Combustion

Sheet 2 on
3 Lectures from 21st April to 7th May
Heat of Combustion, Adiabatic Flame Temperature Calculations & Chemical Equilibrium

By: Haitham Abdin

Presented to:

Dr. Umro Mostafa

Navigation Science and Space Technology – Beni Suef University

2021-2022

0
A) Lecture 24 April (21 April) [Heat of Combustion]
Open System
1- Small gas turbine uses C8H18 (liquid) and 400% theoretical air, the air and fuel enters at 25
C, products leave at 900 K, 𝒎̇𝒇 = 0.25 kg/s, per 1 MW output power.
Find the heat of combustion Q for Kmol of fuel
Combustion equation for C8H18
18
8+ = 12.5
4
𝐶8 𝐻18 + 12.5 𝑂2 → 8𝐶𝑂2 + 9𝐻2 𝑂
But air is 𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁2 , and air used is 4 times the theoretical air

𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 4 × 12.5 = 50
Thus the actual combustion equation is
𝐶8 𝐻18 + 50(𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁2 ) → 8𝐶𝑂2 + 9𝐻2 𝑂 + 188 𝑁2 + (50 − 12.5)𝑂2
𝐶8 𝐻18 + 50 𝑂2 + 188 𝑁2 → 8𝐶𝑂2 + 9𝐻2 𝑂 + 188 𝑁2 + 37.5 𝑂2

𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

And from the tables

1
We get the following data

n 𝒉𝒇 𝚫𝒉
C8H18 1 -250105 A10 0
temperature
R O2 50 0 0
Elements is 25 C
N2 188 0 0
CO2 8 -393522 28030
H2O (Gas at 9 -241826 A10 21937
P 900 K) A9
N2 188 0 Elements 18223
O2 37.5 0 19241

𝑘𝐽 1 𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = 1 𝑀𝑊 = 1000 × × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑠 𝑚𝑓 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽 1 1 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 1 𝑀𝑊 = 1000 × × (8 × 12 + 18) = 456000
1 0.25 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
And since 1 kmol of fuel was used
𝑊 = 456000 𝑘𝐽
Thus

𝑄 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) + 𝑊

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

= 8 * (-393522 + 28030) + 9 * (-241826 + 21937) + 188 * (0 + 18223) + 37.5 * (0 + 19241) – ( 1 *

(-250105 + 0) + 50 * (0 + 0) + 188 * (0 + 0) ) + 456000
𝑸 = −𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟎. 𝟓 𝒌𝑱

2
Closed system
2- A rigid vessel contain 2 kmol of Carbon and 2 kmol of O2 at TR = 25 C and PR = 200 kPa,
products after combustion are 1 kmol of CO2 and 1 kmol of CO and O2 at 1000 K.
Calculate the final pressure and the heat of combustion.
This is an incomplete combustion (due to the existence of CO) (although there is excess air
which maybe not well mixed with the fuel, hence the incompleteness)
Combustion equation (actual)
2𝐶 + 2𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑂 + 𝑏𝑂2
4 = 2 + 1 + 2𝑏
1
𝑏=
2
For ideal gas approximation, due to lower pressure and high temperature

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑟 𝑉𝑟 𝑛𝑟 𝑅𝑢 𝑇𝑟
= , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉𝑝 (𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚)
𝑃𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝑅𝑢 𝑇𝑝

Thus
𝑃𝑟 𝑛𝑟 𝑇𝑟
=
𝑃𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝑇𝑝

As C is not a gas 𝑛𝑟 = 0 + 2
200 (0 + 2) × (25 + 273) 2 × 298
= = = 0.2384
𝑃𝑝 (1 + 1 + 0.5) × 1000 2.5 × 1000
200
𝑃𝑝 = = 838.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎
0.2384
Then we calculate the heat of combustion

𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 𝑅𝑇) − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 𝑅𝑇)

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

𝑊=0
𝑘𝐽
𝑅𝑢 = 8.314
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

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 𝑄 = [𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 𝑅𝑇) + 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 𝑅𝑇) + 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 𝑅𝑇) ]
𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂 𝑂2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

− [𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 𝑅𝑇) + 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 𝑅𝑇) ]

𝐶 𝑂2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡

= [(ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 8.314 ∗ 1000) + (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 8.314 ∗ 1000) + 0.5

𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂

∗ (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 8.314 ∗ 1000) ]

𝑂2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

− [2 ∗ (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 8.314 ∗ 298) + 2 ∗ (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ − 8.314 ∗ 298) ]

𝐶 𝑂2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡

Now back to the tables

we can fill the following table as

ℎ𝑓 Δℎ
CO2 -393522 33397
P (1000) CO -110527 21686
O2 0 22703
C 0 0
R (298)
O2 0 0

So
Q = -393522 + 33397 - 8.314 * 1000 + -110527 + 21686 - 8.314 * 1000 + 0.5 * ( 0 + 22703 -8.314
* 1000 ) – ( 2 * ( 0 + 0 - 8.314 * 298 ) + 2 * ( 0 + 0 - 8.314 * 298 ) )
𝑸 = − 𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑱

4
Example
3- Liquid C3H8 enters combustion chamber at 25 C, mixed with 50% excess air, air enters at 7
C, and hydrogen is burnt completely but 90% of carbon only burnt to CO2 and 10% burnt to
CO. The products temperature = 1500 K.
Find the mass flow rate of air, the rate of heat transfer if the fuel combustion 𝒎̇𝒇 = 0.05
kg/min.
Air = 1.5 air theoretical = 1.5 * (3 + 8/4) = 1.5 * 5 = 7.5
Actual combustion equation
𝐶3 𝐻8 + 7.5(𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁2 ) → 0.9 ∗ 3 𝐶𝑂2 + 0.1 ∗ 3 𝐶𝑂 + 4𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑏𝑂2 + (7.5 ∗ 3.76)𝑁2
0.3 4
𝐶3 𝐻8 + 7.5(𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁2 ) → 2.7 𝐶𝑂2 + 0.3 𝐶𝑂 + 4𝐻2 𝑂 + (7.5 − 2.7 − − ) 𝑂2 + 28.2𝑁2
2 2
𝐶3 𝐻8 + 7.5𝑂2 + 28.2 𝑁2 → 2.7 𝐶𝑂2 + 0.3 𝐶𝑂 + 4 𝐻2 𝑂 + 2.65 𝑂2 + 28.2 𝑁2
Calculating mass flow rate of air
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑋
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 0.05
But also
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ 𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 ∗ 𝑀𝑊𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
7.5 ∗ (1 + 3.76) ∗ (0.21 ∗ 16 ∗ 2 + 0.79 ∗ 14 ∗ 2) 7.5 ∗ 4.76 ∗ 29
= =
1 ∗ (1 + 1) ∗ (0.5 ∗ 12 ∗ 3 + 0.5 ∗ 8 ∗ 1) 44
1035.3
=
44
Thus
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟓. 𝟑
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟒𝟒
Calculating heat transfer

𝑄 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

5
From the tables

However our C3H8 is liquid not gas

hf_gas = hf_liq + hfg = hf_liq + 427.8 * (3*12+8) = -103900

hf_liq = -103900 - 427.8 * (3*12+8) = -122723.2

𝑑𝑥
For the O2, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

298 − 200 298 − 280

=
0 − −2868 0−𝑥
(298 − 280) ∗ (− − 2868)
𝑥=− = −526.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
298 − 200
Similarly for the N2

6
 (298 − 280) ∗ (− − 2857)
𝑥=− = −524.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
298 − 200
Thus

n ℎ𝑓 Δℎ 𝑛(ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)
CO2 2.7 -393522 61705 -895906
CO 0.3 -110527 38852 -21502.5
P (1500 K) H2O 4 -241826 48149 -774708
O2 2.65 0 40600 107590
N2 28.2 0 38405 1083021
C3H8 1 -122723.2 0 -122723
R (298, 280,
O2 7.5 0 -527 -3952.5
280 K)
N2 28.2 0 -525 -14805

And
𝑄 = −895906 − 21502.5 − 774708 + 107590 + 1083021 − (−122723 − 3952.5 − 14805)
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓. 𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍

7
B) Lecture 27 April [Adiabatic Flame Temperature (AFT/Tad) Calculations]
When Q = 0 (approximated thermally isolated system) AFT is the maximum temperature

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

Example
C8H18 (liquid, 400% theoretical air, Req Tad if TR = 25 C
Air theoretical = 8 + 18 / 4 = 12.5
Air actual = 4 * 12.5 = 50
Combustion equation
𝐶8𝐻18 + 50 𝑂2 + 188 𝑁2 → 8 𝐶𝑂2 + 9 𝐻2 𝑂 + 37.5 𝑂2 + 188 𝑁2

n hf Δℎ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)
𝑖
C8H18 1 -250105 0 -250105
R O2 50 0 0 0
N2 188 0 0 0
Total - - - - -250105
CO2 8 -393522 ?
H2O (assume
9 -241826 ?
P gas)
O2 37.5 0 ?
N2 188 0 ?

−250105 − [8 × −393522 + 9 × −241826 + 0 + 0]

= 8Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 9ΔhH2O + 37.5ΔhO2 + 188ΔhN2
−250105 + [8 × 393522 + 9 × 241826] = 8Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 9ΔhH2O + 37.5ΔhO2 + 188ΔhN2

8
 5074505 = 8Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 9ΔhH2O + 37.5ΔhO2 + 188ΔhN2

Solution 1
5074505 = 8ΔhN2 + 9ΔhN2 + 37.5ΔhN2 + 188ΔhN2
5074505 𝑘𝐽
ΔhN2 = 8+9+37.5+188 = 20925.8 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 , From the table

Temperature is between 900 and 1000 K

n hf Δℎ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)
𝑖
C8H18 1 -250105 0 -250105
R O2 50 0 0 0
N2 188 0 0 0
Total - - - - -250105
CO2 8 -393522 28030 -2923936
H2O 9 -241826 21937 -1979001
P 900 K
O2 37.5 0 19241 721537.5
N2 188 0 18223 3425924
Total - - - -755476
CO2 8 -393522 33397 -2881000
H2O 9 -241826 26000 -1942434
P 1000 K
O2 37.5 0 22703 851362.5
N2 188 0 21463 4035044
Total - - - 62972.5

9
Now assuming linearity
62972.5 − (−755476) 62972.5 − (−250105)
=
1000 − 900 1000 − 𝑇
Solving for T
𝑇𝑃 ≈ 961.7 𝐾

Solution 2
5074505 = 8Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 9ΔhH2O + 37.5ΔhO2 + 188ΔhN2
Δℎ = 𝐶𝑝(𝐴𝐹𝑇 − 298)

5074505 = 8(𝐶𝑝(𝐴𝐹𝑇 − 298))𝐶𝑂2 + 9(𝐶𝑝(𝐴𝐹𝑇 − 298))H2O + 37.5(𝐶𝑝(𝐴𝐹𝑇 − 298)) O2

+ 188(𝐶𝑝(𝐴𝐹𝑇 − 298))N2

Open system assume T 1800 – 2000

Closed system assume T 2000 – 2300
Assume T = 1800
T avg = (1800+298)/2 = 1050 K

10
 Cp
CO2 54.86
H2O 41.99
O2 35.1
N2 33.01

5074505 = 8(54.86(𝑇 − 298))𝐶𝑂2 + 9(41.99(𝑇 − 298))H2O + 37.5(35.1(𝑇 − 298)) O2

+ 188(33.01(𝑇 − 298))N2

Solving for T
𝑇 − 298 = 608.5
𝑇 = 906.5
Second iteration
T avg = (906.5+298)/2 = 602 K approx. 600 K, Repeating the same steps
5074505
= 8(𝐶𝑝)𝐶𝑂2 + 9(𝐶𝑝)H2O + 37.5(𝐶𝑝) O2 + 188(𝐶𝑝)N2
𝑇𝑎𝑑 − 298
5074505
𝑇𝑎𝑑 = + 298
8(𝐶𝑝)𝐶𝑂2 + 9(𝐶𝑝)H2O + 37.5(𝐶𝑝) O2 + 188(𝐶𝑝)N2
5074505
+ 298 + 298
8(𝐶𝑝)𝐶𝑂2 + 9(𝐶𝑝)H2O + 37.5(𝐶𝑝) O2 + 188(𝐶𝑝)N2
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
2537252.5
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = + 298
8(𝐶𝑝)𝐶𝑂2 + 9(𝐶𝑝)H2O + 37.5(𝐶𝑝) O2 + 188(𝐶𝑝)N2
At 600 K, from the tables

2537252.5
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = + 298 = 633.56
8 × 47.31 + 9 × 36.29 + 37.5 × 32.03 + 188 × 30.08
In third iteration now, we interpolate to find the approximated Cp values at 630
𝑑𝑦 𝐶𝑝650 − 𝐶𝑝600 𝐶𝑝630 − 𝐶𝑝600
= =
𝑑𝑥 650 − 600 630 − 600

11
 30
𝐶𝑝630 = (𝐶𝑝650 − 𝐶𝑝600 ) + 𝐶𝑝600
50
And
30
(𝐶𝑝)𝐶𝑂2 = (48.51 − 47.31) + 47.31 = 48.03
50
30
(𝐶𝑝)𝐻2𝑂 = (36.81 − 36.29) + 36.29 = 36.602
50
30
(𝐶𝑝)𝑂2 = (32.48 − 32.03) + 32.03 = 32.3
50
30
(𝐶𝑝)𝑁2 = (30.37 − 30.08) + 30.08 = 30.254
50

2537252.5
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = + 298 = 631.3 𝐾
8 × 48.03 + 9 × 36.602 + 37.5 × 32.3 + 188 × 30.254
Which is close to the previous iteration, hence we stop the iterations
Now
2𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑇 + 298

𝑻 = 𝟐 × 𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟑 − 𝟐𝟗𝟖 = 𝟗𝟔𝟒. 𝟔 𝑲

Which is more accurate than the previous method resulted in about 961

12
Example
Hydrogen is burned with a stoichiometric amount of air during an adiabatic steady flow
combustion process. Both the fuel and the air enters the combustion chamber at 25 C and 1
atm.
Calculate the exit temperature of the products assuming complete combustion.
Combustion equation
Air theoretical of CxHy is x + y / 4
Thus air theoretical is 2/4 = 0.5

𝐻2 + 0.5(𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁2 ) → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 1.88 𝑁2

𝐻2 + 0.5 𝑂2 + 1.88 𝑁2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 1.88 𝑁2
As

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

And

We complete the table

n hf Δℎ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)
𝑖
R (298) H2 1 0 0 0
O2 0.5 0 0 0
N2 1.88 0 0 0
Total - - - - 0
P (???) H2O 1 -241826 ? Δℎ𝐻2𝑂
(assumed − 241826
gas)
N2 1.88 0 ? 1.88Δℎ𝑁2
Total - - - - Δℎ𝐻2𝑂
− 241826
+ 1.88Δℎ𝑁2

13
Thus
Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 − 241826 + 1.88Δℎ𝑁2 = 0
241826
Δℎ𝑁2 ≈ ≈ 83967
2.88
However from the A9 tables

T (K) Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 Δℎ𝑁2 1.88Δℎ𝑁2 Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 − 241826 + 1.88Δℎ𝑁2

0 -9904 -8670 -16299.6 -268030
100 -6617 -5768 -10843.8 -259287
200 -3282 -2857 -5371.16 -250479
298 0 0 0 -241826
300 62 54 101.52 -241662
400 3450 2971 5585.48 -232791
500 6922 5911 11112.68 -223791
600 10499 8894 16720.72 -214606
700 14190 11937 22441.56 -205194
800 18002 15046 28286.48 -195538
900 21937 18223 34259.24 -185630
1000 26000 21463 40350.44 -175476
1100 30190 24760 46548.8 -165087
1200 34506 28109 52844.92 -154475
1300 38941 31503 59225.64 -143659
1400 43491 34936 65679.68 -132655
1500 48149 38405 72201.4 -121476
1600 52907 41904 78779.52 -110139
1700 57757 45430 85408.4 -98660.6
1800 62693 48979 92080.52 -87052.5
1900 67706 52549 98792.12 -75327.9
2000 72788 56137 105537.6 -63500.4
2200 83153 63362 119120.6 -39552.4
2400 93741 70640 132803.2 -15281.8
2600 104520 77963 146570.4 9264.44
2800 115463 85323 160407.2 34044.24
3000 126548 92715 174304.2 59026.2
3200 137756 100134 188251.9 84181.92
3400 149073 107577 202244.8 109491.8
3600 160484 115042 216279 134937
3800 171981 122526 230348.9 160503.9
4000 183552 130027 244450.8 186176.8
4400 206892 145078 272746.6 237812.6
4800 230456 160188 301153.4 289783.4
5200 254216 175352 329661.8 342051.8

14
Temperature is between 2400 and 2600 K (more accurate than guessing using N2 values)
If temperature is 2400 K

Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 − 241826 + 1.88Δℎ𝑁2 = −15281.8

If temperature is 2600 K
Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 − 241826 + 1.88Δℎ𝑁2 = 9264.44
Our temperature is something in between resulting in
Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 − 241826 + 1.88Δℎ𝑁2 = 0
To find an approximated value we assume:
A linear relation between T and Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 − 241826 + 1.88Δℎ𝑁2
Thus
𝑑𝑥 2600 − 2400 2600 − 𝑇
= =
𝑑𝑦 9264.44 + 15281.8 9264.44 − 0
Solving for T
𝑻𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 𝑲

15
 Sheet
1 – Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature for propane with
a) 100% theoretical air
b) 200% theoretical air
Assume a general case for the combustion equation
8
𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 3 + =5
4
Assuming p as the excess air related to theoretical air
𝐶3 𝐻8 + (5 + 𝑝)𝑂2 + (18.8 + 𝑝)𝑁2 → 3𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑝𝑂2 + (18.8 + 𝑝)𝑁2
And from the data tables

We make the table

n hf Δℎ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)
𝑖
C3H8 1 -103900 0 -103900
R (25 C) O2 5+p 0 0 0
N2 18.8+p 0 0 0
Total - - - - -103900
3(−393522
CO2 3 -393522 Δℎ𝐶𝑂2
+ Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 )
4(−241826
H2O 4 -241826 Δℎ𝐻2𝑂
P (T = ?) + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 )
O2 p 0 Δℎ𝑂2 𝑝(0 + Δℎ𝑂2 )
(18.8 + 𝑝)(0
N2 18.8+p 0 Δℎ𝑁2
+ Δℎ𝑁2 )
Total - - - -

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + 𝑝(0 + Δℎ𝑂2 ) + (18.8 + 𝑝)(0 + Δℎ𝑁2 )

= −103900
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−3 × 393522 + 3Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 − 4 × 241826 + 4Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 + pΔℎ𝑂2 + 18.8Δℎ𝑁2 + 𝑝Δℎ𝑁2 = −103900
3Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 4Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 + pΔℎ𝑂2 + 18.8Δℎ𝑁2 + 𝑝Δℎ𝑁2 = −103900 + 3 × 393522 + 4 × 241826
3Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 4Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 + pΔℎ𝑂2 + 18.8Δℎ𝑁2 + 𝑝Δℎ𝑁2 = 2043970
a) 100% theoretical air, p = 0
3Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 4Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 + 18.8Δℎ𝑁2 = 2043970
Approx.
2043970
Δℎ𝑁2 = = 79223.6
3 + 4 + 18.8
From the tables

And

We recalculate the table for 2600 K and 2800 K

3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + 0(0 + Δℎ𝑂2 ) + (18.8 + 0)(0 + Δℎ𝑁2 )
= 3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + 18.8Δℎ𝑁2

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T = 2800
3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + 18.8Δℎ𝑁2
= 3 ∗ (−393522 + 140435) + 4 ∗ (−241826 + 115463) + 18.8 ∗ 85323
= 339359.4
T = 2600
3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + 18.8Δℎ𝑁2
= 3 ∗ (−393522 + 128074) + 4 ∗ (−241826 + 104520) + 18.8 ∗ 77963
= 120136.40
Assume a linear approximation
𝑑𝑥 2800 − 2600 2800 − 𝑇
= =
𝑑𝑦 339359.4 − 120136.4 339359.4 − −103900
Solving for T
𝑻 ≈ 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟔 𝑲

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 b) 200% theoretical air, p = 1
3Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 4Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 + Δℎ𝑂2 + 19.8Δℎ𝑁2 = 2043970
Approx.
2043970
Δℎ𝑁2 = = 73524.1
3 + 4 + 1 + 19.8
From the tables

And

We recalculate the table for 2400 K and 2600 K

3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + 1(0 + Δℎ𝑂2 ) + (18.8 + 1)(0 + Δℎ𝑁2 )

3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + Δℎ𝑂2 + 19.8Δℎ𝑁2
T = 2400

3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + Δℎ𝑂2 + 19.8Δℎ𝑁2

= 3 ∗ (−393522 + 115779) + 4 ∗ (−241826 + 93741) + 74453 + 19.8 ∗ 70640
= 47556.0

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T = 2600
3(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 4(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + Δℎ𝑂2 + 19.8Δℎ𝑁2 =
3 ∗ (−393522 + 128074) + 4 ∗ (−241826 + 104520) + 82225 + 19.8 ∗ 77963
= 280324.4
Assume a linear approximation
𝑑𝑥 2600 − 2400 2600 − 𝑇
= =
𝑑𝑦 280324.4 − 47556.0 280324.4 − −103900
Solving for T
𝑻 ≈ 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝑲

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2 – Propane C3H8 combusts completely with 250% theoretical air, propane enters at 298 K, 1
atm, dry air enters at 400 K, 1 atm and products exis at 1000 K, 1 atm.
Determine rate of heat transfer to the combustion chamber in kJ per kmol of fuel
Similar to the previous one
But from the data tables

We form this table

n hf Δℎ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)
𝑖
C3H8 1 -103900 0 -103900
R (298, 400,
O2 5+1.5 0 3027 19675.5
400 K)
N2 18.8+1.5 0 2971 60311.3
Total -23913.2
CO2 3 -393522 33397 -1080375
H2O 4 -241826 26000 -863304
P (1000 K)
O2 1.5 0 22703 34054.5
N2 18.8+1.5 0 21463 435698.9
Total -1473926

𝑄 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = −1473926 − −23913.2

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

𝑸 = −𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍

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3 – Liquid C2H5OH at 25 C + 400% theoretical air at 40 C, assume complete combustion,
adiabatic combustion, calculate the exit temperature of the products
Combustion Equation

𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑏 𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑏 𝑁2 → 2𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 + 3.76 𝑏 𝑁2

1 3
𝑏+ → 2 + = 3.5
2 2
𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 + 3 𝑂2 + 11.28 𝑁2 → 2𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 + 11.28 𝑁2
From the tables

We use interpolation
300 − 400 300 − 313 300 − 400 300 − 313
= , =
54 − 3027 54 − 𝑋 54 − 2971 54 − 𝑌
Solving for X, Y
𝑋 = 440.5, 𝑌 = 433.2
Then we complete our table

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 n hf Δℎ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)
𝑖
R 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 1 -235000 0 -235000
(298,313,313 𝑂2 3 0 440.5 1321.5
K) 𝑁2 11.28 0 433.2 4886.5
Total - - - - -228792
2(−393522
𝐶𝑂2 2 -393522 ?
+ Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 )
𝐻2 𝑂
P 3(−241826
(assumed 3 -241826 ?
+ Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 )
gas)
𝑁2 11.28 0 ? 11.28Δℎ𝑁2
Total - - - -

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ)

𝑖 𝑖
𝑃 𝑅

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = 2(−393522 + Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 ) + 3(−241826 + Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 ) + 11.28Δℎ𝑁2

𝑖
𝑃

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = 2Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 3Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 + 11.28Δℎ𝑁2 − 1512522

𝑖
𝑃

Approx.
2Δℎ𝑁2 + 3Δℎ𝑁2 + 11.28Δℎ𝑁2 − 1512522 = −228792
2Δℎ𝑁2 + 3Δℎ𝑁2 + 11.28Δℎ𝑁2 = 1283730
1283730
Δℎ𝑁2 ≈ ≈ 78853
2 + 3 + 11.28
Going back to N2 table

So, the temperature is something between 2600 and 2800 K

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = 2Δℎ𝐶𝑂2 + 3Δℎ𝐻2𝑂 + 11.28Δℎ𝑁2 − 1512522

𝑖
𝑃

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At 2600 K

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = 2 ∗ 128074 + 3 ∗ 104520 + 11.28 ∗ 77963 − 1512522 = −63391.36

𝑖
𝑃

At 2800 K

∑ 𝑛𝑖 (ℎ𝑓 + Δℎ) = 2 ∗ 140435 + 3 ∗ 115463 + 11.28 ∗ 85323 − 1512522 = 77180.44

𝑖
𝑃

Using linear approximation

2600 − 2800 2600 − 𝑇
=
−63391.36 − 77180.44 −63391.36 − −228792
Solving for T
𝑻 ≈ 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝑲

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C) Chemical Equilibrium
Equal moles of H2, O2 react to produce H2O, H2 O2 at 1 atm and 2500 K, find
the mole fraction of the products assume products at equilibrium.
Where the dissociation equation is
𝟏
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 ⇌ 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐
𝟐
First equation

𝑥𝐻2 + 𝑥𝑂2 + 𝑥𝐻2𝑂 = 1

Second equation
The conservation of elements
𝑁𝐻 Σ𝑁𝐻
[ ] =[ ] =𝑍
𝑁𝑂 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 Σ𝑁𝑂 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

From the reaction equation (equal moles of H2 and O2)

𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 𝑥𝐻2𝑂 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑥𝐻2 𝐻2 + 𝑥𝑂2 𝑂2

Then
2 2𝑥𝐻2𝑂 + 2𝑥𝐻2
= =1
2 𝑥𝐻2𝑂 + 2𝑥𝑂2
2𝑥𝐻2𝑂 + 2𝑥𝐻2 = 𝑥𝐻2𝑂 + 2𝑥𝑂2
2𝑥𝐻2 − 2𝑥𝑂2 + 𝑥𝐻2𝑂 = 0
Solving the two equations
First
𝑥𝐻2𝑂 = 2𝑥𝑂2 − 2𝑥𝐻2
Then

𝑥𝐻2 + 𝑥𝑂2 + 2𝑥𝑂2 − 2𝑥𝐻2 = 1

3𝑥𝑂2 − 𝑥𝐻2 = 1
𝑥𝐻2 = 3𝑥𝑂2 − 1
Back to the previous one
𝑥𝐻2𝑂 = 2𝑥𝑂2 − 2(3𝑥𝑂2 − 1)

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 𝑥𝐻2𝑂 = 2 − 4𝑥𝑂2
So to sum up

𝑥𝐻2 = 3𝑋 − 1
𝑥𝐻2𝑂 = 2 − 4𝑋
𝑥𝑂2 = 𝑋
And the third equation
1
𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂
2
The products are H2O, thus
1
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥 (1)−(1+2)
0
(𝑥𝐻2𝑂 )1 −Δ𝐺
𝐾𝑝 = × ( ) = 𝑒 𝑅𝑢 𝑇
(𝑥𝐻2 )1 × (𝑥𝑂2 )1/2 𝑃0
From the tables at 2500 K

1
Δ𝐺 0 = ΣP 𝑛𝑖 𝑔𝑓 − ΣR 𝑛𝑖 𝑔𝑓 = 1 × (𝑔𝑓 ) − [1 × (𝑔𝑓 ) + × (𝑔𝑓 ) ]
𝐻2𝑂 𝐻2 2 𝑂2

1
= 1 × −106555 − [1 × 0 + × 0] = −106555 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
2

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Back to the third equation
2 − 4𝑋 −0.5
106555
𝐾𝑝 = × (1) = 𝑒 8.314×2500
𝑋 0.5 (3𝑋 − 1)
2 − 4𝑋
= 168.4322
𝑋 0.5 (3𝑋
− 1)
After we solve the equation numerically, we find that

𝑋 = 0.3356
Thus
𝒙𝑯𝟐 = 𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟔 − 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟖
𝒙𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟐 − 𝟒𝑿 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟔
𝒙𝑶𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟔
End of the Sheet 2

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