Feasibility Study of Noise-Cancelling Low Noise

Amplifiers for Millimeter-Wave Wi-Fi 8 Applications

2025 7th International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE) | 979-8-3315-3183-6/25/$31.00 ©2025 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/REEPE63962.2025.10971102

Hassan Alhilo1, Lutfi Albasha1, Djuradj Budimir2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
2 Wireless Communications Research Group, School of Computer Science and Eng, University of Westminster, London, UK

Abstract—A literature review on low noise amplifier (LNA) communication links is minimized while the frequency range
designs was conducted to validate the feasibility of an LNA is utilized efficiently [1]. These qualities make Wi-Fi 8 ideal
design. The LNA is meant to operate in a receiver system for a for efficiently operating multiple autonomous machines in
Wi-Fi 8 communication system, which requires ultra-high
reliability in its communication links. Additionally, due to its
factory and industrial environments.
requirement for high data throughput, the system will operate in Wi-Fi most commonly occupies frequencies in the Ultra
the millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency range as this would High Frequency and Super High Frequency ranges, including
allow for large bandwidths. Due to this frequency range as well 2.4 GHz, 5GHz, and 6 GHz. However, there is interest in
as its potential operation in industrial applications, techniques to expanding the range of Wi-Fi to the Extremely High
help mitigate any drawbacks were explored. The use of the noise- Frequency range. In particular, the range of frequencies
cancelling technique was identified as a suitable one, as its
improvement in the noise performance of the receiver system can
between 42.5 GHz and 71 GHz might be available for Wi-Fi
ensure that a communication link can be reliably maintained. use. WiGig, a Wi-Fi technology operating at 60 GHz, has not
The literature review first identified designed LNAs for other seen widespread use and can potentially be replaced with Wi-
related wireless communication technologies, such as previous Fi 8 [1]. One implementation of Wi-Fi 8 at 60 GHz comes
generations of Wi-Fi and WiGig to understand the requirements from Huawei, who advocates for adding a Wi-Fi 8 band with a
needed for such a system. Next, a review of LNAs designed to bandwidth of 2560 MHz at 60 GHz to achieve a throughput of
operate in the mm-wave were conducted to help understand the
effects encountered in this range as well as any useful techniques.
83.2 Gbps. As the goal of this submission is to achieve a total
Finally, a review of noise-cancelling LNAs designed in the mm throughput of 100 Gbps, the 60 GHz bandwidth contains the
wave and for wireless communication purposes was performed largest share of data and is thus critical to maintain. While the
for similar reasons. With this review performed, a comprehensive lower frequency bands are set to use 4096 QAM, the 60 GHz
understanding was obtained to aid in the design of an LNA for band uses 64 QAM [2]. This reduction in the bits per symbol
Wi-Fi 8 purposes. might be a necessity due to the fact that signals at 60 GHz
Keywords—Low noise amplifier, V Band, Wi-Fi 8, Noise-
experience a large amount of attenuation due to oxygen
cancelling amplifier, Millimeter Wave, Ultra High Reliability, absorption [3].
Noise Figure Wi-Fi, as with other wireless communication technologies,
requires the use of a transmitter and a receiver. The receiver is
I. INTRODUCTION able to detect transmitted radio waves and convert them into
Wi-Fi is one of the most common technologies used in the useful signals while preserving any stored information. One of
world, as it allows users and devices to wirelessly access the the most important components in a receiver is the low noise
internet. As this technology has been around for a long time, amplifier (LNA), which amplifies the received signal to a
its standards and specifications have been updated to match usable power level without introducing excessive noise. As a
new use cases as they emerge. The newest announced front-end component, its performance has one of the largest
generation of Wi-Fi is Wi-Fi 8, which is expected to be impacts on the performance of the receiver system, which is
released in 2028. It is also known as Ultra High Reliability measured using its noise figure. Therefore, LNAs need to be
(UHR), as the focus of this standard is to improve its designed to have both large gains and low noise figures [4].
throughput and reliability. This improvement is specifically As wireless communications expand into higher frequency
advantageous for robots, machines, and other devices, as they ranges, LNAs that operate in these millimeter-wave (mm-
are more sensitive to delays and disruptions in their wave) frequencies become important. However, at these
communications. By ensuring that their communication higher frequencies, the performance and noise figure of the
channels are reliable, these machines would be able to operate LNA degrades due to parasitics and low-quality factor of
as efficiently as possible. Another focus of this technology is passive components. These effects are especially pronounced
Multiple Access Point Coordination, or multi-AP. Having in CMOS technology, meaning that a CMOS LNA operating
multiple access points for wireless connections is useful in in the mm-wave band needs to be carefully designed to ensure
ensuring that wireless communication channels maintain their proper operation. While the use of group III-V compound
connections despite environmental factors. These access semiconductors, such as GaAs, can provide improvements in
points are coordinated to ensure that interference between two performance, CMOS is more cost-effective and is more
conducive to mass production [5].
In designing low noise amplifiers, the topology used can

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 have a large impact on its performance. One of the most the first stage, but its transistors introduce noise to the system
common topologies used is the cascode common source that is not cancelled out. In single stage noise-cancelling
amplifier with inductive degeneration, shown in Figure 1. In amplifiers, two transistors are used and are able to cancel each
this topology, two transistors are connected in a cascode, with other's noise. The single stage design creates a differential
the input being at the gate of the bottom transistor while the output, which would require a balun if a single ended path is
output is at the drain of the second transistor. An inductive needed [11]. As the output of the LNA goes to a mixer, the
load is also connected to the drain of the second transistor. choice between a single end or a differential output depends
This inductor is used to provide a large gain without having a on the mixer used.
large impact on the noise figure, making it preferable to a
resistive load. Inductive degeneration is achieved by
connecting an inductor to the source of the first transistor. This
inductor can help counteract parasitic capacitances, allowing
for increased gain and improved input matching. Finally, an
inductor connected in series between the input and the
transistor can further improve the input matching [6]. The use
of a cascode is also able to counteract parasitic capacitances,
including the miller capacitance, allowing for operation at
high frequencies with a large gain [7]. While a single cascode
common source LNA can provide sufficient performance, it is Fig. 2. Noise-cancelling LNA Topology [9]
also common to use a second LNA with the same topology to
create a differential LNA. As the name suggests, a differential As previously mentioned, Wi-Fi 8 is particularly useful for
LNA uses two terminals at its input and output: a positive port managing autonomous operations in industrial applications.
and a negative port. This architecture is able to reduce the However, these environments often contain metal walls,
noise figure due to the differential nature of the circuit [8]. ceilings, and equipment, which significantly impact signal
propagation. As a result, signal propagation effects such as
shadowing and multipath interference, caused by reflections
from metallic surfaces, appear and can degrade signal quality.
Furthermore, the large area of factories and industrial
operations requires extensive coverage, requiring the
placement of APs to be carefully managed to ensure coverage
while minimizing interference. This issue is further
exacerbated by the use of mm-wave signals, which experience
increased power loss [12]. However, due to the larger
bandwidths and therefore increased throughputs, there is
interest in expanding wireless communication operations into
the mm-wave range. Therefore, wireless communication
systems need to be carefully designed to operate in this region
without adding additional difficulties.
One area where performance can be improved is to
Fig. 1. Cascode Common Source LNA Topology with
increase the sensitivity of the receiver. This would allow the
Inductive Degeneration [9]
receiver to detect signals that have been weakened due to
environmental effects, ensuring that the communication link is
Another topology is the noise-cancelling low noise
maintained. The sensitivity can be lowered by reducing the
amplifier, shown in Figure 2. This method is able to lower the
noise figure of the receiver system [13]. As the LNA has the
noise figure of an LNA by cancelling out the noise of the
largest impact of the overall noise figure, we can improve its
transistor at the input. The cancellation can be performed by
performance by increasing its gain and reducing its noise
first identifying two points where the noise signal remains
figure. While the cascode common-source LNA is known to
constant while the input signal undergoes inversion. A
provide both a low noise figure and a large gain, the noise-
secondary amplifier with a negative gain is then connected to
cancelling technique may provide better performance. To
the first point, causing both the signal and the noise to be
compare their performance, this project would involve
inverted. Since both signals have the same inversion while the
designing a cascode common-source LNA and a noise-
noise on the two paths has opposite inversions, the noise can
cancelling LNA for Wi-Fi 8 applications. The operating
be removed through the use of an adder. Additionally, since
bandwidth will be the 57 - 71 GHz frequency range, as there
both the same signal is added, the voltage gain of the overall
has been interest in expanding wireless communications to
amplifier increases [10]. This technique can be implemented
this band [14]. In this band, line-of-sight (LOS)
using two stages or a single stage. In two stage noise-
communication is required, which can be accommodated with
cancelling amplifiers, the second stage cancels out the noise of

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 the use of multiple APs. Due to the large number of APs as can operate in the mm-wave band. In [19], a 90 nm CMOS
well as the potentially large number of autonomous machines transceiver was designed and fabricated for WiGig operations
that would require their own separate receivers, the designed at 60 GHz. Using the 16 QAM modulation scheme, it is able
solution needs to be cost-effective. As previously mentioned, to prove 6 Gbps per channel. The LNA consists of three stages
CMOS is cost-effective and more conducive to mass connected by transformers, with a balun at the input and
production. Therefore, the 65 nm CMOS technology will be output to allow for the LNA to be differential. Measurements
used to design the LNAs, providing a transition frequency (f ) T on the chip showed that it had a maximum gain of 23 dB and a
of approximately 200 GHz [15], which would be able to minimum noise figure of 6 dB. In [20], a four-stage common
accommodate our frequency range. source cascaded LNA was designed using the 65 nm CMOS
technology in the 57 - 86 GHz frequency range. All four
II. LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS FOR WI-FI APPLICATIONS transistors have inductive loads of different values to meet
A literature review was conducted to research previous specifications. An inductor is connected in a series on the
attempts at designing low noise amplifiers for wireless input and output paths to provide impedance matching, while
communication. Due to the early nature of the Wi-Fi 8 a feedback inductor is connected at the first inductor to
technology, there have been no attempts to design an LNA for improve gain. Simulation results show that the designed LNA
it. Instead, LNAs and receivers designed for Wi-Fi 6 and Wi- can provide a maximum gain of 30.72 dB and a minimum
Fi 7 will be used as they are relevant to Wi-Fi 8. In [16], the noise figure of 4.51 dB at 60 GHz.
front-end module for a GaN transceiver was designed and While the three previous papers showed successful
fabricated for Wi-Fi 7 applications. An inductive-degeneration operations in the V frequency band (40 - 75 GHz), their
LNA was designed at 4.9 - 7.1 GHz to provide a gain of 12.1 transition frequencies are relatively close and may impede
dB and a noise figure of 1.6 dB. These values were determined their performance. Therefore, papers that used CMOS
by simulating various current densities over the operating processes with smaller lengths were analyzed to determine if
frequency range. After simulating, a current was chosen to an improvement in their performance can be identified. The
provide optimal performance in gain, noise, and power LNA in [21] uses the 28 nm CMOS process and operates in
dissipation. Another Wi-Fi 7 transceiver was designed and the E band (71 - 76 GHz). It was designed to minimize power
fabricated in [17] using the 14 nm Fin-FET CMOS process. consumption by stacking the cascaded common source LNA
Based on Wi-Fi 7 specifications, a 4 K-QAM modulation so that current from a single supply is shared and reused. A
scheme was used with three frequency bands: 2.4, 5, and 6 balun at the input and transformers between each stage is used
GHz. The chosen modulation scheme requires an error vector to boost the transconductance, improving the gain. Using this
magnitude (EVM) less than or equal to -43 dB. The LNA in architecture, a 13.5 dB gain and a 4.6 dB noise figure were
the receiver for the 5 and 6 GHz bands consists of a high gain achieved. In [22], a three stage LNA is designed using the 55-
and a low gain LNA in parallel, with both LNA using a nm CMOS technology in the 64.5 - 88 GHz frequency range.
cascode common source topology with a feedback resistor. Similarly to the previous LNA, a balun is used at the input and
The feedback resistor is variable and improves their linearity output so that the LNA can be differential, with transformers
and wideband operation. The LNA designed for 2.4 GHz used between the amplifiers to boost their transconductance.
operation uses push-pull architecture to control the gain. In With this design, a 15 dB gain and a 5 dB noise figure were
[18], an LNA was designed and fabricated using the 22 nm achieved. In [23], an LNA was designed in the 57 - 60 GHz
Soi CMOS process for Wi-Fi 6 applications. This standard band using the 40 nm CMOS technology. The LNA uses two
requires dual band operation in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz stages of common source cascode with inductive degeneration
frequencies, where minimum noise figures of 2.1 dB and 4.2 amplifiers, with both stages using an inductive load. This
dB were achieved respectively. The measured input referred design was able to provide a 6.7 dB gain and a 4.3 dB noise
third-order intercept points were −11.8 dBm and −7.5 dBm figure at 60 GHz. A variable gain low noise amplifier is also
respectively, while the measured EVMs were −46.4 dB and designed to compare its performance to the LNA. This
−44.6 dB respectively. This EVM matches the previously amplifier uses the same architecture as the LNA, with an
mentioned specification of less than or equal to -43 dB. additional transistor added between the second cascode to
perform current steering, which can tune the gain. This design
III. LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS IN MM-WAVE was able to achieve a gain of 6.67 dB and a noise figure of
5.13 dB. The receiver in [24] was designed to operate in three
The previous section was dedicated to identifying LNAs bands: K (18 - 27 GHz), Ka (27 - 40 GHz), and V (40 - 75
designed specifically for Wi-Fi purposes. In this section, GHz) band. Like the previous paper, a variable gain low noise
however, LNA that are designed to operate in or near the amplifier is used in this design. The architecture used a five-
desired frequency range of 57 - 71 GHz will be examined. As stage cascaded common source cascode, with a triple coupling
previously discussed, operation in this frequency range is transformer used to ensure wideband operation and a low
difficult due to increased power loss during propagation as noise figure. The triple coupling is done by coupling the
well as device characteristics, including parasitics and lower inductors at all three terminals of the common source
quality factor [3][5]. As such, the following LNAs have been transistor. The load used is a low-parasitic switched inductor,
designed to mitigate these problems and ensure the receiver which is better able to support operation across all three bands.

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 After fabrication, experimentation shows that the low noise that can provide additional improvements in performance
amplifier can reach a maximum gain of 32 dB and a noise include transconductance boosting and phase compensation.
figure of 6.15 dB at 50 GHz. Additionally, allowing the gain of the LNA to be variable has
been shown to provide similar performance to constant gain
IV. NOISE-CANCELLING LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS LNAs. As Wi-Fi 8 is intended to be used in industrial
applications, the distance between the transmitter and receiver
The noise-cancelling LNA technique is used to remove one
in a communication link would vary over the course of the
part of the noise of the system, resulting in a lower noise
day. Due to signal propagation effects encountered in the mm-
figure. In [25], a 65 nm CMOS LNA was designed for the
wave, the received signal might become very weak if the
frequency range 84.9 - 107 GHz using noise-cancelling and
distance is large, which would require a large gain. However,
gm boosting techniques. These techniques are used to provide
if the two devices are close, then the large gain might cause
high gain and a low noise figure, as it is meant to act as the
the signal to become nonlinear based on the third order
first component in an LNA lineup. Therefore, two other
intercept point. Experimentation can help determine if a
important qualities in this design are linearity and
variable gain LNA would be needed or not. Additionally,
compactness. To ensure that the chip is compact, coupled lines
while the noise-cancelling technique has been shown to
are used to provide gm boosting rather than transformers.
provide a reduced noise figure, some of the LNAs identified in
Noise-cancelling is done using a common gate CMOS and a
Section 3 had comparable noise figures using standard
common source CMOS, where the common gate provides a
topologies, such as the cascode common source architecture.
wide bandwidth while the common source replicates the noise
However, none of the LNAs found in this literature were able
of the common gate while inverting the signal. The two
to provide a noise figure below 4 dB. Therefore, the design of
differential outputs are combined to remove the generated
the noise-cancelling LNA will focus on achieving a noise
noise. Using this technique, a gain of 21.9 dB and a noise
figure less than or equal to 4 dB while meeting the
figure of 4.9 dB were achieved. Another LNA designed in
specifications of Wi-Fi 8. With such a low noise figure, the
[26] focuses on reducing the phase mismatches in a noise-
sensitivity of the LNA can be low enough to compensate for
cancelling system using a compensation transformer and a
the effects of operating in the mm-wave and in industrial
phase combiner. With these techniques, the noise figure was
operations. The LNA will use the 65 nm CMOS process, as
reduced by 79.3% to a minimum value of 4.8 dB while the
this literature review has shown that it is capable of providing
gain was measured at 16.5 dB. The LNA uses the 40 nm
the desired performance for this design.
CMOS process and operates in the 70 - 86 frequency range. At
this frequency, parasitics are more prevalent and can cause
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