State the half-equation for the formation of caesium by

electrolysis. [1]

Markscheme

Cs+(l) + e− → Cs(l) ✔

(c.iii) Determine the charge, in C, required to produce 1.00 g of

caesium.

Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

amount of Cs « = » = 0.00752 «mol» ✔

1.00 g
−1
132.91 g mol

charge «= 0.00752 mol × 9.65 × 104 C mol−1» = 726«C» ✔

 Accept 0.007 for M1.
Award [2] for correct final answer.

(d) Caesium metal and Cu–Ni nanoparticles are combined as the

heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of long-chain alcohols.

(d.i) Compare and contrast homogeneous and heterogeneous

catalysts.

[2]

Markscheme

Similarity:
Any one of:
increase rate of reaction ✔
provide an alternative mechanism ✔
reduce activation energy/Ea «for the reaction» ✔
not consumed «in overall reaction» ✔

Difference:
Any one of:
heterogeneous are in different phase to reactants AND homogeneous in
same phase ✔
heterogeneous are solids AND homogeneous are fluids/liquids/gases/in
solution ✔
heterogeneous act on surface AND homogeneous act in fluid/medium ✔
heterogeneous remain unchanged AND homogeneous consumed at one
stage and regenerated at another ✔
 heterogeneous more easily removed «from product than homogenous» ✔

Accept state for phase.

(d.ii) State why many heterogeneous catalysts involve nanoparticles. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

«very» large surface area «to mass ratio» ✔

(d.iii) Nanoparticles are often produced by chemical vapour

deposition (CVD).

Suggest why this is carried out in an inert atmosphere. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

prevents oxidation ✔

Accept prevents reaction with air.

(d.iv) Suggest one ethical concern about the use of nanoparticles. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).
 negative effect on/harmful to environment/human health ✔

Accept uncertain effect on human health

Do not award mark for poisonous/toxic.

(e) Caesium metal has a body centred cubic, BCC, structure.

(e.i) Deduce the number of metal atoms in the unit cell. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

2✔

(e.ii) The side of the unit cell, α, is 614 pm (6.14 × 10−8 cm). Calculate
the volume of the unit cell. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).
 volume «= (614 pm)3» = 2.31 × 108 «pm3» ✔

Accept 2.31 × 10−22 «cm3» OR 2.31 × 10−28 «m3».

Whilst units are not required, if given, they must correspond to the numerical value. Do not, for example,
award the mark for 2.31 × 10−22 pm3.

(e.iii) Determine the density of caesium metal, in g cm−3. Use your

answers to (e)(i), (e)(ii) and sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

ALTERNATIVE 1:
volume of one mol «= 1

2
(2.31 × 10−22 cm3 × 6.02 × 1023) »
= 69.5 «cm3» ✔
−1

«density =» 1.91 «g cm−3» ✔

132.91 g mol
−1
69.5 cm 3 mol

ALTERNATIVE 2:

volume of one mol of unit cells « = 2.31 × 10−22 cm3 × 6.02 × 1023»

= 139.1 «cm3» ✔
−1

«density = =» 1.91«g cm−3» ✔

2×132.91 g mol
−1
139.1 cm 3 mol

Award [2] for correct final answer.

(f ) Caesium-137, a dangerous radioisotope, can be removed from

radioactive waste by forming a complex ion with a polydentate
 ligand.
Outline why this complex ion is more stable than one in which [1]
caesium forms bonds to many monodentate ligands.

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

entropy change with a polydentate ligand more favourable/less negative

«than change with many monodentate ligands» ✔

Accept chelate effect.

Accept positive entropy change.

(g) The iminodiacetate ion, shown below, is an example of a

polydentate ligand. Circle the atoms that bond to a metal ion.

[1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

✔
 Accept answers that include the C=O oxygens in the circle.

40. [Maximum mark: 3] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.109

Green algae are a rich source of pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to investigate the presence of the

carotenoid lutein in an algae extract. A chromatogram with 6 coloured spots was
obtained.

(a) Determine if lutein is present by calculating Rf values of the

spots and comparing them with the data in the table. [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).
 yes AND third spot «from bottom» Rf = 0.36 ✔

Accept values in the range of 0.35–0.37 for Rf of third spot.

Accept answers with YES implied, as in the third spot from the bottom has an Rf of 0.36.

Accept alternative working such as determination of d using Rf and D, where D = 64 mm, to identify the
third spot as lutein.

(b) Explain, with reference to their structures, why chlorophylls and

carotenoids are coloured. Use section 35 of the data booklet. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

«highly» conjugated bonds/ delocalized bonds

OR
«many» alternating single AND double/multiple bonds ✔
«intense» absorption «bands» in visible region ✔

41. [Maximum mark: 9] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.113

Methane clathrate looks like ice but burns when ignited because it turns back to
water and methane.

(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of methane. [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).
 CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ✔

(b) The formula of methane clathrate is (CH4)4(H2O)23 and its molar

mass is 478.7 g mol−1. Calculate the specific energy of methane
clathrate. Use sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

amount of CH4 in 1.00 g clathrate «= 4× » = 0.008356 «mol» ✔

1g
−1
478.7 g mol

specific energy « = 0.008356 mol g−1 × 891 kJ mol−1» = 7.45 «kJ g−1» ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

(c) Suggest why methane clathrate has a lower specific energy but
higher energy density than methane.

[2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

Lower specific energy:

not all methane clathrate is methane
 OR
part of methane clathrate does not burn ✔

Higher energy density:

methane is gas AND methane clathrate is solid
OR
methane has much lower density «than methane clathrate»
OR
methane clathrate occupies a much smaller volume than «same mass of»
methane ✔

For M1 accept reference to water molecules in methane clathrate as indicating it is not all methane.

(d) Methane has both symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes

as illustrated.

Symmetric stretch

Asymmetric stretch

State, giving a reason, which of these modes is responsible for

greenhouse gas activity. [1]

Markscheme
 asymmetric «stretch»
AND
produces/changes dipole moment ✔

(e) There are significant quantities of methane clathrate on the

ocean bed and in arctic permafrost layers.

Suggest why burning methane clathrate is preferable to

allowing the methane it contains to escape into the
atmosphere. [1]

Markscheme

methane more potent greenhouse gas/higher GWP than carbon dioxide

«produced by burning it» ✔

Accept answers that imply we could be harnessing the energy released by the combustion.

(f ) The graph shows the increase in temperature and the level of

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

[Source: Van der Werf, G., Global temperature anomaly. [graph] Available
at: https://www.geo.vu.nl/~gwerf/climate.html [Accessed 3 April 2019]. Source
adapted.]
 Discuss how this data could be used to both support and refute
the theory that carbon dioxide is a cause of global warming.

[2]

Markscheme

Support:
overall increase in both the carbon dioxide concentration and the
temperature «anomaly» ✔

Refute:
CO2 increases between ~1940 and ~1970 without corresponding increase
in temperature
OR
global temperatures rose between ~1935 and ~1945 despite [CO2]
remaining relatively constant
OR
increases in global temperature between ~1900 and ~1940 and between
~1970 and ~2010 are similar, but increase in CO2 levels much higher in
latter period ✔

For M1, accept there is a good/close correlation «in their shapes».

For M2, accept the connection may just be coincidental «not causative».
Do not accept comments about fluctuations.
Accept years that are approximately the same as these listed.
42. [Maximum mark: 4] 24M.2.HL.TZ1.124
Structures of compounds can be determined by spectroscopic methods.

Ibuprofen is obtained by synthesis and often contains impurities.

Ibuprofen

Impurity X

(a) Predict the number of signals and relative areas you would
expect to see in the 1H NMR spectrum of the circled side-chain
of each compound.

[2]

Markscheme
 Award [1] for any two correct cells.
Accept ratio of areas in any order.
Do not apply ECF for ratios.

(b) The infrared spectra of ibuprofen and another side product,

impurity Y, are shown.

Impurity Y

Spectrum A
 [Source: With permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.]

Spectrum B

[Source: With permission from LGC.]

Deduce, giving two reasons, which spectrum belongs to the

impurity Y. Use section 20 of the data booklet. [2]

Markscheme

B
AND:
absorbance at 3200–3600 «cm−1»
OR
absorbance due to O–H/hydroxyl in alcohol ✔

absence of absorbance at 1700–1750 «cm−1»

OR
absence of «absorbance for» C=O/carbonyl «in carboxyl» ✔

“B” only necessary once.

Award M2 for not A AND «absorbance for» C=O/carbonyl «in carboxyl group».
 Accept any absorbance value in the ranges given.

43. [Maximum mark: 8] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.1

An organic compound, A, has the following composition by mass when its only
combustion products, carbon dioxide and water, are analysed.

(a) Outline why this compound is not a hydrocarbon. [1]

Markscheme

percentages do not add up to 100 %

OR
contains oxygen ✓

(b) Determine the empirical formula of A. [2]

Markscheme

oxygen/O content = «100 – 71.93 – 12.10 =» 15.97 %

OR
C: « =» 5.99 mol AND H: «
71.93

12.01
12.10

1.01
=» 11.98 mol ✔
C6H12O ✔

Award [2] for correct formula.

(c) A sample of the vapour of A at 200.0 °C, and 1.00 × 105 Pa, has a
density of 2.544 × 103 g m−3.
 Determine the molar mass and the molecular formula of A. [2]

Markscheme

3 −3 −1 −1

«M = »
d×RT 2.544×10 gm ×8.31 J K mol ×473 K
= 5
p 1.00×10 Pa

OR

=» 25.4 «mol per m3» ✔

5 3

n= «
pV 1.00×10 P a × 1.00 m
= −1 −1
RT 8.31 J K mol ×473 K

«M =» 1.00 x 102 «g mol−1» AND C6H12O ✔

(d) The infrared (IR) spectrum of A is shown below.

[Source: Irina Doroshenko et al. Infrared Absorption Spectra of Monohydric

Alcohols. Open access article distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Image adapted.]

Identify the bond responsible for the absorption labelled B in

the IR spectrum. Use section 26 of the data booklet. [1]

Markscheme
 O−H ✔

(e) A can be converted to compound E, which has a higher

molecular mass, by heating it under reflux with acidified
potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7.

Identify one functional group present in E based on this

information only. [1]

Markscheme

carboxyl
OR
COOH/CO2H ✔

Accept carboxylic acid.

(f ) Deduce a possible structural formula for A consistent with the

evidence presented.

[1]

Markscheme

primary alcohol with C=C

AND
6 carbons and 12 hydrogens ✔

Accept “primary alcohol with ring/cyclic structure AND 6 carbons and 12 hydrogens”.

44. [Maximum mark: 17] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.2

In the stratosphere, ozone is decomposed by ultraviolet radiation.
O3 (g) → O2 (g) + O (g)
(a) State the full electron configuration of an oxygen atom and the
number of unpaired electrons in that atom.

[2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

Electron configuration:
1s22s22p4 ✔

Unpaired electrons:
2✔

(b.i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure for the ozone molecule. [1]

Markscheme

Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines for electron pairs, including an arrow for the coordinate
bond.
Do not accept delocalized structures.

Accept:
(b.ii) Deduce the formal charge on each of the three oxygen atoms
by adding them to your Lewis (electron dot) structure in (b)(i). [2]

Markscheme

formal charge of central O = +1 ✔

formal charge of single bonded O = −1 AND double bonded O = 0 ✔

(b.iii) Predict the shape and bond angle of the ozone molecule. [2]

Markscheme

bent/angular/V-shaped ✔

any estimated value in the range 110° − 119° ✔

Accept a bent diagram for M1.

(b.iv) State the hybridization state of the central oxygen atom in

ozone. [1]

Markscheme
 sp2 ✔

(c) Suggest a value, in pm, for the bond lengths in the ozone
molecule and explain your answer. Use section 11 of the data
booklet. [2]

Markscheme

«both equal and» any estimated value in the range 122–147 «pm» ✔

resonance
OR
delocalization
OR
bond order is 1.5 ✔

(d) Explain the dependence of the dissociation of diatomic oxygen,

O2, and ozone, O3, on the wavelength of UV radiation. [2]

Markscheme

shorter wavelength radiation/UV needed to break the bond in O2 ✔

O2 has stronger bond ✔

(e) The concentrations of ozone molecules and chlorine monoxide,

ClO, free radicals were measured.
 [Source: Rowland, F.S., 2006. Stratospheric ozone depletion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
361(1469), pp. 769–790. [e-journal]
Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627294/ [Accessed 12 April 2023].
Source adapted.]

(e.i) Outline the relationship between the concentrations of ozone

and ClO, free radicals. [1]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

negative/inverse «correlation»
OR
one concentration increases as the other decreases ✔
 Do not accept an answer that includes the term “proportional”.

(e.ii) Comment, based on this graph, on the conclusion that the hole
in the ozone layer is caused by ClO free radicals. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

Any two of:

evidence/supports «the claim» but does not prove the claim
OR
correlation does not imply causation ✔
mechanism/explanation of the link is needed ✔

other factor«s» may have caused these changes ✔

Accept Cl• + O3 → ClO• + O2 OR ClO• + O3 → Cl• + 2O2 OR ClO• + O3 → ClO2 + O2 for M2 (without
penalizing missing radical symbols).

Accept CFCs/Cl radicals deplete ozone AND ClO is part of the depletion mechanism for M2.

(e.iii) When a chlorine emission spectrum is produced, there is a

strong line at 453 nm.
Determine the energy of the photon of light emitted in J, using [2]
sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

Markscheme

«c=vλ»

= »6.62 x 1014 «Hz» ✔

8 −1

« 3.00 x 10 ms
−7
4.53 x 10 m
 «E=hν = (6.62 x 1014 s-1) (6.63 x 10-34 Js) =» 4.39 x 10-19 «J» ✔

45. [Maximum mark: 10] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.3

The acid-base character of the oxides of elements depends on their position in
the periodic table.

(a.i) State one environmental problem caused by sulfur dioxide,

SO2. [1]

Markscheme

acid rain/deposition
OR
smog ✔

Accept any specific environmental problem caused by acid deposition or smog.

(a.ii) Write an equation to show how sulfur dioxide reacts in the

atmosphere to produce a secondary pollutant. [1]

Markscheme

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)

OR
SO2 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO3 (aq)
OR
2SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) → 2H2SO4 (aq) ✔

(b) A solution was prepared by dissolving 0.100 mol of sodium

oxide in distilled water and making the total volume up to 1.00
dm3.
(b.i) Write the equation for the reaction between sodium oxide and
water. [1]

Markscheme

H2O (l) + Na2O (s) → 2NaOH (aq) ✔

(b.ii) Calculate the pH of the solution. [2]

Markscheme

«[OH-] = 2 x 0.100 = 0.200 mol dm-3»

Alternative One:
[H+] = « = » 5.00 × 10−14 «mol dm-3» ✔
−14
1.00×10

0.200

«pH=−log 5.00×10-14 =» 13.30 ✔

Alternative Two:
«pOH = −log 0.200 =» 0.699 ✔
«pH = 14.00 − 0.699 =» 13.30 ✔

(c) Hydrocyanic acid, HCN (aq), has Ka = 6.17 × 10−10.

(c.i) Determine the pH of a 0.202 mol dm−3 aqueous solution of

hydrocyanic acid. [3]

Markscheme

[H+] =√K a × [HCN]/√ 6. 17 × 10

−10
× 0. 202 ✔

[H+] = 1.116 × 10−5 «mol dm−3» ✔

pH = 4.95 ✔
 Award [3] for correct final answer.

(c.ii) State one assumption made for your calculation in (c)(i). [1]

Markscheme

[H+] << 0.202 / negligible dissociation

OR
[H+] from dissociation of H2O negligible ✔

Accept [HCN]initial = [HCN]eqm.

(c.iii) State the composition of a buffer solution containing

hydrocyanic acid. [1]

Markscheme

combine «HCN» with «a similar concentration of» its conjugate base/CN−

OR
partial neutralization «with strong base/OH−» ✔

Accept CN− salts.

46. [Maximum mark: 8] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.4

The complex ion [CuCl4]2− is formed when concentrated hydrochloric acid is
added to an aqueous solution of hydrated copper(II) ions.

Cu2+ (aq) + 4Cl− (aq) ⇌ [CuCl4]2− (aq)

Blue Yellow
(a) State an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc,
corresponding to this equation. [1]

Markscheme

2−
[[CuCl 4 ] ]

«Kc =» 2+ − 4
✔
[Cu ] [Cl ]

(b) The numerical value of Kc under standard conditions is 4.2 × 105.

Calculate the ratio when the chloride ion concentration is 0.210
mol dm–3. [2]

Markscheme

2−
[[CuCl 4 ] ]

[Cu
2+
]
= 4.2 × 105 × 0.2104 ✔

=820 ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

(c) Explain why Cu2+(aq) is coloured, with reference to its

electronic structure and section 15 of the data booklet. [3]

Markscheme

Any three from:

partially filled d-orbital«s» ✔

d-orbitals split ✔
light /energy is absorbed as electrons transit to a higher energy level «in d–
d transitions»
OR
light /energy is absorbed as electrons are promoted ✔
 energy gap / light absorbed corresponds «to light in» the visible region of
the spectrum ✔

(d) State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on

the value of Kc. ΔH⦵ > 0 [1]

Markscheme

Kc increases AND «forward» reaction is endothermic ✔

(e) State, with a reason, the effect of adding aqueous silver nitrate,
AgNO3(aq), on the position of this equilibrium.

Ag+ (aq) + Cl− (aq) ⇌ AgCl (s) [1]

Markscheme

reaction shifts to right AND to remove excess Ag+ ✔

Accept “reaction shifts to left AND to replace Cl− removed" (as candidates may refer to effect on
equilibrium reaction in (a)).

47. [Maximum mark: 22] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.5

Ethenone, CH2CO, is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.

(a) Suggest why the compound is given this IUPAC name.

[2] 
 Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

Any two of:

eth: contains two carbon atoms ✔

en: contains a carbon-carbon double bond / C=C ✔
one: contains a carbonyl / C=O ✔

Accept “alkene” for C=C and “ketone” for C=O.

Award [1 max] if two structural features given without relating to the relevant part of IUPAC name.

(b) Compare and contrast the intermolecular forces that result in

ethenone being less volatile than carbon dioxide. [2] 

Markscheme

both have «similar» London/dispersion forces «due to having same number

of electrons/similar Mr» ✔

ethenone has dipole-dipole forces «and carbon dioxide does not» ✔

(c) Ethenone can be made by the thermal decomposition of

propanone.

CH3COCH3 (l) → CH2CO (g) + CH4 (g)

(c.i) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction.

Use ΔH⦵f ethenone = −87.2 kJ mol−1 and section 13 of the data [2] 
booklet.
 Markscheme

º º
«ΔH º = Σ Δ H f products −Σ Δ H f reactants» = −74.0 − 87.2 + 248 ✔

= «+»86.8 «kJ» ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Award [1] for −86.8 «kJ».

(c.ii) Sketch the potential energy diagram for the thermal

decomposition of propanone from (c)(i). Use the axis given and
indicate both the enthalpy of reaction and the activation
energy.

[2] 

Markscheme
 endothermic graph AND labelled arrow/line showing ΔH ✔

labelled arrow/line showing Ea ✔

(d) Ethenone can be converted to compound G, which reacts

slowly with metal oxides when in aqueous solution. The mass
spectrum of G is shown.

[Source: Used with permission. © United States of America as represented by the

Secretary of Commerce.]
 Deduce the identity of G giving two reasons based on the
[3] 
spectrum.

Markscheme

CH3COOH / ethanoic acid ✔

Award [2 max] for any two of:

«m/z=» 60 due to molecular ion/CH3COOH+ ✔
«m/z=»15 due to CH3+ / due to loss of COOH+ ✔
«m/z=» 43 due to CH3CO+ / due to loss of OH+ ✔
«m/z=» 45 due to COOH+ / due to loss of CH3+ ✔

Accept molar/molecular mass is 60.

(e) 10.0 cm3 of ethenone is mixed with 100 cm3 of oxygen and
burnt completely.

CH2CO (g) + 2O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Determine the final volume of the gaseous mixture after the

reaction mixture has returned to the original temperature and
pressure. [2] 

Markscheme

20.0 «cm3» of O2 (g) reacts

OR
80.0«cm3» of O2 (g)remains
OR
20.0«cm3» of CO2 (g) produced ✔

100 «cm3» ✔
 Award [2] for correct final answer.

(f ) Calculations often assume that real gases behave like ideal

gases.

State one reason why gases such as carbon dioxide and

ethenone become less ideal at higher pressures. [1] 

Markscheme

intermolecular forces no longer negligible/OWTTE

OR
volume occupied by molecules no longer negligible «compared to the total
volume» ✔

(g) Propanone can be synthesised by the oxidation of propan-2-ol.

Propan-2-ol can be synthesised from H by addition of water.

Draw the structure of H. [1] 

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

✔
(h) Butan-1-ol can be produced from 1-chlorobutane and sodium
hydroxide.

(h.i) Identify the type of mechanism of this reaction.

[1] 

Markscheme

SN2 ✔

(h.ii) Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to

represent the movement of electron pairs. [3] 

Markscheme

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on «O in» −OH to C AND
curly arrow showing Cl leaving ✔

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square

brackets, and partial bonds ✔

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH AND Cl– / correct final products ✔

Accept curly arrow showing Cl– leaving in the transition state.

Award [2 max] for correct SN1 mechanism.

Do not penalize if OH and Cl are not at 180°.

 (i.i) Draw the stereoisomers of 2-chlorobutane using wedge-dash
type representations. [1] 

Markscheme

(i.ii) Outline how two enantiomers can be distinguished.

[2] 

Markscheme

«use a» polarimeter
OR
rotate «plane of» polarized light ✔

in opposite directions/rotations ✔

48. [Maximum mark: 22] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.5

Ethenone, CH2CO, is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.

(a) Suggest why the compound is given this IUPAC name.

[2] 

Markscheme
 * This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

Any two of:

eth: contains two carbon atoms ✔

en: contains a carbon-carbon double bond / C=C ✔
one: contains a carbonyl / C=O ✔

Accept “alkene” for C=C and “ketone” for C=O.

Award [1 max] if two structural features given without relating to the relevant part of IUPAC name.

(b) Compare and contrast the intermolecular forces that result in

ethenone being less volatile than carbon dioxide. [2] 

Markscheme

both have «similar» London/dispersion forces «due to having same number

of electrons/similar Mr» ✔

ethenone has dipole-dipole forces «and carbon dioxide does not» ✔

(c) Ethenone can be made by the thermal decomposition of

propanone.

CH3COCH3 (l) → CH2CO (g) + CH4 (g)

(c.i) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction.

Use ΔH⦵f ethenone = −87.2 kJ mol−1 and section 13 of the data [2] 
booklet.

Markscheme
 º º
«ΔH º = Σ Δ H f products −Σ Δ H f reactants» = −74.0 − 87.2 + 248 ✔

= «+»86.8 «kJ» ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Award [1] for −86.8 «kJ».

(c.ii) Sketch the potential energy diagram for the thermal

decomposition of propanone from (c)(i). Use the axis given and
indicate both the enthalpy of reaction and the activation
energy.

[2] 

Markscheme
 endothermic graph AND labelled arrow/line showing ΔH ✔

labelled arrow/line showing Ea ✔

(d) Ethenone can be converted to compound G, which reacts

slowly with metal oxides when in aqueous solution. The mass
spectrum of G is shown.

[Source: Used with permission. © United States of America as represented by the

Secretary of Commerce.]
 Deduce the identity of G giving two reasons based on the
[3] 
spectrum.

Markscheme

CH3COOH / ethanoic acid ✔

Award [2 max] for any two of:

«m/z=» 60 due to molecular ion/CH3COOH+ ✔
«m/z=»15 due to CH3+ / due to loss of COOH+ ✔
«m/z=» 43 due to CH3CO+ / due to loss of OH+ ✔
«m/z=» 45 due to COOH+ / due to loss of CH3+ ✔

Accept molar/molecular mass is 60.

(e) 10.0 cm3 of ethenone is mixed with 100 cm3 of oxygen and
burnt completely.

CH2CO (g) + 2O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Determine the final volume of the gaseous mixture after the

reaction mixture has returned to the original temperature and
pressure. [2] 

Markscheme

20.0 «cm3» of O2 (g) reacts

OR
80.0«cm3» of O2 (g)remains
OR
20.0«cm3» of CO2 (g) produced ✔

100 «cm3» ✔
 Award [2] for correct final answer.

(f ) Calculations often assume that real gases behave like ideal

gases.

State one reason why gases such as carbon dioxide and

ethenone become less ideal at higher pressures. [1] 

Markscheme

intermolecular forces no longer negligible/OWTTE

OR
volume occupied by molecules no longer negligible «compared to the total
volume» ✔

(g) Propanone can be synthesised by the oxidation of propan-2-ol.

Propan-2-ol can be synthesised from H by addition of water.

Draw the structure of H. [1] 

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

✔
(h) Butan-1-ol can be produced from 1-chlorobutane and sodium
hydroxide.

(h.i) Identify the type of mechanism of this reaction.

[1] 

Markscheme

SN2 ✔

(h.ii) Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to

represent the movement of electron pairs. [3] 

Markscheme

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on «O in» −OH to C AND
curly arrow showing Cl leaving ✔

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square

brackets, and partial bonds ✔

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH AND Cl– / correct final products ✔

Accept curly arrow showing Cl– leaving in the transition state.

Award [2 max] for correct SN1 mechanism.

Do not penalize if OH and Cl are not at 180°.

 (i.i) Draw the stereoisomers of 2-chlorobutane using wedge-dash
type representations. [1] 

Markscheme

(i.ii) Outline how two enantiomers can be distinguished.

[2] 

Markscheme

«use a» polarimeter
OR
rotate «plane of» polarized light ✔

in opposite directions/rotations ✔

49. [Maximum mark: 16] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.7

The structures of sodium bromide and sodium metal are shown below.

Sodium bromide Sodium metal

(a) Suggest a technique that could be used to determine these
structures. [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

X-ray crystallography ✔

(b) State and describe the bonding present in the two solid
structures.

[2]

Markscheme

NaBr:
ionic AND electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions/ Na+

«ions»/cations and Br− «ions»/anions ✔

Na:
metallic AND electrostatic attraction between Na+ «ions»/cations and
delocalized electrons ✔

Award [1 max] for “NaBr is ionic” AND “Na is metallic”.

(c) Write the half-equations for the formation of the products at
the positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode
(cathode) when molten sodium bromide is electrolysed.

[2]

Markscheme

Positive electrode (anode):

2Br− → Br2 (g)+ 2e− ✔

Negative electrode (cathode):

Na+ + e− → Na (l) ✔

Award [1 max] if equations are given for wrong electrodes.

(d) Determine the products formed at each electrode during the

electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium bromide. Use
section 19 in the data booklet.

[2]

Markscheme

Positive electrode (anode):

bromine/Br2 ✔
 Negative electrode (cathode):
hydrogen gas/H2 ✔

Award [1 max] for correct products at inverted electrodes.

(e) A sodium bromide solution can be used for a salt bridge in a

voltaic cell. Annotate the diagram of the magnesium, Mg, and
zinc, Zn, voltaic cell shown. Use section 19 of the data booklet.

[2]

Markscheme

anode:
Mg AND Electrolyte: Mg2+ «(aq)» ✔

cathode:
Zn AND Electrolyte: Zn2+ «(aq)» ✔

Accept specific salts as electrolytes.

(f ) Determine the lattice enthalpy of sodium bromide using the

data given below and sections 9 and 12 of the data booklet.

Na(s) → Na(g) ΔH = +107 kJ mol−1

Br2(l) → Br2(g) ΔH = +30 kJ mol−1

 Na(s) + 1

2
Br2(l) → NaBr(s) ΔH = -361.5 kJ mol−1 [3]

Markscheme

«½ ΔH⦵lBr-Br = ½ (193 kJ mol−1) =» 96.5 «kJ mol−1»

OR
«½ ΔH⦵atom,Br= ½ (30 kJ mol−1) =» 15 «kJ mol−1» ✔

«ΔH⦵IE,Na=» 496 «kJ mol−1» AND «= ΔH⦵AEBr =» –325 «kJ mol−1» ✔

«ΔH⦵lattice= ΔH⦵atom,(Na) + ΔH⦵atom(Br2)+ ΔH⦵(Br-Br) + ΔH⦵IE (Na) +ΔH⦵EA(Br) +

ΔH⦵formation»
«107 + 96.5 + 15 + 496 –325 + 361.5 = » 751 «kJ mol−1» ✔

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Do not accept +754 «kJ mol−1» the value given in the data booklet.

(g) Calculate the enthalpy of solution of sodium bromide. Use your

answer from (f ) and section 20 of the data booklet. (If you did
not obtain an answer to (f ), use a value of 754 kJ mol−1,
although this is not the correct answer). [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

ΔH⦵solution(NaBr) = ΔH⦵lattice(NaBr) + ΔH⦵hydration(Na+) + ΔH⦵hydration(Br–)

OR
ΔH⦵solution(NaBr) = 751 – 424 – 328 ✔
= –1 «kJ mol–1» ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

 Award [1 max] for +1 «kJ mol−1».

(h) Predict, giving a reason, the result of reacting aqueous sodium

bromide separately with iodine and chlorine.

[2]

Markscheme

Iodine:
no reaction AND I2/iodine less reactive than Br2 / bromine ✔

Chlorine:
produces Br2 / NaCl AND Cl2 / chlorine more reactive ✔

50. [Maximum mark: 3] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.118

The optically active chiral auxiliary used to produce Taxol is trans-2-
phenylcyclohexanol.

(a) Draw circles around the chiral carbon centres on this diagram of
trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol.

[1]
 Markscheme

* This question is from an examination for a previous syllabus. Please note that it may contain minor
differences in marking or structure or contain parts that are not a match to the new syllabus (first
assessment 2025).

Both circles are needed for mark.

(b) Describe how the use of trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol forms only

the desired enantiomer of Taxol. [2]

Markscheme

** This question part has been identified as not part of the new syllabus (first assessment 2025).

Any two of:

«chiral auxiliary» is attached to «non-optically active/non-chiral» substrate
✓
configuration of another chiral centre determined by existing chiral centre
OR
creates stereochemical condition necessary to follow a certain pathway ✓
«chiral auxiliary» is removed «after reaction is complete» ✓

Accept “stereochemical induction” for M2.

51. [Maximum mark: 3] 24M.2.HL.TZ2.120
A redox breathalyser involves oxidizing ethanol in the breath to ethanal or
ethanoic acid.

(a) Identify one absorption range in the IR spectrum of ethanoic

acid that is not in the IR spectrum of ethanol. Use section 20 of
the data booklet. [1]

Markscheme

1700–1750 «cm–1 C=O in carboxylic acid»

OR
2500–3000 «cm–1 O–H in carboxylic acid» ✓

Apply List Principle

(b.i) Deduce, giving a reason, whether the following 1H NMR

spectrum is of ethanol or ethanoic acid. Use section 21 of the
data booklet.

[Source: SDBS, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.] [1]
 Markscheme

ethanol AND

Any one of:

three signals/environments ✓
shows splitting
OR
characteristic triplet-quartet pattern of ethyl group ✓
signal at ~1.3/0.9–1.0 ppm for CH3 ✓
signal at ~2.6/1.0–6.0 ppm for R–O–H ✓
signal at ~3.7/3.3–3.7 ppm for –CH2–O–R ✓
no signal at 9.0–13.0 for RCOO–H ✓

(b.ii) Predict, giving a reason, the splitting pattern of the signal

produced by the hydrogen atoms in the methyl group of
ethanal. [1]

Markscheme

doublet AND adjacent to C with one H ✓

For Spanish students only due to a translation error, accept «one» signal between 2.2 and 2.7 ppm because
the H atoms in the methyl group in ethanal are next to a C=O.

52. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.2

Metal M reacts with 16.0 g of sulfur to produce 26.0 g of the compound
MS2. What is the relative atomic mass of M?

A. 5

B. 10
 C. 20
[1]
D. 40

Markscheme

53. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.5

Gallium (Ar = 69.72) consists of two stable isotopes, Ga-69 and Ga-71.
What is the relative abundance of Ga-71?

A. 36 %

B. 40 %

C. 60 %

D. 64 % [1]

Markscheme

54. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.6

Which electron configuration represents a d‑block element in the
ground state?

A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d1

B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10

C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9

D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d104p1
 [1]

Markscheme

55. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.7

A beam containing two different kinds of particles is passed through
oppositely charged plates with the results shown in the diagram.

What conclusion can be drawn from this observation?

A. Particle 1 has a larger mass than particle 2.

B. Particle 2 has a larger mass than particle 1.

C. Particle 1 is positively charged.

D. Particle 2 is positively charged. [1]

Markscheme

56. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.8

Which factor generally increases when first ionization energy
increases?

A. Atomic radius
 B. Electronegativity

C. Metallic character
[1]
D. Nuclear charge

Markscheme

57. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.9

The periodic table provided shows 118 elements. Which group of
elements would a new element with atomic number 119 be most
similar to?

A. Alkali metals

B. Halogens

C. Lanthanoids and actinoids

D. Noble gases [1]

Markscheme

58. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.10

The formula for praseodymium phosphate is PrPO4. What is the
formula for praseodymium oxide?

A. Pr2O

B. PrO
 C. Pr2O3

D. PrO2 [1]

Markscheme

59. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.12

What are the electron domain and molecular geometries of SO3?

[1]

Markscheme

60. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.13

Which substance has high volatility in its pure state and high electrical
conductivity in aqueous solutions?

A. C6H5Cl

B. HCl

C. NaCl

D. HCN
 [1]

Markscheme

61. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.14

Which reactions release heat?

I. C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)

II. Na+ (g) + e− → Na (g)

III. NH3 (g) → NH3 (l)

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

62. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.25

Which pair of compounds are structural isomers?
 [1]

Markscheme

63. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ1.26

What is the correct classification for the two compounds given?

[1]

Markscheme

64. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.2

 Metal M reacts with 16.0 g of sulfur to produce 26.0 g of the compound
MS2. What is the relative atomic mass of M?

A. 5

B. 10

C. 20

D. 40 [1]

Markscheme

65. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.5

Gallium (Ar = 69.72) consists of two stable isotopes, Ga-69 and Ga-71.
What is the relative abundance of Ga-71?

A. 36 %

B. 40 %

C. 60 %

D. 64 % [1]

Markscheme

66. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.6

Which electron configuration represents a d‑block element in the
ground state?
 A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d1

B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10

C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9

D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d104p1 [1]

Markscheme

67. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.7

A beam containing two different kinds of particles is passed through
oppositely charged plates with the results shown in the diagram.

What conclusion can be drawn from this observation?

A. Particle 1 has a larger mass than particle 2.

B. Particle 2 has a larger mass than particle 1.

C. Particle 1 is positively charged.

D. Particle 2 is positively charged. [1]

Markscheme

68. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.8

 Which factor generally increases when first ionization energy
increases?

A. Atomic radius

B. Electronegativity

C. Metallic character

D. Nuclear charge [1]

Markscheme

69. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.9

The periodic table provided shows 118 elements. Which group of
elements would a new element with atomic number 119 be most
similar to?

A. Alkali metals

B. Halogens

C. Lanthanoids and actinoids

D. Noble gases [1]

Markscheme

70. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.10

 The formula for praseodymium phosphate is PrPO4. What is the
formula for praseodymium oxide?

A. Pr2O

B. PrO

C. Pr2O3

D. PrO2 [1]

Markscheme

71. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.12

What are the electron domain and molecular geometries of SO3?

[1]

Markscheme

72. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.13

Which substance has high volatility in its pure state and high electrical
conductivity in aqueous solutions?
 A. C6H5Cl

B. HCl

C. NaCl

D. HCN [1]

Markscheme

73. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.14

Which reactions release heat?

I. C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)

II. Na+ (g) + e− → Na (g)

III. NH3 (g) → NH3 (l)

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

74. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.25

Which pair of compounds are structural isomers?
 [1]

Markscheme

75. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.SL.TZ2.26

What is the correct classification for the two compounds given?

[1]

Markscheme

76. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.2

 Metal M reacts with 16.0 g of sulfur to produce 26.0 g of the compound
MS2. What is the relative atomic mass of M?

A. 5

B. 10

C. 20

D. 40 [1]

Markscheme

77. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.4

Gallium (Ar = 69.72) consists of two stable isotopes, Ga-69 and Ga-71.
What is the relative abundance of Ga-71?

A. 36 %

B. 40 %

C. 60 %

D. 64 % [1]

Markscheme

78. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.5

The first three ionization energies for two elements, X and Y, are:
 Which pair of elements represent X and Y, respectively?

A. Lithium and beryllium

B. Lithium and carbon

C. Beryllium and carbon

[1]
D. Helium and beryllium

Markscheme

79. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.7

Which group of elements have the most similar atomic radii?

A. Li, Be, B, C

B. Fe, Co, Ni, Cu

C. K, Ca, Br, Kr

D. Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe [1]

Markscheme

B
80. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.8
Which aqueous solutions would have a different wavelength of
maximum absorbance from 0.10 mol dm−3 FeSO4?

I. 0.01 mol dm−3 FeSO4

II. 0.10 mol dm−3 Fe2(SO4)3

III. 0.10 mol dm−3 FeSCN2+

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

81. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.9

For which molecule can resonance structures be used to describe the
bonding?

A. HCN

B. H2CO3

C. PCl3

D. SO2 [1]

Markscheme
 D

82. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.10

Which substance has high volatility in its pure state and high electrical
conductivity in aqueous solutions?

A. C6H5Cl

B. HCl

C. NaCl

D. HCN [1]

Markscheme

83. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.11

Which substance exhibits only London (dispersion) forces between
molecules?

A. PF5

B. SF4

C. SO2

D. XeO2 [1]

Markscheme

A
84. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.12
Which is the correct structure of SO3, based on the lowest formal
charge?

[1]

Markscheme

D
85. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.13
What bond angle is most likely found with an sp2 hybridized carbon as
the central atom?

A. 90°

B. 109.5°

C. 120°

D. 180° [1]

Markscheme

86. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.14

Which reactions release heat?

I. C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)

II. Na+ (g) + e− → Na (g)

III. NH3 (g) → NH3 (l)

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

D
87. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.32
What is the correct classification for the two compounds given?

[1]

Markscheme

88. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.39

Which instrument can be used to distinguish between enantiomers?

A. IR spectrometer

B. Mass spectrometer

C. Polarimeter

D. NMR spectrometer [1]

Markscheme

C
89. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ1.40
Which compound has this high resolution 1H NMR spectrum?

[Source: The University of Sydney, n.d. [Interactive NMR spectrum.] [online] Available at:
https://scilearn.sydney.edu.au/OrganicSpectroscopy/NMRSpectraExamples.cfm?
ID=25&unit=# [Accessed 13 June 2022].

A. Propane

B. Propanal

C. Propanone

D. Propanoic acid [1]

Markscheme

90. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.2

Metal M reacts with 16.0 g of sulfur to produce 26.0 g of the compound
MS2. What is the relative atomic mass of M?

A. 5
 B. 10

C. 20
[1]
D. 40

Markscheme

91. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.4

Gallium (Ar = 69.72) consists of two stable isotopes, Ga-69 and Ga-71.
What is the relative abundance of Ga-71?

A. 36 %

B. 40 %

C. 60 %

D. 64 % [1]

Markscheme

92. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.5

The first three ionization energies for two elements, X and Y, are:
 Which pair of elements represent X and Y, respectively?

A. Lithium and beryllium

B. Lithium and carbon

C. Beryllium and carbon

D. Helium and beryllium [1]

Markscheme

93. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.7

Which group of elements have the most similar atomic radii?

A. Li, Be, B, C

B. Fe, Co, Ni, Cu

C. K, Ca, Br, Kr

D. Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe [1]

Markscheme

94. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.8

Which aqueous solutions would have a different wavelength of
maximum absorbance from 0.10 mol dm−3 FeSO4?

I. 0.01 mol dm−3 FeSO4

 II. 0.10 mol dm−3 Fe2(SO4)3

III. 0.10 mol dm−3 FeSCN2+

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

95. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.9

For which molecule can resonance structures be used to describe the
bonding?

A. HCN

B. H2CO3

C. PCl3

D. SO2 [1]

Markscheme

96. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.10

Which substance has high volatility in its pure state and high electrical
conductivity in aqueous solutions?
 A. C6H5Cl

B. HCl

C. NaCl

D. HCN
[1]

Markscheme

97. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.11

Which substance exhibits only London (dispersion) forces between
molecules?

A. PF5

B. SF4

C. SO2

D. XeO2 [1]

Markscheme

98. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.12

Which is the correct structure of SO3, based on the lowest formal
charge?
 [1]

Markscheme

99. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.13

2
What bond angle is most likely found with an sp hybridized carbon as
the central atom?
 A. 90°

B. 109.5°

C. 120°
[1]
D. 180°

Markscheme

100. [Maximum mark: 1] 23N.1A.HL.TZ2.14

Which reactions release heat?

I. C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)

II. Na+ (g) + e− → Na (g)

III. NH3 (g) → NH3 (l)

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

Markscheme

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