9/17/2023

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Ivelina Tchizmarova, Ph.D. © 2009, 2023 Ivelina Tchizmarova

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 Intransitive verbs can end sentences (1-2):

1. Garfield slept.
2. Birds fly. NP VI + Ø (Adverb)
 or can be followed by adverbs – single words Adverb
(3) or phrases (4) answering questions how,
where, why, when, how often? …

3. The baby panda cried softly.

4. The Titanic sank in 1912.
5. They went to work.
© 2009, 2023 Ivelina Tchizmarova 3 © 2009, 2023 Ivelina Tchizmarova 4

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 cannot end sentences

 VL: a few dozen verbs only: seem, turn,
 cannot be followed by Adv only
remain, become, … + verbs of senses: taste,
 must be followed either by Predicate Adjectives smell, sound, look, & feel.
(PredAdj) describing the subject (6-7), or by
Predicate Nouns (PredN) renaming Subj. (8-9):
6. The president looked weary.
7. The lasagna tasted scrumptious.

8. Jamie remained an honest person.

9. Clark Kent becomes Superman.

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 must be followed by NPs which function as

direct objects (DO) (10-11).
NP VL NP: PredN (Adv)  DOs often have something “done” to them by
the subject, e.g. a house is being built by us.
AdjP: PredAdj
10. We are building a house.
11. President Clinton supported the healthcare
bill.

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 Sentences with VT verbs can usually be turned

into passive (11a & b).

NP:Subj VT NP:DO NP VT NP:DO (Adv)

11. (a) The kids broke the window.

(Gram.) Subj. VT Prep NP:Obj.Prep

(b) The window was broken by the kids.
Affected entity Cause/Doer of action

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 Vg verbs are like the verb give (13-14) or buy:  They can be turned into passives in two ways:
NP:Subj Vg NP:DO Prep NP:IO
13. The school board gave the teachers a raise.
15. Researchers fed a caloric goo to the rats.
NP: IO NP: DO
14. The school board gave a raise to the teachers. (Gram.) Subj Vg Prep NP:IO
NP: DO NP: IO 16. A caloric goo was fed to the rats
PP: Adv-reception Prep NP:Obj.Prep “by”
[PP = Prep to + NP:IO] by the researchers.

 they are followed by two NPs: DO – affected (Gram.)Subj Vg NP:DO Prep NP:Obj.Prep
entity & indirect object (IO) - recipient; 17. The rats were fed a caloric goo by the researchers.

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 IOs receive something

 IO may be introduced by Prep to, for, of, …  IOs usually animate (esp. human)
 PPs with to, for,… function as Adv of reception
& answer questions to/for whom? 20. I gave my application to Admissions.
inanimate IO, but stands for a small
18. Purina’s Nutrient Management food provides group of people working there
perfect nutrition for dogs.
19. The plaintiff asked a question of Judge Judy.

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 Vc verbs are like the verb consider (21-23);

21. I consider my friend [DO] a hero [NP:OC].

NP:IO NP: DO 22. I consider my friend [DO] fearless [AdjP:OC].

NP Vg NP:DO to NP:IO (Adv) 23. I consider my friend [DO] to be a hero [InfPh:OC].
for
 They are followed by a DO, and an Object
Complement (OC), which renames (21) or
describes (22) the DO

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 They can be turned into passives (28-29)

24. Mr. Wilson considers/thinks Dennis a terror.

25. Diana found the royal title to be a prison. 28. His friends nicknamed him the Rock.

26. Many historians believe Roosevelt to be the 29. He was nicknamed the Rock by his friends.
most effective US president.

27. Young fans deem Tupac a great poet.

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 consider, think, find, believe, deem (beliefs

and opinions)

 call, name, nickname, label, brand, dub,

declare (naming) NP: OC
 make (creating feelings and new NP Vc NP:DO AdjP:OC (Adv)
characteristic features), e.g. make someone InfPh:OC
happy/famous, etc.
 let, make, get, have, help (causative), e.g.
let/make someone do something
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 BE can be followed by PredN (30) or PredAdj (31):  Unlike VL, BE may be followed immediately by
an AdvP, usu. Adv of place, called Predicate
Adverb (PredAdv) (32-33);
30. Marylin Monroe was insecure. Note: PredN, PredAdj, & PredAdv are called Subject (ive)
PredAdj Complements in some grammars.

31. Hitchcock's Psycho is the classic horror film. 32. My mother was there / in the next room.
PredAdv
PredN 33. The post office is down the road.

PredAdv
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NP:PredN
NP BE AdjP:PredAdj (Adv)
AdvP/PP:PredAdv

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The cheese smelled weird.  The President left, but the Vice-president remained.
VL VI
 They left the team.
She smelled the cheese.
VT DO
VT
 Their decision left me disappointed.
The cheese smelled. Vc DO AdjP:OC
VI  T. Jefferson left a marvelous legacy for Americans.
Vg DO Prep NP:IO

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A. Alex called a doctor.

A. The florist sent the roses to the musician.
B. Alex called Jo a doctor.
(Vg + adverb of reception)
C. Alex was a doctor.
A: “To whom did the florist send the roses?”
D. Alex became a doctor.
B: “The musician.” E. Alex called himself/herself a doctor.
A. VT; “Alex” & “a doctor” - different people
B. The florist sent the roses to Cincinnati.
(VT + Adv place) B. Vc; “Jo” & “a doctor” – the same person
Vg; “Alex”, “a doctor”, & “Jo” – 3 different people
A: “Where did the florist send the roses?” (Alex called a doctor for Jo.)
B: “To Cincinnati.” C. BE; “Alex” & “a doctor” – the same person
D. VL; “Alex” & “a doctor” – the same person
E. Vc; (“Alex”) “him/herself” & “a doctor” – the same person
Vg; “Alex“ & “a doctor” – 2 different people
(Alex called a doctor for him/herself.)
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B. Alex called Jo a doctor.

 Verbs Become Different types in Different
E. Alex called him/herself a doctor.
Environments

B. Vc; “Jo” & “doctor” – the same person 2. The president looked weary.
[VL + PredAdj.]
E. Vc; “him/herself” & “doctor” – the same person

The Vg interpretation is not acceptable. 3. The president looked toward the reporters.
[VI + PP:Adv-place]

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7. GM makes cars and trucks.

4. Toni Morrison writes exquisitely.
[VT+ DO]
[VI + Adv-manner (how?)]
8. My mom made me a cake.
5. Toni Morrison writes lyrical novels. [Vg+ IO + DO]
[VT + DO] 9. She makes me happy.
[Vc+ DO + OC]
6. They wrote me a letter.
[Vg + IO+ DO]

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10. They went outside.

VI
11. They went for a walk.
VI
12. They went to work.
For self-preparation
VI
13. They went crazy, trying to solve this problem.
VL

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1. Lee Harvey Oswald shot President Kennedy  Some VI verbs cannot end sentences and
NP: Subj VT NP: DO must be followed by adverbs (14-17).
Sentence nucleus (obligatory)
14. Cadillac’s seating system acts like a shock
on November 22, 1963
absorber.
PP: Adv-time (optional)
15. *Cadillac’s seating system acts.
from a window overlooking the Dallas
motorcade route. 16. They siblings both looks like their dad.
PP: Adv-place (optional) 17. *The siblings both looks.

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 Several VT verbs: have, cost, resemble, &

weigh (also called semi-transitive verbs)  Some VT verbs like “put” also require an
cannot be made passives (18-21). AdvP (e.g. PP), in addition to DO:

18. Emilio Estevez resembles Martin Sheen. 22. They put the cups in the cupboard.
19. * Martin Sheen is resembled by Emilio DO PP: Adv-place
Estevez. 22. * They put the cups.

20. This piano weighs a ton.

21. * A ton is weighed by this piano.

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 Images from pixabay.com

1. Read Ch. 4 of Munro, Burgess, Tchizmarova  Morenberg “Doing Grammar”, 2010/2014,
on Verb Types 4th/5th Ed., New York: Oxford University
Press.
2. Do Homework 3 and Homework 4 (see Week  Munro, Burgess, and Tchizmarova
3/Topic 3 folder on the course webpage) “Introduction to the Description of English
Grammar”, 2011, Dubuque, Iowa, USA:
Kendal Hunt Publishing.

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