TECHNO INTERNATIONAL NEW TOWN

DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

 1. Define Newton’s law of Viscosity.
1 Draw the shear stress-velocity gradient profile for Newtonian fluids.
3 Differentiate compressible and incompressible fluids. Give suitable
examples.
4 Give some examples for Viscous fluid.
5 Analyze Non-Newtonian fluids. Give suitable examples.
6. Differentiate kinematic viscosity with dynamic viscosity.
7. Analyze the effect of temperature on viscosity of liquids and gases.
8. Define surface tension.
9. Define the term capillarity.
10. What is meant by vapor pressure of a fluid?
12. What is the effect of cavitation?
13. Define steady and unsteady flow.
14. What are the assumptions made in deriving continuity equation?
15. State the equation of continuity to three dimensional in steady flow.
16. What are the assumptions of the Bernoulli’s equations?
1. The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the
plate is 60 cm. The thickness of the oil film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate, which
moves at 2.5 m/s requires a force of 98.1 N to maintain the speed.
Determine
(i)dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise. (7)
(ii)kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes if the specific gravity of the oil is
0.95. (6)
2. (i) Explain various properties of fluids (8)
(ii) Explain various classifications of fluids with the help of a stress-strain
graph. Give suitable examples. (5)
3. Derive t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n f o r t h r e e -dimensional c o n t i n u i t y f l o w
i n Cartesian coordinates.
4. A pipe (1) 450 mm in diameter branches into two pipes (2) and (3) of diameters
300 mm and 200 mm respectively. If the average velocity in 450 mm diameter pipe
is 3m/s. Find, (i). Discharge through 450 mm diameter pipe;(ii)Velocity in 200 mm
diameter pipe if the average velocity in 300 mm pipe is 2.5 m/s.
5. Derive Bernoulli equation from Euler’s equation of motion.
6. A 30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil of
specific gravity 0.9, the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the
throat section and entrance section of the venturimeter is 30 cm. The differential
U-tube mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 25 cm. Calculate: (a) the
discharge of oil. (b) The pressure difference between the entrance section and the
throat section. Take co-efficient of discharge as 0.98 and specific gravity of
mercury as 13.6.
7. In a 100 mm diameter pipe a venturimeter of 0.5 contraction ratio has been fixed.
The head of water on the metre when there is no flow is 3m(gauge). Find the rate
of flow for which the throat pressure will be 2 metres of water absolute. The
coefficient of discharge is 0.97. Take atmospheric pressure
head=10.3 m of water.
8. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 20 cm and 10 cm
respectively is used to measure the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.8. The
discharge of oil through venturimeter is 60 litres/sec. Find the reading of the oil-
mercury differential manometer. Take Cd=0.98.
9. A drainage pipe is tapered in a section running with full of water. The pipe
diameter of the inlet and exit are 1000 mm and 500 mm respectively. The water
surface is 2 m above the centre of the inlet and exit is 3 m above the free surface of
the water. The pressure at the exit is 250 mm of Hg vacuum. The friction loss
between the inlet and exit of the pipe is1/10 of the velocity head at
the exit. Determine the discharge through the pipe.
 In a vertical pipe conveying oil of specific gravity 0.8, two pressure gauges have
10.
been installed at A and B where the diameters are 16cm and 8cm respectively. A is
2meters above B. The pressure gauge readings at B is greater than at A by 0.981
N/cm². Neglecting all losses, calculate the flow rate. If the gauges at A and B are
replaced by tubes filled with the same liquid and connected to a U-tube containing
mercury, calculate the difference of level of
mercury in the two limbs of the U-tube.
The inlet and throat diameters of a horizontal venturi meter are 30 cm and 10cm
11.
respectively. The liquid flowing through the venturi meter is water. The Pressure
intensity at inlet is 13.734N/cm² while the vacuum pressure head at the throat is
37cm of mercury. Find the rate of flow. Assume that 4% of the differential head is
lost between the inlet and throat. Find also the value of Cd for the venturi meter.

1. Define equivalent diameter of a non-circular tube.

2. Differentiate between T.E.L and H.G.L.
3. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
4. What is meant by boundary layer separations?
5. Give four examples of laminar flow.
6. Define boundary layer thickness.
7. What are the losses experienced by a fluid when it is passing through a pipe?

8. What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes?

9. Write down the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.
10. Define displacement thickness.
11. Define momentum thickness.
12. Give the expression of loss of energy due to sudden contraction and enlargement.

13. Define the terms Drag and lift.

14. Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300mm and length 50m,
through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3m/s using (i) Darcy formula,
(ii) Chezy’s formula for which C=60. Take ᴠ for water =
0.01 stroke.
15. A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end
 discharge freely into atmosphere other end for the first 25 m of its length from
the tank, the pipe is 150 mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to
300 mm. The height of water level in the tank is 8 m above the center of the
pipe. Considering all losses of head which occur.
Determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
16. The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m 3/sec. The diameter
of the pipe is suddenly enlarged from 200 mm to 400 mm. The pressure intensity
in the smaller pipe is 11.772 N/cm 2. Determine (i) loss of head due to sudden
enlargement (ii) pressure intensity in the large pipe
and (iii) power lost due to enlargement.
17. Two reservoirs whose water surface elevations differ by 12 m are connected by
the following horizontal compound pipe system starting from the high level
reservoir. Take L1 =200 m, D1 =0.2 m, f1 = 0.008, and L2 = 500 m, D2 = 0.3 m,
f2= 0.006. Considering all head losses and assuming that all changes of section
are abrupt, compute the discharge through the system. Find the equivalent length
of a 0.25 m diameter pipe if minor losses are neglected and friction factors are
assumed to be the
same. Sketch HGL and TEL.
18. Three pipes of diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm and lengths 450 m, 255
m and 315 m respectively are connected in series. The difference in water
surface levels in two tanks is 18 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if
coefficients of friction are 0.0075, 0.0078 and 0.0072 respectively considering:
(a) Minor losses also and (b)Neglecting minor
losses.
19. Two sharp ended pipes of diameters 50 mm and 100 mm are connected in
parallel between two reservoirs which have a difference of level of 10
m. If the co-efficient of friction for each pipe is 0.32, calculate the rate of flow
for each pipe and also the diameter of a single pipe 100 m long which would
give the same discharge, if it were substituted for the
original two pipes.
20. A pipe line of length 2000m is used for power transmission. If 110.3625 kW
power is to be transmitted through the pipe in which water having a pressure of
490.5N/cm² at inlet is flowing. Find the diameter of the pipe
and efficiency of transmission if the pressure drop over the length of the
 pipe is 98.1N/cm². Take f=0.0065.
(i) Derive the expression of equivalent of pipe. (7)
(ii) The main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe.
The length and diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m and 1.0m
21.
respectively, while the length and diameter of 2 nd parallel pipe are 2000m and
0.8m. Find the rate of flow in each parallel pipe, if total flow in the main is 3.0
m³/s. The co-efficient of friction for each parallel
pipe is same and equal to 0.005 (8)
22. Explain about minor losses and derive its expressions.

1. List the methods of dimensional analysis.

2. What is Dimensional homogeneity?
3. State the advantages of Dimensional and model analysis.
4. State and apply the significance Buckingham's π theorem.
5. Difference between Rayleigh’s method and Buckingham's π theorem.
6. Develop the dimensions of the following Physical Quantities:
(i) Pressure (ii) Surface Tension
(iii) Dynamic viscosity (iv) Kinematic Viscosity
7. What are the similarities between model and prototype?
8. Define Froude’s number and Euler’s number
9. What is meant by undistorted model?
10. Mention the significance of Reynolds’s model law.
11. State the methods of dimensional analysis.
12. Explain the different types of similarities that must exist between a prototype and
its model.
13. The resisting force (R) of a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as
dependent upon the length of the air craft ‘l’, velocity ‘V’, air viscosity ‘µ’, air
density ‘ρ’ and bulk modulus of air is ‘K’. Express
the functional relationship between these variables and the resisting force.
14. The power P developed by a water turbine depends on the rotational speed N,
operating head H, gravity g, diameter D and width B of the runner, density ρ and

𝐻 𝐷 𝞀𝐷 𝑁 𝑁𝐷
viscosity µ of water. Show by dimensional analysis that

𝑃 = ρ𝐷 𝑁 𝛷[ , , , ]
2
5 3
𝐷 𝐵 µ √𝑔𝐻
15. The efficiency η of a fan depends on ρ (density), µ (viscosity) of the fluid, ω
(angular velocity), d (diameter of rotor) and Q (discharge). Express η in
terms of non-dimensional parameters. Use Buckingham's π theorem.
16. Using Buckingham’s π- theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice
in a pipe is given by

where v is the velocity through orifice of diameter d and H is the head causing
the flow and ρ and µ are the density and dynamic viscosity of the
fluid passing through the orifice and g is acceleration due to gravity.
17. The pressure difference Δp in a pipe of diameter D and length l due to
turbulent flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity µ, density ρ and roughness
.Using Buckingham's π theorem, obtain an expression for Δp.
18 The power developed by hydraulic machines is found to depend on the head H,
flow rate Q, density ρ, Speed N , runner diameter D and acceleration due to
gravity g. Obtain suitable dimensionless parameters to
correlate experimental results.
19. Write short notes on the following
(i) Dimensionless Homogeneity with example. (3)
(ii) Euler Model Law. (3)
(iii) Similitude. (3)
(iv) Undistorted and Distorted Models. (4)
20. A Ship 300m long moves in sea water, whose density is 1030 kg/m³, A1:100
model of ship is to be tested in a wind tunnel. The velocity of air in the wind
tunnel around the model is 30m/s and the resistance of model is 60N. Determine
the velocity of ship in sea water and also the resistance of the ship in sea water.
The density of air is given as 1.24 kg/m 3. Take the kinematic viscosity of sea -
water and air as 0.012 stokes and 0.018
respectively.
21. Derive on the basis of dimensional analysis suitable parameters to present the
thrust developed by a propeller. Assume that the thrust P depends upon the angular
velocity ω, speed of advance V, diameter D, dynamic viscosity µ , mass
density ρ, elasticity of the fluid medium which can
be denoted by the speed of sound in the medium C.
22. The pressure difference Δp in a pipe of diameter D and length l due to
turbulent flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity µ, density ρ and
roughness .Using Buckingham's π theorem, obtain an expression for Δp.
23. The pressure drop in an aeroplane model of size 1/10 of its prototype is 80N/cm².
The model is tested in water. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the
prototype. Take density of air=1.24kg/m³. The viscosity of
water is 0.01 poise while the viscosity of air is 0.00018 poise.
24. Derive the expressions for dimensionless numbers.

1. What is suction head of a pump?

2. Define mechanical efficiency of a pump.
3. Why actual discharge be greater than theoretical discharge in a
reciprocating pump?
4. List the functions of an air vessel.
5. What is specific speed of a pump? How are pumps classified based on this number?

6. When does negative slip occur?

7. Summarize the losses in centrifugal pump.
8. What are Roto dynamic pumps? Give examples.
9. Prepare the main components of reciprocating pump.
12. Define “Slip” of reciprocating pump. When does the negative slip occur?
13. What is speed ratio?
14. What are rotary pumps? Give examples.
15. Define the manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a pump.
16. Illustrate hydraulic efficiency.
17. What is meant by NPSH?
18. Complete the expression for the work saved in a reciprocating pump by using air
vessel.
19. Uses of indicator diagram.
20. Examine the cavitations problem in centrifugal pump.
21. (i) A jet of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s strikes a
fixed plate in such a way that the angle between the jet and plate is 60°. Find the
force exerted by the jet on the plate (i) in the direction normal to the plate and (ii)
in the direction of the jet.(7)
(ii) A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 40 m/s, strikes a
curved fixed symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of
water in the direction of the jet, if the jet is deflected
through an angle of 120° at the outlet of the curved plate.(6)

22 A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s impinges on a

fixed curved plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.
Calculate the resultant force of the jet on the plate if the
jet is deflected through an angle of 50°. Take g = 10m/s².
23 The internal and external diameters of the impeller of centrifugal pumps are 200
mm and 400 mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles
of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20 o and 30o respectively. The water enters the
impeller radially and velocity of flow is constant. Examine the work done by the
impeller per unit weight of water.
Sketch the velocity triangle.
24 A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter
and running at 1000 r.p.m works against a total head of 40m. The velocity of flow
through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at an
angle of 40° at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500 mm and width at
outlet is 50mm, determine:
(i) Vane angle at inlet(4)
(ii) Workdone by impeller on water per second (5)
(iii) Manometric efficiency(4)

25. Explain the working of a double acting reciprocating pump with a neat
sketch. Derive the expression for work done of it.
26. The diameter and length of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump
are 10 cm and 5 m respectively. The pump has a plunger diameter of 15 cm and a
stroke length of 35 cm. The center of the pump is 3 m above the water surface
in the sump. The atm. Pressure head is 10.3 m of water and the pump runs at 50
rpm. Collect (Find), (i) pressure head due to Acceleration at the beginning of the
suction stroke. (ii) Maximum pressure head due to Acceleration and (iii)
pressure head in the cylinder at the
beginning and end of the suction stroke.
27. A double acting reciprocating pump has a bore of 150 mm and stroke of 250 mm
and runs at 35 rpm. The piston rod diameter is 20 mm. The suction head is 6.5 m
and the delivery head is 14.5 m. The discharge of
water was 4.7 lit/s. Prepare (Determine) the slip and the power required.
28. The diameter and width of a centrifugal pump impeller are 300 mm and 60 mm
respectively. The pump is delivering 144 litres of liquid per second with a
manometric efficiency of 85% .The effective outlet vane angle is 30. If the speed
of rotation is 950 rpm. Calculate the specific speed of the
pump.
29. A pumping plant is forcing the water through a pipe of 60 cm diameter ad
frictional loss is 30m.for reducing the power consumption, it is proposed to lay
another pipe along the side of existing pipe so both pipes will run parallel for the
entire length and reduces the friction head to 10m. find the required diameter of
new pipe line assuming friction factor is same for
both pipe lines.
30. A centrifugal pump has an impeller with inner and outer diameters of

15cm and 25 cm respectively. It delivers 50 liters of water per sec at 1500 rpm.
The velocity of flow through impeller is constant at 2.5 m/sec. the blades are
curved back at an angle of 300 to the tangent at exit.The diameters of the suction
and delivery pipes are 15cm and 10 cm respectively. The pressure head at suction
is 4m below and that at delivery is 18m above atmosphere. the power required to
drive the pump is 18.375
KW.Find (a) The vane angle at inlet (b) ή0 (c) ήmano.
31. A double acting reciprocating piston pump is pumping water (diameter of the
piston 250mm,diameter of piston rod,which is on one side of the piston
50mm,piston stroke 380mm).The suction and discharge heads are 4.5m and
18.6m respectively. Find the work done by the piston during outward
stroke. would the work done change for the inward stroke?

1. Classify turbines according to flow.

2. What is meant by high head turbines. Give examples.
3. Define hydraulic efficiency of a turbine.
4. What is cavitations? How can it be avoided in reaction turbines?
5. Define specific speed of a turbine.
6. Classify the different types of draft tubes.
7. Define the terms: Hydraulic Machines, Turbines and Pumps.
8. Discuss the role of draft tube in Kaplan turbine.
9. Illustrate an example for a low head turbine, a medium head turbine and a high
head turbine.
10. Draw the outlet triangle for turbine when the jet angle is 90o.
11. Differentiate the impulse and reaction turbine.
12. Draw the velocity triangle diagram for Pelton Wheel turbine.
13. Give the comparison between impulse and reaction turbine.
14. Write a note on performance curves of turbine.
15. Prepare a short note on Governing of Turbines.
16. Formulate the expression for the efficiency of a draft tube.
17. Define unit speed of a turbine.
18. Define volumetric efficiency of turbine.
20. Define the terms unit power, unit speed and unit discharge.

21 A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at
the rate of 700 lps under a head of 30 m. The buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160o. Identify the power given by the water to the runner and the
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume coefficient
of velocity as 0.98
22. A Pelton wheel, working under a head of 500 m develops 13 MW when
running at a speed of 430 rpm. If the efficiency of the wheel is 85%,
 examine the rate of flow through the turbine, the diameter of the wheel and the
diameter of the nozzle. Take speed ratio as 0.46 and coefficient
of velocity for the nozzle as 0.98
23. A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 kW when working under a head of
300 m the impeller may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and an
overall efficiency of 85% calculate(i) Quantity of water required, (ii) Diameter of
the wheel, (iii) No of jets, (iv) No and size of
the bucket vanes on the runner.
24. A reaction turbine works at 450 rpm under a head of 120 m. Its diameter at inlet is
1.2 m and the flow area is 0.4 m2. The angles made by absolute and relative
velocities at inlet are 20 and 60 respectively with the tangential velocity.
Identify: (i) the volume rate of flow, (ii) the power developed, and (iii) the
hydraulic efficiency. Draw the velocity triangle
also. Assume whirl at outlet to be zero.
25. A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce 148.25
KW. It is working under a head of 7.62 m. The peripheral velocity = 0.26√2gH
and the radial velocity of the flow at inlet is 0.96√2gH. The wheel runs at 150 rpm
and the hydraulic losses in the turbine are 22% of the available energy. Assume
radial discharge, determine. i) guide blade angle, ii) wheel vane angle at inlet, iii)
diameter of wheel at inlet and iv) width of wheel at inlet. Draw the suitable
velocity triangle.

26. A hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine, working under a head of 12 m, is

0.35 times the diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the
vane angle of the runner at outlet is 15 and flow ratio 0.6, Examined (i) diameter
of the runner, (ii) diameter of the boss, and (iii) Discharge through the runner.
Take the velocity of whirl at outlet as
zero.
27. A Kaplan turbine develops 24647.6 kW power at an average head of 39

m. Assuming the speed ratio of 2, flow ratio of 0.6, diameter of the boss equal to
0.35 times the diameter of the runner and an overall efficiency
of 90%, calculate the diameter, speed and specific speed of the turbine.
28. i)Discuss the need of draft tube for turbine. (5)
(ii) Explain various types of draft tube with neat sketch. (8)
29. A pelton turbine develops 3000kW under a head of 300m. The overall
efficiency of the turbine is 83%. If the speed ratio =0.46, Cv =
0.98 and specific speed is 16.5, then find: (i) Diameter of the turbine (ii)
Diameter of the jet.
30 As inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameter as 1.0m and
0.6m respectively. The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is 90% when the head
on the turbine is 36m. The velocity of flow at outlet is 2.5 m/s and discharge at
outlet is radial. if the vane angle at outlet is 150 and width of the wheel is 100mm
at inlet and outlet ,determine (i) the guide blade angle (ii) speed of the turbine
(iii) vane angle of the runner at
inlet (iv) volume flow rate of turbine (v) power developed.
31. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7357 KW shaft power.
The net available head is 5.50m.Assume that the speed ratio is
2.09 and flow ratio is 0.68 and the overall efficiency is 60%.The
diameter of the boss is 1/3rd of the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter
of the runner, its speed and its specific speed.
32. A 137 mm diameter jet of water issuing from a nozzle impinges on the buckets of
a pelton wheel and the jet is deflected through an angle of 1650 by the buckets.
The head available at the nozzle is 400m. Assuming co-efficient of velocity as
0.97,speed ratio as 0.46 and reduction in relative velocity while passing
through buckets as 15% find
(i) The force exerted by the jet on buckets in tangential direction.
(ii) The power developed.
33. A propeller reaction turbine of runner diameter 4.5 m is running at 40 rpm. The
guide blade angle at inlet is 1450 and runner blade angle at outlet is 25 0to the
direction of vane. The axial flow area of water through runner is 25 m 2.If the
runner blade angle at inlet is radial determine:
(i) Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine (4)

(ii) Discharge through turbine(4)

(iii) Power developed by the turbine and (4)
(v) Specific speed of the turbine(3)