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6.1 Activities and techniques used in
road construction
Earthwork and site clearance
Site clearance
Earthwork in filling forembankment
Excavations forcutting
Excavations for borrow pit
Excavations for structural foundation
Disposal of surplus earth
6.1 Activities and techniques used in Activities and techniques used in road
road construction construction
Drainage works Protection works Pavement works Miscellaneous works
Minor bridges Site clearance Sub gradeworks Road ancillaries
Culverts River training works Sub baseworks Traffic sign/signal/marking etc
Cause ways Gully control works Base works Bioengineering works
Side drains Landslide stabilizationworks Surface works
Bridge protectionworks
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6.2.1 Tools
Wheelborrow:
It is a small hand-propelled
vehicle, usually with just
one wheel, designed to be
pushed and guided by a single
person using two handles at
the rear
Shovel :
A shovel is a tool for digging,
lifting, and moving bulk
materials, such as soil, coal,
gravel, snow, sand, or ore.
6.2.1 Tools 6.2.1 Tools
Chisel & Hammer Level Pipe (Water pipe) : To check any
two points are at same level, a simple
A chisel is a tool with a
water tube is used. It uses the simple
cutting edge of blade on its
principle of ‘water remains at the same
end used for carving or cutting level’.
a hard material such as wood,
stone, or metal by hand,
struck with a hammer
Pick-Axe : A pickaxe is Spirit level : is used to check the horizontal
a hand tool with a hard head level of construction. The bubble in the tube
attached perpendicular to the should be at the center to make the level
handle. Head has a pointed end horizontal.
and a blunt end. It is used to
break up rocky surfaces or other
hard surfaces
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6.2.1 Tools 6.2.2 Equipment – Earth Moving
Trowel : hand tools used for digging,
smoothing, or otherwise moving 1) Dozers:
around small amounts of viscous or Used for shallow Excavation, Hauling the earth for short
particulate material distance, pushing earth (front & sideways) & uprooting trees.
Either Crawler or Wheeled Dozer
String Line (Dori) : used as areference Types: Bull dozer, Angle dozer, Tree dozer
line described by twopoints
Plumbbob: A plumb is a weight,
usually with a pointed tip on the
bottom, that is suspended from a
string. It is used as a reference line for
leveling vertical length.
6.2.2 Equipment – Earth Moving 6.2.2 Equipment – Earth Moving
2) Scrapper : 3) Loader : primarily used to load material (such as debris,
Attached to tractor and is used for scraping, carrying and gravel, rock, sand etc.) into or onto another type of
spreading of the earth on thesite. machinery (such as a dump truck).
a cutting edge for scraping and bucket for loading.
The cutting edge excavates earth and collected in bucket by
it self
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6.2.2 Equipment – Earth Moving 6.2.2 Equipment – Earth Moving
4) Excavators 4) Backhoe
They are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, a excavator which draws towards itself a bucket attached
stick, and cab on a rotating platform. to a hinged boom
The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracksor wheels. Used for digging and loading materials
Excavators are used fordigging, pipe laying, ditch cleaning etc.
6.2.2 Equipment – Earth Moving 6.2.2 Equipment – Earth Moving
4) Dragline 4) Clam Shell
Drag line is used to excavate soft earth and to deposite in Clam shell consists of special types of bucket of twohalves
nearby banks. hinged together at top.
The bucket is thrown out from the dragline on the top of the It may be used by attaching with shovel crane or boom of
earth to be excavated and then pulled back towards the base drag line.
of the machine.
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6.2.3 Equipment – Compacting 6.2.3 Equipment – Compacting
1) Smooth Wheeled Roller 2) Sheep’s foot roller
These rollers have smooth wheels especially of steels. It consist steel cylindrical drum with projection extending
It may be hand, animal or power driven. Hand or animal radial direction outward from surface of cylinder.
driven may have only one drum where as power driven It is suitable for silty & clay
roller may have two axles or three axles sand, medium & heavyclay.
They are suitable for
compacting gravel,
sand, crushed rock,
where crushing action is
required.
6.2.3 Equipment – Compacting 6.2.3 Equipment – Compacting
3) Pneumatic tyred roller 4) Vibrating Roller
It gives kneading action as well as compression to the Steel wheel rollers equipped with vibratory drums.
soil underneath. Drum vibration adds a dynamic load to the static roller
It has a set four on one which enable to achieve highcompaction
axle and five on the Vibrating roller used to
other
compact pavement
It is suitable for layers and sub grade to a
moderately cohesive high degree of density.
silty soils, clayey soils,
gravelly and clayed
sand.
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6.2.3 Equipment – Compacting 6.2.3 Equipment – Levelling
5) Rammers 1) Grader
It has a large vibrating base plate used for compaction It is self propelled or towed machine motor grader,Used
Suitable for compacting smallarea and where rollerscant for light or mediumworks.
operate such as compaction of trenches foundation and It has blade supported on machine frame work and capable
slopes. of turning, tilting.
It shapes the ground and spreads the loose material.
6.2.3 Equipment – Lifting
1) Crane 6.2.3 Equipment – Lifting
A crane is used both to lift and lower materials and to move
them horizontally. 2) Hoist:
It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting Commonly used on large scale
them to otherplaces. construction projects, such as high-rise
Cranes may be stationary, mobile, overhead gantry, tower buildings
It is used to carry personnel, materials,
and equipment quickly between the
ground and higherfloors
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6.2.3 Equipment – Paving 6.2.3 Equipment – Paving
2) Bituminous paver
1) Bitumen Spreader (distributor) Pavers are self-propelled machines designed to place hot
Commonly used on large scale construction projects, such as mix asphalt concrete or premix carpet on the roadway
high-rise buildings
The tractor unit provides moving power for the pavers.
It is used to carry personnel, materials, and equipment quickly
between the ground and higherf loors Thickness of mat is controlled by pavers speed, material
feed
6.2.3 Equipment – Paving
3) Cement concrete Mixer 6.2.3 Equipment – Paving
A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement,
aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.
4) Cement concrete Paver
A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the Cement concrete pavers are self-propelled machines to
components. place cement concrete mix on the roadway to a specific
For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used depth
For large scale truck mixers are used to transportconcrete to site Thickness of mat is controlled by pavers speed, material
feed rate.
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6.2.3 Equipment – Paving 6.2.3 Equipment – Transport
5) Concrete vibrators 1) Haul Truck
For compacting the concrete after its placement concrete Haul trucks are used for transporting HMAand aggregates
vibrator is used. from the place of production to the construction site.
e.g. needle vibrators, surface vibrators
6.2.3 Equipment – Transport 6.2.3 Equipment – Transport
2) Tipper: A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can be 3) Trailer:
raised at the front end to enable the load to be discharged by • A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a
gravity also called tiptruck.. powered vehicle.
• Commonly, used for transport of goods and materials.
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6.2.3 Equipment – Transport 6.2.3 Equipment – Transport
3) Dump trucks: 3) Mini Dumper:
• These are used for earth transportingpurpose. • they are high speed pneumatic wheeled trucks of short
• It may be side or rear dump trucks. chassis and strong bodies.
• Fast loading, hauling and dumping
• Suitable for short hauls on rough roads.
6.2.4 Plant
6.2.3 Equipment – Transport 1) Stone Crusher
• To reduce large rocks into smaller rocks or rock dust.
3) Concrete Transport Truck:
• To differentiate pieces of differentcomposition
• Made to transport and mix concrete up to the construction
site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with
the mixing occurring during transport.
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6.2.4 Plant 6.2.4 Plant
1) Asphalt Mixing Plant 1) Asphalt Mixing Plant
• It may be hot mix plant or cold mix plant.
• Function of asphalt mixing plant includes heating and
drying aggregate, screening & measuring aggregate, the
filler and bitumen and mixing the aggregate & bitumen
in proportion to produce homogenousmix.
6.2.4 Plant 6.2.4 Plant
1) Cement Concrete Mixing Plant
• Cement concrete mixing plant mixes different
ingredients (coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,
admixture, cement and water) in required proportion.
• It consists of storage bins for storing materials like
cement and admixtures.
• Aggregate is mix in it with the help of a hopper which
is fixed in plant.
