Energy Efficiency in
Buildings and Industry
Webinar 19 April 2012
Prof. Dr. Kornelis Blok
Director of Science, Ecofys Group
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries –
Session 10
www.leonardo-energy.org/course-regulation-and-sustainable-energy-
developing-countries
1
Energy Efficiency in
Buildings and Industry
Leonardo-Energy Webinar, 19 April 2012
Prof. dr Kornelis Blok
Director of Science, Ecofys Group
Professor of Sustainable Energy, Utrecht University
Energy efficiency is the number one option to limit
GHG emissions and enhance security of energy supply
Confirmed by many many studies:
• IPCC
• International Energy Agency
• Ecofys
• McKinsey
• Greenpeace
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The Energy Report - Transition to a fully sustainable global energy system by 2050
Energy efficiency improvement makes it possible to
limit global energy use to current levels
Baseline:
500 Fossil & Nuclear ~520 EJ/a
Renewable Heat & Fuels
Aggressive end-
Renewable Power
use energy
400 savings and
electrification
Final Energy (EJ/a)
300
Remaining
fossil fuels
200
Substitution of
100 traditional by
renewable
sources
Source: Ecofys
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
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Table of contents
• What is energy efficiency?
• Benchmarking of energy efficiency in the world
• Overview of energy use in industry and buildings
• Energy audits
• Energy management
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How to measure energy efficiency?
Specific Energy Consumption:
also indicated as (physical) energy intensity
energy use
SEC =
activity
Examples: MJ/ton steel
MJ/m2 heated office area
MJ/vehicle-km
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Energy Efficiency Index (EEI)
Example: Refrigerator and freezers
• Simple indicator for a refrigerator:
Specific Energy Consumption in kWh/litre,year
• Indicator for fridge/freezer combinations: energy
efficiency index
E kWh/litre,year
EEI =
Vr + 2.1× V f
volume volume
refrigerator freezer
compartment compartment
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What is energy efficiency improvement?
Energy efficiency improvement:
= reducing the use of energy per unit activity
without affecting the level of these activities
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Energy intensity of iron-making
Source: De Beer, Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University, 1998
350
Energy efficiency improvements:
Introduction coke fired blast
1760-1800: -1.9% a year
furnaces
300 1800-1820: -0.2% a year
1820-1910: -1.1% a year
Coke demand (MJ/kg hot metal)
1910-1920: +0.2% a year
250
Steam engines 1920-1940: -1.4% a year
1950-1990: -3.4% a year
200 1760-1990: -1.4% a year
Hot blast
150
Radical changes in shape and design
100 Closed top furnace
Use of richer ores
Larger hearth furnaces
50
Higher blast
Ore
0
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
year
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Development of energy use by sector (EJ)
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
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Sectoral breakdown of total final industrial energy
use, 2007
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Breakdown of industrial energy use
(USA, 2010?)
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Energy use in the service sector
Electricity balance average office building
lighting emergency
1% warm tapwater
• Fuel is mainly used
for space heating
Cooling 1%
lighting outside
1% 9% humidification
0%
other (if any)
3%
horeca • Electricity is
7%
lighting inside
36% typically
responsible for
50% of the primary
ict-central energy use of the
21%
service sector.
ventilation
5%
transport ict-decentral
2% 12% Data for the Netherlands
pumps Source: Meijer Energie & Milieumanagement B.V., 2008
2%
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“Standby consumption” of buildings is substantial
20-55% of electricity
consumption in office
buildings takes place
outside office hours.
Ecofys research
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Benchmarking of primary energy use of 16
cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Benchmark curve for copper production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for aluminium production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for steel production (EEI)
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curves for ethylene production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for ammonia production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for clinker production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Benchmark curve for paper production
Saygin et al., Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking, UNIDO, 2010
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Energy demand in the service sector
(per capita)
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
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Development of specific energy use for
space heating
Blok et al., Global Status Report
on Energy Efficiency, REEEP, 2008
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Energy audits
Key elements of an energy audit:
1. understand how energy is used
2. identify opportunities for saving energy
3. cost-benefit analysis and recommendations
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Energy audit
1. Understand how energy is used
• Determine total energy use (e.g. bills)
• Registration of equipment and operation time
• Determination of thermal building characteristics
• Additional measurements (!)
• Draw up a complete energy balance
• Determine load profiles
• (Benchmarking)
Nr. 1 deficiency: energy balance is not complete
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Energy audits
2. Identify opportunities for saving energy
• Generic building related measures (insulation, control
ventilation, lighting, condensing boilers)
• Generic industrial measures (motor systems, heat
recovery, compressed air, steam systems, insulation)
• Process-specific measures
• Combined-generation-of-heat-and-power
Nr. 2 deficiency: no attention for production processes
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Energy audit
3. Cost-benefit analysis
• Payback time
• Net present value
• Internal-rate-of-return
• Life-cycle costs
• Cost-supply curves
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More efficient motor systems
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Heat recovery and optimization of heat
exchange systems
Pinch technology:
• Inventory of flows to be
heated and flows to be
cooled
• Systematic optimisation of
heat exchanger network
• Large theoretical savings
achievable
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New production processes
Smelt reduction
(steel making)
Strip casting
2500
continuous reheating hot
blast BOF
casting furnace strip
furnace
mill
2000 0.2
meltingpoint pureiron
iron/steel 0.1
1500 0.1
Temperature (K)
coal/coke
ore/sinter/ 1.2
0.9
pellets
0.5
scrap 0.3
1000 0.4 0.8
0.8
0.3
0.5 0.5 0.3
500
sinter coke
plant oven
0
Absoluteenthalpy changeper gridunit =0.5GJ/trs
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Combined
generation
of heat and power
(CHP)
“cogeneration”
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Energy saving opportunities in cement
plants (16 plants in Shandong, China)
• Electicity conservation
potential is 40% (of
which 16% cost-
effective)
• Fuel conservation
potential is 8% (all cost-
effective)
• Discount rate 30%
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities
for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China,
LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Electricity conservation supply curve for 16
cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Fuel conservation supply curve for 16
cement plants in Shandong Province, China
Price et al., Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China, LBNL, Berkeley, CA, 2009
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Principles for energy management
• Make it a priority
• Commit to energy savings (at all levels)
• Assign responsibility
• Look beyond first costs
• Make energy management a continuous process
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Make energy management a continuous
process
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Elements of energy management
• Energy audits
• Energy teams
• Employee awareness
• Monitoring
Worrell et al., Managing Your Energy, LBNL, Berkely, CA, 2010
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Provide the right internal incentives. A targeted reward system can
ensure that sufficient attention is devoted to energy saving.
The combination of comprehensive energy-saving • Incorporate concrete
information and a clear reduction target for targets in the salary
technical managers at sorting centres resulted in system of those who
energy savings of 10% in De Post-La Poste have an influence on
(Belgium) sorting centres in 2009 compared to the energy
2008. First a detailed study was conducted in one
sorting centre into the potential to reduce energy consumption of
consumption and possible energy-saving buildings (and
measures. The results of this study were rolled out ensure that they are
to four other sorting centres. The savings potential sufficiently
from implementing short-term measures was then empowered).
translated into a target for the technical managers • This kind of reward
of all sorting centres. The final savings achieved
were reflected in the annual bonus of the
system must
managers. In 2009 this policy delivered a saving of obviously be part of
10%, which translated into an energy saving of a broader approach
more than 3 million kWh. to energy saving.
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Further reading
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Contact details
Prof. dr. Kornelis Blok
Ecofys Group
Director of Science
Phone: +31-30-662 3399
E-mail:
[email protected]41 © ECOFYS | 19/04/2012
