International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

34(22): 1305-1312, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.91313

ISSN: 2320-7035

Effect of Fertigation Intervals on Plant Growth and

Flower Yield of Multiflora Chrysanthemum
(Chrysanthemum morifolium) cv.
Branfountain Purple
Hanna V. Mathew a*, Samir Ebson Topno a and Anita Kerketta a
a
Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture,
Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.), 211007, India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/IJPSS/2022/v34i2231500

Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
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Received 08 July 2022

Original Research Article Accepted 02 September 2022
Published 05 September 2022

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini
Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences,
Prayagraj (UP) from October 2021- March 2022 to investigate the Effect of Fertigation Intervals on
Plant Growth and Flower Yield of Multiflora Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cv.
Branfountain Purple. The experiment was laid out in RBD with nine treatments which were
2
replicated thrice. The results revealed that treatment T9 (19:19:19 NPK/m (4.6 g) @ 8 days
interval)) + foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture) – performed the best in
terms of plant height(cm) (21), number of branches (53), plant spread (cm) (27), Number of leaves
(403), number of flowers per plant (75), chlorophyll content of leaves (SPAD value) (31.9), days to
first flowering (days) (130), days 50% flowering (days) (143), flowering duration (days) (185), flower
diameter (cm) (4.0), individual flower weight (g) (10), flower yield per plant (g/plant) (0.78).
Therefore, the treatment T9 (T5+ foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture) was
the best when compared to other treatments. Overall results revealed that the application of
2
fertilizer through fertigation as T9 (19:19:19 NPK/m (4.6 g) @ 8 days interval)) + foliage spray of
0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture) proved to be better for different growth and flower
yield of multiflora chrysanthemum.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

 Mathew et al.; IJPSS, 34(22): 1305-1312, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.91313

Keywords: Chrysanthemum; autumn queen; EDTA chelated micronutrient mixture foliage spray;
fertigation.

1. INTRODUCTION The quality of chrysanthemum flowers is

influenced by application of micronutrients and
“Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is optimising the dose and chosing right method of
one of the most important flower crops grown application will enhance the flower production
commercially in India for cut and loose flowers and quality [29]. The demand for increasing
and is also used for garden display. It is flower production will require clear cut
commonly known as Guldaudi, Autumn Queen or information on how the micronutrients have effect
Queen of the East” [1]. It belongs to the family on crop growth.
Asteraceae. It is native to Northern Hemisphere.
Chrysanthemum is popular flower meaning 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chryos – golden, anthos – flower, a leading
flower crop grown in many parts of the world, The details of the various materials used and
chiefly Europe and Asia with a few in other methods adopted to lay out the experiment are
areas. It is one of the most beautiful flowering presented below:
plant referred to as “Queen of the East” and 2.1 Experimental Site
“Autumn flower” [2-8]. “Its commercial cultivation
is being done in states viz., Maharashtra, The experiment was carried out at, Horticulture
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar and in Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam
places viz., Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Kanpur and Higginbottom University of Agriculture,
Allahabad mainly for the sake of decoration and Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.)
participating in flower shows, with the help of pot India. The area of Allahabad district comes under
grown plants [9-15]. Chrysanthemums are mainly subtropical belt in the South East of Uttar
classified under two categories: Large flowered Pradesh, which experience extremely hot
(standard type) and small flowered (spray type)” summer and fairly cold winter. The maximum
[16]. “Large flowered chrysanthemums which temperature of the location reaches up to 46℃ –
produce long, sturdy stems and good keeping 48℃ and seldom falls as low as 4℃ – 5℃. The
quality are further classified into 13 classes relative humidity ranged between 20-94%. The
which make it suitable for flower arrangement, average rainfall in this area is around 1013.4mm
cut flower production and as potted flowering annually. However, occasional precipitation is
plant for exhibition and decoration [17-20]. The also not uncommon during winter months.
extra-large bloomed cultivars are used for
exhibition value, bouquets, vase etc, whereas 2.2 Experimental Details
small flowered are mostly grown for loose flower
and are classified into 10 classes [21,22]. The The length of polybag is 6 inches and weight is 2
standard type flowers fetch higher prices though kg and N, P, and K is 19 kg, 19 kg and 19 kg/ ha-
their share in export market is less but spray 1, respectively. The experiment was laid out in
types have smaller flower size and have major randomized block design with three replications
share in the world market. In International cut consisting of nine treatment combinations. Some
flower trade, chrysanthemum ranks next to rose” treatments are comprised of organic manures
[23]. with biofertilizers and different quantity levels of
inorganic fertilizers. The spacing between rows
“Fertigation is a new concept, adapted in several and coloumns in the plot was 60 cm×60 cm.
parts of the world, in horticulture crops. Statistical analysis of variance was performed on
Fertigation which combines irrigation with the data collected throughout the experiment.
fertilizer application is well recognized as the The observation was recorded for plant height
most effective and convenient means of (cm), number of branches per plant, plant spread
maintaining optimum fertility level and water (cm), number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll
supply according to the specific requirements of content, days to first flowering (days), days 50%
the crop and soil resulting in higher yield and flowering(days), flowering duration (days), flower
better quality” [24-28]. diameter (cm), number of flower per plant,
individual flower weight (g), flower yield per plant
For various ornamental flower crops, foliar (g/plant), economics were analyzed statistically.
sprays was found more economically than soil The significance of the treatments was
application and combination sprays of determined using the ‘F’ test at a level of
micronutrients have been successfully resorted. significance of 5%.

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Table 1. Treatment details

Treatment symbol Treatment Combination

T1 Control
2
T2 19:19:19 NPK/m (1.2g @ 2 days interval)
2
T3 19:19:19 NPK/m (2.33g @ 4 days interval)
2
T4 19:19:19 NPK/m (3.5g @ 6 days interval)
2
T5 19:19:19 NPK/m (4.6g @ 8 days interval)
T6 T2+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture
T7 T3+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture
T8 T4+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture
T9 T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION might have accelerated rate of photosynthesis

thereby enhancing the vegetative growth of
3.1 Growth Parameters plants, as reported by Parya et al. [31] in golden
rod.
The data on growth parameters in different
treatment combinations were recorded (Table 2). 3.1.4 Plant spread

3.1.1 Plant height Maximum plant spread (27.00 cm) was recorded
in treatment T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA
Maximum plant height (21.00 cm) was recorded Chelated micronutrient mixture) and minimum
in treatment T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA plant spread (22.00 cm) was obtained with
2
Chelated micronutrient mixture) and minimum treatment T2 (19:19:19 NPK/m (1.2 g @
plant height (16.00 cm) was obtained with alternate days interval)). An increase in plant
2
treatment T2 (19:19:19 NPK/m (1.2 g @ spread may be due to potassium which
2
alternate days interval)), T3 (19:19:19 NPK/m enhances the synthesis and translocation of
(2.33 g @ 4 days interval)) and T 4 (19:19:19 carbohydrate. “Potassium has also been
2
NPK/m (3.5 g @ 6 days interval)). It might be reported to be involved in the synthesis of
due to nitrogen which is a constituent of protein peptide bond, and protein and carbohydrate
and nucleic acid, which is helpful in plant growth metabolism, and also participates in rapid cell
and also promotes rapid growth. division and differentiation” [32].

3.1.2 Number of branches 3.2 Flower Parameters

The Maximum number of branches (53.00) was 3.2.1 Days to first flowering
recorded in treatment T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of The days to first flower bud initiation (days) was
0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture) and found to be minimum (130 days) in the treatment
minimum number of branches (42.00) was T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated
2
obtained with treatment T2 (19:19:19 NPK/m micronutrient mixture). Maximum days to first
(1.2 g @ alternate days interval)). An increase in flower bud initiation (days) (140 days) was
the number of branches per plant may be due to obtained in the treatment T 2 (19:19:19 NPK/m
2

split application of fertilizers which increases (1.2 g @ alternate days interval)). The probable
growth and quality as observed with the present reason for early first flower bud initiation (days)
investigation, are in close conformity with the may be contributed by meristematic activity of
findings of [30,16] in Rose. metabolites from vegetative growth of plants.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus also resulted in
3.1.3 Number of leaves maximum increase in nutrient uptake and
stimulates blooming resulting in early flower bud
Maximum number of leaves per plant (403) was development. Similar result was reported by
recorded in treatment T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of Noorul et al. [33] in Gerbera.
0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture) and
minimum number of leaves per plant (215) was 3.2.2 Days to 50% flowering
2
obtained with treatment T2 (19:19:19 NPK/m
(1.2 g @ alternate days interval)). An increase in The Days taken to 50% flowering (days) was
number of leaves per plant could be because of found to be minimum (143) in the treatment T 2
2
optimum nutrients provided to plants, which (19:19:19 NPK/m (1.2 g @ alternate days

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2
interval)) and T3 (19:19:19 NPK/m (2.33 g @ 4 micronutrient mixture) was recorded in treatment
days interval)). Maximum Days taken to 50% and minimum number of flowers per plant (42)
flowering (152) was obtained in the treatment T 9 was obtained with treatment T 2 (19:19:19
2
(T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated NPK/m (1.2 g @ alternate days interval)).
micronutrient mixture). The Days taken to 50%
flowering (days) was found to be maximum “High potassium with appropriate dose of
because the potassium dissolves in the soil nitrogen and phosphorus seemed to have
water is taken up by the plant roots and the increased the number of flowers per plant in
exchang eable K is released into the soil solution gerbera” [34]. Maximum flower weight (10 g) T 9
to maintain equilibrium between the two forms. (T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated
“Potassium has also been reported to be micronutrient mixture) was recorded in treatment
involved in the synthesis of peptide bond, and and minimum weight of single flower bud (5 g)
protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and also was obtained with treatment T 2 (19:19:19
NPK/m (1.2 g @ alternate days interval)). “The
2
participates in rapid cell division and
differentiation” [32]. reason for flower weight is due to the fact
that the amount of applied nitrogen significantly
3.2.3 Flower duration increased the growth parameter like
The duration of flower (days) was found to be number of branches, plant height which have
minimum (55) in the treatment T9 (T5+ Foliage synthesized more plant metabolites and
spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient ultimately led to increased weight of single flower
mixture). Maximum duration of flower (days) (70) bud” [35].
was obtained in the treatment T 2 (19:19:19
2
NPK/m (1.2 g @ alternate days interval)). The 3.3.1 Flower yield per plant
duration of flower (days) was found to be
minimum due to Potassium which is a major The flower yield per plant was found to be
osmotically active component in plant cells maximum (58.5 g/plant) in the treatment T 9 (T5+
contributing to cell turgor and enhancing the Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated
capacity of plant cell to retain water and micronutrient mixture). The flower yield per plant
nutrients. Nitrogen and Phosphorus also resulted was found to be minimum (7.98 g/plant) in the
2
in maximum increase in nutrient uptake and treatment T2 (19:19:19 NPK/m (1.2 g @
stimulates blooming resulting in early duration of alternate days interval)). The reason for
flower (days). maximum number of flower is due to the fact that
the amount of applied nitrogen significantly
3.2.4 Flower diameter increased the growth parameter like
number of branches, plant height which have
The flower diameter (cm) was found to be synthesized more plant metabolites and
minimum (3.2 cm) in the treatment T 2 (19:19:19 ultimately led to increased number of flowers [35-
2
NPK/m (1.2 g @ alternate days interval)). And 42].
maximum flower diameter (4.0 cm) was obtained
in the treatment T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% 3.3.2 Flower weight
EDTA Chelated micronutrient mixture).
“Maximum flowers diameter may be due to the Maximum flower weight (10 g was recorded in
high level of potassium which had pronounced treatment T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA
effect on flower diameter among the macro Chelated micronutrient mixture), T8 (T4+ Foliage
nutrients. Balanced dose of nitrogen, phosphorus spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated micronutrient
and potassium seemed to have increased the mixture), T7 (T3+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA
vegetative growth favorable for the synthesis of Chelated micronutrient mixture) and minimum
peptide bond, protein and carbohydrate weight of flower bud (5 g) was obtained with
metabolism that are essential for flower 2
treatment T2 (19:19:19 NPK/m (1.2 g @
development. High potassium with appropriate alternate days interval)). “The reason for flower
dose of nitrogen and phosphorus seemed to weight is due to the fact that the amount of
have increased the number of flowers bud applied nitrogen significantly increased the
diameter in gerbera” [34]. growth parameter like number of branches, plant
height which have synthesized more plant
3.3 Yield Parameters metabolites and ultimately led to increased
Maximum number of flowers per plant (75) T 9 weight of single flower bud” [43] in
(T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated Chrysanthemum.

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Table 2. Effect of fertigation on growth traits of chrysanthemum

Treatments Plant No. of Plant No. of Days to Day to Flowering

height branches spread leaves/ First 50% Duration
(cm) (cm) plant Flowering Flowering (days)
(days) (days)
T1 18 47 25 287 136 148 61
T2 16 42 22 215 140 152 70
T3 16 44 23 233 140 152 65
T4 16 45 23 239 139 151 60
T5 17 47 24 247 138 149 58
T6 18 48 26 340 135 147 59
T7 19 50 26 351 134 147 58
T8 19 51 26 388 132 145 57
T9 21 53 27 403 130 143 55
CD (5%) 1.58 4.20 25 18.33 4.01 5.46 4.04
CV% 5.14 5.11 22 3.53 1.70 2.13 3.87

Table 3. Effect of fertigation on yield traits of chrysanthemum

Treatments Flower Flower No. of Flower Yield Chloropyll

Diameter weight Flower/ (g/plant) SPAD- 502
(cm) (g) Plant
T1 3.5 9 62 33.48 24.1
T2 3.2 5 42 7.98 20.1
T3 3.2 6 46 11.96 23.3
T4 3.4 7 48 15.36 24.9
T5 3.5 8 54 22.14 26.7
T6 3.6 9 66 37.62 28.3
T7 3.5 10 68 44.2 29.4
T8 3.7 10 71 48.99 30.3
T9 4.0 10 75 58.5 31.9
CD (5%) 0.28 0.31 4.30 0.12 0.78
CV% 4.70 6.80 4.21 0.22 1.70

3.3.3 Chlorophyll content COMPETING INTERESTS

The Chlorophyll content was found to be Authors have declared that no competing
maximum (SPAD value) (31.9) in the treatment interests exist.
T9 (T5+ Foliage spray of 0.2% EDTA Chelated
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