G H RAISONI COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

NAGPUR

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
UNIT-1 ILLUMINATION – 08 M
SUBJECT CODE: 22626
SEM: EE6I
 FUNDAMENTAL OF ILLUMINATION

1. Illumination engineering is a science.

2. In this section of engineering, electrically produced
light is scientifically, economically to be used for
the well designed scheme for illuminating the areas
3. There are wide varieties of places whose area to be
illuminated.

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 Illumination Terminology

1) Light 11) lamp efficiency

2) Luminous flux 12) Depreciation factor
3) Lumen 13) Maintenance factor
4) Illumination 14) Coefficient factor
5) LUX 15) Space to height ratio
6) Solid Angle 16) Reflection factor
7) Luminous intensity 17) Waste light factor
8) Candlepower 18) Glare
9) MHCP 19) shadow
10) MSCP
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 Light

Light- : Light is a form of radiant energy. Natural source is the sun.

Artificial source are various forms of incandescent bodies depending
upon their temperature. Light is defined as radiant energy from a hot
body which provides a visual sensation upon the human eye.
It is usually denoted by Q and expressed the Lumen-hours which is
analogous to watt-hour.

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Light

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 Luminous Flux

• Luminous Flux: It is defined as the total quantity of light energy

emitted per second from a luminous body like a lamp. The whole of
the electrical power supplied to a lamp is not converted into
Luminous flux but some of the power is loss by heat conduction, heat
convention and absorption. The remaining radiant flux is a fraction of
it lies between the visual ranges of wavelength.

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Luminous Flux

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 Luminous intensity:

• Luminous intensity: Considered a point source of light ‘O’ let do be

the luminous flux crossing any section of a narrow cone so formed is
at the source. Then the luminous intensity in the direction of the cone
in the ratio of flux do to the solid angle dw. Or it may be defined as
the flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle.

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Luminous intensity:

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 Lumen:

• Lumen: Lumen is the unit of luminous flux. It is defined as the

amount of luminous flux given out in a space represented by one unit
‘solid angle’ by a source having as intensity of one candle power in all
direction.
• Lumen = candle power x solid angle

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 Illumination :

• Illumination : When the light falls upon any surface, the phenomenon
is called as illumination, the surface is illuminated. It is defined as the
luminous flux ( number of lumen) falling on the surface per unit area.
• Illumination (E) = Flux(Lumen)/ area
•
• LUX- It is the unit of illumination and it is defined as luminous flux
falling per unit area
• 1 lux = 1 lumen per square –meter

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Illumination :

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 Important Definitions
• 1) Candle Power – Candle power of the source is defined as the no. of
lumens emitted by that source per unit solid angle in a given direction.
The term candle power is used interchangeably with luminous
intensity (I)

• 2) Solid angle – Consider an area “A:” relative to point P. if all points

on the boundary of area A joined to P, a cone-like shape is formed at P,
at the angle subtended by the area “A” at point P is known as solid
angle.

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Solid Angle

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 Important Definitions

1) Mean Horizontal candle power ( MHCP) : It is defined as the

mean of the candle power in all direction in the horizontal plane
containing the source of light.

2) Mean Spherical Candle Power ( MSCP) : It is defined as the

mean of candle power of the source of light in all direction and in all
planes.

3) Mean Hemi- Spherical candle power ( MHSCP) : It is defined as

the mean of the candle power in all direction within the hemisphere
either above or below the horizontal plane.

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 Important Definitions

• Utilization Factor ( also called as coefficient of utilization):

It is the ratio of total lumens reaching the
working plane to the total lumens given out by the lamp. The ratio is
less than the unity ( between 0.25 to 0.5 for direct lighting and
between 0.1 to 0.3 for indirect lighting)

Utilization factor =
= Lumens received on working lane
………………………………………………….
Lumens produced by lamp.

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 Important Definitions

• Maintenance Factor : Due to dirt, dust, smoke deposition on the

surfaces of the lamps, walls and ceiling , full produced lumens are not
utilized in the working pane. Maintenance factor is defined as the ratio
of illumination under normal working condition to the illumination
when everything is perfectly clean, this ratio is less than one. It is
about 0.8

• Maintenance factor =
= Illumination in normal working condition
………………………………………..…..
Illumination when everything is perfectly clean

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 Important Definitions

• Depreciation factor : This factor is inverse of maintenance factor and

its more than unity.

Depreciation factor =
= Illumination when everything is perfectly clean
………………………………………………….
Illumination in normal working condition

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 Important Definitions
• Lamp efficiency – It is defined as the ratio of the luminous fluxto the
power input.
• It is expressed in lumens per watt.
• Glare :- It is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of
such character as to cause interference, annoyance, discomfort with
vision or eye fatigue.
• Space to ht ratio:- It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance
between lamp and the mounting height of the lamps.
Space to ht ratio = The horizontal distance between lamps / Mounting
height of lamp.
To have uniform illumination the value of this ratio with reflectors is
between 1 and 2.
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 Important Definitions
• Waste light factor:- When a certain area is illumination by number of
lamp then due to over lapping and falling of light outside the edges of
the surface, there is certain amount of wastage of light. This effect is
taken into account by multiplying the required lumens by 3.2 for
rectangular areas and by 3.5 for irregular areas.
• Reflection factor:- When a ray light strikes on the surface it is
reflected from he surface at an angle of incidence. A certain portion of
incident ray is absorbed by the surface. Therefore reflection factor is
defined as the ratio of reflected light to the incident light.
• Reflection factor :- Reflected light / Incident light

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 Laws of Illumination

1. Laws of Inverse squares

2. Lamberts cosine law

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 Inverse square law

LAWS-
The illumination of a square is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between the surface and the light source
provide that the distance between the surface and the source is
sufficiently large so that the source can be regarded as a point
source.

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Inverse square law

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Inverse square law

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Inverse square law

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Inverse square law - Explanation

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Inverse square law – Explanation & Derivation

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 LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW

LAWS –
According to this law the illumination at any point
on surface is proportional to cosine of the angle between
the normal at the point and the direction of luminous flux.

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LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW

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LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW

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 TYPES OF LAMP

1) Incandescent Lamp
2) ARC lamp- ac & dc arc lamp
3) Fluorescent lamp
4) Mercury vapour lamp, HPMV lamp, Mercury iodide lamp.
5) Sodium vapour lamp
6) Neon lamp , Neon sign tubes
7) Halogen lamp
8) CFL lamp
9) Metal Halides lamp
10) LED lamp
11) Special purpose lamp

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FLUORSOCENT TUBE LAMP

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 FLUORSOCENT TUBE LAMP

• Principle : When fluorescent material are subjected to electromagnet

radiation of particular wavelength, they got excited and in turn gives
out radiation at some other length, and persist in giving out radiations
even if exciting radiation are removed.
• Operation: Fluorescent lamps, in principle is low pressure mercury
discharge lamp with internal surface coated with suitable fluorescent
material.
• Tube contain argon or krypton gas to ease starting with small quantity
of mercury

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FLUORSOCENT TUBE LAMP

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FLUORSOCENT TUBE LAMP

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FLUOROSCENT LAMP

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FLUOROSCENT LAMP

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FLUOROSCENT LAMP

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FLUOROSCENT LAMP

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 Mercury vapour lamp

• Principle : When Mercury discharges under low

pressure gives mainly ultraviolet radiation. If pressure
is increased to one or two atmosphere, its proportion
of radiation in visible spectrum is increased and we get
light having bluish tinge.

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Mercury vapour lamp

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Mercury vapour lamp

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Mercury vapour lamp

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 Mercury vapour lamp
Construction & working : It consists of two tubes. Inner tubes
contain neon or argon gas under low pressure, two main electrodes
or auxiliary electrode near the cap end side of main electrode.

Inner tube is made of hard glass and in an evacuated outer tube,

which maintains high operation temperature of the inner arc tube.
When supply is given electric field is setup between the starting
auxiliary electrode and the adjacent place between tem through
limiting carbon resistance.

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 Mercury vapour lamp

Application :
These are used for high ceiling manufacturing bays street
lighting, stage lighting, sport grounds, garage and petrol station
lighting, railways marshalling and park lighting.

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 Sodium vapour lamp

•Principle : Electrons are emitted from cathode

by subjecting the surface of the cathode to very
high electric stress so that electrons are forcibly
ejected from orbits of atom against nuclear
centrifugal force.

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Sodium vapour lamp

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Sodium vapour lamp

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Sodium vapour lamp

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 Sodium vapour lamp
• Construction & Working : It consists of inner tube of U shape fitted
with neon gas and globules of sodium. For good performance 300 C
temperature is to be maintained.
• Protect discharge tube it is contained in evacuated double walled glass
jacket. This prevents heat loss.
• At starting, electric discharge is to be established through neon gas till
sodium gas vaporised start for 10-15 min. Discharge through lamp will
be pink and then as sodium vaporizes , it will turn to yellow.
• For the voltage of about 410V is required while normal voltage is
about 165V , supply is given through a leak transformer which has
high leakage reactance

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 Sodium vapour lamp
• Advantage :
• Yellow light
• Suitable for street light
• More light output for same energy then other sources.
• Can be disposed easily.
• Effective in rainy and foggy season.
• Low operating temperature.
• Good for tunnel and avoids stroboscopic effect.
• Disadvantage
• Starting time is required.
• It requires additional transformer.
• Poor power factor.
• Cost is improve.
• Size is bulky

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 Sodium vapour lamp

Application : Due to yellow light its use is limited

to street lighting, floods lighting of docks, quarries
etc.

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 CFL-( Compact fluorescent lamp)
• These are lamp of choice for those looking for an
energy alternative to incandescent lamp; they are
paired for consuming and little as 1/5th of the power
and lasting up to 13 times longer than incandescent
lamps.
• Increasing variety in shape, colour and small size of
CFL has made then move versatile and acceptable than
traditional long tube fluorescent lamp.

RAISONI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS 53

CFL-( Compact fluorescent lamp)

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CFL-( Compact fluorescent lamp)

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 CFL-( Compact fluorescent lamp)

• Construction & Working : A typical CFL consists of gas filled gas tube with two
electrodes mounted in an end cap. It contain a low pressure mix of argon gas,
mercury vapour and liquid mercury and is coated on the inside with three different
phosphors.
• They give off light when exposed to ultraviolet radiation released by mercury
atoms as they are bombarded by electrons, the flow of electrons is produced by an
arc between two electrodes at the end of the tube.
• Ballast provides the high initial voltage required to create the starting arc and the
limit current to prevent the lamp form self destruction.
• Ballast themselves can be “standard” electromagnetic, “energy efficient”
electromagnetic or electronic and may have power factor correction, radio
interference, suppression or other feature unheard of in the world of incandescent
light.

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LED LAMP

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 LED LAMP
• It is gallium- arsenide junction biased in the forward direction was found to be an
efficient emitter of radiation.
• Electroluminescent p-n junction are similar to conventional silicon or geranium
diodes so far as electrical characteristic re concerned. However, when biased in the
forward direction, some of the energy dissipated is converted into light rather than
into resistive heating and hence called semiconductor lamps.
• A single crystal material is produced in the form of a rod by slowly withdrawing a
seed crystal of gallium phosphate or gallium arsenide form a saturated melt.
• LED’s have similar electric characteristic as the normal rectifying diodes have.
• LED’s are virtually point source of high light intensity radiation. Life of LED
device is very long. These are mechanically robust. Low current consuming.

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LED LAMP

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 LED LAMP
• Advantage :
• Low pressure consumption
• Long life ( about 50000 hours) of stable voltage source is used.
• It starts quickly i.e. no warm up time is required.
• Not effected by surrounding temperature.
• Less self heating.
• The light is directional so it can be focused onto working plane directly. Wastage of light is avoided.
• It does not contain mercury and gases.
• Colour rendering is excellent.
• Small in size and weight.
• More energy efficient.
• Not damaged due to external shock.

• Disadvantage :
• Stable voltage source is required.
• Life is affected due to voltage fluctuation.
• Initial cost is more.
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 LED LAMP

• Application :
• Indicating lamps.
• Bi-colouring indicators.
• Fault –indicators.
• Display –board
• Decorative lighting
• Wrist watches
• In automobile industries are electromechanically controls
• In instrumentations.

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METAL HALIDE LAMP

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METAL HALIDE LAMP

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METAL HALIDE LAMP

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METAL HALIDE LAMP

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 IMPORTANT FORMULAES
1) Power =W=VI

2) MSCP = FLUX/ 4 PIE ( Lumens/ 4 pie )

3) LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY = LUMENS / WATT

4) MSCP / WATT

5) AREA OF ROOM = LENGTH X WIDTH

6) LUMENS ACTUALLY GIVEN OUT BY LAMP =

= TOTAL LUMENS REQUIRED X DIPERECIATION FACTOR / UTILIZATION FACTOR

7) LUMENS UTILIZED = LUMENS PRODUCED X UTILIZATION FACTOR / DIPPERECIATION FACTOR

8) AVERAGE ILLUMINATION = LUMENS / METER SQ.

9) LUMENS GIVEN OUT BY EACH LAMP = MSCP X 4 PIE
10) TOTAL LUMENS GIVEN OUT BY EACH LAMP = NO. OF LAMP X MSCP X 4 PIE
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 NUMERICALS
1) A lamp working on an A.C. Voltage of 250 volts takes a current of 0.8 ampere. It radiates a flux of 3000
lumens. Calculate its luminous efficiency. Find MSCP and express it in per watt.
Solution –
Given – Flux – 3000 lumens
Voltage - 250 V
I- 0.8 amp
Find – MSCP , MSCP / WATT

Power of lamp = W = VI = 250 x 0.8 = 200 watts

MSCP = FLUX/ 4 PIE
= 3000 / 4 PIE
= 240
MSCP per watt = 240 / 200 = 1.2
Luminous efficiency =Lumens / watt
= 3000 / 2000
= 15 lumens / watt
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 NUMERICALS
2) FIND (i) MSCP , (ii) Luminous intensity in lumens per watt, (iii) MSCP per watt of 250 volts lamps which takes a current
of 0.4 amp and has a total flux of 1500 lumens.
Solution –
Given – Flux = 1500 lumens
Voltage - 250 V
I- 0.4 amp

Find – MSCP , Lumnous intensity per watt , MSCP / WATT

Power of lamp = W = VI = 250 x 0.4 = 100 watts
MSCP = FLUX/ 4 PIE
= 1500 / 4 PIE
= 120
MSCP per watt = 120 / 100 = 1.2
Luminous efficiency =Lumens / watt
= 1500 / 100
= 15 lumens / watt

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 NUMERICALS
3) A room of length 20 m and width 10 m is to be illuminated by 8 lamps. Average illumination is expected to be 50 lumens
/ m sq. i.e 50 lux. Taking depreciation factor of 1.2 and utilization factor of 0.48, calculate MSCP of each lamp.
Solution –
Given – Length = 20 m , width 10 m , lamp= 8 , illuminatio = 50 lux

Area of room = Length X width = 20 X 10 = 200 m sq.

Total lumens required = illumination X Area
= 50 X 200 = 1000 lumens
Lumens actually given out by the lamps
= Total Lumens rquired X Depreciation factor / Utilization factor
= 10000 X 1.2 / 0.48
= 25000 lumens
MSCP = Lumens / 4 pie
= 25000 / 4 pie
= 1989. 4

MSCP / lamp = 1989.4 / 8

= 248.67
= 250

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ELECTRICAL ENGG DEPARTMENT

Thank you !

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