VENOMOUS SNAKES

of North Carolina

William G. Ross Jr., Secretary

Michael F. Easley, Governor
VENOMOUS SNAKES
of North Carolina

by

Alvin L. Braswell
Curator for Herpetology

William M. Palmer
Curator Emeritus for Herpetology

and

Jeffrey C. Beane
Herpetology Collections Manager

NORTH CAROLINA STATE MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Raleigh, NC
 Published by the
North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences
N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
11 West Jones Street Raleigh, NC 27601
ISBN 0-917134-24-9
©2003 All rights reserved
Table of Contents

About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Key to the Venomous Snakes of North Carolina . . . 11
Eastern Coral Snake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Copperhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Cottonmouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Timber Rattlesnake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Snake Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Museum Identification Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Snakebite Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover
 Acknowledgments
Documenting a state’s natural resources requires the
combined efforts of many institutions, dedicated
professionals, and a concerned public, and we thank all
who assisted in the production of this booklet.
Editing and publication assistance provided by Stephen
Busack, John Cooper, Lynn Farrow, Margaret Martin,
and Zelma Myers. Scientific illustrations by Renaldo
Kuhler. Design layout by Lisa Yow. Cover photo, juvenile
Copperhead, by Jack Dermid. All other photographs by
Alvin Braswell.
Funds to publish this booklet were generously provided
by the N.C. Department of Transportation.

6
About this book
Venomous snakes are part of North Carolina’s diverse
fauna, and residents and visitors alike should be aware of
the different species they might encounter. In the unlikely
event of a bite, accurate identification of the snake
responsible helps medical personnel select the most appro-
priate treatment.
This publication is a basic guide to the identification of
North Carolina’s venomous snakes. Distribution maps and
natural history information are provided for each species,
along with conservation information and additional refer-
ences. Usage of common and scientific names follows
Collins (1990) — although it will be a long time before
the name Copperhead will replace “highland moccasin,”
“poplar leaf,” “white oak,” or “pilot” for many North
Carolinians.
Descriptions were compiled mostly from specimens in the
collections of the North Carolina State Museum of
Natural Sciences. Total length measurement is an approxi-
mation for adults of a given species; the last measurement
listed is the largest verifiable specimen record. For exam-
ple, adult Eastern Coral Snakes in North Carolina range
between 18 and 36 inches in total length; the largest spec-
imen examined measured 36 inches. Rattlesnake measure-
ments do not include the rattle.
Distribution data are based primarily on records in collec-
tions of the N.C. Museum of Natural Sciences, as well as
specimens in more than 50 additional herpetological col-
lections (Palmer and Braswell 1995). Range maps include
only sites supported by museum specimens (solid circles),
by documentation from the scientific literature, or by ver-
ified sight records (open circles). Persons who encounter
any of these species at a previously unreported location are
encouraged to report the occurrence to the N.C. Museum
of Natural Sciences.
Comprehensive distribution maps for all snakes in the
eastern United States may be found in Conant and
Collins (1998). See also Resources, page 28.

7
8
Introduction
Thirty-seven snake species are recorded from North
Carolina (Palmer and Braswell 1995, Conant and Collins
1998), but only six are venomous and potentially
dangerous to humans and livestock. Five venomous
species are pit vipers (members of the snake subfamily
Crotalinae within the family Viperidae), characterized by
having a heat sensitive pit located between (and slightly
below) the eye and nostril and long, movable fangs in the
front of the upper jaws. In North Carolina, pit vipers
include the Copperhead, the Cottonmouth, and three
species of rattlesnake.
The sixth venomous species, the Eastern Coral Snake, is a
member of the snake family Elapidae, a family containing
some of the world’s most dangerous snakes. Coral snakes
have short, permanently erect fangs in the front of the
upper jaws, and bright red, yellow, and black rings that
encircle the body.
Venomous snakes are generally abroad both day and
night, except for the coral snake, which is apparently
active at the surface only during the daytime. During the
hot summer months, snakes are active most often in early
morning, late afternoon, or at night.
Snakes can be discouraged from living near dwellings
by removing the cover under which they might seek
shelter and food. Scrap sheet metal, lumber, boards,
woodpiles, and similar debris sometimes attract both
snakes and the small animals upon which they feed.
Raising materials off the ground promotes dryer storage
and attracts fewer critters.
Conservation
The Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake and the Eastern
Coral Snake were added to North Carolina’s State List of
Endangered Species in 2001. The Timber Rattlesnake and
Pigmy Rattlesnake are State-listed Species of Special
Concern. Loss of habitat and declining populations justi-
fied the protected status of these species.

9
 Official listing provides protection under North Carolina’s
Endangered Wildlife Law. Legal protection does not
infringe on landowner rights or on the rights of persons to
defend themselves. It does protect these species from com-
mercial harvest and unnecessary killing, while it encour-
ages habitat conservation and public awareness of species
survival status.
Legal restrictions that protect sensitive populations serve
to protect humans, too. Populations that require very spe-
cific habitat conditions often are the first to decline
because of environmental problems. These species may be
our best indicators of environmental change that could be
detrimental to humans.
Wild Populations
Throughout the range of a species, different populations
may vary significantly in physical and behavioral charac-
teristics. Introduction of alien animals, even animals of
the same species, into established populations can there-
fore be quite harmful. Introduced animals may harbor
disease organisms that can devastate native populations.
Novel genetic material introduced into a population
adapted to a specific environment is more likely to harm
the gene pool than to strengthen it. And many released
captives are ill-equipped to survive in an alien environ-
ment.
Please respect the health of wild populations. A popula-
tion’s well-being is far more important to a species’ sur-
vival than is the life of an individual specimen. Captive
animals should be released only in the area from which
they were collected, and sick individuals should never be
released.

10
Key to the Venomous Snakes
of North Carolina
Each pair of statements lists traits found in North
Carolina’s venomous snakes. To identify a snake, begin at
number 1 and follow the numbers that correspond to
traits describing the snake at hand.

1. Pit between eye and nostril (FIG. 1); most scales on

underside of tail not divided (FIG. 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
No pit between eye and nostril; most scales on
underside of tail divided (FIG. 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

elliptical pupil

heat-sensitive pit

nostril

FIGURE 1
Side view of Copperhead; note elliptical pupil and
pit between eye and nostril.

11
 2. Tail tip with rattle or “button” (FIG. 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tail tip without rattle or “button” (FIG. 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

anus

FIGURE 2
Underside of tail of Copperhead and Cottonmouth; note
undivided anal plate and mostly undivided scales.

anus

FIGURE 3
Underside of tail of Eastern Coral Snake; note divided
anal plate and divided scales. All nonvenomous snakes in
North Carolina have divided scales under tail; many have
divided anal plates as well.

anus

FIGURE 4
Underside of rattlesnake tail; note undivided anal plate,
mostly undivided scales, and rattle at tail tip.

12
3. Top of head with large symmetrical plates (FIG. 5)
Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake (p. 22)
Top of head with fragmented, irregular
scales (FIG. 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Head with two diagonal yellow lines enclosing a

dark stripe that extends from eye to mouth;
diamond-shaped blotches with yellow margins on a
dark background
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (p. 24)
Head without diagonal yellow lines; pattern of
blotches or chevron-shaped crossbands on a pinkish
to almost black background
Timber Rattlesnake (p. 26)

FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6
Top view of Copperhead; Top view of Timber
note large symmetrical Rattlesnake; note irregular
plates (also characteristic scales (also characteristic
of Cottonmouth and of Eastern Diamondback
Pigmy Rattlesnake). Rattlesnake).

13
 5. Head with wide dark stripe from eye to angle of jaw;
semi-aquatic species in Coastal Plain and occasionally
in lower Piedmont (FIG. 7)
Cottonmouth (p. 20)
Head without wide dark stripe (FIG. 8); hourglass-
shaped crossbands on a pinkish to chestnut back-
ground (FIG. 9)
Copperhead (p. 18)

6. Red, yellow, and black rings encircling body; snout

black; tail with wide black rings and narrow yellow
rings
Eastern Coral Snake (p. 16)
Coloration variable, pattern variable or absent; if red,
yellow, and black rings present, snout not black and
tail not black with yellow rings
Nonvenomous snake
(31 species in North Carolina)

FIGURE 7
Cottonmouth. Wide dark stripe from eye to angle of jaw.

FIGURE 8
Copperhead. No wide dark stripe from eye to angle of jaw.

14
 FIGURE 9
Copperhead Copperhead
dorsal view ventral view

15
EASTERN CORAL SNAKE
Micrurus fulvius (Linnaeus)

Eastern Coral
Snake from New
Hanover
County.

DESCRIPTION
A moderately slender, medium-sized, brightly colored
snake with a body pattern of red, yellow, and black rings.
Red rings include conspicuous black patches and the tail
displays wide black rings separated by narrow yellow
rings.
Total length 18–36 inches.
The rhyme “red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black,
venom lack” is a useful reminder that red and yellow
bands touch each other on the Eastern Coral Snake. Red
and black bands are in contact on the Scarlet Snake and
Scarlet Kingsnake, both harmless species.
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES
The Eastern Coral Snake is found most often in sandy
woods of pine and scrub oaks. In North Carolina, the
species is rare and is listed as Endangered; only about 35
specimens from the state exist in museum collections
worldwide.

16 Eastern Coral Snake

The Eastern Information on the
Coral Snake has species’ natural history in
a black nose; the
North Carolina is scarce.
nonvenomous
Scarlet Snake All specimens for which
and Scarlet the time of collection is
Kingsnake have known were found in
red noses. the daytime, and most
were discovered abroad
in early morning.
Food consists pri-
marily of small snakes
and lizards. This is the
only venomous snake in North Carolina that lays eggs.
Nothing else is known of its breeding habits in the state.
Coral snakes seldom attempt to bite unless handled or
restrained. If carelessly picked up, they can be quick to
bite, and if disturbed they can move rapidly. The species is
closely related to cobras and possesses virulent neurotoxic
venom, which can produce paralysis and respiratory fail-
ure. Fortunately, apparently no record exists of coral snake
bites in North Carolina.
DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH CAROLINA
The Eastern Coral Snake reaches its northernmost limit in
North Carolina, where it is rare and restricted to the lower
Coastal Plain and Sandhills of North Carolina. There are
no recent records from the Sandhills region.

Locality records for the

Eastern Coral Snake.

Eastern Coral Snake 17

COPPERHEAD
Agkistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus)

Copperhead
from Wake
County.

DESCRIPTION
A large, moderately stout-bodied snake with brown or
chestnut hourglass-shaped markings on a brown, tan, or
pinkish background. The belly is light brown, yellowish,
or pinkish and may be stippled or mottled with gray or
black. The top of the head has large symmetrical plates.
Juveniles differ from adults by having a greenish-yellow
tail tip, and from young Cottonmouths by not having
a conspicuous dark bar extending from eye to angle of
the jaw.
Total length 24–46 inches.
Two subspecies of Copperhead are recognized in
North Carolina: a southern race (A. c. contortrix) in the
Coastal Plain and a northern race (A. c. mokasen)
in the Piedmont and Mountains. In higher elevations in
the Mountains, the northern race exhibits a grayish
ground color.
Copperhead populations in the Coastal Plain and
much of the Piedmont are composed of snakes resembling
one or both races. These populations are best considered
as intergrades between northern and southern subspecies
(Palmer and Braswell 1995; see also Gloyd and Conant
1990).

18 Copperhead
 NATURAL
HISTORY NOTES
The Copperhead
occupies a wide
variety of habitats
from coastal flat-
woods to rocky
mountainsides at
elevations of
3000 feet or
more. Insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and small mam-
mals serve as food. Captive females from North Carolina
gave birth from August to October to broods of 2 to 18
young. Newborn snakes ranged from about 7 inches to
9.9 inches in total length (Palmer and Braswell 1995).
Although not aggressive, Copperheads inflict perhaps
90 percent of all venomous snakebites in North Carolina.
Most bites result from stepping on or touching the snake.
Authenticated reports of human fatalities from bites are
very rare and apparently only one death from Copperhead
bite has been recorded in North Carolina.
DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH CAROLINA
Statewide, except for the Outer Banks.

Locality records for the

Copperhead.

Copperhead 19
COTTONMOUTH
Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépède)

Cottonmouth
from Dare
County.

DESCRIPTION
A large, heavy-bodied, olive, brown, or blackish semi-
aquatic snake with wide, dark-margined, light-centered
crossbands. The pattern can be faint in adults and is virtu-
ally absent from some large specimens. The head has a
dark bar extending from the eye to the angle of the jaw.
The belly is light and mottled with gray or black. The
adult tail is black. Large symmetrical plates cover the top
of the head. More colorful than the adult, the juvenile is
tan with a conspicuous banded pattern. The tail tip of a
juvenile is greenish-yellow.
Total length 27–60 inches.
When approached, some Cottonmouths are quick to
retreat; others will coil, vibrate their tails, and open their
mouths in a threatening pose. This behavior is an excel-
lent “field mark” for distinguishing between
Cottonmouths and any of several large nonvenomous
water snakes that occur in the same habitats but do not
vibrate the tail or gape the mouth.
One subspecies, the Eastern Cottonmouth (A. p. pis-
civorus), occurs in North Carolina.

20 Cottonmouth
 NATURAL HISTORY NOTES
Almost any permanent or semi-permanent aquatic situa-
tion may provide habitat. The Cottonmouth has been col-
lected in cypress and gum swamps, along rivers and
streams, around roadside canals and ditches, and from
marshes bordering brackish sounds and estuaries.
Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and small mammals
constitute the varied diet of this species. Despite its abun-
dance in some areas, little is known of its reproductive
habits in North Carolina. Young born in captivity in late
August and September numbered from 5 to 11 per brood
and ranged between 9.3 inches and 11.5 inches in total
length (Palmer and Braswell 1995).
DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH CAROLINA
The Cottonmouth occurs throughout most of the Coastal
Plain and, in some eastern sections, it is among the most
abundant of all snakes. There are several records of
Cottonmouths from the lower Piedmont and along the
fall line.

Locality records for the

Cottonmouth.

Cottonmouth 21
PIGMY RATTLESNAKE
Sistrurus miliarius (Linnaeus)

Pigmy Rattlesnake
from Hyde County
(reddish phase).

DESCRIPTION
A small, moderately slender-bodied, grayish, brownish, or
reddish rattlesnake with narrow, light-margined, dark
brown blotches. Often a narrow, reddish middorsal stripe
is present. A pair of wavy brown bands run from the top
of the head to the neck. On the side of the head, a dark
brown or red-brown stripe bordered below by a narrow
light line extends from the eye to the angle of the jaw.
There are large symmetrical plates on top of the head.
The belly is whitish or reddish with dark spots. There is a
tiny rattle on the tip of the tail. Unlike the adult, the
juvenile is lighter, has a yellow tail tip, and possesses a
small inconspicuous “button” instead of a tiny rattle.
Pigmy Rattlesnakes at the northern edge of the range in
Beaufort, Hyde, and Pamlico counties are characterized by
a bright reddish, pinkish, or orange color; Pigmy
Rattlesnakes in southern North Carolina are grayish or
gray-brown. Color patterns in snakes found between these
areas range from gray to red (Palmer and Williamson
1971).
Total length 15–25 inches.
One subspecies, the Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake
(S. m. miliarius), occurs in North Carolina.
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES
Sandy woods of Longleaf Pine and scrub oaks provide
habitat for the Pigmy Rattlesnake. It also occurs in coastal

22 Pigmy Rattlesnake
Pigmy Rattlesnake flatwoods but is
from Moore most abundant in
County (gray
mixed forests of
phase).
Loblolly Pine and
hardwood on the
southern
Albemarle-
Pamlico Sound
peninsula (Palmer
and Williamson
1971).
Frogs, lizards, snakes, and small mammals constitute
the principal food. Captive females from North Carolina
gave birth in August and September to broods of 3 to 9
young. Newborn snakes ranged from 5.9 inches to 7.5
inches in total length (Palmer and Braswell 1995). A spec-
imen collected in Hyde County in 1983 has lived more
than 19 years in captivity, the current longevity record for
the species.
The Pigmy Rattlesnake usually attempts to crawl away; if
restrained or further molested, it is quick to strike. The tiny
rattle produces a faint insect-like buzz that, in even the
largest snakes, is inaudible at a distance of several yards.
DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH CAROLINA
Chiefly in the Sandhills and lower Coastal Plain north to
Beaufort and Hyde counties. Much remains to be learned
about distribution in the interior Coastal Plain and the
Piedmont, where specimens are known only from south-
eastern Cleveland, southwestern Gaston, and west-central
Montgomery Counties.

Locality records for the

Pigmy Rattlesnake.

Pigmy Rattlesnake 23
EASTERN DIAMONDBACK RATTLESNAKE
Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois

Eastern
Diamondback
Rattlesnake from
Pender County.

DESCRIPTION
A very large, heavy-bodied, brown or grayish rattlesnake
with light-centered, yellow-margined, diamond-shaped,
dark brown or black blotches. On the side of the head,
two diagonal yellow lines enclose a dark stripe that
extends from the eye to the mouth. The belly is yellowish
and stippled or mottled with gray. On the tip of the tail is
a large rattle or enlarged “button.”
Total length 36–69 inches (probably to 72+ inches).
The largest and potentially most dangerous snake in the
United States, the Eastern Diamondback usually is quick
to defend itself, sounding the rattle and assuming a defen-
sive coil. If not molested, the snake will slowly retreat,
backing away while still facing the intruder.
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES
Flatwoods, interspersed with thick bays or pocosins, and
sandy ridges of pine and oak provide the most favorable
habitat. Throughout its range this rattlesnake feeds on
rabbits. Rabbit remains have been found in several North

24 Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake

 Carolina specimens. Juveniles and subadults eat mice, rats,
and other small mammals.
Wild-caught North Carolina females have produced
broods of 16 and 21; both gave birth in September.
Young ranged in size from about 15 inches to 16.7 inches
(Palmer and Braswell 1995). Little else is known about its
reproductive biology in North Carolina.
DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH CAROLINA
The Eastern Diamondback reaches its northernmost
limit in North Carolina, where it is rare and restricted
to the Coastal Plain as far north as Carteret and
Craven Counties.

Locality records for the

Eastern Diamondback
Rattlesnake.

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake 25

TIMBER RATTLESNAKE
Crotalus horridus Linnaeus

Timber
Rattlesnake from
Granville
County.

DESCRIPTION
A large, heavy-bodied, pinkish to blackish rattlesnake with
dark, light-centered blotches and crossbands. The tail of
the adult is black. The belly is yellowish, pinkish, or
cream with gray or black stippling. There is a prominent
rattle or enlarged “button” on the tip of the tail.
Total length 36–68 inches.
Timber Rattlesnakes in the Coastal Plain and most of
the Piedmont generally are larger and more vividly pat-
terned than those from the Mountains. Some authorities
consider these eastern populations to represent a sub-
species known as the “canebrake” rattlesnake.
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES
Habitat varies from dense coastal pocosins and low pine
flatwoods to rocky mountainsides. Although relatively rare
at elevations above 5000 feet, Timber Rattlesnakes have
been observed on peaks of 6000 feet or more (Huheey
and Stupka 1967).
In the Mountains, the Timber Rattlesnake congregates
during the fall of the year around crevices and fissures in
rocky outcrops. It hibernates through the winter in these
“dens,” where numerous snakes of several species may
seek refuge. Small mammals constitute the principal food
of this species, and large adults are fully capable of

26 Timber Rattlesnake
Timber swallowing squir-
Rattlesnake rels and small
from Transylvania
rabbits.
County (dark
phase).
One specimen
from Mitchell
County lived at
the N.C. Museum
of Natural
Sciences for 21
years, 9 months, and another from North Carolina lived
28 years, 1 month. Broods born to captive Timber
Rattlesnakes in late August and September ranged
between 4 and 20, and young measured 12 inches to 15
inches in total length (Palmer and Braswell 1995).
When discovered, this rattlesnake usually remains
motionless or attempts to crawl away. While attempting
to remove a large rattler from a burrow in the side of a
sawdust pile, Bill Palmer worked for several minutes
unaware that another was partially concealed in vegetation
about 10 inches from his foot. This snake made no
attempt to move or defend itself until later aggravated
with a stick.
DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH CAROLINA
The Timber Rattlesnake probably ranged throughout the
state at one time but has been extirpated from many areas
in recent years. Today it is most often found in association
with large forested tracts in the Mountains, the Coastal
Plain, and in certain sections of the Piedmont.

Locality records for the

Timber Rattlesnake.

Timber Rattlesnake 27
 Resources
Books
Venomous Reptiles of North America. Ernst, Carl H. 1992.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia.
Martof, Bernard S., William M. Palmer, Joseph R. Bailey,
and Julian R. Harrison III. 1980. Univ. North Carolina
Press, Chapel Hill.
Reptiles of North Carolina. Palmer, William M., and Alvin
L. Braswell. 1995. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel
Hill.
Reptiles and Amphibians of the Smokies. Tilley, Stephen G.,
and J. E. Huheey. 2001. Great Smoky Mountains
Natural History Association, Gatlinburg, TN.

Web Sites
N.C. State Museum of Natural Sciences
www.naturalsciences.org
Herpetological Conservation, Davidson College
www.bio.davidson.edu/Biology/herpcons/herpcons.html
N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission
www.ncwildlife.org/index.htm
Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation
www.parcplace.org
Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
www.ukans.edu/~ssar/

28
Literature cited
Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current
scientific names for North American amphibians and
reptiles. Third Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians
and Reptiles Herpetological Circular No. 19.
Conant, R, and J. T. Collins. 1998. A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North
America. Third Edition, Expanded. The Peterson Field
Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, NY.
Gloyd, H.K., and R. Conant. 1990. Snakes of the
Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for
the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contributions to
Herpetology, No. 6.
Huheey, J. E., and A. Stupka. 1967. Amphibians and
Reptiles of Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Langley, R. L., and W. E. Morrow. 1997. Deaths resulting
from animal attacks in the United States. Wilderness and
Environmental Medicine 8:8-16.
Palmer, W. M., and A. L. Braswell. 1995. Reptiles of North
Carolina. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
______ and G. M. Williamson. 1971. Observations on
the natural history of the Carolina pigmy rattlesnake,
Sistrurus miliarius miliarius Linnaeus. Journal of the Elisha
Mitchell Scientific Society 87:20-25.

29
 Snake Safety
The possibility of venomous snakebite is real but bites are
rare, even in areas where venomous snakes are relatively
common. Snakebite can be prevented.

1. Never place hands, feet, or any part of the body into

unexamined places. Snakes are often found under
logs, wood scraps, and rocks.
2. Never handle a presumably dead snake unless you are
certain that it is nonvenomous.
“Dead” snakes may still possess the nerve reflex for
biting. Use a stick longer than the snake if you must
move or otherwise examine a dead snake.
3. Use a flashlight at night; venomous snakes are often
active on warm nights.
4. Caution young children (without instilling fear) to
leave all snakes alone.
5. Leave alone venomous snakes found away from
human habitations. Many serious bites occur during
attempts to kill venomous snakes.
6. Consult a physician about packing antivenom into
remote areas.

For antivenom sources:

Carolinas Poison Center
www.ncpoisoncenter.org
P.O. Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232-2861;
1.800.222.1222 during business hours

30
Museum Identification Services
Museum curators identify animals as a public service.
Please contact the Museum before bringing in live or
freshly killed specimens.
1. Phone 919.707.9800 (toll-free 1.877.4NATSCI) and
ask to speak with a herpetologist.
2. E-mail your inquiry using the “Ask A Naturalist”
feature on the Museum’s Web site,
www.naturalsciences.org. Staff e-mail addresses are
also listed in the staff directory.
3. Write to Curator for Herpetology, N.C. State
Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones Street,
Raleigh, NC 27601-1029.
4. Visit the Museum’s Naturalist Center to learn how to
identify your specimen using teaching collections and
field guides. See the Museum’s Web site for open
hours.

Additional copies of this book and a companion poster,

“Venomous Snakes of North Carolina,” may be purchased
at www.naturalsciences.org.

31
 SNAKEBITE TREATMENT

1. Stay calm. Call 911 or Carolinas Poison

Center 1.800.222.1222 immediately.
2. Try to identify the snake by sight only.
Look for color, markings, and head shape.
3. Do not try to kill the snake; it could
bite again.
4. Keep the patient calm and immobile
(preferably lying down).
5. Keep the affected limb at an even level with
the rest of the body.
6. Do not use a tourniquet.
Do not cut the wound.
Do not try to suck out the venom.
Do not pack the wound in ice.
7. Bites from nonvenomous snakes
should be washed with warm soapy water;
a tetanus shot may be needed.
Courtesy of Carolinas Poison Center
www.ncpoisoncenter.org

An estimated 7000 to 8000 venomous snakebites occur each

year in the United States, but only 5 or 6 of these bites
actually result in death (Langley and Morrow 1997). Medical
research on snake venom has greatly enhanced recovery
from snakebite.

ISBN 0-917134-24-9