“BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS”

RBL-1
Submitted
Towards the partial fulfillment of requirements of the degree
M.Sc. Forensic Science
By
Farhat Javid
Enrolment No: 2024491595
Under the guidance of
Harsh Sable
Department of Forensic Science, SSAHS.
Sharda University,Greater Noida, India
2024

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Farhat Javid carried out her RBL work entitled”
Bloodstain pattern analysis” under my supervision and that the report submitted
herewith is a bona-fide work done by the candidate.

Head supervisor (Department of Forensic Science)

Dean (SSAHS, Sharda University)
BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS
Abstract

Blood is often the most common evidence left at crime scenes. Because blood is viscous, it leaves
irregularly formed bloodstain patterns when it comes into contact with a surface, and examining
these bloodstains can indicate what happened at the crime scene. Blood Pattern Analysis (BPA) is
described broadly as the examination of the form, size, and character of evidence based on splatter or
dispersion bloodstains. The objective of this study is to learn and understand blood and BPA. An
experiment was conducted on campus to better understand the process of producing bloodstains
Awlata (Alta), an Indian dye used in female grooming, was used to create a synthetic bloodstain in
order to better understand bloodstain formation at various heights and its relationship to spines and
satellite stains.

Keywords: Awlata, Blood, Bloodstains, Crime, Evidence.

I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study is to use Awlata dye to determine the relationship between spine and
satellite stains at different heights. This method involves generating false bloodstains with Awlata
dye to establish the link. In future experiments, the team would want to propose employing Awlata
dye to evaluate bloodstains. Blood is an organic fluid that flows in our bodies and is required for
survival. It is composed of blood cells and plasma and accounts for around 8% of our body weight.
Blood volume fluctuates between 4-5 L (female) and 5-6 L (male). Blood has limited biological
capacities that can be used to analyze its morphology, including specific weight, viscosity, and
surface tension (Peschel et al. 2011; Bevel).
Viscosity in blood can be defined as the pressure of blood flow caused by shear or extensional stress
within the body (Bevel and Gardner 2012). Surface tension is an elastic feature of a fluid caused by
cohesive forces between liquid molecules (Larkin et al. 2012). Blood is fluid inside the body and
departs the body as a result of an accident or injury (James et al., 2005). If blood clots were
discovered at the crime scene, it indicates that the victim was subjected to pprolonged harm (Peschel
et al. 2011; Bevel and Gardner 2012).

Depending on the sort of injury/damage, blood may exit the body as a leak, spurt, or seep from
wounds. BPA is a type of examination that involves analyzing the appearances of bloodstains (James
et al. 2005). Blood pattern analysis attempts to identify the actual physical events that transpired at
the crime scene. These stains can be distinguished by their shape, size, and distribution (Brodbeck
2012). The information collected from BPA can help with crime scene reconstruction, witness
testimony, and procedure (James et al. 2005).
Even if the criminal has dried or removed bloodstains at a crime scene, luminol can still be used to
recover them.Luminol (5-amino-2,3 dihydro-1,4-pthalazine-dione) is used to detect the presence of
tiny, unrecognized, or hidden bloodstains. When it reacts with dried bloodstains, it produces
chemiluminescence or a glowing effect.Luminol solution is routinely sprayed directly into
completely dark environments, and the sample (blood) is then visualized under UV (ultra violet)
light. The ensuing fluorescence is then photographed or videotaped. Luminol can detect small,
missed, or buried blood stains.
.It is also highly sensitive to old or completely dried blood. However, luminol can react with
detergents, metals, and vegetables, leading to false positive results (Barni et al. 2007).There is a
possibility that the bloodstain was manufactured using chemicals (colors/dyes) to deceive the
examiner. The Kastle-Meyer (phenolphthalein test), Medinger reaction (Leuco malachite Green), and
Tetramethylbenzidine tests are used to determine if a specimen is blood or not, although they are
insufficient to confirm blood (preliminary testing).

As a result, Teichmann and Takayama tests are employed to confirm the presence of blood in
samples (Saferstein and Hall 2020). Precipitin tests are critical for distinguishing the source of blood
(human or animal) and avoiding confusion in investigations. Bloodstain patterns can be interrupted
or altered under specific conditions, making it impossible to discern essential information. DNA
analysis is used to generate investigation leads (Saferstein and Hall 2020).
.
When bloodstains are thought to be from several sources, DNA might assist the investigator by
giving critical information about the crime. When there are several victims, analysts usually use
DNA profiling to determine which blood was involved (James et al. 2005; Karger et al. 2008).
Bloodstain patterns found at a crime scene can be utilized to recreate events (Comiskey et al., 2016).
Before reconstructing, an analyst should have a clear understanding of the big picture and follow a
step-by-step procedure to identify and analyze bloodstain patterns while seeking for informative
areas (James et al. 2005). The investigator must also develop a theory on the formation.
The investigator must also propose a hypothesis about how blood originates as a result of injury.
Case descriptions and testimonies (witnesses/perpetrators) might aid in reconstruction by providing
details about the sequence of events. Casework skills and an understanding of injuries are required
for effective reconstruction (Karger et al. 2008; Kunz et al. 2013; Kunz et al. 2015).Types of
Bloodstains: Passive patterns. Gravity-induced bloodstain patterns include drip stain, flow stain,
blood pool, and serum stain. This is a drip stain, which happens when a drop falls without any
obstacle, causing it to shatter into smaller droplets.
It allows the blood drop to take on a circular or slightly elongated shape depending on the impact
angle, as is the case with bloodstains for SW stain.2009). Blood flowing from the weapon, as well as
blunt or trauma injuries, might leave evidence at the crime scene (James et al. 2005; Peschel et al.
2011). Spatter patterns. These are the patterns left by striking the afflicted with hard items (such as a
pipe). Forward spatter, on the other hand, is a pattern that forms in the direction of the damage (for
example, a bullet exiting an exit wound) (James et al. 2005; Peschel et al. 2011). Back spatter is a
blood pattern produced when a bullet strikes a hard surface, such as the skull bloodstains point away
from the impact. Gunfire splatter can Cast-off refers to irregular patterns caused by weapon
movement (for example, stabbing).If droplets of varied sizes of blood were present at the crime
scene as the crime was being committed, this is known as a cast-off pattern (for example, hammer
injuries) (James et al. 2005). In the event of an arterial damage, blood from the blood artery flows
like a fountain (upward to downward), forming a zigzag pattern until the pressure in the lungs drops.
If there has been an internal injury, expiration through the mouth/nose releases blood, resulting in a
very thin pattern (fine mist-like) (James et al. 2005; Peschel et al. 2011). They differ in the calibre of
the weapon used and the position of the victim (James et al., 2005; Peschel et al., 2011).
.

II. Altered patterns

Bloodstain patterns exhibiting a physical change may be characterized as altered patterns. This
change could be produced by physical activity, diffusion, dilution, or insects, which led investigators
to misidentify them as drip patterns. When the body is dragged across pre-existing blood, it follows a
tangential course (James et al. 2005). Contact prints on clean surfaces at crime scenes, such as
bloody shoe prints, fingerprints, or whole palms, might help detectives figure out what happened.
According to James et al. (2005) and Peschel et al. (2011), studying the crime scene can help
investigators identify relevant evidence.
.When an object is placed between the blood source and the projection area, it absorbs some of the
staining agent, resulting in the absence of the staining agent in an otherwise continuous pattern of
bloodstain. This may indicate that an object or person would have belonged to the pattern, such as a
missing item from the wall that, if recovered, can be used to fill the pattern (James et al. 2005;
Peschel et al. 2011). Insects can also make patterns while moving through blood, which can
sometimes confuse investigators as to which pattern is being employed.

When blood comes into touch with clothing and fabric, it diffuses and creates an uneven pattern that
is frequently difficult to decipher. In such cases, the surface could be recovered and studied in
forensic laboratories (James et al. 2005; Peschel et al. 2011).Furthermore, to establish the incidents
that resulted in bloodshed, the investigators use the direction and angle of spatter to obtain areas of
convergence (the starting point of bloodshed) and areas of origin (the point from which the blood
immerged), indicating the location of the victim and perpetrator.
Several studies have been undertaken on blood pattern analysis; one study revealed that when
evaluating the area of bloodstains, larger elliptic droplets should be heavily considered (de Bruin et
al. 2011). Another study used blood velocities, air drag, and gravity to estimate the creation of back-
spatters while conducting an experiment on a blood-soaked sponge (Comiskey et al., 2016).
Fluid dynamics was also investigated in blood pattern analysis to better understand how blood
behaves as a fluid in air and what elements influence the formation of blood drops (Attinger et al.,
2013). Investigation of spines and satellites based on velocity has also revealed the presence of
bloodstains.
(Attinger et al. 2013).

This job becomes time-consuming in the real world when performed with actual blood because the
amount of blood required in such experiments is vast. Furthermore, in order to conduct such an
experiment, both ethical approval and financial backing are required. These problems can be
overcome by investigating bloodstains with Awlata dye, which is easily accessible, affordable, and
can be prepared in a laboratory. Thus, investigators and scientists may be employed for investigation
and additional study.

Methods

Article Selection Criteria for Review The initial criteria for selecting the literature were developed by
searching Google for terms like blood, blood pattern analysis, and blood pattern analysis in forensic
science. Following the screening of publication titles and abstracts, research papers were sorted.
Articles and internet resources that satisfied relevant review criteria were also considered. The
Article Selection Criteria for Review Articles were chosen as the final foundation of judgment after
determining whether the study mentioned BPA and its associated methods.

Materials

Based on the current research, it was determined that the study should be conducted by making
artificial bloodstains using Awlata, so that the formation of stains could be measured if the angle was
maintained constant while the height was varied (Buck et al. 2011; Attinger et al. 2013). An Indian
dye (Awlata/Alta) was used to generate artificial blood stains with patterns that resemble those found
in blood. Awlata (Alta) is a traditional Indian crimson dye that females apply to their hands and feet
during festival seasons. The experiment utilized Awlata dye, a Pasteur pipette, and white chart paper.
The experiment was conducted in the university's laboratory.
preparation and composition of awlata. Awlata dye was historically manufactured from betel leaves,
a vine in the Piperocaine family. Awlata is also created with lac extract, a red dye derived from the
scales of the bug Laccifer Lacca. Currently, Awlata may be manufactured chemically by blending
Vermillion (red powder) with water to form a liquid. Awlata was chosen for the experiment. For this
experiment, a ready-made Awlata dye (Pari) was purchased from the local market. It was already
prepared and available in a 50-ml container.
The reason for self-administration of Awlata in the experiment was that it dries up in minutes and
has a life cycle of around 1-2 months after it begins to dissipate. However, if properly conserved and
stored, it can last for a long time. Creation of fake bloodstains
In this experiment, we varied the height to duplicate the bloodstains of the dye Awlata (Buck et al.,
2011; Attinger et al., 2013). The experiment aimed to analyze the morphology of bloodstains at
various heights (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 feet) and estimate real stain generation (Attinger et al., 2013).To
make one fake blood stain, a Pasteur pipette was used, along with around 0.5 cc of Awlata dye. The
Pasteur pipette's references were used to determine how much Awlata dye was necessary to create
one fake blood stain. The angle was maintained correctly, and the Awlata dye was dripped from
various locations.
For each height, two stains were made and labeled Drop 1 and Drop 2; this was done to compare the
observations and confirm the results.

Fig. 1 Fake blood stains that were made using Awlata dye.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

Background of the Study: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

In forensic science, BPA refers to the investigation of the physical qualities of bloodstains at a crime
scene to draw inferences about what happened. BPA investigates the size, shape, and distribution of
the detected bloodstains, as well as their location, to establish which weapon was used, the victim
and perpetrator's movements, the number of hits, and whether the source of blood was moving or
stationary during the incident.

Importance of the Background

Knowing the history of bloodstain pattern analysis is crucial because it allows forensic experts to
reconstruct the timeline of events in violent crimes such as killings or assaults. It is a tough discipline
that requires a mix of fluid dynamics, biology, and physics. Only this method can reveal how blood
behaves under certain parameters such as velocity, angle of impact, and surface type, allowing for
exact conclusions. BPA is a popular sort of forensic evidence used in courts to confirm or disprove
eyewitness testimony, questionable verbal testimony, and other forensic evidence.

Context of Previous Work

BPA's origins can be traced back to the nineteenth century, but the most major development
happened in the middle of the twentieth century, when forensic science emerged. Dr. Paul Kirk, a
well-known scientist, laid the framework for scientific crime scene investigations in the 1950s.
BPA has progressed from a casual practice to a more rigorous discipline, with extensive research into
impact spatter, cast-off patterns, and blood drops in motion. All of this has helped to build reliable
methods and approaches, which are now widely employed in forensic investigations.

Bloodstain pattern analysis is comparable to other forensic sciences such as DNA analysis,
fingerprint analysis, and crime scene reconstruction. It also aids physics (fluid dynamics), biology
(blood characteristics), and criminal law (usage as evidence in court proceedings). Relevant research
in these areas gives the BPA practitioner a good viewpoint on how blood evidence might be
combined with other types of forensic information.

Discussion Situating the Study within Related Literature

Your work is part of an emerging body of literature focused at improving the accuracy and reliability
of methodologies used in crime scene reconstruction procedures. The BPA methodology has been
regularly tested and modified in order to maximize evidential value from its application. Newer
technology, including as high-speed photography, computational modeling, and image processing,
have greatly influenced the approaches used in BPA.

Most BPA research studies are based on general theoretical frameworks such as fluid dynamics
theory and biomechanics. Fluid dynamics theory and biomechanics are broad theoretical frameworks
that can be utilized to better understand how blood reacts to forces like impact or gravity. Most new
BPA studies now seek to establish clear boundaries on what BPA can be used to estimate, while also
addressing objections about subjectivity and the necessity for quantifiable and replicable outcomes.

Areas of Research and Specific Research Studies

1. "Dynamics of Bloodstain Formation: An Analysis of Spatter Patterns"

Summary: This study focuses on the formation of impact spatter and the relationship between the
force applied and the resulting bloodstain pattern. The authors use high-speed cameras to analyse the
movement of blood droplets, concluding that the angle of impact and velocity significantly affect
bloodstain size and shape.
Contribution: Advances understanding of impact dynamics, helping forensic scientists better interpret
spatter at crime scenes.
2. "Quantitative Analysis of Cast-off Patterns in Bloodstain Analysis"
Summary: This paper investigates the generation of cast-off patterns caused by the movement of
blood from a weapon. The study provides a mathematical model to predict the direction and speed of
the swinging motion.
Contribution: Offers a quantitative approach to cast-off analysis, which is critical for determining the
number of blows and reconstructing the perpetrator’s movements.
3. "Validation of Blood Droplet Trajectory Reconstruction in Crime Scene Investigations"
Summary: This research validates methods used to reconstruct the trajectory of blood droplets. By
simulating crime scenes and measuring error margins, the authors show that BPA can be a reliable tool
in crime reconstruction.
Contribution: Highlights the strengths and limitations of trajectory reconstruction, encouraging careful
application of BPA in investigations.
4. "The Effect of Surface Texture on Bloodstain Patterns"
Summary: The authors examine how different surface textures (e.g., smooth, porous, rough) affect the
formation of bloodstains. Their findings demonstrate that surface properties can distort bloodstain
shapes and impact forensic interpretation.
Contribution: Important for guiding forensic practitioners when interpreting bloodstains on varied
surfaces at crime scenes.
5. "Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Low-Velocity Impact Situations"
Summary: This paper focuses on bloodstains produced in low-velocity impact events, such as blunt
force trauma. The study uses a controlled environment to analyse the dispersal patterns of blood at
different angles.
Contribution: Fills a gap in BPA research by focusing on low-velocity impacts, offering guidance for
interpreting such bloodstains in violent crime scenes.
6. "Improving Accuracy in the Measurement of Blood Droplet Angles"
Summary: This paper critiques current methods for measuring the angle of blood droplet impact and
offers improved techniques using 3D imaging and software.
Contribution: Enhances the precision of BPA measurements, contributing to more reliable crime scene
reconstructions.
7. "Role of Gravity and Air Resistance in Bloodstain Pattern Formation"
Summary: The authors investigate how external factors like gravity and air resistance influence blood
droplet behaviour. Their findings indicate that these forces can cause slight deviations in trajectory,
impacting the final bloodstain pattern.
Contribution: Provides critical insights for crime scene analysts to account for external forces when
reconstructing bloodstain patterns.
8. "The Effect of Blood Viscosity on Pattern Formation"
Summary: This study explores how variations in blood viscosity (due to health conditions or
environmental factors) influence bloodstain patterns. Researchers found that viscosity affects the size
and dispersal of blood droplets.
Contribution: Offers practical implications for interpreting bloodstains when external factors, such as
drugs or dehydration, may alter blood viscosity.
9. "Evaluating the Use of 3D Laser Scanning in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis"
Summary: The authors test the use of 3D laser scanning technology to capture bloodstain patterns
with high precision. The technology allows for enhanced visualization and analysis of complex
patterns at crime scenes.
Contribution: Demonstrates the potential of 3D laser scanning to revolutionize BPA by improving data
accuracy and visualization capabilities.
10. "Subjectivity in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Addressing Criticisms and Proposing Solutions"
Summary: This paper addresses the common critique that BPA is a subjective forensic method. The
authors propose a standardized methodology that minimizes individual interpretation and emphasizes
scientific rigor.
Contribution: This work is key to addressing the challenges of subjectivity in BPA, pushing for
reforms that strengthen the scientific foundation of the discipline.

IV. RESULT
Drop Awlata dye from a variety of distances to create realistic bloodstains. The satellite stain created
by the artificial blood stains was shown to grow in distance with height. The satellite's distance
increased fourfold with a three-foot increase in height. The spots are pretty near to the central stain.
Similarly, as height increased, the number of spines reduced while the number of satellite stains
increased.The experimental observation was that as the height increased, so did the force of gravity
acting on the Awlata dye. As a result, when the Awlata dye was dropped from a height to create fake
blood stains, the effect of the dye on the surface due to weight forces, drag forces, and viscous forces
could the most likely reason for the formation of such stains. To validate the creation of these
artificial blood stains, we repeated the height experiment, and the results were extremely similar to
those of the first drop.

V. DISCUSSION
The experiment with Awlata dye revealed that height is directly proportional to the number of
satellite stains (small droplets moving away from the parent stain that are partially or not attached to
the parent stain), i.e., the greater the distance between the satellite stains and the parent drop, the
greater the height. In the case of spines (which are little projections that emerge from the parent stain
and remain linked to the parent stain), the relationship between height and spines was inverse,
meaning that as height increased, the number of spines dropped.
Though Awlata was used to study the development of artificial blood stains, it is critical to keep this
dye free from moisture/water because collected water/moisture tends to wash away and diminish the
color. Thus, if later researchers decide to use Awlata dye, they must undertake rigorous experiments
and keep it well preserved. As a result, no connected element may impair the purity of experimental
results
When studying blood stain formation, it is important to consider the individual's size, age, and
health. Furthermore, surface tension plays an important role in the formation of bloodstains (Larkin
et al. 2012). Surface tension does not indicate the presence of a chemical in the blood (Raymond et
al., 1996). Bloodstain generation is influenced by surface roughness, permeability, and porosity. So,
when researching bloodstains, these components must also be examined (Bear 1975).
The research of artificial bloodstains using Awlata dye reveals such potential properties, and based
on previously published literature by other scientists, a more precise version of BPA can be offered.
Fluid dynamics should also be included while investigating bloodstain development (Attinger et al.
2013). The results described in this article can be utilized to verify authentic bloodstains and conduct
additional study on BPA, revealing new avenues of inquiry and building on observational findings.
Based on these findings, future research could investigate how differences in angle with regard to
height affect the production of blood stains. This breakthrough will allow for more research and
advancement into the blood stain production process. BPA has good future prospects, but additional
research is required to develop it. Developing an accurate blood interpretation method can boost
crime scene reconstruction efficiency. The study with Awlata dye can add to the existing literature
on BPA.
This document is a review that students, scientists, and professionals can use to do future study or
gain a better understanding. Blood pattern analysis is a powerful forensic technique that can be used
in crime scene reconstruction. When paired with DNA analysis and other investigations, it can yield
more detailed and conclusive chronological information from blood evidence. Awlata dye's chemical
formula differs from that of blood. Hence, Awlata dye cannot be a substitute for blood.
Awlata was used to make artificial bloodstains that may give an approximate sensation of BPA while
also resemble real bloodstains. The actual circumstances at the crime scene that resulted in the
production of blood stains and those formed with Awlata dye leave potential for human error, as
investigating blood stains in real and experimental situations differs. Awlata dye is utilized in
forensic cases. BPA analysis is a highly specialized task, especially in a crime scene where real
blood is present and the scenarios are simultaneous and unexpected.
It is not always practical to do research on bloodstains because it involves vast amounts of blood and
requires ethical approval. Awlata dye may be a novel answer to this problem because it is affordable
and abundantly available.
inexpensive, readily available, and can be made in the laboratory. Awlata dye can be used to
establish experimental conditions to investigate various forensic circumstances. Fake blood created
using Awlata dyes can be used to create simulated crime scenes that include forensic and
investigative findings based on case-supporting results.

VI. CONCLUSION

The experiment with Awlata dye (Alta) shown that blood stains can help determine the attacker's
approximate height. The bloodstain pattern may match to the height from where it originated,
making it a valuable source of information. Blood stain production was connected to variations in
height utilizing spine and satellite stains. Though the parallels between Awlata and blood are not
identical, it can be used in research to understand more about BPA. Existing BPA research
demonstrates that blood patterns are incredibly helpful information that can help detectives precisely
examine the crime scene.

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