Human Biocultural and Sociopolitical Evolution

Everything in the universe has an origin.

Naturalists consider science the explanation of the

creation of organisms.
In his book On the Origin of Species (1859), British
naturalist Charles Darwin says that all organisms have
undergone evolution, the process by which beings
develop from earlier beings.
In The Descent of Man (1871), he gives a precise
theory of how humans have evolved through eons.
Archeological findings paved the way for humans to
discover artifacts that supported the theory of
evolution.

HOMINIZATION

For humans, history started with hominization or the

evolutionary development of human characeristics
that made hominids distinct from their primate
ancestors.

1.Sahelanthropus

One of the oldest known species in the human family

tree.

Lived sometime between 7 and 6 million years ago in

West Central Africa (Chad).
Walking upright may have helped this species survive
in diverse habitats, including forests and grasslands.

Studies so far show this species had a combination of

ape-like and human-like features.

2. Orrorin

One of the earliest hominids whose fossils were

recovered from four areas in the Tugen Hills region
of Kenya (Cheboit, Kapsomin,Kapcheberek, and
Aragai)

"Orrorin" means "original man' in the local Tugen

dialect, and "tugenensis" pays tribute to the Tugen
Hills region.

The sediments in which the Orrorin specimens have

been found are dated to between 6.0 and 5.8
million years ago.

3. Ardipithecus

Nickname: Ardi

Discovery Date: 1994

Where Lived: Eastern Africa(Middle Awash and

Gona,Ethiopia)

When Lived: About 4.4 million years ago

4. Kenyathropus

Discovery Date: 1999

Where Lived: Eastern Africa(West Turkana, Kenya)

When Lived: About 3.5 million years ago

5. Australopithecus

one of the longest-lived and best-known early human

species

Nickname: Lucy's species

Discovery Date: 1974

Where Lived: Eastern Africa(Ethiopia, Kenya,

Tanzania)

When Lived: Between about 3.85 and 2.95 million

years ago

6. Paranthropus

Discovery Date: 1938

Where Lived: Southern Africa (South Africa)

When Lived: About 1.8 to 1.2 million years ago

HOMO

The human genus Homo,which includes modern

humans as well as extinct human relatives, appeared
around 2.3 million years ago.

Hominids differ from their predecessor

australopithecus.
Hominids are the first to use stone tools for survival.

Homo have expanded brains, enlarged bodies, less

sexual dimorphism, narrow lim proportions, and
reduced to the size of cheek, teeth and crania.

The first hominid is Homo Rudolfensis.

Discovered by anthropologist Richard Leakey and

Meave Leakey in Kenya in 1972.
More studies have yet to be made regarding this
specie to know more about its culture and social living
if there was any.

1. Homo habilis

Anthropologist suggested that people owe their first

relics of tools to the Homo habilis

Early traces of Homo habilies was 1.9 million years

ago to a site at Olduvai George, Tanzania.

The first identified building-a windbreak of stones -

had been found.

2. Homo Erectus

"Java Man" "Upright Man'"

Discovered in Java, Indonesia

According to J.M Roberts in his book History of the

World, Homo erectus left behind the earliest
constructed dwellings,the first wooden spear, and a
wooden bowl.
Hunting

Fire

3. Homo Neanderthalensis

Neanderthals

Found in africa and asia

They exhibit similar mental sophistication by wearing

animal skins and fur to protect themselves from the
changing weather conditions.

They are the first to bury their dead

4. Homo sapiens

the species of modern man

originated from Africa and expanded throughout the

world about a thousand years ago.

first species to alter their environment and utilize their

resources.

their bigger and more complex brains led them to gain

more knowledge about their surroundings.

first to control the growth and breeding of some plants

and animals

learned how to farm and herd animals.

learned to settle in one place or another.This act gave

birth to villages and towns. they learned how to
communicate; symbols and languages were born.
began to study science and humanities.

Aug 22
HUMANIZATION

Humanization is the long process of improving

humans' everyday living through innovation,
discovery, enhancing routines, and creating
mechanisms to harmonize and harness the fullest
potential of their fellow human beings.

According to Leslie White (1940), all civilizations have

been

generated and are perpetuated, only by the use of

symbols. It is the symbol that transforms an infant of
Homo sapiens into a human being.

The birth of language paved the way for the possibility

of

cooperation.

Paleolithic Age

• The term Paleolithic has been derived from two

Greek words paleo which means "old", and lithic which
means "stone".."Old Stone" period
•took place 2.5 million years ago to thousand years
ago.
•This age is subdivided into Lower, Middle and Upper.
• In the Lower and Middle Paleolithic phases, rough
and unpolished stones were used as implements by
the hominids.
• In Upper phase, new materials came into use like
the first man-made material, a mixture of clay with
powdered bone.
• Spear-thrower, the bow and arrow,
and the barbed harpoon
• It is also in this period of human
development that art has emerged.

Neolithic Age

• The term was coined with the Greek words neo

which means "new"
and lithic which means "stone".
•Neolithic culture is the background from which
civilization appears.• It refers to the slow yet radical
transformation of human behavior and organization,
thus, the term "revolution".
•Invention of Agriculture. This allowed group of people
to settle permanently in fertile lands in rivers, valleys,
hills and plains.
•This allowed them to domesticate animals which
were regular sources of milk, meat and even
clothing.•one of the oldest excavated towns thrived -
Jericho in Jordan.

Copper Age
• Catal Huyuk, Turkiye
In 6000 BCE, approximately 5,000 people lived in the
town.
They were the first ones to make cloth from linen.
• Sumerians, grew in a fertile plains between the
rivers
Tigris and Euphrates (fertile crescent).
• Egypt, along Nile river.
In asian and north american civilizations, copper was
used for the first time.
• Farming communities emerged, bringing in new
roles and
distinct social divisions.
• For instance, ancient farming societies in Asia saw
the
rise of the priest-kings.
•It was the male who had the usual responsibility of
tilling the land. With this, the patriarch was given the
prime responsibility for the household decisions.
•Women wielded authority in household matters.

Bronze Age

• From 4000 to 3500 BCE, the sumerians learned how

to smelt
metal and make bronze.
• They discovered sailing, plow for farming, devise
systems of counting (decimal system & 60-minute
division in an hour).calendar and the wheel for pot
making and carts.
• Cuneiform (Sumer); Hieroglyphs (Egypt)
• Dynasty of kingdoms in Egypt - the king was the
most
powerful person and regarded as Horus or god of the
sun.• In 1554 BCE, egyptians kings were reduced to a
more human persona and honored as pharaoh.
• City-states or sovereign cities
• Sumerian towns of Ur and Uruk were the first ones
to become cities, and eventually independent
citystates.
• The cities were ruled by elders, who appointed
generals to lead in times of war.

lron Age

• The Hittites refined iron ore.• Shadow clocks of

Greeks• Philosophy and science
• Glass vessels in Egypt and the city states in
Mesopotamia
• Phoenicians developed alphabet, which was
propagated in Mesopotamia
• The city Rome was born.
• A new trend in acquiring power surfaced.

Democratization

• In 508 BCE in Athens, Greece, a new govarnment

different from those in the previous periods came
about - the Democracy.
• The citizen democrats of Athens were males, aged
18
and above, sons of Athenian parent.
• Ecclesia or Assembly
• The athenian democratic form of government was
believed to be better than others, for it sought the
opinion of the people in governance.