PRIMARY SIX NOTES

GRAMMAR FOR TERM ONE.

NOUNS

A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, a thing, quality or n activity e.g. rudeness,
Jemimah, Kampala etc.

A noun can also be defined a s a name of anything e.g. stone, Kenya etc.

A noun can also be defined as a name of anything e.g. stone, Kenya etc.

A noun is a naming word.

KINDS OF NOUNS.

1.Proper nouns

2.Collective nouns

3.Abstractive nouns

4.Common nouns

PROPER NOUNS

These are particular (real) names given to a person, place, animal and other things.

TOWNS CITIES COUNTRIES CONTINETS.

Jinja Kampala Uganda Africa
Mukono Dodoma Kenya Europe
Masaka Nairobi Tanzania Australia
Luwero Mbarara Zambia Asia
Mbale London Egypt South and North
Ibanda Kinshasa America.
Kisoro etc.
A noun is a name at aperson, place, animal, things/object, event, idea, feelingand
situation/condition

Mountains Lakes

Mt. Rwenzori L.Victoria

Mt. Kenya L.Kyoga
Mt.Elgon L.Albert
Mt. Muhabura L.George, etc.
Mt. Meru, etc.

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Animals

Cows Dog Cats

Rex Robin
Gazu Jack Daisy
Bihogo Jude Kitty etc.
Siina Pony
Kyozi Mark

Other proper nouns.

Days of the week.

Monday Mon.
Tuesday Tues.
Wednesday Wed.
Thursday Thur.
Friday Fri.
Saturday Sat.
Sunday Sun.
Months of the year.
January Jan.
February Feb.
March Mar.
April Apr.
May May
June Jun.
July Jul.
August Aug.
September Sept.
October Oct.
November Nov.
December Dec.

Names of buildings.

Shelton Hotels DiamondTrust

Ambers House CrestedTowers
Martin Restaurant Uganda Commercial Bank
Collins Hotel etc.
Activity 1

Punctuate the sentences below.

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1. On Friday Mr.gumisiriza will teach us English.
2. George is found in kabaloredistrict
3. the first month of the year is January followed by februray
4. They slaughtered gazu and the bones were eaten by mark
5. On Thursdaysanyu and nakku were completing to qualify to visit L. Albert.
6. greenland bank is one of the recently built buildings
7. The minister always prays from namirembe cathedral.
8. As the car was approaching ndeebaonsaturday,it knocked namuli
9. South America is smaller than europe.
10.kampala is the capital city of uganda.
Activity 2.

A. Write at least five names

i) For males
ii) For females.
Write at least 4 names of
1. African countries and their capital cities
Ii.Towns in Uganda
Iii. Countries outside Africa and their capital cities.
C. List down any:
i) Three names of forests in Uganda
ii) Four lakes and rivers in Uganda
iii). Four mountains in East Africa and their highest peaks.
iv). Three oceans in the world.

Activity 3

A Write down all

i) The days of the week

ii) the months of the year

Write down the titles of the following

i) the head of the country

ii) the head of the Muslims in Uganda

iii) The chief civil servant in a ministry

iv. the head of all Catholics in the world

v. a country’s representative to another country.

C. List down four titles of books/texts books and their authors

COLLECTIVE NOUNS.

a. Collective noun is a name given to a group of people, animals and things or objects.

Noun Collective noun

sheep flock 3|Page
bees swarm
cattle herd
people praying congregation
thieves gang
soldiers troop, regiment
people watching a game spectators
people walking pedestrians
sticks bundle
people listening to a speech audience
bishops bench
people moving freely together crowd
musicians band
actors company
stars constellation
directors board
spoons,fork,knives cutlery
papers,pens,pencils stationery
rulers, files etc.
whales school
fish caught in a net catch
birds flight
asses pack
horses driven together drove
birds, bees, insect moving together. flight
dancers troupe
A collection of:

cups,saucers,plate,bowls Crockery
chicken hatched at the same time brood
fowls, ducks poultry
angels host
poems anthology
books library
dried plants herbarium
nuts, grapes on a bunch cluster
trees forest
bread baked at the same time batch
houses in a village hamlet
many rays of light beam
wood,hay,corn piled together stack
woollen threads skein
eggs clutch
COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR PEOPLE.

congregation worshippers
gang thieves
choir singers
troupe
spectators
pedestrians
audience
bench 4|Page
crowd
mob
company
board
host
troupe.
mourners/cortege
staff
bevy
crew
Collective Nouns for Animals.

flock sheep
herd cattle
swarm bees
litter
flock
school
haul/catch
team
pride
pack
leap
gaggle
troop
clowder
poultry
muster
nest
plague
Collective Nouns for things /objects.

bundle sticks
cluster/constellation stars
flight/squadron
bunch
library
cutlery
Stationery
bouquet
Suite
anthology
mint
chest
collection
fleet/convoy
forest
crockery
utensils.
Activity 4

Insert a suitable collective noun in each of the given spaces. 5|Page

A. a_____of angles
B. a_____ of labourers

C. a_____of judges

D. a______of teachers

E. a_________of elephants

F. a_________of sheep

G. a_________of chicks

H. a_________of worshippers

I. a_________of flowers

J. a_________of drawers

K. a__________of grapes

L. a__________of books.

ACTIVITY 5

A a constellation of ____________
B. a gaggle of_____________________
C. an anthology of_________________________
D. a troupe of____________________________________
E. a bevy of _________________________________________________
F.a swarm of _____________________________________________________
G. a flight of__________________________________________________________

Activity 6
Give a single word for each of the following groups of words.

1. People attending a concert or listening to a speech.

2. People travelling on foot
3. A group of travelers in a taxi or bus.
4. People going for a pilgrimage
5. People watching a match
6. Workers in a ship or aero plane
7. A collection of many rays of light
8. A number of chicks hatched together
9. Books, paper, ink, chalk, pens, pencil
10. Cups, plates, dishes.
Activity 7

What do the following collective nouns refer to.

1. carillon
2. Set
3. truss 6|Page
4. Clague
5. shock/fell
6. skein
7. clutch
8. clump
9. jury
10. horde
11. kindle
12. litter
13. gathering

Miscellaneous
. prepare a chart to show various collective nouns and what they denote.

ABSTRACT NOUNS.

Points to remember:

a) Abstract nouns are names of things that refer to idea or state.

b) Abstract nouns are names that can neither be touched nor seen.
c) Abstract nouns purely exist in thought or an idea and cannot have a physical or
practical experience.

Note: Abstract nouns are principally formed from verbs, adjectives and other nouns. e.g

Adjective noun.
brave bravery
funnyfun
coward cowardice
luckyluck
proudpride
verb Noun
hate hatred
employ employment
free freedom
decide decision
slave slavery

Activity. 8

complete the sentence below with the correct form of the words in brackets.

A.‘……………comes before a fall,’ so goes the saying. (proud)

B.I have great_____________for people who are disrespectful. (hate)
C.It’s because of David’s _____________that he overpowered Goliath. (brave)
D.Thechairman’s_____to overrule the members’ suggestions was a sign of
dictatorship.(decide)
E.Amati is fond of making______(funny)
F.Kotok was widely known for his______. (coward)
G.__________was a very bad practice where the rights of Africans were abused. (slave)
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H.Wedon’thave proper ------ over that case. [judge]

I. There is no_______in most parts of the world due to wars. (free)

J.Most youths in Uganda lack___________. (employ)

Formation of Abstract Nouns.

By addition of “ment” to verbs

verb Abstract noun

manage management
judge judgment
develop development
arrange arrangement
excite excitement
disarm disarmament
govern government
entertain entertainment
enjoy enjoyment
amuse amusement
treat treatment
increase increment
anoint anointment
appoint appointment
involve involvement
confine confinement
attain attainment
improve improvement
state statement
punish punishment

More examples.

advertise _________________________
enlighten __________________________
refresh __________________________
develop __________________________
confine __________________________
improve _________________________
measure _________________________
require _________________________
pay _________________________
govern ________________________
assign ________________________
agree ________________________
embarrass ________________________
replace _________________________
punish _________________________
enecourage __________________________
commit _________________________
state _________________________
Activity 9
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complete the sentences using the correct form of words given in the brackets.

A. Animals need good______because they also have life. (treat)

B.Have you finished the other __________the teacher gave us? (assign)
C.I have an ____________with the veterinary doctor. (appoint)
D.The herdsman had an______in the death of our bull. (involve)
E.Like human beings, animals hate any forms of corporal-----. [punish]
F. Do animals enjoy any____? (disappoint)
G.There wasn’t any________ about the loss of his heifer. (announce)
H.Farmers need good ______of their farm animals. (manage)
I.The primary five pupils gave us a nice ______(entertain)
J.The arrested poacher got a fair_______from the magistrate. (judge)
Abstract Nouns Formed

By ending in –ion

Verb Noun
permit permission
admit admission
submit submission
omit omission
decide decision
divide division
extend extension
erode erosion
provide provision
invade invasion
discuss discussion
impress impression
confuse confusion
conclude conclusion
express expression
explode explosion
convert conversion
ascend ascension
possess possession
diffuse diffusion
confess confession
expel expulsion
-More examples:

inform
educate
create
form
dictate
import
Inform
educate
create

verb Noun
reveal revelation 9|Page
explain explanation
occupy occupation
modernize modernization
multiply multiplication
add addition
perfect perfection
imitate imitation
promote promotion
demote demotion
delete deletion
act action
determine determination
germinate germination
repeat repetition
classify classification.
More example
circumcise pronounce donate interpret
associate continue compose propose
connect destroy imitate elect
affect construct revolve factorize
qualify corrupt erupt compete
congratulate celebrate administer

Activity 10

Complete the sentences using the correct form of words given in brackets.

A. Candidates need a lot of______exercises for practice. (revise)

B.There was a lot of___________at the rally. (confuse)
C.His_________toIslam led him to great wealth. (convert)
D.When all trees were cut down, soil_________increased in the area. (erode)
E. There are no____in this book. (omit)
F. The girl did not get ---- to go to the market. [permit]
G.There is little___________of food in the desert areas. (provide)
H.The________between husband and wife makes children suffer. (separate)
I.l was given a lot of____________when l lost my new toy car. (encourage)
J.Wars and racism bring extreme__________amongcitizens. (hate)
Abstract Nouns –ending in-nce.

Adjective Noun
distant distance
innocent innocence
lenient lenience
important importance
patient patience
abundant abundance
silent silence
absent absence
ignorant ignorance
present presence
violent violence
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Others; guide defend just
convenient practise advise
independent serve excellent.
Nouns ending in-cy
accountant accountancy
agent agency
efficientefficiency
intimate intimacy
constituent constituency
expectantexpectancy
urgent urgency
accurate accuracy
pregnanpregnancy
supreme __________________
merciful _______________________

Activity 11
complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.

A. The __________of the bull was done by the veterinary doctor. (castrate)
B. l have no support for artificial______of animals. (inseminate)
C. All animals need_______against illegal hunters. (protect)
D.The teacher told us to do____in our books. (correct)
E.Sarah was given prize because of her_____towin. (determine)
F.The__________party has no support from the public. (oppose)
G.We have to pay __________in class. (attend)
H. What is your _______________these days? (occupy)
I. The revenue authority deals with tax_____________in the country. (collect)
J._____________exerciseis not easy for me in class. (dictate)
Abstract nouns with irregular ending.

word abstract noun

analyze analyst/analysis
deep depth
wide width
marry marriage
prove proof
sit seat
high height
die death
know knowledge
sell sale/seller
fail failure
succeed success
lose loss/loser
stable stability
attend attention
long length
deform deformity
dangerous danger.

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Other nouns with irregular ending
Wise martyr king
greedy loyal long powerful painful
cruel die proud truthful old
angry merry broad faithful envious
warm mix assemble fix refuse
lose sell speak lend choose
avail depart arrive war believe
pot bake butcher chief scarce
grocer friend relation poet dense
Nouns ending in-hood.
neighbour, child, woman, man , brother.

ACTIVITY 12

Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.

A.I think some animals are under____________by the village hunters (capture]
B.Tethering an animal is a_________to its freedom of movement. (hinder)
C.Ebonyi made a suitable_______ofdress. (choose)
D.The headmaster apologized of his___________(absent)
E. Even wild animals need_____all the time. (secure)
F. He did not succeed because of his __________. (proud)
G. ___________can lead to success in business. [punctual]
H.The matron received us with_____________(pleasure)
I.God wants people to say _________all the time. (true)
J.You need to understand the____oflife. (real)
Abstract Nouns ending in –y.

Word. noun

poor poverty
punctual punctuality
loyal loyalty

cruel cruelty

difficult difficulty

original originality

pure purity

superior superiority

Other nouns:

rapid rigid supreme jealous uniform noble

humble regular timid absurd active inferior

generous safe special possible able curious anxious prior.

Nouns ending in _-___er 12 | P a g e

verb Noun
driver driver
check checker
lead leader
speak
teach
keep
sing
sweep
clean
destroy
swim
learn
print
kill
play
organize
sell
tell

Other nouns:

poach, love, train, earn, promote, heal,

manage, inform, perform, kill, rule

ACTIVITY 13

Completethesentencesgivenbyallocatingthemostcorrectformofwordsinbrackets.

A.The____________ ofthisfactory is a humble man. (manage)]

B.Has the _______got his money? (entertain)
C.We have very good __________in our football team. [perform]
D.All salary ________must pay taxes to the government. (earn)
E.The____of this book have moved to many parts of the country. [promote]

F. One of the___was arrested by the game warden. (poach)

G.Thegospel_________led the prayer at the crusade. (preach]

H. God is our __________in everything we want. (provide)

I. All security ---------_must always keep secrets. (inform)

J.Traditional_____must get knowledge about herbs. (heal)

Abstract Nouns ending in –ness.

eager eagerness
clever cleverness
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dull dullness
bad badness
good goodness
tall ------------
handsome ---------
rude
Other nouns: ----------
big, short, strange, heavy, weak, new

kind, thin, happy, shabby, quiet, cold

lazy, ugly, quick, stubborn, polite, hot

fat, slow, rich, foolish, sick, selfish

mad, bright, smart, clean, ill, rough

smooth, dry, busy, holy, bitter, bold,

dirty, sad.

Nouns that appear as verbs without changing the spelling.

process conduct work share talk progress

reduce repair rule pull walk

record dance date rest sleep demand fish joke ride

drive love dream play push

drink duplicate fight cut race

Activity 14

Using a dictionary form nouns from the given words.

Word noun
breathe breath
mile
run
collect
hand
spoon
grow
true
secure
deliver
scholar
unite
immune
five
approve
enter
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mouth
resemble
allow
appear
owner
champion
think
do
relieve
rebel
exhaust
declare
abolish
see

Nouns that appear as verbs but need article a”,an” to be nouns.

VERB NOUN
volunteer a volunteer
guide a guide(person)
guard a guard
cook a cook
exercise an exercise
deal a deal
play a play
focus a focus
aim an aim
MIXED REVISION EXERCISES.

Activity 15

Complete the sentences using the correct form of words in brackets.

A.The manager talked with a lot of _____.[sad)

B.My_____letter to the university got lost. (admit)
C.The______of the president was witnessed by the chairman. (arrive)
D.There is great need forin our village. (defend)
E.Men of __can’t fail in life. (wise)
F.The___________ofBuddo pupils is an unforgettablereality. (die)
G.The ________among Namilyango schools is real. (friend)
H.Our headmistress got a prize because of her_____towork. (devote)
I.The teacher could not doubt my_____to perform better. (able)
J.The teacher gave________to his pupils to go out. (permit)

ACTIVITY 16.

A. People should know the_______ofeducation (important)

B. His_________landed him in trouble. (kind)
C. Pupils have to maintain_______ inclass. (silent)
D. People must learn a lot about________. (prosper)
E.Despiteher______, she decided to sit on the floor. (clean)
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F.Thatboy’s concern needs______.(attend)
G.The_________she received was not correct. (inform)
H.The _____________ of Temangalo land shocked the workers’community. (sell)
I.Hissincere_____did not save him. (explain)
J.Many people did not know the______of the word. (pronounce)
Activity 17.

A.The ___________of the universe took six days. (create)

B.It is teacher’s_______to mark our books. (responsible)
C.My_____with James did not take long.(interact)
D.He was promoted due to his good_____. (perform)
E.Despiteher________, she decided to sit on the floor. (clean)
F. In case of_________you can call my telephone number. (urgent)
G.All _____were occupied by the pupils. (sit)
H.The paper has a lot of____. (perforate)
I. My _____was not considered by the judge (accuse)
j.ldid some ___exercise at school. (multiply)
Exercise 18.

A.The ______which my father got from UCB was spent on clothing. (lend)
B. This morning our teacher got no_______with our cleaning. (satisfy)
C.The answer Martin gave was just the______of the teacher’s. (repeat)
D.l shall take the_________given by the headmaster this morning. (advise)
E.After some time, the rebels made an________towards the barracks. (advance)
F.The teacher has showed a lot of__________towards us today. (lenient)
G.My mother made a________in her business yesterday. (lose)
H.When l saw food on a dirty plate, l got bad__________. (impress)
I.After the ____of the game, all players got refreshments. (complete)
J.Because of his ______he was entrusted with one million shillings to buy food for the
school. (honest)
ACTIVITY 19

A.She was very dirty because of________. (poor)

B.He was chosen to be the guest of honour due to his_____. (generous)
C.Kato was not chosen a head boy because of his_______. (shabby)
D.The potter is seeking another______for the former is leaking. (accommodate)
E.We are looking for _______as we put security light. (safe)
F.The pupil was given a front____________because of his stubbornness. (sit)
G.Due to the ________at the party, I took off very fast and bought soda. (disappoint)
H.The stranger was tired, so he was advised to take a__________. (resting)
l.The ________the teacher gave us was satisfactory. (explain)
J.His___________helped people to think correctly. (wise)
Activity on collective Nouns.
1. A_____of bees stung my goat to death.
2. The__________of directors decided to sack the manager.
3. He is the owner of that_______of sheep grazing there.
4. A________of vehicles moved slowly along the road.
5. Martin picked a_______of keys behind the house.

6. My bicycle was taken by a__________of thieves.

7. Daddy came with two____of cotton on the lorry.

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8. The men loaded two______of cotton on the lorry.

9. A________of puppies cannot scare me.

10. A________of dancers flew to London yesterday.

Abstract Nouns.

Activity 20

1. There must be good______ofrubbish. (dispose)

2. Wetlands should have a strong___________againstencroachers. (protect)
3. No one can read books in__________. (dark)
4. Everybody knows the______of God and his son, Jesus. (great)
5. He failed the test due to his________in reading (weak)
6. His company is in charge of garbage____________in the city. (collect)
7. The offended and the offender need__________from the judge. (fair)
8. The___________of a mattress is what matters a lot. (soft)
9. Who doesn’t want ___________in the world? (happy)
10. Water______________can lead to water borne diseases. (pollute)
COMMON NOUNS.

Common means: a-something usual

b-somethingthat appears most
c-something known by everybody
d-something found everywhere
Common nouns are: countable
uncountable
gender based and neuter.

Singular and plural forms of countable nouns.

Nouns that add-s directly to singular to form plural.

[district- districts] gatedancerule

boy tapestructureplate table chain
book bundlekey picture
window date pen stoneconclusion
doorlakebible laptop daughter
text bookprogrammetaxicurtain
poacher gigabytemousetrapsupervisor
file goat aerial month signature announcement etc.

Adding –es directly to singular form.

bus kisswatch box dress

gas addresspatch tax clutch
brush match quiz mangowaitress dress
dish fox speech bench fetch etc.

Adding –es to singular directly.

mango cargo domino hero

buffalo echo tornado flamingo
potato volcano tomato video 17 | P a g e
mosquito negro torpedo
Activity 21
Rewrite the given sentences giving the plural form of the underline words.

1. The technician have brought a computer to our home.

2. This announcement is being read to the family of Mr. videlicet.
3.That certificate was forged by dishonest students.
4.Mysignaturewas required by the bank manager.
5. The curtain has been torn by the vintner.
6.My classmate eats samosas daily.
7.The referees sprang this mousetrap last week.
8.The invigilator gave the examiner an instruction.
9.The taxi we boarded was very old.10. My watch is not now and neither is yours.

11.As soon as he paid the tax, he received the license.

12. Hisbus is beautiful, isn’t it?
13. Mrs. Maintenance will eat this mango.
14. This latch will get broken, won’t she?
15.The potato was crushed by the skillful mechanic.

Adding only-s - to nouns that end in -o

piano ------ pianos hippo kangaroo

dynamo logo igloo jumbo disco
solo ratio Eskimo studio video
photo commando inferno rhino hoodoo
stereomemento manifesto memo
quarto auto scenario soprano
kilo torso taboo merino
bamboo trio avocado silo
Nouns that end in –o - but take two forms in plural i.e –os or oes.

Cargo cargos /cargoes

volcano volcanos/volcanoes
memento mementos/mentos
stiletto stilettos/stilettos
ghetto ghettos/ghettoes
motto mottos/mottoes
lasso lassos/geckoes
flamingo flamingos/flamingoes.
Nouns ending in –y - proceeded by a consonant lose- y- for-ies.

Examples.

baby-babies
lorry fly laboratory sanctuary frequency
army ambiguity fishery memory battery
factory anniversary missionary sentry galaxy
agency industry mystery navy cannery
allergy university nappy rotary gallery
ally pony refinery fraternity hanky.
library bully chaplaincy casualty canopy
certainty celebrity cavity apology 18 | P a g e
anthology ideology entry colliery
lily city assembly dummy etc.
ACTIVITY.22.

Rewrite the sentences giving the plural form of the underlined words.

1. Her piano was stolen yesterday.

2. A friend of ours has talked to an Eskimo.
3. This is the worst scenario l have ever faced in my life.
4. That photo has been taken by the captain.
5. This auto was manufactured in japan.
6. Eskimo live in an igloo.
7. The studio to which l went was full of expensive equipment.
8. The baby has been given sour milk.
9. Your story is full of lies.
10. She has forgotten to attend the assembly.
11. The children visited this sanctuary last week.
12. Afly spreads disease.
13. These buildings have existed for a century.
14. His ferry broke down a fortnight ago.
15. The library of this school is well stocked.
16. This sty was cleaned by Mr. chimney.
Nouns ending in –y-preceeded by vowel simply add-s- to form plural.

examples.

journey turkey deejay gay key

Journey delay alley plays spray

chimney jockeysqually tray railway

monkey trolley valley day ray

toy way storey gulley

donkey.

Nouns ending in –f or fe- lose- f or fe- for-ves

Examples.

thief loaf wolf yourself life

half calf elf wife

leaf self-sheaf knife

Nouns ending in –f- but take 2 forms i.e- s or ves.

examples

chief cuff gulf diff staff

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safe wait proof stuff handkerchief

roof belief chef golf reef café.

Nouns with similar spellings in singular and plural.

fish aircraft sugar advice chalk doe

sand sheep luggage deer grass cod

milk furniture salt coffee charcoal

soil money rubbish trade hair

water wood rain clay security

information fur violence property.

Note.

Collective nouns e.g. cattle, poultry, vermin etc. don’t have other plural forms.

Nouns that end in -s- in singular and plural.

news physics headquarters

civics economics means
politics mumps sports
mastitis measles athletics
innings gallows tuberculosis.
mathematical crossroads,
Note: These nouns take singular verb when used in a sentence.

More nouns that do not change spellings.

dozen horsepower guinea fowl

gross hundred weight silverfish series

wildebeest passion fruit offspring pheasant trout etc.

Activity 23

Rewrite the sentences giving the plural of the underlined words.

1. It was a very tiring journey.

2. This chimney and that trolley are to be bought by Mr. Decision.

3.The monkey needs something to eat.

4.A donkey was seen galloping in the compound.

5.A thief stole the half that was remaining.

6.A loaf was wrapped ina leaf.

7. Her passion fruit was eaten by the young boy.

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8. The headquarters of the organisation is found.
9. Thelion’s off spring was fed by the game warden yesterday.

10.A handkerchief is very useful at party.

11.That shelf will be dusted by you yourself.

12.This chef has strengthened the roof.

13.We shall meet at this crossroads.

14.Her scarf has been dirtied by this chief.

15.His belief is so misleading.

Irregular plural forms (no specific order to follow.)

mouse mice
child children
gentleman gentlemen
foot ___________
goose
louse
man
woman
die
penny pence/pennies

bureau bureau/bureaus

Nouns that change-um- to- a or ums.

curriculum curricula/curriculums.
medium
memorandum
millennium
emporium
bacterium
stadium
spectrum
stratum
forum
dictum
at ultimatum ultimata
referendum referenda
sanatorium
ovum
trapezium
minimum
maximum
aquarium 21 | P a g e
Nouns that add- e- to- a- to form plural forms.

larva larvae
persona personae
ulna
trachea
antenna
vertebra
alga
formula
scapula
Nouns that change us to i.

stimulus stimuli
nucleus nuclei
cactus
syllabus
focus
radius
alumnus
hippopotamus

Nouns that change –i- to- e- between the letters that form its singular.
oasis oases analysis axis

thesis crisis diagnosis

synthesis synopsis hypothesis

Nouns that change- x- to ces.

Index indexes/indices
appendix appendices/appendixes.
apex
vertex
thorax
matrix
vortex
cortex.
Nouns ending in-th- take- s

mouth mouths
moth
myth
oath
bath
nymph
photograph
thigh
Nouns that lose on for a.

phenomenon phenomena
criterion criteria
automation automata 22 | P a g e
Nouns that end in ch add es to form plural.
church torch witch

bitch watch clutch

punch match

Nouns that are counted in pairs;

pliers tongs spectacles slippers tweezers dividers

shorts pliers trousers sandals scissors

shoes goggles socks slippers compasses
knickersbinocularsdrycellspajamas

Activity 24

Rewrite giving the plural form of the underlined words.

1. Mr. Victoria saw a mouse and an ox

2. Co. Modern treated goose and louse.
3.This goose has a louse in its wing.
4.That woman has studied the syllabus well.
5.This is the medium of communication in our country.
6.The index at the back of the novel is very long.
7.The reverend sent me a memorandum.
8.We have made an analysis of the week’s dews.
9.The spectrum looks very beautiful.
10.l always use a thesaurus at school.
11.The appendix of this book has a lot of information.
12.What a beautiful stadium he has built!
13. When we were in a crisis we went to the oasis.
14.This is a quite rare bacterium.
Nouns ending in –ma- that require addition of –ta.

stoma stomata
schema schemata
Expressing uncountable nouns.

a bar of soap bars of soap a slice of……

a table a of a soap a loaf of bread
a tuft of grass an ear of corn
a grain of salt a piece of information
a grain of sugar a piece of advice
agrain of sand a piece of luggage
abag of cement a piece of chalk
a speck of dust apiece of furniture
a piece of paper a piece of equipment
an item of cutlery a piece of jewelry
an item of crockery an item of clothing
a stroke of luck a ream of paper
23 | P a g e
a flash of lightening an item of news
a bar of chocolate a drop of water
jerrycans of porridge a piece of wood.
Activity 25.

Rewrite the sentences giving the plural form of the underlined words.

1. He received a mugful of juice and a cupful of porridge.

2. Has the author given you a spoonful of sugar?
3. This is a tankful of water.
4.Thatbucket of omo will help to descale the utensils.
5. She was asked to use a pair of compasses.
6. Will you ask to use apair of compasses to construct an angle.
7. Will you ask for a handful of baking flour?
8. Various people have a stroke of luck.
9. Your furniture is not dear.
10. He wanted to know the criterion we followed to write the speech.
Nouns that lose apostrophe to form plural.

a barber’s many/some barbers jeweler’s

florists pharmacist’s ironmonger’s
optician’s haberdasher’s printer’s
newsagent’s vets tobacconists

diaper’s butcher’s dentist’s

barber’s ironmonger’s

COMPOUND NOUNS.

Hyphenated compound nouns.

We plural the main now in the word.

examples editor-in-chief guest-of-honour

mother-in-law commander-in-chief member-of-state
mothers-in-law brother-in-lawmaid-of-honor
father-in-law son-in-law head-of-department
sister-in-law daughter-in-lawhead-of-state
by-law/bye-lawlady-in-waitinghead of cattle
bylinemother-to-be passer-by
by-productprefect-ion-dutyman-of-war.
by-electiontug-of-war(exception)
passer-byofficer-in-charge x-ray
prisoner-of-war grant-in-aid
Nouns with without hyphen plural the first noun only.

coats of mail chief of staff reign of terror

chiefs of police maid of honor point of inquiry
right of way point of view standard of living
a telling off hall of residence court of law
master of ceremonies etc. prisoner of war
point of reference
compound nouns taken as one word. 24 | P a g e

manservant menservants
court marital courts martial
man eater maneaters
fireman firemen
handbag handbags
schoolchild schoolchildren
housewife housewives
toothbrush choirmasters
headmaster toothbrushes
tablecloth headmasters
barmaid tablecloths
mousetrap barmaids
staffroom mousetraps
milk can staffrooms
doormat doormats
cupboard cupboards
teapot teapots.
Attorney general Attorneys General Attorney Generals

woman driver woman drivers

man friend men friends lady doctor
man teacher men teachers men pilots
woman teacher women teachers
wan student men students
woman pilot women pilot
woman pilot women nurses
workman workmen
roadblock roadblocks.
babysitter bystander notice board onlooker house girl

hillside tablespoon(tbs) inkstand cupful

boy scout girl guide standbys dining hall

governor general solicitor general headscarf grandson.

NOTE. These don’t change, tug of war, tug of love, vote of confidence, vote of no
confidence, a vote of thanks etc.

Activity 26

Rewrite giving the plural forms of the underlined words.

1.Both the boy scout and the girl guide are hard-working.
2 .Mystepchild, as well as my son-in-law, is disciplined.
3.The chief of staff has been flown to the Norwegian capital.
4.The Attorney General was attending the burial of the late Kirya.
5.This manservant broke the eggs on the egg tray.
6.Thatcargo train is very expensive.
7. Thisbutcher’s will be destroyed, won’t it?
8. We shall visit the stationer’s tomorrow.
9. Thischemist’s was cleaned by our maidservant. 25 | P a g e
10.The proposers raised a point of order.
11.The matron of honour is very smart.
12.There was an eye witness at the scene of the crime.
13.Thispasser-by has just escaped from prison.
14. One toothbrush was sold in our shop.
15. A tug of war is an interesting game.
16.The baby was given a spoonful of medicine.
17.Why don’t you use the bye-law of the club?
18.The doormat was very expensive.
19. Several babysitters was stuck along the road.
20.My pair of scissors is broken.
THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS.

The possessive (or genitive) is the case which denotes the owner or
possessor e.g.
uncle’s bicycle uncle’s bicycles
lady’s hat ladies’ hats
child’s toy children’s toys.
Rules of forming possessive case.

1. It is formed by adding an apostrophe to the singular e.g. boy- boy’s ball.

2. If the plural ends with the apostrophe only is added e.g. boy’s ball-boy’s balls.

3.If the plural does not end in the apostrophe first followed by s e.g. men’s hats.

4.For abstract nouns ending in- ness-or-ceyou only add apostrophe e.g. For goodness
sake, for conscience’ sake.

5. An apostrophe I put on the last letter of a compound word e.g. father-in-law’s house.

6. Nouns followed by qualifying phrase e.g.the winner of the race’s prize

7. For names of people, if the name ends in s e.g. Jones, we say Jones’ but for residence
it is different e.g. Joneses’ residence.

More examples

Singular plural

the boy’s book the boy’s book

lady’s dress ladies’ dresses
girl’s handbag girls’ hand bags
child’s toy children’s toys
man’s hat men’s hats
puppy’s claws -----------------------
mother’s love. ----------------------------
Activity 27

Rewrite these phrases so as to introduce the apostrophe where it is supposed to be:

Note: it may denote singular or plural.

26 | P a g e
1. the doll of the child
2. the shoes of the woman
3. the tail of the puppy
4.The horns of the buffalo
5.The boundaries of uganda
6.The smooth voice of Suzan
7.the ring of the princess
8.the house of my niece
9.the cubs of the lioness
10.the feathers of the bird
Activity 28.
Write the possessive case of the given phrases below.
A.dresses for ladies
B. uniform for policemen
C. talons of eagles
D.wear for gentlemen
E.a house belonging to Moses
F. a house belonging to Moses
G. neighbours to Uganda
H.a suit belonging to my uncle
l.neighbours to Uganda
j. food for visitors
k.books belonging to pupils
L. toys for children
M.Money for workers.
Application of possessive case of nouns.
Use the words in brackets correctly.

A. The __________driving license had expired. (motorist)

B.The __________feet were covered with sores. (pedestrians.)
C.We failed to interpret the___________signature. (chairman)
D. The ________concert was interesting. (children)
E.They spent almost a week at their ________________place. (aunt)
F.The farmer cut off the___________tail. (mouse)
G.Tomi plucked off the___________feathers. (chicken)
H.Many _____hats were blown off their heads by the strong winds. (people)
I.The -------milk was poured by the house girl. (baby)
J.The _______goats were stolen by Mr. Marvin. (teacher)
PRONOUNS.

A pronoun is a word that takes the place a of a noun.

The word “pro” is a prefix which means in support of or for therefore, pronoun is equal to”
for” noun.

Pronoun are normally referred to a s a noun substitutes because they are used to avoid
repetition in our speech or written work.

A table of summary about pronouns.

Subject object possessive possessive reflexive

pronoun pronoun adjective pronoun empathetic
l me my mine myself 27 | P a g e
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
He him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
one one’s one’s one’s oneself
Activity 30

identify and underline the pronouns in the given sentences.

1. They were eating it from their home.

2. She is playing it from the football field.
3. They will go and dance with them
4. He was caught stealing with yesterday
5. Our house was destroyed and they laughed at us.
6. She took her problems to her parents herself
7. lam standing for him o that his land isn’t cheated by them.
8. You have taken your fortune to here yourself
9. We were bringing it to you so that it can be kept by you.
10.Your mistakes were its own advantage.
11.He used to tell us about his background.
12. The shirt which was torn was mine
13. One should us about his background.
14. He used to tell us about his background.
15. We shall carry it even if you don’t help us.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRONOUNS.

A. personal pronouns possessive

B. Possessive pronouns possessive case adjective
Reflexive pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
relative pronouns
interrogative pronouns
indefinite pronouns
reciprocal pronouns

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Pronouns are either of subjective use or objective use.

SUBJECT PRONOUNS.

They work as a subject (doer of an action) in sentences.

Examples are/ we, you,it, she, he and one

Application of subject pronouns.

Use of: Both………and…………….

1. lam quiet. He is quiet 28 | P a g e

*Both he and l are quiet

2. He was charged with theft was charged with theft.

3. They have been sitting at the table. We have been sitting at the table.

*Both they and we have been sitting at the table

N.B Emphasize “both “with possessions.

Activity 31.

Join the sentences using: Both……….and………….

A.I have been accused of stealing calves. She has been accused of stealing calves.

B.The empire froze some beef froze some beef.

C. l will advise Mr. Enmity against that behavior. She will advise Mr. Enmity against that
behavior.

D.We will meet the masters of ceremonies. They will meet the master of ceremonies.

E.l dirty the tablecloths. Capt.Illiterate dirties the tablecloths.

F. l am giving advice to chefs. You are giving advice to chefs.

More use of subjects pronoun.

Use of: it is /was/we/he/she/they…who/which………

G. Mr. maintenance broke the flower-vase

H.lam the one who arrested the poachers.
I.We are the ones who welcomed the chief-guest
J.They are the ones who mismanaged the funds.
OBJECTIVE USE OF PRONOUNS.

An object is a noun, pronoun or noun phrase denoting somebody or 5h that is acted on

by a verb or affected by the action.

Objective pronouns play the role of an object or receiver of an action is a sentence.

Examples: me us him her it them and one.
ACTIVITY 32.

Complete sentences using the correct form of words in brackets.

A.Col.Impatiencebeat_______badly yesterday. (1)

B.The sculptor has taken________around the lake. (we)
C. Mr. Illegibel will blame_________for the mismanagement of the school funds. (your)
D.The prison wardens punished__________formisbehavior. (she)
E.Did the referee cheat_________during the match? (they)
F.I shall borrow a novel form ______tomorrow. (his)
G.HadDr.pronuciationtreated________or not? (she)
H. Mr. pianos wished___________ a safe journey. (their) 29 | P a g e
i.BothMr.Nith and Ms forty saw __________near the orchard.
J.The stationer sold ______some stationary last week. (my)
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

It is divided into two parts viz

i) Possessive adjective pronouns
ii) Possessive case of pronouns.
Possessive Adjective pronouns.
*They are used as adjectives in a sentences e.gmy,our,your, his, her,its,their.
*The above is used as determiner
Examples
a) Mr. Energetic has stolen my pieces of equipment. (me)
b) Co. Excitement borrowed our spherical pianos. (us)
c)Have you takenyouradmission letters yet. (you)
d) Washer flock well yesterday? (she)
ACTIVITY 33.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of words given brackets.

B.The shepherds hid________mousetraps. (they)

B.The cat shook_____tail. (it)
C.The vintner drank all______milk. (he)
D.The ladies –in- waiting invited _________to the wedding. (she)
E.I decided to enlarge the entrance to_______mykitchen. (me)
F.These are ______________orchards. (us)
G.You are dirtying ________wollenjackets. (i)
H.Arethese________reams of paper or not? (you)
I. Mr. Hindrance has dirted _________mousetraps, hasn’t he? (them)
J.Thehonourable fed the sheep and____lambs. (it)
K.Noneof_______brothers-in-law is courageous. (you)
I.Sgt bravely advised menservants and-sister in-law. (they)
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN CASE.

*They show that sb/5th has full ownership of 5th/sb

*They are not used as determiners in a sentence.

They include: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its and theirs.

Examples.

1. My friend has hung a skirt on the line. (Begin: A friend…….)

*A friend of mine has hung skirt on the line.
2. Her sister was blamed for dirtying the reams of paper.
*A sister of hers was blamed for dirtying the reams of paper.
3. Their mousetraps were stolen a fortnight ago.
Mousetraps of theirs were stolen a fortnight ago.
ACTIVITY 34

Rewrite as instructed in brackets.

A His niece rang me yesterday. (Begin: A niece……….)

B.Your cousin wore a beautiful helmet a week ago.(start: A cousin……..) 30 | P a g e
C.My nephew is advising the lieutenant. (A nephew……….)
D.His plumbers have bought expensive stationary. (some plumbers……….)
E.Their cutlery will be sold to be honorable (come cutlery)
G.My neighbor showed generosity to the beggar.(A neighbor…….)
H.Her uncle rode a bicycle carelessly.(An uncle……)
I.Your referee dirtied the players’ shorts. (The referee…)
J.Her albums were thrown into the waste-paper basket.
(Begin: some albums…...)
Note: Emphasize the use of belong, owner, owns, ref;SEG 1 p 136 ssebidde.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

 These refer to the same person or thing as another noun or pronoun in the same
sentence.
 Reflexive pronouns reflect the doer of an action in a sentence.
 Reflexive/emphatic pronouns end in-self or selves v
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself themselves plural
herself singular themselves
itself themselves
itself

N.Bi)Discuss themselves and themself in reference to a dictionary.

ii)errors made in writing e.g

Wrong: hisselftheirselvesonesselfitsself

Right:himself themselves oneself itself

Examples.

1.l hurt myself as l was peeling matooke. (me)

2. We bought ourselves some fried macron. (us)
3. The boy has got himself food from the kitchen. (he)
4. You will bring yourself trouble if you are not careful. (your)
5. As they were disorganized, they injured themselves. (their)
ACTIVITY. 36

Fill in the blank spaces with the most correct form of the words given in brackets.

1. The chectahinjured________when it was running after two deer. (its)

2. We blamed _____for not buying the pieces of equipment. (we)
3. This girl dirtied___in the muddy water. (she)
4.lambaking________a delicious cake, aren’tl? (me)
5. No one is to blame except____________(me)
6. The bachelorette hanged_______because of despair. (she)
7.l haven’t been feeling_______lately. (l)
8. You don’t seem_________thismorning. (you)
9. They had the whole plateful of food. _______(they)
10. We made________a ball for playing with, (us) 31 | P a g e
extra work.
11.No body helped us to teal this land. (begin: we……….
12.The villagers cleared the bill without anybody’s help. (end…selves)
13.The pig stopped on the piglets and killed them. (end…. itself)
14.They had enough money. They footed the bill. (begin: Since……selves)
15.l will dye these cloths without anybody’s assistance. (end…. myself)
ACTIVITY 37

More on usage of emphatic pronouns

Rewrite as instructed in the brackets.
1. The sculptors don’t get any help to carve those sculptures. (End…themselves)
2. No body helped the referee to organise the album. (end…self)
3. The bridesmaid thanked the groom solely. (end…. self)
4.l solely dug the pit in the morning. (end…self)
5. None of my siblings helped me to tidy up the kitchen. (Begin: l……)
Complete the sentences using the correct form of words given in brackets.

6. Mrs. intension___________hung those clothes in the morning. (she)

7. Ms. Entrance___________willdrives to the stationers. (her)
8. We_______spoilt the device last Saturday. (us)
9. Thosedelegates ___________met the energetic spectators. (they)
10. Prof.Enmity ________interviewed one of the applicants. (his)
11. The passers-by_______wound these watches. (their)
12. You__________were seen talking to the Dutch mechanic. (your)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

*They are used to indicate/ show what one is talking about by pointing or gesturing
towards it.Viz this (sing.________near you
that sing.__________far away from you
these (pl._________near you
those pl._________far away from you.
A demonstrative adjective pronoun is followed by a noun.

Examples.

1.This book is really interesting.

2.These children are very disciplined.
3.This tree is beautiful
4.That girl was severely hurt in the accident.
5.Those phones were bought cheaply.
6.Such language is not fit for use in public.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.

- The word reciprocal in adjective meaning refers to given or in return.

- Reciprocal pronoun expresses mutual action
- Viz. each other-for 2 items
- One another-for more than 2 items.
- Note: The above is a traditional rule nowadays both are correct. No need of
counting items.
Examples: 32 | P a g e

1. The women were blaming one another for the damage caused.
 2. The florist and the butcher have talked to

each other.

ACTIVITY 39.

Rewriting the sentences using …..and……….

1. Julian loves Moses. Moses loves Julian.

2. Mr.Admission helps Mr. Person. MrPermsission helps Mr. Admission.
3. Remmy has forgiven Mr.Explusion.Mr.Explusion has forgiven Remmy.
4. Dr. Chimneys has rung Martin.Martin has rung Dr chimneys.
5. Esther will escort Damalie .Damalie will do the same to Esther.
6. Entrance depends on me at school.

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS.
. They refer to each member of a group individually and separately e, each,
every,either,neither, none etc.

Use of Both(of)…………

Either(of)…………...

For instance:

a) Both boys are skilful at weaving.

-Either boy is skilful at weaving
-Either of the boys isskillful at weaving
b.Both men were charged with defilement.
Either man was charged with defilement.
Either of the men was charged with defilement.
ACTIVITY 40.

Rewrite the sentences beginning.

1. Both ladies are weak

2. Both women have had problems
3. Both of the menservants dirty our furniture
4 Both of the maidservant has dirtied the cutlery
5. Both of the pianos were being played by Mrs.Intention.
6.Both of the museums were beautified.

Either of the two…………………….

For instance:
1. Martin is intelligent. Amis is intelligent.
Either of the two men, Martin and Amis is intelligent.
Mrs. Circular is hardworking. Mr. Triangular I hardworking.
Either of the two (women) Mr. Circular and Mrs. Triangular is hardworking.
Activity 41.
33 | P a g e
write and join sentences beginning: Either of the two…………….

A. Enmity is courageous. Humility is courageous.

 B. Marvin is determined to succeed. Wisdom is determined to succeed.
C.Kamalflies passenger planes daily. Kamulflies passenger planes daily.
D. Mr. Minority is deceitful. Mr.Majority is deceitful.
E.Capt. pleasure has wound the watches.Mr. Rwandan has wound the watches.
F.BothDenise and Priscilla were admitted to a Kabami Secondary School.

Neither (of)………………….

Examples:
B. Both books are new
Neither book is old.
B. Both stadia were modern.
Neither stadium was ancient
Neither of the stadiums was ancient.

Activity 42.

Rewrite the sentences given beginning

Neither…………….

Neither of…………….

Note: The following opposites might be useful.

sharp ancient attend stupid

quick cowardly lack proudly
lazy ignorant dull calm.
1.Both mothers-in-law are courageous
2.Both of the scientists are knowledgeable about mathematics.
3.Both seamstresses are to miss the burial.
4.Both of the mechanics buy modern laptop.
5.Both wives behave humbly.

6.Both of the flowers are bright.

7.Both of the barbers were hardworking.

Use of: Neither of the two………………………………. for instance (e.g.)

a. Ampire cannot smooth this word. Seera cannot smooth this wood.

Neither of the two ladies, Ampire and Serena, can smooth this wood.

B.Martin will not draw rectangular shape and neither will Matthew.

Neither of the two men, martin and Mathew will draw rectangular shapes.

Activity 43.

Rewrite the given sentences beginning:

34 | P a g e
Neither of the two………………….

1. The spectators did not sit at the entrance.

The players did not sit at the entrance.

2. Ben did not tear the reams of paper. I did not tear the reams of paper.

3. The volunteers have not eaten any mutton.The bursars have not eaten any mutton.

4. Faith is not suspicious of my behavior. MsCemetery is not suspicious of my behaviour.

5. Rev.Ridden does not dirty the seats.Ms. Taxis does not dirty the seats.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

An indefinite pronoun is word that does not refer to a specific person or thing in a
sentence via (namely)

someone anything all one.

nothing none everybody etc.

Application of: All(of)/None (of)

Remember the following

1.None refers to- not even one………………

not a single……………….

2. None points at one out of the many.

3. None- takes singular helping verbs since it points at one……...

4. None- carries a “not” in itself
for instance.
a). All the applicants are ugly
None of the applicants is beautiful.
Not even a single applicant is beautiful.
b. All of these waitresses have bought expensive stationery.
None of those waitresses has bought cheap stationery.
c.All my brothesr –in-law were found innocent of the crime.
-None of my brother-in-law was found guilty of the crime.

ACTIVITY 44.

Rewrite the following sentences beginning: None……….

1. All of her sisters-in-law were cowardly.

2. All those referees are careless.
3. All of your daughter-in-law have humble children.
4. All the hostesses eat fresh bread.
5. All the bachelor are generous.
6. All the chefs serve sweet pudding.
35 | P a g e
7. All herneighbors have foolish children.
8. All the criminals denied the charges.
9. All of the three librarians failed the interview.
10. All of us carry blunt knives.
Accepted choices.

sour/bitter poorly passed safe selfish careful

stale brave wise proud ignorant calm sharp

Use of All(of)/None of………………

for instance:

A All the mourners were served food at the burial ceremony.

*None of the mourners missed food at the burial ceremony.

B.All the passengers died in the accident.

*None of the passengers survived death in the accident.

ACTIVITY 45.

Rewrite the sentences beginning: None of…………..

1. All the children were punished by the teacher.

2. All the guests of honour attendee the ceremonies.
3. All the masters of ceremonies were served pieces of cake at my fortieth birthday party.
4. All of these bachelors missed the football match.
5. All of these were denied permission to enter the mortuary.
6. All the girls did not go to school on Monday.
7. All the suspects were guilty.
8. All the pupils in the school are well behaved.
9. You will not pass this test. I will not pass this test.
10.Not a single teacher saw the thief.

More indefinite pronouns for instance.

for instance.

One, one’s, oneself;

a.) You can do anything you want for yourself.

*One can do anything one wants for oneself.
b) They are always mindful about what concerns them and their children.
*One is always mindful about what concerns one and one’s children.
C].He may be worried about his health, but he will have to recover.
*One may be worried about one’s health, but one will have to recover.

ACTIVITY 46.
Rewrite the sentences using: One oneself.

A. We wish success to ourselves and our friends.

B. Lam supposed to be kind to all my classmates. 36 | P a g e
C.We should always help our nephews and ourselves
D.They can go for anything that can make their life better.
E.They should care for their brothers-in-law and themselves.
F.Youdo what you know is safe for you and your family.
G.I must offer pieces of advice to my companions.
H.You should concentrate on your business.
I. He should concentrate on your business.
j.We read dictionaries to enrich our vocabulary.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

These are pronouns used in clauses which are related i.e. they are used with relative
clauses.

Relative pronouns are most of the time used as conjunctions. (joining words.)

Examples are: Who, whom, whose, that and which.

Application of relative clauses in sentences.

1. Main clauseRelative clause.

The man was taken to the hospital. The man was seriously injured.
*The man who was seriously injured was taken to the hospital.
2. The rabbit was later trapped. The rabbit had run very fast.

*The rabbit which had run very fast was latter trapped.
3.The solider was badlyhurt. The children saw him.

*The solider whom the children saw was badly hurt.

4.The cow died. Its tail was cut off.

*The cow whose tail was cut off died

Activity 47

Use the subjective use of relative pronouns to join the given relative clauses.

1. The house girl was taken away. The house girl was a fool.
2. The money was stolen. The money was in the desk.
3. The sweeper will re-sweep today. The sweepers swept yesterday.
4. The puff-adder was running down the river. The puff- adder was killed.
5. The lazy boy will do all the punishment alone. The lazy boy is lame.
6. The lady was carrying a beautiful bag. The lady was ugly.
7. The mat was very strong. The mat was made of banana leaves.
8. The pupil was ashamed. The pupil gassed in the classroom.
9. The beggar is poor. The beggar was dressed in rags.
10. The book has a poor cover. The book has good material.

Note. Whom is for people and whichis for other things.

*Who replaces the subject nominative case

*Whom replaces him

*Whose replaces her which is a possessive adjective.

37 | P a g e
*Which is nominative also?
*We use that in informal style for persons

*Where answers “place”

ACTIVITY 48.

Fill in the blank spaces using these words correctly who, whom, whose, which, that,
when, where.

1. The man to_____l talked to was a robber.

2. There comes the driver_______driving permit got lost.
3. The pupil___________abused the teacher has been punished.
4. l bought chair ________that had three legs.
5. The suggestion______Martin gave in the meeting was rejected by the committee
6. The person___________stole my money will be arrested.
7. l don’t know_______young Bonny was born.
8. This is the place___________l left my wallet.
9. Aunt Damalie is the person____________daughter got married last week.

10.With___________did you visit the barbers?

11. The girl to______________the chief guest gave the prize is an orphan.
12. The keys____________were placed on the cupboard have disappeared.
Defining Relative clauses.

Activity 49.

Join the following sentences using the most appropriate pronoun.

A.I slept in a place. It was very dirty.

B.This is the boy. His hand broke.
C.I met a strong man. He seemed to be a Somali.
D. That is the pupil. You met him in the theater.
E. Sophia is the pupil. She invited us to the party.
F.The carpenter has repaired the table. The children broke it.
G. Some of the people are northerners. They work in our school.
H.I met a Japanese woman. I seemed to know her.
I.There comes the teacher. You went with he to the show.
J.This is the rich man. His house was broken into.
Relative clauses with prepositions.

The prepositions include to to whom

for for whom
with with whom
about about whom
in in which
fromfrom where etc.
For instance.

1. That is the man to whom l talked.

38 | P a g e
2. The passengers with whom l travelled were very friendly.
3. This is the village in which l was born.
Note: in case 2 sentences are given, the required deposition appears in one of them.
Activity 50.

Rewrite the sentences as instructed in the brackets.

1. l can’trecall the name of the officer. Am writing to her. (…...to whom….)

2. We carried the luggage for the old woman.
She didn’t thank us. (start: The old woman for……….)
3. The box was empty dropped the letter inside. (Use…….in which……)

4. You told travelled with a stranger. She was not sure of the way. (Use……. with whom…)
5. The hospital was a long way. The patient went to it. (…...Whom……)
6. l sat with a lady in a bus. The lady was going to Guru. (…. whom….)
7. We believe in Jesus. He was miracle worker. (.…. whom…...)
8. The man wasasurgeon. I looked at the man. (…. whom…...)
9. The house was really weak. The thieves broke into intoit. (…. which….)
10. The boy failed primary six. We laughed at him. (…whom….)
11. The tree will be cut down. The forest ranger approved it for timber. (…. which….)
NON-DEFINING CLASUSES.
These are relative clauses which don’t define the subject only, but also simply gives more
information about it.
NOTE.

Non - defining clauses have 4 characteristics

 The subjects of the main clauses are clear.

 The clauses are long
 The two clauses are joined and take commas
 The clauses confuse i.e. which one to start and which to end.

ACTIVITY 51.

Identify whether the sentences below are defining or non-defining.

1. The milk which l bought at the diary has gone bad.

2. This is the boy whose clothes got burnt in the house.

3. King Solomon, who was king of Israel, is considered to have been a very wise man.

4. My parent’s house which is the most beautiful in our village was constructed in the
tenth century.

5. Is this the girl who won a prize last week?

6. The man whom you talked to was my uncle.

7. Achebe, who has written several novels, has won lots of prizes for his literacy work.

8.The old woman whose luggage got lost on the bus reported the matter to police.

9. Rwomushana, who displayed good leadership at the university, was elected the
39 | P a g e
constituent Assembly delegate.
10.The cow, which the butcher bought from Rwakitura farm in Mbarara, was dragged to
the abattoir.

Rewrite as instructed in brackets.

11. Tina’s grandmother was born in 1903

She is now bedridden. (join using…who…)
12. The late AkiiObua earned Uganda international fame. He won a gold medal in 1972.
(We….Who…)
13. This book has helped me in my grammar. I got it as a prize from uncle Michael.
(…...Which…...)
14. Mr. Luwano has flown to Burkina Faso. I was talking with him a minute ago. (.
Whom…)
15. Cissy works with ZipperMotel. Her sister is MissUganda. (…whose….)
ADJECTIVES.

 An adjective is a word which qualifies or adds to the meaning of a noun.

 An adjective is a word that describes or tells us more about a noun.
For instance
handsome wooden interesting huge
green old satisfied fat
Japanese tall giant large etc.

Types of Adjectives.
1. Size
big, fat, thick, giant, large, small, thin, slender, tiny, minute, short etc.
2. Shape
Circular, round, oval, rectangular, square, spherical, cylindrical
3. Quantity (opinion)
Good, plenty, little, many, much, a lot, abundant.
4. Colour.
red, blue, green, pink, yellow, purple, maroon, grey, brown, navy
blue.
5.Matrerial.
These are normally formed from nouns. An example is wooden e.g a wooden
box
6. Particulars.
These adjectives sound like verbs but in actual sense they only perform the
work of describing or telling us more about nouns.
They are in two forms.
i)Present participles.
 l read an interesting history book last night.
 We had an exciting trip to Dar-es-salaam.
 Comedians do amusing things.
 The man were stinking socks yesterday.
ii)Past participles.
 Her pair of shoes were well polished.
 It is good to drinkboiled water. 40 | P a g e
 A prisoner who is already satisfied can still want more food.
 The mother gave a slice of bread to the already satisfied
 child.

8. Age

young, old, new, modern, ancient

9. nationality/orgin (proper adjectives)

They show people who live in a particular country and perhaps

the language they speak or goods manufactured in that country.

For instance.

America American china Chinese

Cameron Cameroonian Togo Togolese etc.

10. Demonstrative adjectives.

that those this these

far from far from near near

you you you you

11. Personal pronoun adjectives.

ACTIVITY 52

Underline adjectives in the following sentences.

1. A whirlwind always moves in a circular motion.

2.The boys were smart in their green shirts.

3.l saw a thin brown man walking in the street.

4.An egg is oval-shaped.

5.How much dose that grey American car cost?

6.Most Somalis are tall and brown with thin nose.

7.The girls were beautiful dresses and well-polished shoes.

8.The woman with the sunken eyes was so drunk that she couldn’t even lift her
walking stick.

9. l read an amusing story about Scottish sailor whose fat nose and broad chest
threatened everybody.
41 | P a g e
10.The hungry prisoner grabbed a round piece of cake from the young boy.
Activity 53.

Rewrite the following sentences as adjectives case.

For instance.

a book which interests =an interesting book.

1. a story that amuses= an amusing story

2. a journey that excites
3. an occurrence that surprises.
4. a child who is satisfied
5. a chair made of wood.
6. a car which is in Japan
7. a jacket made of wool
8. a necklace made of gold.
9.an airplane made Russia
10.a driver who is tired
11.a native of Belgium
12.an experience that frightens.
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES.

Most adjectives are mostly formed from nouns.

Adjectives ending in-ous.

anxiety anxious miracle miraculous

posion poisonousluxuryluxurious

more nouns that form adjectives ending in -ous

include:

mountain advantage fame peril glory

courage injuryindustrysuspicion disaster
religion melody adventuremarvel table
vigour mystery marvel labour
victory humourrebellion grief
caution mischief grace industry

TYPE B

ADJECTIVES ENDING in –ful.

e.gmercy__________merciful woe, law, grace, hate

Skill_____________skilful gratitude, fate, hurt

joy, peace, hope, colour, beauty, fruit, thank, fact

,faith,success,harm.forge,use,help,care,sorrow,wonder,fit,plenty,pity,cheer,forget,force.
42 | P a g e
type C.

Adjectives ending in -y
fault_____faulty rain__________rainy

juice_______juicy fruit_______fruity

More examples include:

clould, dirt,guilt,smell.health,milk,salt,sun,sand,wind,silk,trick,wealth,fifilt,etc brave.

TYPE E

Adjective ending in –sh.

girl-girlish

woman, fool, blue, man, boy, child, red, fever,

TYPE F.

Adjective ending in-less.

care____careless

job,colour,harm,faith,fruit,spot,help,hope,value,friend,pain,mercy,use,home.

TYPE G.

Adjectives ending in-ial/-al

occasion____occasional

office---official

colony,continent,nonsense,parnt,person,choir,economic,nature,region,picture,center,an
cestor,music,development,tribe,bible,accident,instrument,ornmane,benefit,crime,mech
anic,influence,geography,globe,hysteria,hypocrisy,abnormality,anlyse,contient,econom
y,editor,education,elect,eternity,exception,essence,music,naton,pirate,rhythm,poet,etc.

Example.

Type H.

Adjectives ending ___in___ic

metal____meatallic.

enthusiasm__enthusiastic

sympathy, athlete,chaos, giant,symbol, patriotism,

apostle,energy,patriot,poet,ocean,electricity,hero,icon,idiom,science,hygiene,apology,
angel.

Adjectives that end…ive.

43 | P a g e
defend____defensiveaggression___aggressive
Appreciate, conclude, calculate, effect, elect, exclude, exhaust, expand,
expend, extend.
Adjectives that are formed differently.

pride___proud, truth____true

hunger, cruel, friend, triangle, sympathy, muscle

hygiene, cowardice, fortunate, gent, thickness, poverty, height.

Activity 54.

Use the correct form of the word in brackets to complete the sentences grammatically.

A.l always visit my grandmum during the holidays because she is________(mercy)
B.Was the journey to the village___________? (success)
C.My birthday cake was________(triangle)
D.Our remedial classes are always___________during the holidays. (Interest)
E.Home is always__________during the weekend. (noise)
F.Our teacher is an_____________memeber of parliament. (honour)
G.He has been so_______________in making this holiday programme. (Instrumental)
H.Most children get accidents during the holiday because they are__________(care)
l.Today’s weather has been so___________. (cloud)
J.You should try to be_________during the holidays. (economic.)
Additional work.

Use the correct form of words in brackets correctly.

1. No sooner had the______orphan reached the orchard than the pedestrians saw
me. (mischief)
2. Mr. Repetition has the most_____furniture. (luxury)
3. The captain gave a _______account for their trip. (humour)
4. lam________andskilful at riding bicycles. (energy)
5. Kampala is an________city and so is Nairobi. (industry)
6. Not only is Mr. Kato merciful, but he is also_______in my life. (influence)
7. Hardly had we arrived at the_______cemetery when the mortician welcomed us.
(ancestor)
8. He shows _____behaviour, doesn’t she?
9. Ms Angrily said that love was totally__________during her childhood. (absence)
10. He is_______to speak French and so am l(ability)

11. Mr.Ninety house has a ________shape and so does Mr. Greedily. (circle)
12. Ms Enmity’s children were tanghtsocially____behaviour. (acceptability)
13. Ms pride gave a very_________smile. (angel)
14. The journalist has an___face, doesnt he?
15. l am ____about signing the agreement also is he. (hestitate

16. Were the head of state l listeningto_________music. (choir)

17. He is________oldevil. (craft)
18. Her hopes are as______as the stars. (height)
19. Entrance is a_____boy and so is hatred. (glutton)
20. The lady holds a very _____job, doesn’t she? (glamour) 44 | P a g e
COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES.

There are two types of degrees of adjectives viz.

Regular comparison

irregular comparison.

Note.

Each type comprises three parts.

Positive degree of an adjective

Comparative degree of an adjective

Superlative degree adjective.

Regular comparison of adjective need addition of” r”, “er” more or ire in the
comparative degree and they take st, est, most, least,orest,in the superlative, degree.

Adjectives that double thelast letter and add er and est in comparative and superlative
degrees respectively.

PositiveCOMPARATIVESUPERLATIVE.

big bigger biggest

other include:

sat,fat,glad,flat,thin,hot,wet,cruel,maf,slim,grim etc.

ADJECTIVES… adding-er and est directly to their positive degree in comparative and
superlative degree respectively.

POSTIVE COMPARATIVESUPERLATIVE

green greener greensest

loud louder loudest

Proud prouder proudest

round rounder roundest.

NOTE:No superlative forms of mere,minute,sparse,mature but their comparatives

common,subborn,brown,dull,clever,bright,steep,weak,short,old,deer,new,slow,quick,rich,
hard,few,strong,thik,high,rough,tall,long,young,fast,near,warm,handsome,cold,cheap,lig
ht,clear,clean,fresh,smart,deep,black,sweet,wild,ripe,rmote,scarce,noble,able,able,loos
e,etc.

c)…. changethelast” y” to I before adding or and est in comparative and superlative

respectively.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVESUPERLATIVE. 45 | P a g e

Healthy healthier healthiest

loudly loudier loudiest

friendly friendlier friendliest.

Shabby, uglly, heavy, happy, dry, stealthy, clumsy

busy, early, lazy,merry,pretty,easy,empty

weaithy,meaty,lonely,lovely,lengthy,hearty,guilty,jolly,juicy etc.

EXPECTIONAL is an “adjective” shy”

shy shyer shyest

D)……. Add randst directly to the positive to form comaparative

and superlative degree respectively:

POSITIVECOMPARATIVESUPERATIVE.

Fine finer finest

free freer freest

nice nicer nicest

Polite, humble,safe,blue,wide,gentle,wise,white,pure,noble,noble,idle,rude,

large,brave, etc.

e……. take more/less,most/leastincomapartive and superlative degree respectively.

POSTIVE COMPARATIVESUPERLATIVE

beautiful most beautiful most beautiful

Useful more useful most useful

little less least

dangerous cowardly, deliocious,knowledgeable,sorrowful,hard-

working,industrious,helpful.useful.pitiful,power,careful,thankful,humourous,

cautious,ignorant,faithful,gracious,adventourous,courageous,anxious,comfortable,decei
tful,energenetic,expensive,famous,fortunate,influential,luxurious,wonderful,merciless,skillfu
l,suspious,sympathetic,shameful,ahrmful,vigorous,

grievous,foolish,furious,marvelous,joyful,joyous,memorable,pitiable,pitiful,sensible,attractiv
e,lenient etc.

Activity 55.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets. 46 | P a g e

1. Which of the two knives is the________? (sharp)

2. Of the two tobacconists, Mr. Retreat is the____________(weak)

3. This architect is__________________than that engineer. (kind)

4. The sculptor is_____than the author. (tough)

5. Their children are________thanours. (quiet)

6. Of all the boys in the house, musa is___________(short)

7. Is this the________table in this louge? (smooth)

8. The Ghanaian butcher is the_______inthistown. (quick)

9. Which of the seven explosions was the__________? (loud)

10. That is the ______mountain in the whole world. (high)

11. Which of the three Sudanese barbers is the____________? (strong)

12. Are you the ______person in this area? (kind)

13. Which of the six ladies is the___________(brave)

14.l brought the_________helmet at the supermarket. (nice)

15. Which of the seat belts is the___________? (loose)

ACTIVITY 56

Apply the words in brackets correctly and complete sentences.

A. The monitor is_____________than the authoress. (luck)

B.Of the two actresses, Ms.Twelfth is the_____.(pretty)

C.Of the secretaries, this one is the____________.(dirty)

D.Mr.Maintenance was _______than the prospers.(lazy)

E.The opposes are_______than those oranges.(juicy)

F.These mangoes are_____________than those oranges.(juicy)

G.Of the two arguments,yours is the_____(funny)

H.Mrs minority is the_________________of two ladies(hungry)

l.The opposers are_________than the proposers. (lazy)

j.This is the_______of the eight women at this wedding party.(shabby)

47 | P a g e
K.Of all the people in the audience, that one is the_________(ugly)

L.lamthe___________of all the pupils in this room. (busy)

M.Is this the _______village in this district? (hilly)

N.That was the___________moment we had ever enjoyed at school.(merry)

O.That is the______of the nine children.(steady)

P.Are these really the_______men in this village.(friend.)

Exercise 57.

Complete the sentences correctly by applying comparative degree of adjectives.

A.My book is_____________than yours.(red)

B.Of the two boys, this one is the______(sad)
C.The new book is___than the old one(big)
D.Of the two girls, Akello is the_________(mad)
E.Which of the two opticians s the_____________(red)
F.of the two empires, this one is the____(sad)
G.The librarian is____________than the bursar.(fat)
I.His pancakes are ______than mine. (flat)
M.The future was to be____than the past. (grim)
N.Which of the twins is the_________?(thin)
O.This poacher is________than you are.(cruel)

Application of superlative degree in sentences.

A. That was __________moment in my life. (sad)

B.Of all the girls here, Allen is the__________.(thin)

C.Which of the three men here is______(fat)

D.This Is the_________typist l have ever dealt with. (cruel)

E. Is this the __________girl in the class? (slim)

F.Of all the cooks, Mr.Remembrance is the__________(fat)

G.My pen pal is the________girl in the auditorium.(thin)

H.Which of the metallic roads is the____________(hot)

l lhave____mangoes in the whole class. (red)

j.Thatwas________music event ever held in the theatre)(big)

k.it was said to be__________season on record. (wet)

l:))Mrs.Admission ate the _of the ten pancakes (flat)

m.You seem to be the_man in the village. (cruel)

n.lam not the_child t the orphanage am l? 48 | P a g e

o.The death of the accountant came as the _________news ever received by the
residents.(grim)

Applications of superlative degree in sentences.

A. That was______moment in my life. (sad)

B.Of all the girls here, Allen is the_________(thin)
C.Which of the three men here is____________(fat)
D.This is the typist l have ever dealtwith. (cruel)
E. Is this the _______girl in the class? (slim)
F.Of all the cooks, Mr., Remembrance is the____________(fat)
G.My open pal is the___________girl in the auditorium.(thin)
H.Which of the roads is the___________(hat)
L.l have __________mangoes in the whole class. (red).
j.Thatwas_____music event ever held in the theatre (big)
K.it was said to be__________season on record. (Wet)
L.Mrs.Admission ate the_______of the ten pancakes (flat)
Activity 58.

Application of comparative degree of adjectives in sentences.

adjectives in sentences.

1. Mrs Ancient is_____________thanMr. Wisdom. (beautiful)

2. Which of the two workers is the__________(hardworking)
3. Mr.Quietly is the_____of the teachers.(knowledgeable)
4. The accountant is__________than the cobbler. (cowardly)
5. Which of the two classmates is the_______________(industrious)
6. Of the nurses, Ms signature is the_____________(helpful)
7. Colonel victorious is_____thansgt Depth (careful)
8. Are you__________than l am? (cautious)
9. Which of the two tourists is the_______? (adventurous)

10. Of the 2 opticians,Mr minority is the________(deceitful)

11. Their sofas are __________than the plumber. (energetic)
12. The reverend was _________than the plumber (energetic)
13. This is the_____of the two Swedish watches. (expensive)
Activity 59.

Application of superlative degree of adjectives.

1. Of all the leaders in our country, MrLukwago is the_________(famous)

2. Annual is the most________of the four men. (fortunate)
3. This is the_______hotel we have ever slept in(luxurious)
4. The accountantis________than the cobbler. (cowardly)
5. Which of the two classmates is the________(industries)
6. Of the nurses,Ms signature is the_________(helpful)
7. Colonel victorious is___________thansgt Depth (careful)
8. Are you_______than l am? (cautious)
9. Which of the two tourists is the____________(adventurous)
49 | P a g e
10. Of the 2 opticians,Mr minority is the____________(deceitful)
11. The reverend was__________than the plumber(energetic)
12. Their sofas are_____thanours. (comfortable)
13. This is the____of the two Swedish watches. (expensive)
ACTIVITY 59.
Application of superlative degree of adjectives.

1. Of all the leaders in our country, MrLukwago is the_____________(famous)

2. Annual is the most_________of the four men. (fortunate)
3. This is the _____hotel we have ever slept in (luxurious)
4. Of all the trips, the one to mr.kenya was the_____________(exciting)
5. Which of the five theatres is the____________? (wonderful)
6. This is the________man in this area. (merciful)
7. lvisitedthe____________________mechanic in town. (skilful)
8. Mrs.Failure is the______________police officer at the police station. (supspious)
9. Ms entrance was the________of all the mourners at the funeral (sympathetic)
10. The Hon. Ninth watched the____________play ever shown at the national theatre.
(marvel)
11. This is the _______district in the country. (mountainous)
12. This business has made him the_______of the ten men. (successful)
13. Is she the__________woman in this place? (foolish)
14. We met the________knitter at the semester’s (quarrel)
15. It was the___________moment we had ever had. (joyous)
16. Which of the bouquet is the_________(attractive)
ADJECTIVES THAT TAKE 2 FORMS.
POSITIVECOMAPARATIVE SUPERATIVE

Clever cleverer/more clever cleverest/most clever

Risky riskier/more risky riskiest/most risky
Pleasant pleasanter/more pleasant pleasantest/most pleasant
Common , likely ,soory,spooky,guity,sure,simple,quiet,polite,subtle,stupid.
Activity 60.
Application of comparative degree of adjectives.

1.l am __________than Mr. Truth, aren’tl? (clever)

2. Which of the two gentlemen is the__________(polite)
3. Of the twins, wasswa is the_____(quiet)
4. This year’s PLE will be ___________than those of last years. (simple)
5. Of the two sailors, that one is the_______(stupid)
6. Are you really______about this issue than l am? (sure)
7. Of the two crimmals,the chief is the______________(guilt)
8. Last week’s journey was____than today’s (risky)
9. Which of the two houses is in the__________state? (sorry)
10. Which of the two pieces of equipmentsisthe ________? (common)
11. Aero beach is the_____of the two beaches. (pleasant)
12. Of the two candidates,Mr forty is the_______to become an Mp.(likely)
Activity 61.

Application of superlative degree of adjectives.

A. Which of the four technicians is the________? (clever)

B.This is the_______man at the barber’s. (sure) 50 | P a g e
C.Which of the six carpenters is the_______? (stupid)
D.Of the three oculist,Ms Ancient is the__________(quiet)
E.He is the________of the fourteen novelists at the park.(clever)
F.lamthe____________child in our class. (polite)
G.Of the five newscasters,ms Acceptance is the_________(stupid)
H.Which of the three types of furniture is the___________?(common)
l.Which of these ten places is the___________? (quiet)
J.That is the matches we have played, this is the_____to bring us victory.(likely
K.Of all the matches we have played, this is the_______to bring us victory.(likely)

L.Which of the thieves was the_____________? (guilty)

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.

Irregular adjectives don’t have any rules to follow when forming the comparative and
superlative forms.

The positive the comparative the superlative.

good, well better best

bad,evil worse worst
much more most
many more most
littleless less least
far farther farthest
late later latest
old older oldest
near nearer nearest.
irregular Adverbs

badly worse worst

illy worse worst
well better best
Activity 62.

Application of comparative degree.

A. Of the two girls,ms pleasure is the______(good)

B.Which of the twins feels_______?(well)
C.Your stepmother is_________thanours. (bad)
D.The patients are_________today than they were yesterday. (ill)
E.Of the two plumbers, Mr Friendship got the ___________pipes(much)
F.The stationers is_______from here than the mortuary.(far)
G.lhave__________crockery than you do. (little)
H.Which of the two journalists will receive_______than the other?(many)
l.The waitress gave me_________soup than she gave to my niece. (little)
J.Which of the two poetesses gave you the__________cutlery?(much)
K.Of the two pharmacies,Mr twelfth is the_______(far)
L.Youwrite____________than my nephew. (badly)

Activity 63.

Application of superlative degree of adjectives. 51 | P a g e

A. Of all the poetesses, Mr, immortal is the_______________(good)

B.Which of the four authoresses is____________?(bad)
C.Lieutenant Happily bought the____________mousetraps. (many)
D.Of the three occulists.Mr.Pronuciation was given__________equipment.(little)
E.Peter, what is the________news?(late)
F.l was given the___________books. (many)
G.Of all the children, Denise bought the_________staionery.(much)
H.Which of the six referees stood the_______?(far)
L.Which of the__________of all the students in senior four. (good)
K.Of the three sisters,stima is the____________(old)
L.Of the seven butches, Mr.Reddish has the_________________behaviour.(bed)
M.We stood in the_______corner of the field. (far)
N.Of all the patients, this one is the_____________(ill)
0. Which of the thirty-nine children in the class writes the_________? (badly)
ORDER OF ADJECTIVE.

NOPSSHACOM PN.

1.No number (how may)

2.Op opinion/quality 8.O Origin/nationality
3.S size 9M material
4.S shape 10P purpose
5.H height 11.N noun being
6.A age
7.C colour described

Activity 64

Rewrite the sentences as one without who that which or whom.

1. Mr. Repetition was driven in acar was made in Germany. It was new. It was black.
It was big, it was beautiful.
2. Our librarian is Long-legged. She is pretty. She is from Holland. She is thin. She is light
skinned. She is young. She has gone to the butchers.
3. Mrs prettily drove by in acar.The car was white it was new. It was small. It was nice.
It was from china.
4. Dr Immortal is a handsome bachelor. He is fat He is brown. He is middle-agredd.He
comes from France.
5. Mr. France came with agirl.The girl was beautiful. Show brown she was from
Senegal.
6. The bitch was black. It was big. It was young. It was fierce. It was from Portugal. It
was lying in the shade.
7. The bullock is brown. It is big. It is nice. It is from Ghana. It is crossing the road.
8. l met a shepherdess. She was tall. She was beautiful. She was brown. She was
young. She was from Italy.
9. There is large table at the carpenter’s. It is made of wood. It is one table. It is
beautiful. It is from Sweden.
10. Mr. Piano is a florist. He comes from Netherlands. He is short. He is friendly. He is
dark-skinned. He is old.
52 | P a g e
ACTIVITY 65.

Join the given sentences without using who, that or which.

A. Richard is young man. He is tall.
B.Mr.Rehearsal is a thin author. He’s old. He’s handsome. He is from sudan.he has been
widening the footpath.
C.John is a middle –aged butcher. He’ssmall. He is courgeous.He is a Norwegian. He is
brown. He is tall. He was hitting the three deer yesterday.
D.Anna is short girl. She is caring. She is big. She is Brazillian.She is young. She has rung the
illiterate ladies.
E.Mr cruelty is a middle-aged man. He is small. He is handsome. He is light-skinned. He is
from the Netherlands. He is their greatest pilot.
F.Mrs Reception is a brown lady. She is medium sized. She is nice-looking. She is old. She
comes from sudan.she is a sherpherdsess of great wisdom.
G.Innocent is a short boy. He is from switzerland.He is fat. He is brown. He is young. He has
just widened the exit of the theatre.
H.Prof.Mockery is a forty-year-old oculist. He is energetic. He is tall. He comes from
france.He is one of the chiefs of police.

L.Mr.Woollen is a short gentleman. He is brown. He is merciful. He is fat. He lives besides

the modern library.

J.Mrs Italian is light-skinned woman. She is slim. She is short. She is skilful. Her television
station broadcast good news yesterday.

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN……. ing and…. ed.

amazed/ amazing exhilarating/exhilarated
Amused/amuzing fascinating/fascinated
annoyed/annoyingfrightening/frightened
astonished, frastarting, astounding, humiliating,
bored,interested,confusing,perplexing,depressed.pleasing,disappointing,puzzling,distressi
ng,sastified,disgussted,relieved,distressed,disturbed,shcked,emabararrasing,stimulated,e
nchanting,surprising,entertaining,terrifying,enticing,threatening,exciting,tired,
exhausted,upsetting,enthralled.

ACTIVITY 65.
Complete the sentences using the correct form of words given in brackets.
1. Todays’s lesson has been very______hasn’tit? (bore)
2. Smoking is a__________habit, and so is drinking. (disgust)
3. He was so_________that he could not talk to me. (annoy)
4. Do not make her._________before people will you?(embrance)
5. l feel ______since he has left this place. (relieve)
6. The deer were clearly_______and son were the sheep. (distress)
7. The way the company is sacking old employees is very_______(disturb)
8. It was an________day,full of activities(exhaust)
9. She was the _______in the athletics competition. (one)
10. Mr.Accidentally received the_____________prize.(three)
11.l was the__________therace. (five)
12. Were you the__________girl in the stream? (nine)

Activity 66.
53 | P a g e
Use the given words in brackets without changing the meaning.

A.Dr.Mercilessly is planning to leave on the________of this month.(fourteen)

B.Since the exams were abit hard, you are lucky to have taken the________position.(sixty)

C.I wonder whether the________ boy will be complete enough to pass the test. (five)

D.My niece will be the ________in the forthcomingexaminations. (two.)

E.The waitress served me with the__________pudding (twelve)

F.Mr.Punctually is in________grade.(nine)

G.Col.Staedily will be lent the_______piece of cutlery.(thirty)

H.This is the_________day in a row that you have been late.(eight)

l.She took the_______position out of 238 students. (fifty)

J.William Shakespeare wrote a humorous play entitled_____Night.(Twelve)

OPPOSITIES OF ADJECTIVES.

Refer to Detailed English Grammar Book 2 by Salvatore Amutenda T

P.9-19

Countries and Nationalities.

Refer to dictionary Ninth Edition, Simple English Grammar part 2 P.57 By ssebidde A.

ADJECTIVAL STRUCTURES.

Use of: -as……as

……. equally……
For instance

A.Mr twelfth and Decision are equally courageous.

*Mr. twelfth is ascourageous as Decision.

B. Ms Explanation and Recognition are equally obedient.

*Ms Explanation is as obedient as Recognition.

C.Prof Agenda and Col.Skilfullywere equally knowledgeable.

*Ms Explanation was as knowledgeable as col skillfully.

ACTIVITY 67.

Rewrite the sentences using……as…...as.

1. Echoes and Dr.cleanliness are equally energetic.

2. It truly and Mr Truth are equally industries.
3. Mr.Pronuciation and Mr. merciful were equally marvelous.
54 | P a g e
4. Ms Repetition and Dr Calves are equally guilty.
5. Prof.Angrily and sgt.Sergeat were equally careful.
6. Arnold and Sam are equally intelligent.
7. Latif and Aine have been equally polite.
8. Dr.shininhy and Dr.Running are equally successful
9. The reverend and the novelist are equally thirsty.
10. The headmaster and the director were equally influential.
Use of…. not as…as……

……not so….as….

For example:

a. This dog is greedier than that bitch.

 That bitchis not as greedy as the dog.

 That bitch is not so greedy as this dog.

b.The fruiter was smarter than the poulterer

 The poulterer was not as smart as the fruiterer.

 The poulterer was not as smart as the fruitier.

C.The actresses were shabbier than the shepherdess.

 The shepherdesses were not as shabby as the actresses.

 The shepherdesses were not so shabby as the actresses.

Activity 68.

A.Mr right is fatter than col.Thankful.

B.The Reverend was humbler than Mr. Excellent.
C.May voluntarily was friendlier than sgtAnnonymous.
D.Hon.Humility is more handsome than capt ignorance.
E. Ms Lovable is more energetic than the mistress of ceremonies.
F.Their soup is saltier than ours.
G.Mr cruelty is worse than col.poverty
H.Prof.Rembrance is thicker than Lt.Choice.
L.Mr cruelty is worse than col.poverty.
J.The reference was better than the mechanice
K.The reverend is more cautious than we are
L.The cutlery is nicer than the crockery
.m.He is thinner than me.
Use of…...than……….

For instance:
a. The librarian is not as kind as the server.
 The server is kinder than the librarian.
B. The pieces of cake were not as tiny as scones
 The scones were tinier than the pieces of cake.

Activity 69.
55 | P a g e
Rewrite the sentences as one using …than…..

1. Mr.resemblance is not as humble as Col.Remembrance.

2. We are not as hungry as you are.
3. MrsWollen was not as rude as they were.
4. They are not as thirsty as lam.
5. These pieces of luggage are not as weighty as those items of furniture.
6. The plumber was not as stubborn as the technician
7. You are not as lazy as she was.
8. This florist is not as beautiful as that fuiterer.
9. My nieces are not as pretty as my cousins.
10. Mrs expulsion is not as attractive as Mrs Explanation.
11. Rev.Decison was not as brave as Rev.Bravery.
12.Dr.Resistance is not as lovely as Dr.Abstinence.
Activity 70.

More usage of the comparative degree.

Use…. not as….as………

1. The man is quick at swimming, but his sister isn’t.

2. Ms spherical was friendly with me, but her brother wasn’t.
3. The girl is good at English pronunciation, but her brother isn’t.
4. The mason is skilful at modeling, but his niece is not.
5. The journalist was powerful when lifting luggage, but nephew wasn’t.
6. Mrs.Explanation is generous towards us, but her cousin isn’t.
7. The reverend is good at Dutch, but his neighbor is not.
8. Ms Riding is knowledge about science, but her classmate isn’t
9. Rev.Hurriedly was famous for carving circular objects, but niece wasn’t.
10. Col.Robbery is fond of dyeingcloths, but his friend.
Double comparative degrees inasentence.

For instance.

a) Hussein dressed very well. People became very happy with him.
*The better Hussein dressed; the happier people become with him
b.l worked very hard became very tired.
* The harder l worked; the more tired l became.
C.If the lady applies a lot of cosmetics, she will become beautiful
*The more cosmetic the lady applies, the more beautiful she will become.

Activity 71.

Rewrite the sentences beginning: The…., the……….

A. Anna played a lot in class and understood very little.

B.When the weather became cold, my health became bad.
C.If you create a lot of problems, you will create a lot of ways to solve them.
D.If one spends many hours without eating, one becomes very hungry.
E.We did a lot of exercise in English.
F.if you drink too much alcohol, you become poor.
G.Entrance became hungry as she used too much Vaseline.
56 | P a g e
H.The photograph became clear as l moved closer to it.
I.Mr intention went slower and slower as he went farther and farther.
K.Mr Disprove became healthy as he continued eating nutritious food.
.L.Mrs cutlery drank a lot of water and she became very lazy.
Application of:

as well as escorted by

just like together with

including like.

Examples.

*Mr Happiness has ground the coffee beans.

Dr.Disobedient has ground the coffee beans.
*Mr. Happiness, as well as Dr Disobedient, has ground the coffee beans.
*Mr. Happiness together with Dr.Disobedient has ground coffee beans.
*Mr. happiness just like Dr Disobedient has ground coffee beans.
*Mr. HappinesslikeDr.Disobedient has ground coffee beans.
*The president came earlier than the ministers. He was escorted by his presidential
convoy.

*The president, escorted by his presidential convoy, came earlier than the ministers.

*Corporal Dining was taken to hospital

His friends were also taken to hospital

*Corporal Dining, including his friends was taken to hospital.

NOTE.

The form of averb to use is determined by the subject mentioned at the beginning of a
sentence i.e if the first subject is singular, the verb must be singular and the reverse is true.

ACTIVITY 72.

Rewrite the sentences using as well as, just like, together with.

1. The captain greets the milliner every day. The sculptor greets the milliner every day.

a….as well as……

b…. just like…….

c…. together with…….

2. The clothier has been rung by the carpenters

The journalists have been rung by the carpenters.
3. Dr.Bitter is buying some stationery.Sgt Forgotten is buying some stationery.
4. The bachelorette has been hurt very badly.
The spinster has been hurt very badly.
ACTIVITY 73.
57 | P a g e
Rewrite the sentences using as well as like.

1. Mastistis is a dangerous disease.Hepatitsi is a dangerous disease.

2. Athetics attracts many people. Gymnastics attracts many people.
3. Physics has been taken on by many students.
Economics has been taken on by many students.
4. Teachers are very important. Ajudge is very important.
5. Both economics and linguistics were taught yesterday.
6. Billiards was played yesterday. A domino was played yesterday.
Application of”as well as” with one subject.

I can draw a map of Africa.l can draw a map of Uganda.

l can draw a map of Africa as well as that of Uganda.
7. Mrs.Depature is writing a letter to Dr Hungrily.
She is writing a letter to Lt Abstinence.
8. We should advise children of surgeaons.We should advise children of pilots.
9. We can compete with teachers. We can also compete parents.
10. Martin can climb a tree of apples. He can climb a tree of mangoes.
ADVERBS.

An adverb is a word that modifies (adds meaning) to a verb, an adjective or another

adverb.

For instance.

An adverb modifying a verb.

*A snail moves slowly.

*The prisoner ate food greedily.
An adverb modifying an adjective.

A snail is very slow in movement.

The prisoner was very greedy as he ate food.

An adverb modifying another adverb.

 A snail moves very slowly

 The prisoners ate food very greedily

TYPES OF ADVERBS.

1. Adverbs of manner.e.g quickly, slowly, easily, greedily, well, carefully

Skillfully,
faithfully,badly,happily,proudly,kindly,fast,nicely,sensibly
etc.

*Adverbs of manner answer questions.likeHow………….? in which way…?

*Adverbs of manner tell how something happens or is done.

2.Adverbs of time. e.g. now,

today,then,tomorrow,yesterday,everyday,since,soo,already.last,coming,next,ago,before
58 | P a g e
,recently in an hour time,annually,yearly,biannuallyetc.fortnightly.

*Adverbs of time show when or what time something or is done.

*Adverbs of time answer questions like:

When……………...? /what time………?

3.Adverb of place e.g. here, there, everywhere,

nowhere,somewhere,anywhere,elsewhere,towards,fare,indoors,inside,where,downstairs,
below,behind,abroad,away,over,
nearby, above, upstairs, eastwards.
4. Adverbs of degree e.g. very, enough, too, almost, only, somewhat, abit, rather, almost,
extremely,

quite, rather, much.

*Adverbs of degree answer questions like.

To which degree…...? To what extend…?

5.Adverbs of frequency
e,gonce,twice,always,often,usually,sometimes,rarely,soldom,hardly,ever,never,regualray,
montly,fortnightly,biennially,every,saturady. etc.

6. Adverbs of number e.g. once, twice, thrice etc.

7.Adverbs of affirmation and negation(adverbs of probability)e.g.

yes,no,certainly,not,perhaps,definitely,obviously,absolutely,surely,definitely.

ACTIVITY 74.

Rewrite the sentences and underline the adverbs of manner.

1. The pupils have done the exercise hurriedly and has got zero.
2. The casualty bled in the nose continuously and finally died.
3. The boy was playing carelessly and accidently broke his leg.
4. She walked into the dancing hall freely and unfortunately, she was raped.
5. it does not necessarily mean that l have to buy a pancake for you to be my friend..
6. The commander was heavily guarded.
7. The mat was widely spread on the floor.
8. We hopefully expected our father to arrive today from kabala.
9. The clever pupil wrote officially to the headmaster about the problem.
10. She jumped the rope proudly but fell and broke her teeth.
ACTIVITY 75.

Rewrite and underline adverbs of place.

A. The stubborn boy threw my ball over there.

B.Jimmy had holidays at our home.
C.The baby scattered the match box sticks every where.
D.Suddely, the lightening as nowhere to be seen.
E.The thieves stole the soap from shops.
F.Let us rest here, friends!
G.My sister threw the glass down and broke it. 59 | P a g e
H.l always dump the rubbish in the rubbish pit.
l.The patient has been lying in her bedroom since morning.
j.l shall leave your luggage outside as l leave.

ACTIVITY 76.

Underline the adverbs of time in the given sentences.

1. The headmaster left for Gulu yesterday,

2. The concert started at 9:00am.
3. Our father came back sooner than we expected.
4. It had rained cats and dogs at night.
5. We have enjoyed our selves today in the National theatre.
6. Paul will never come to school in time.
7. It had rained cats and dogs at night.
8. We don’t go to school on Saturdays.
9. The hopeless pupils always dodge lessons in the afternoon.
10. It took a month for the journalist to go found Uganda.
11. The school dropouts often go to films.
12. He has arrived in Kampala city.
13. We often go to school.
14. They always visit the patients.
15. Azairwe seldom a faints during games.
16.Oriokot occasionally drinks sodas
17. It rarely rains these days.
18.Gulu schools sometimes win football matches
19.L have never entered an aeroplane
20. The children usually play games during break time.
ORDER OF ADVERBS.

For instance
We take milk (every morning, hurreidly at home)
Expected answers.
1. We take milk every morning hurriedly at home.
2. We take milk hurriedly at home every morning.
3. We take milk hurriedly, every morning at home
Follow this,

M P T time

Place

Manner

Qn state the correct sentence of the above.

ACTIVITY 77.

Complete these sentences using the correct order of adverbs.

A. The prefect spoke (yesterday, at the parade carefully) 60 | P a g e

B.Will you ran(in the field, at 8:00pm tomorrow fast)
C.The congregation prayed (in the church, veryhard, last Sunday)
D.The couple moved (to the reception hall, smartly after the church ceremony)
E.l shall take the ball (outside, today, and stealthily)
F.The candidates go (to school, at 7:00am)
H.The latecomers stayed (all day quielt, there)
L.jimmy played (last Christmas, beautifully in Collins hotel)
J.Our parents work (all their lives, very rudely this afternoon)
K.Lets go (tonight, to the film, last)
M.We shall leave (on Tuesday, next week, for Arua)
N.(at 6:00am the market normally every day leave for)

FORMATION OF ADVERBS.

*Most adverbs are formed from adjectives and verbs.

*Most adverbs end in-iy.

examples.
anxious anxiously brave bravery
arrogant arrogantly bright brightly
awkward awkwardly kind kindly
bad badly loud loudly
bitter bitterly polite politely
poor poorly quick quickly
proper properly quiet quietly
More examples from.

careless dear fierce rude silent

clear deep foolish sad slow wrong

clever elegant fortunate safe soft

correct fair regular serious wise

More on page 76-77 in simple English Grammer

Book 2 by sebbide.

ACTIVITY 78.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words given in brackets.

A. The plumber answered every question_________(correct)

B.None of the waiters has pronounced the word_______(wrongly)
C.Mr.Maintenance has written the article_________(poor)
E.You must stop writing___________about her exams result(bitter)
F.The fruitier said___________behind the library.(silent)
G.Having spoken to the spinsters, Mrs Burial shook her head_____(slow)
H.You should visit the dentist___________shouldn’t you?
I.The orphans were waiting______for their admission letters.(anxious)
J.Thesolidersfought__________during the war(brave)
61 | P a g e
K.She always walks_____doesn’t she?(awkward)
L.Music was being played___in the background.(soft)
Adverbs that are formed by dropping-e
For instance.

Comfortable comfortably simple

Double miserable single
Feeble noble suitable
Horrible possible terrible
humble probable true
Irritable questionable bearable.
Knowledgeable sensible
ACTIVITIY 79

Complete the sentences using the correct form of words in brackets.

1. TheGhanian cobbler speaks about his work_______________(knowledge)

2. No sooner had you come than the lion roared___________(terrible)
3. Those pieces of equipment are______not good enough for us to buy.(simple)
4. Be________________careful when driving along the road?(double)
5. The Rwandan bachelors as well as the Italian spinsters, were sitting at the
table._______________(comfort)
6. We sat chatting__________and so did they?(idle)
7. The porter lifted the pieces of furniture_____________(feeble)
8. Mrs Guilt knelt______and greeted the surgeon(humble)
9.Dr.portugesesfailed_______in his attempt to help the word’s orphans.(miserable)

10. This is ___________the worst performance they have ever registered.(probable)

11. The soldiers chose to die ________rather than betraying their leader.(noble)

12.The florist responded to me________(irritable)

Adverbs that are formed by losing-y for-ily.

angry angrily
busy busily
clumst dainty
happy hasty
heavy haughty healthy
needy noisy
lofty loftily
merry merrily
dreamy easy
hearty haughty
knotty kooky
ready voluntary weary

Unecessaryspeedy sleepy shaky scary day zesty quirky queasy.

EXCEPTIONS.

Mercy mercifully hurry hurriedly mercilessly worry worriedly.

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ACTIVITY 80.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. She has been shouting______________sincemoving.(noisy)

2. That bursar has been walking proudly and_____________(haughty)

3. My friends, just like my sisters-in-law, feed______(healthy)

4. You shouldn’t get__________worried about minor issues, should you?(unnecessary)

5. This girl dirties my costumes________________and so does that boy.(

6. Neither the barber nor the clothier sang____________(merry).

7.l shall work __________________,shan’t l ?(voluntary)

8. No sooner had l seen him than___________ate the slices of bread|(hungry)

9. Having driven the taxis very______________,the drivers caused terrible

accidents.(speedy)

10. We are dancing more_______than they are.(happy)

11. The plumber, just like the sculptor, was_____writing informal letters.(busy)

12. The captain laughed more_________than the principal.(hearty)

Adverbs formed by doubling the last consonants.

abnormal abnormally faithful sympathetic

accidental boastful majestic successful

actual brutal natural colourful

bashful careful official continual

annual cheerful painful cruel

beautiful energetic scornful thankful

blissful equal skilful thoughtful

truthful frightfully jovially powerfully

Coolly frantically helpfully really

delightfullyfully jovially reproachfully
doubtfully generally joyfully restfully
enthusiastically gleefully judgmentally usually
especially gracefully loyally woefully
eventually gratefully meaningfully wholly
fatally physically mortally potentially
rightfully unethically playfully puntually
verbally verbally usefully
youthfully zestfully willfully 63 | P a g e
ACTIVITY 81.
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. The artist painted the sculpture more________than we did.(beautiful)

2. Unless you answer the question____________you will be imprisoned.(truthful)
3. Despite the fact that we were ________________dressed in our costumes, we did not win
the prize (colourful)
4. In spite of the fact that he wrote the notes_________he made some spelling and
mistakes.(careful)
5. He had just___________wovnen mat when lightening struck the mortuary.(skilful)
6. It has been___________announced that the museum will be opened in
February next year.(official)
7. The team fought____so that they could win the match (energetic)
8. L______________knocked over the vase and it broke (accidental)
9. All the children were jumping_________during the Christmas celebrations (joyful)
10. No sooner had he received the good news than he
collapsed________ontobed.(thankful)
11. The innocent man was handled more__________than the criminals.(brutal)
12. Lieutenant hidden__________broke my pairs of spectacles and threw them
away.(willful)
13. Mrsforgotten___________acknowledge the help l had offered to her.(grateful)
14.Is it true that women ____________live longer than men?(usual)

COMPARISONS OF ADVERBS.

Use of:…………..as………….as………….

For instance.

Mr. Skilful ate the pork greedily.Mr.Mysterious ate the pork equally greedily.
a).Mr.skilful ate the pork greedily.Mr.mysterious ate the pork equally greedily.
B.Col.Energetic drew the circular figure equally nicely.
C.Col.Energetic drew the circular figure as nicely as Dr.Influerential.
ACTIVITY 82.

Rewrite the sentence using…….as……as………

1. Sgt Ancestral behaves humbly.Col.Famons behaves equally humbly.

2. Dr.chinese delivered his speech pleasurably.Mr. Resistance delivered his speech
equally pleasurably.
3. Mrs cemetery hung the shirt hurriedly.Mrs Album hung the shirt equally hurriedly.
4. Gen.Mountainous has woven the baskets skigully.Mr pronunciation has woven the
baskets equally skillfully.
5. He was walking proudly. They were walking proudly.
6. l laugh scornfully. She laughs scornfully.
7. The Rwandan beggars are working very hard. You are working equally hard.
8. We smiled at the bachelor sympathetically. She smiled at the bachelor
9. They present this programmenicely.l present this progromme equally nicely.
10. We have shouted noisly.The commentator has shouted noisily.
11. The heads of department were sitting respectfully. The florits were sitting equally
64 | P a g e
respectfully
12. The heads of department were sitting respectfully. The florists were sitting equally
respectfully.
DEGREES OF ADVERBS.

Positive comparative superlative degree

Fast faster fastest
Soon sooner soonest
Hard harder hardest
Long longer longest.
The adverbs below take more and most in comparative and superlative degree
respectively.

Quickely more quickly the most property

Properly more properly the most property
Cleverly
anxiously
arrogantly
awkwardly
bitterly
bravely
brightly
Carelessly
Clearly

feebly,horribly,knowledgeably,angrily,busily,clumsily,easily,greedily,happily,brutally,caref
ully,cheerfully,energetically,painfully,scornfully,successfully,mercifully,hurriedly,worriedly.

Irregular comparison of irregular adverbs.

positive comparative superlative

much more than the most
a lot more than the most
little less the least
well better than the best
badly worse the worst
ill worse the worst
far farther/further farthest/furthest
late later than /the latter the latest/last
Sentences

For instance

a) Of the two drivers, Magala has driven the faster.(fast)

b.)Which of the twins walks the most quickly?(quickly)
c.)Ms Ninth dresses the more smartly of the two ladies.(smartly)
d)Mr. spherical ate the mutten more greedily than Mr.Tringular.(greedily)

ACTIVITY 83.

Compete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
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A. Of the two oculists.Mr forty writes then.(proper)
B.Which of the twins eats the_____________?(fast)

C.Ms ninety –nine dresses the_________of the two ladies.(elegant)

D.of the two men,Dr Decision sat the__________(comfortable)

E.I will perfromthe______________of the two of us.(good)

F.Kitema beat the children the_____of the two boys.(hungry)

G.Pronunciation has eaten the meat the______of the two boys.(hungry)

H.Mrshabbiy is standing the__of the two men.(far)

l.Which o fthe twins was injured the___________?(badly)

j.l shall perfromthe_____of the two of us.(good)

The superlative Degree.

Examples.

a. Which of the three opticians worked the least?(little)

b.Of the five principlas ours speaks the most cleverly (clever)

C.LieutetantAbinanyi fought the most bravely of all the soldiers in the army.(brave)

d.I cried the most painfully of all the people at the funeral.(painful)

ACTIVITY 84.

1. Of all the women in the library, Ms Biting has spoken the__________(angry)

2. Which of the five barbers trims hair the___________?(fast)
3. Of the four spinsters, Annet mops the kitchen the_________(hurried)
4. Of all the clothiers at the laundry, Martin has danced the_______(happy)
5.l spoke the________of the five of us.(courageous)
6. Emma shouted the_____of the three of you.(loud)
7. He treated the_________of all the teachers on the disciplinary committee.(fair)
8. Last year, it rained the______inMarch.(hard)
9. Henry handled the issue the__________ of the eight referees. (badly)
10.Of all the applicants,Ms Entrance has answered the questions the________
(correct)
General exercise on comparisons of adverbs.

1. She walked____than l did(quick)

2. Martin drove the car_________thanharris.(hurry)
3. The glutton talks to us_____than his brother does (respect)
4. We answered her questions__________than his(easy)
5. That lion roared __________than this one.(fierce)
6. You always write___thanAmos.(lazy)
7. It rained ____on Wednesday than on Friday.(heavy)
66 | P a g e
8. She laughed at the child______than her brother did (scornful)
9. My niece dressed______than my sister.(pretty)
10. These shepherds stared at the tigress_______than we did.(worry)
Comparisons of adverbs using…as…as for instance.

*Mrs. Anna entered the mortuary more bravely than Col.Reception.

*Col.Reception did not enter the mortuary as branchy as Mrs Anna.
*Mr. innocent is typing the luggage faster than Dr.Argument.
*Dr Argument is not typing the luggage as faster as Mr. Innocent.
*Ms Orchard was sworn in more quickly than Mr. Innocent.
*Mr. Innocent was not sworn in as quickly as Ms orchard.
ACTIVITY 85.

Rewrite the sentences using…….not as…….as………

1. Ms Abattoir is better behaved than Ms Hiding.

2. The motorcyclist move basket more beautifully than the fruitier.
3. Mr.Parement writes worse than mr.Twelth.
4. We worked more than we did.
5. He eats more greedily than every one here.
6. This florists writes more poorly than Mr Robbery.
7. Mr.Circular walks more gently than martin
8. Capt.Dismissal drew the pictures more accurately than Mr Toys.
9. lam hitting these deer harder than he is.
10. They were speaking more angrily than you were.
Use of “however “with adjective/adverb.

Examples.

a.)Capt woolen dressed very shabbily, but he was given a front seat.
*However shabbily Captwollendressed, he was given a front seat.
b) No matter how good you are at history, youwon’t get 100%
*However good you are at history you wont get 100%
C.The pianist drives very speedily, however, he does not cause accident.
*However speedily the pianist drives, he does not cause accidents.
d) Mr Robbery treated us badly, nevertheless,we didn’t get angry with him.
*However badly Mr .Robbery treated us we, we didn’t get angry with him.
ACTIVITY 86.

Rewrite beginning: However……………….

1. The cobbler tried very hard, but he failed to climb the tree.
2. The shepherdess works really, hard but she doesn’t succeed in business.
3. It doesn’t matter how much you shout, you will not get the money.
4. No matter how carefully l explain, they won’t understand me.
5. Prof.Immortal walks very hurriedly; nevertheless, he does not reach the university in
time.
6. Even if you run very far,lwont give up.
7. The man is very ugly. All the same, this woman accepted to get married to him.
8. Even though it gets cold, your niece does not wear a coat.
9. It does not matter how old you are, you still have to respect us.
10.lam very tired, but l will read a book before l sleep.

Use of: The………..the…….(with adverbs) 67 | P a g e

Examples:
1. If innocent walks quickly, he will soon get there.
*The more quickly innocent walks, the sooner he will get there.
2. If Kato writes carelessly, he will lose a lot of marks.
*The more carelessly,kato writes the more marks he will lose.
3. Of Mr admission dresses shabbily, he will feel very ashamed.
8The mores shabbily Mr. Admission.
Activity 87.

Rewrite the sentences beginning:The……….the………

1.If Mr. Explanation speaks angrily, He will lose a lot of friends.

2. if col, Ninth weaves the mats beautifully, he will become very rich.
3.If Mr. Voluntary eats the food greedily, he will finish it soon.
4.If the tigress screams fiercely, her enemies will take off quickly.
5.If these men wander aimlessly, the librarian will shout at them proudly.
6.if the state Attorney fight heroically, we shall receive them proudly.
7.If he delivers his speech pleasurably, the audience will clear her happily.
8.If we listen to the Reverend attentively, we shall understand everything.
9.If he does his work carefully, he will score high marks.
10.If you dance energetically, you will make the audience very happy.
CONJUCTIONS /ADVERBS OF TIME.

Use of:

as soon as immediately the moment

the minute no sooner hardly
barely scarely barely
before after having

For instance.

a)We saw the thieves. We made an alarm.

As soon as we saw the thieves, we made an alarm.

*We mad an alarm as soon as we saw the thieves.

*Immediately we saw the thieves .We made an alarm.

*The moment we saw the thieves, we made an alarm.

b) The hawker heard a bomb go off. He ran away very fast.

*As soon as the hawker heard a bomb go off, he ran away very fast.

*The hawker ran away very fast as soon as he heard a bomb go off.

*The minute the hawker heard a-bomb go off, he ran away very fast.

Activity 88.

Rewrite the sentences using :As soon as /The moment/immediately/The minute. 68 | P a g e

1. The fruiterer gave me a receipt went back home.

2. The cashier forgot the pilot’s phone number.
The mangoes told him to get it in the directly.
3. Mr.Piano write a letter. Then she received a call from the lady doctors.
4. The glazier fixed the window frames
5. Mr.Enmity sprang the mousetraps. Then the widower rushed to get his reams of paper.
6. The supervisor went to the garage. Then a bomb went off near the stationers.
7. The journalists sought permission. Then the librarians went to the butcher’s
8. The milliner rode the bicycle .Then the librarians went to the butcher’s.
9. MsHeartily blew the whistle. Then the children lay on the table.
10. The sculptor bought a pair of scissors .He began cutting the pieces of cloth.
No sooner…………than………../No sooner did…than……….
For instance.

a.)When the captain ate the mangoes, he felt satisfied.

*No sooner had the captain eaten the mangoes than he felt satisfied.
*The captain had no sooner eaten the mangoes than he felt satisfied.
*No sooner did the captain eat the mangoes than he felt satisfied.
Activity 89.

Rewrite the sentences using No sooner had /No sooner did.

A. When the oculist saw a snake, he became terrified.

B.The cutler cut my finger. Then l started crying.
C.When we grew angry, the man gave five thousand shilling note back to us.
D.When the artist came, he was told to draw a picture.

E.As soon as the courageous vintner got the grapes , he started making some wine.
F.The moment the teller brought the receipts he gave them to the clients.
G.When the pedlar shined the shoes, he gave them to the bosses.
H.When the librarian cast his vote, he was called by the polling agent.
I.The florist hurt my niece. Then she apologized to her.
J.The plumber tore the paper. Then the manger became furious.
Use of :Hardly /scarcely.

Examples:

As soon as the author broke the flower –vase, we became furious.

*Hardly had the author broken the flower vase when we became furious.
*The author had hardly broken the flower vase whenbecame furious.

Immediately, he lay on the comfortable bed when he started sleeping.

*Scarcely had he lain on the comfortable bed when he started sleeping.
*He had scarcely, lain on the comfortable bed when he started sleeping.
ACTIVITY.

Rewrite the sentences using:

Hardly /scarcely/Bavely………when………….

A. When the waitress brought the mutton.l felt happy.

B.The moment l saw the two deer,l got surprised.
C.The bachelor took some water. Then the men pilots called him to the lounge. 69 | P a g e
D.Mr.Admisson blew the whistle. The teams began the football match.
E.Immediately you hurt me,l felt very annoyed.
F.Immediately the man reached the laundry.
G.Mr.cleanliness met the adverurous tourist. He told them some stories.
H.Mr stupidity tore the reams of paper. The bursars got shocked at his action.
Use of:”after/”before”

Examples:

*We sang the national anthem .Thenthe debate started.

*After we had sung the national then, the debate started.
*Before the debate started, we sung the national anthem.
*We snag the national anthem before the debate started.
*The debate started after we had sung the national anthem.
*L drank some water before Mr.Decission arrived
*After/had drunk some water, mr.Decisson arrived.
Mr.decission arrived after had drunk some water.

ACTIVITY 91.

Rewrite the sentences using………….after/before……….

1. The Italian author sank our hopes. Then col.woollen lay on his bed.
2. Mr Portuguese swam the chnnel.Then these bachelors hid the pieces of equipment.
3. Col.Turkeys sang a song.Then my nephew wore a woolen coat.
4. We began construction work. Then the Malawian men flew to the Chinese capital.
5.Her cousin ran a 400 meterrace. Then the referee left the pitch.

6.Her aunt rang me. Then l hurriedly went to the butcher’s.

7. Their uncle drank juice. Thenms Halves shook the dinning tables.

8. The actresses swam across the calm sea. Then the sailors sat at the table.

9. He blew the whistles. Then the match started.

10. Mr.concited wore a T.shirt.Then he welcomed the spectators to the stadium.

NOTE: Integreate “shortly after “with the above sentences.

Use of ‘must” and “should”

 The short form of must is mustn’t.

 The short form of should is shouldn’t
 Must and should express necessity and obligation
 They both show that something is necessary and that is obliged to do it or make it
happen.
 The past form of must is had to
 Other forms of must are: is to/am/to/are to
 Were to/was to/have to.

For instance.
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1. Theshepherd must not spoil our modern pairs of scissors.
*The shepherd does not have to spoil our modern pairs of scissors.
2. The canvasser must not campaign for our rivals
*The canvasser does not have to spoil our modern pairs of scissors.
*The canvasser does not have to campaign for our rivals.
3. These patriots must not break the rules of the association.
*These patriots do not have to break the rules of the association.
ACTIVITY 93(Interchange of activities)

A.My nephew must not violate the decision taken by the committee.
B.The pilgrim must not complain much about the salaries.
C.The optimist must not disturb the orphans like that.
D.The hair dressers must not turn into a wiseacre.
E.The predecessor must not offer assistance to this disobedient sculptor.
F.The successors must not go fro a polygamous family.
G.The angler must not practice overfishing.
H.The fishmongers must not be kind towards the misogynist.
I.The misogamist must not mistreat the widow.
j.The nonagenarian must not practice wrong behavior.

LESSON 92.
Use of: Must and have to.
Examples.

a) You must bring my boxes of chocolate now

 You have to bring my boxes of chocolate now.

B.The glutton must behave more carefully while here.

The glutton has to behave more carefully while her.

C.Mr orphanage must advise these disobedient woman servants today.

ACTIVITY.

Rewrite the sentences using………has/have to……………

1. The barber must shave my hair before/leave for Nairobi.

2. The waiters must serve us faster than they normally do.
3. The fruiterer must buy some stationery her.
4. The beggars must think the volunteer’s a great deal.
5. The centenarian must eat very healthy foods.
6. The hostess must prepare for the wedding earlier than us.
7. Mr.Abattoir must meet all the chemist tomorrow morning.
8. The shepherds must look after the ten sheep very cautiously.
9. Mr.Florist must treat these bachelors mercifully.
10.All spinsters must act more professionally than they always do.
Use of must and had to.

for instance.

a)Mr.circular must bring the chimneys now. 71 | P a g e

*Mr.circular had to bring he chimneys then.
b) We must abide by the law today.

*We had abide by the law that day.

c) That referee must make good decision.

*That referee had to make good decision

ACTIVITY 94.

Rewrite the sentences in past tense.

1. MsPride must congratulate us on our success at this time.

2. The journalist must get the wizard and the witch today.
3. We must stand in another lane.
4. The tourists must take a different route this time.
5. I must visit the beauty salon today.
6. You must check your heel now
7. Mrs.Guilty must write the letter is pencil at this moment.
8. The election must disconnect every illegal connection here.
9. Col.Permission must make peace with these matrons of honour.
10. The carpenters must confiscate these reams of pare now.
Use of: Should and ought to.

The short form are:

shouldn’t-should not
Oughtn’t to-ought not to

*should and ought to show that something is the right things to do.

For instance.

A) Do not forget to treat all the animals on your farm.

*You should treat all the animals on your farm.
B.You have to mind the welfare of your animals
*You should mind the welfare of your animals.
ACTIVITY 95

Apply should and rewrite the given sentences below.

1. Dont not forget to mind the welfare of your bitch.

2. Never forget to give your bulls water.
3. Do not forget to call the doctor to come and treat the sick kitten.
4. Do not forget to immunize the ducks at the right age.
5. You have to mind about the cleanliness of the kennel.
6. Do not forget to care after the calves.
7. You have to boost the milk harvest using a special dairy milk.
8. We have to remind the shepherd about the new one.
9. She has to take care of all the animals.
10.You have to love dogs and other pets 72 | P a g e

Rewrite the sentences using :……..should not……..

11.Do not dehorn bulls because it weakens them.
12.Do not mistreat dogs because the guard our homes.
13.Do not hate cats because they chase away rats from our home.
14.Do not over milk cows because it strains them
15.Do not expose newly born kittens to direct sunlight.
16. Never dock dogs since it pains them too much.

ACTIVITY 96.

Rewrite the sentences using……ought to……….

A. We should revise our notes very seriously.

B.These cannibals should stop their habbit of eating corpes.
C.Capt.Abstinence should give us reliable guidance about our security.
D.The amateur should seek permission before she goes out.
E.The druggist should make a careful prescription for the patient.
F.The manicurist should have adrink at this restaurant.
G.The drover should take some water to quench his thirsty.
H.A fruitarian has to receive the new reams of paper from the stationer.
l.This mason should resign from this contract.
J.Mr.Norwegian should continue mopping the laboratory floor.
Apply ought not to rewrite the sentences.

K.Mrs cruelty should not mistreat the obedient children.

L.The poachers should not kill these deer.
N.The drunken solider should not go to the mountainous area.
O.Mr suddenly should not go to the mortuary today.
P.The chefs should not use blunt knives in the kitchen.
Use of: Should with high time.

For instance:
1. Mr Energetic should rest for a while
*Its high time MrEnegetic rested for while
2.The reverend should sensitive the congregation on good behavior.
ACTIVITY 97

Rewrite the sentences using…..high time………

A. The tailors should use electric machines.

B.The semester should bring the gold medal he won.
C.L should dig a pit here
D.Their friends should start writing informal letters.
E.You should dock your sheep to ease mating.
F.The cutler should hang his shirt on the line.
Complete the sentences correctly.

G.Its high time you_____these watches (wind)

H.Its high time Dr.Curiosity____________on his bed.(lie)
J.Its high time l_____awollen jacket.(wear)
K.It is high time the correspondent______that real.( freeze)
L.It is high time he you___________away that rotten mango.(throw) 73 | P a g e
M.It is high time those butches_____________thekitchen.(tidy)
Use of: Should not have /ought not to have(negative and past forms.)
Examples.

1. It was not good to do that work at that time.

*We should not have done that work at that time.
*We ought not to have done that work at that time.
11. It was not good for them to deny him a seat.
*They should not have denied him a seat.
*They ought to have denied him a seat.
Rewrite the sentences using…should/ought…….

A.it was not good to deal with the invigilator harshly.

B.It was not necessary for you to seek permission at that time.
C.It was not right for them to bind the textbooks without permission.
D.It was not good to burst the ladies ballons.
E.It was not right for me to travel to the Japanese city.
F.it was not good to swing near the bosses office.
G.It wasn’t acceptable for us to spit at the bachelor.
H.It wasn’t good to hang your clothes beside the classroom.
j.It was not got for hum to hit those innocent sheep.
TENSES.

I.a Tense is the changing of a verb according to time.

ii.A tense is nay of the forms of a verb that may be used to show thretimw of the action or
state expressed by the verb.

ii.A verb form is the state of verb according to tense.

KINDS OF VERBS.

Regular
Irregular
Auxiliary
Modal verbs.
Phrasal
Transitive
Intransitive.
NOTE.

Briefly explain the meaning of each term above perhaps mention examples.

VERB FORMS.
Verb appear in four forms i.e(that is)
1. Infinitive
2. Present participle
3. Past tense
4. Past participle.
Tense vs verb forms.

Infinitive form___________used in simple tenses.

Present participle_______used in continuous tenses/per cont. 74 | P a g e
Past tense__________used in past simple tense.
Past participle_______used in perfect tenses.
SIMPLE TENSES.

1. Present simple
2. Past simple
3. Future simple.

CONTINOUS TENSES.

4. Present continous.
5. Past continuous
6Future continuous.
PERFECT TENSES.

7. Present perfect
8. Past perfect
9. Future perfect.
PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES.

10. Present perfect continuous

11. Past perfect continuous
12. Future perfect continuous.
CONJUGATE VERBS GIVEN.
*To conjugate refers to giving different forms of a verb as they according to number,
person and tense.

For instance

Regular verbs

1 2 3 4 5
Clothe clothes clothing clothed clothed.

define plan slap

1.defines 1.plans. 1.slaps

2.defining 2.planning 2.slapping

3.defined 3.planned 3.slapped.

4.has has has

have defined have have slapped

had had had

ACTIVITY 98.

Conjuate the following regular verbs.

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boom,ccol,clothes,close,care,clear,recall,defile,frowen,love,peel,smile,pile,collect,corre
ct,select,rest,want,hunt,bury,carry,rally,hurry,quarry,ferry,marry,vary,tally,worry,book,cook
,walk,laugh,mark,coach,trap,drop,stop,clap,removed,cry,con,mop,fry,ban,tape,check,
wait,visit,fake,turn,tap,dry,chop,construct.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

These donot have uniform ending like regular verbs.

Verbs.

beat bite break

1. beats bites breaks

2. beating biting breaking
beat
has bit broke.
have has has
had bitten have broken

ACTIVITY 99 CONJUGATE VERBS.

Speak,give,forgive,forbid,forsake,do,know,grow,come,become,see,choose,freze,weave,
throw,blow,fly,tear,wear,bear,shine,grind,bind,wind,swear.

Irregular verb that change I to a to u

in present past and past participle respectively.

Drink Drank drunk

begin began begun
ring rang rung
Sing sang sung
Shrink shrank shrunk
spring sprang sprung
swim swarm swum
Irregular verbs which change I to u t u in past and past participle forms.

dig dug dug

cling clung clung
sling slung slung
stick stuck stuck
strike stuck struck
sting stung stung
wring wrung wrung
spin spun spun
Irregular verbs that do not change at all.

burst, broadcast, cast, hurt, bit, cut, put, read, let, bet, split.

Irregular and regular verbs that confuse.

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hang(person) hanged hanged
hang(article) hung hung
lie(untruth) lied lied
lie(postion) lay lain
lay(eggs) laid laid.
Verbs that take two forms.

burn burnt/burned burnt

dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt
Spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt
Spill spilit/spilled spilt
Smell smelt/smelled smelt
Speed sped/speeded sped
Cost cost/costed cost
Learn learnt/learned learnt
Spell spelt/spelled spelt
Leap leapt/leaped leapt.
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE.

*This tense is used to talk about habitual actions ie things people usually or often do.

*It is sometimes refered to as everyday tense

it usually use the adverbs of time below.

daily biweekly monthly yearly

Weekly fortnightly bimonthly annually

biennually biannually bicentennially

regularly always often seldom

everyday every other day.

Examples.

i)l always eat porridge at school.

ii) You wash your uniform every Friday.

iii.He goes to the market every day

Iv.My aunt sometimes fries meat and macaroon

NOTE: ist person is the person speaking

1st person pron: don’t use verbs ending in-s

*l brush * we wash.

*we clean

*l greet 77 | P a g e
2nd person is the person being spoken to
2nd person pron:also use verbs without –s

 You tell
 you go
 you buy
 you clean

3rd person pron: Verbs take –s at the end.

 The waiter listens she listens

 my mother advises it changes
 the court charges
 Our headmaster cooks.

Sing.subjects________verbs take -s

Pl.subjects__________verbs don’t take-s

ACTIVITY 100

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

A. The florist _______Vaseline on her face every day.(apply)

B. Martin rarely________french thee days.(study)
C.Col,Orcahrd _this seat in the afternoon.(occupy)
D.Thatvinteralways_______his bosses at work.(sastify)
E.This naughty girl_______my beautiful dresses every week.(dirty)
f.Hesometimes__________on this jewelry for survival (rely)
G.Thecriminal__________the case whenever he is taken to court.(deny)
H.My colleague usually__________some mathematical calculations daily.(try)
L.Prof.Enmity________to the stationers every evening (hurry)
J.The butcher always_______dead calves monthly.(burry)
K.Lieutenant mark always______to me whenever l write to him.(reply)
L.The courageous woman pilot_______those passenger plane yearly. (fly)
Present simple with interrogative words.

Who whom what where when why how (wash)

For instance.

A) What does she carry every day?(forty books)

*She carries forty books every day.
B) Whom does this lazy pupil copy every afternoon? (Mr. Cobbler)
*This lazy pupil copies Mr. Cobbler every afternoon.
ACTIVITY 101.

Answer the questions following the guidelines given in the brackets.

1. What does Mr. Accidentally dry every day? (Maize grain)

2. What does this stubborn boy dirty every evening? (The woolen jacket)
78 | P a g e
3. How does Mrs. Valuable carry the pieces of equipment?(carelessly)
4. How does he reply to his bosses?(politely)
5. Which type of computers does Martin supply to these schools?(Chinese computers)
6. Who flies to the Ghanaian capital every weekend?(Corporal mercilessly)
7. Whose items of clothing does Maj.Skilful dry on the line every Wednesday?(The
optician’s)
8. Which rule does the striker defy every match?(rule 7)
9. When does the quarrelsome actress rely on the mageress?(When she is in trouble)
10. Whom does the cobbler carry on his shoulders daily?(the obedient orphan)
Negative and interrogative sentences.
1. He goes to school every day.(affirmative)
*He does not go to school every day.
*Does he go to school every day?
2. The butches greet each other every morning

 The butchers do not greet each other every morning.

 Do the butchers greet each other every morning?

ACTIVITY 102.

Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative forms.

a)negative
b)interrogative
1. The tobacconist dirties the referee’s well-dyed shirts every day.
2. The empire buries the ancient pieces of cutlery daily.
3. Those shepherds break the piece of equipment fortnightly
4. These librarians drive to the famous salon every weekend.
5. She tries mathematical questions every evening.
6. This mechanic always studies electrical engineering at the institute.
7. The lawyer fries tasty beans daily.
Present simple with :how often”?

Examples.

a)We often go to the zoo every term

 How often do you go to the zoo?
b) It rains twice a year.
 How often does it rain?
c) These waitresses give us piece of advice thrice a month.
 How often do these waitresses give you piece of advice?
D) Mr. Helmet dirties the mortuary once a week.
 How often does Mr Helmet dirty the mortuary?
e)Sgt Calves buries old knives four times a year.
 How often does sgtcalves burry old knives?
ACTIVITY 103

Rewrite the sentences in interrogative form by beginning: How often……….?

1. Dr.Subscription dirties the items of furniture daily.

2. The lexicographers paint their roots annually.
3. My niece tightens the loose bolts constantly
4. Col.Satisfaction visits Sgt Minority six times a year.
5. The surgeon operates on Patients every day. 79 | P a g e
6. l advice these plumbers daily
7. My mother fries mutton every four days.
8. We use dictionaries every day.
9. The cowardly pedestrian strikes these deer fortnightly.
10. It cruelty runs away from the poverty –stricken country every two years.
ACTIVITY 104.
Application of adverbs of time.

Rewrite the sentences giving one word for the underlined words.

1. Mymothers –in-law visit their oculist once a week.

2. The worshippers go to the church every day.
3. The actress flies to the Japanese city every month.
4. At their school, the sports day is held once a year.
5. This orphan carried these pianos to the library every week.
6. Mr.Buchery meets the heads of subject once a fortnight.
7. Col.Congregation checks the florists once every two years.
8. The convention takes place once every two years.
9. At their school, the sports day is held once ayear.
10.He fries tasty beans every week.

THE PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE.

1.It is also refered to as now tense

2.It expresses actions that are happening at this moment.

3.It was verbs ending-ing

Common adverbs of time in this tense include

now at this juncture

at this time at this time

at moment at the moment

Conjugate the given verbs that take –ing at the end.

verb continuous verb continuous

cook am cooking help is helping

wash washing jump _________

push ______ greet _________

allow ______ look __________

open ______ pick ___________

boil _______ brush ____________

point _______ laugh ____________

80 | P a g e
Carry, hurry, try, copy, study, cry, dry, carry, lift, lock etc.
NOTE

 Singular nouns and pronouns are used with-is- in a sentence.

 Plural nouns and pronouns or noun pharse use-are- in a sentence.
 For instance.
 i)Lam hurrying to school now.(hurry)
 WE are pointing at the chalkboard at the moment.(point)
 The bachelor is burying a corpse in the grave now.(burry)

ACTIVITY 105.

Use the correct form of the words in the brackets to complete the sentences.

1. The Portuguese women servants are______heavy jerry cans at this time.(carry)

2. The Congolese men are_______their houses at the moment.(lock)
3. Mrs Girlish is______for her tests now.(study)
4. The candidates are_____some mutton for their saurce at this time.(fry)
5. lam_____two by four now, aren’t l ?(multiply)
6. They are________at the funny author.(laugh)
7. My niece is_________the visitors at the moment.(greet)
8. The mistress of ceremonies are______the bride and groom now.(copy)
9. The dutch master of ceremonies are______the bride and groom now.(escort)

10. We are _______for the Spanish actress now.(wait)

VERBS THAT DROP LAST LETTER-e

Verbs ending in vowel-e lose that vowel for ing except lie, tie, die and vie
Examples:
advise advising bake baking
arrange arranging
bathe behave believe cane charge
dance deceive decide dine hate
invite judge line move organize
pile promise receive refuse revise
save serve shade smile taste
use rise entice persuade convince
enlarge differentiate seize resemble circulate
bridge practice dilute slice hide bite write etc.
lie lying vie vying
die dying tie tying.

ACTIVITY 106.
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words given in brackets.

A.Iam ____some mutton now, aren’t l?(freeze)

B.The journalist is___some cakes at the moment.(dine)

c.Capt.Hurriedlyis______some cakes at this moment.(bake)

81 | P a g e
D.The best man is______the couple with happiness.(welcome)

E.Mr Rectangular is_____a bicycle now isn’t he?(ride)

F.The waitresses are _____the Rev.Pitiable at this time.(serve)

G.The unkind parents are______their children o very hard work.(force)

H.Theyare________to the google website to get some information.(subscribe)

I.The authoress is_______an invitation letter at this time.(write)

J.Heis_______our passport from the immigration department now.(secure)

VERBS THAT DOUBLE THE LAST CONSONANT.

Verbs ending in an order of consonant-vowel- consonant double the last consonant

before adding-ing.

Examples.

clap clapping permit model drum

skip skid robb nod prefer map pit

drop drip propel trap rebel hop nut

excel compel cancel slap mop excel pedal

stir pin control quarrel refer label pen

stir pin control quarrel refer label pen

plan travel net confer admit shop grip

beg commit pat occur stop drag pop.

patrol gut ram gum grab fuel fret gag

sip nip tin peg cut hit put slit swim.

wet begin fit forget get knit quit run split shut etc.

ACTIVITY 107.

Use the correct form of the verbs given in brackets to complete the sentences.

A.The two ladies are______with each other now.(Quarrel)

B.Mr Greedily is_________forty pieces of equipment at this time.(put)

C.Mrs congregation is_________the floor very well.(mop)

D.The typist are ______some pictures on the wall now.(Pin)

E.Thechemitis______work at the dispensary at this juncture.(Begin)

F.This carpenter is_______his tea now.(stir) 82 | P a g e

G.The athletes are________a one –hundred –mete race now.(run)

H.The ten-man delegation is_______how to settle the bitter arguments among the three
countries.(plan)

I.Disobedient orphans are___________for permission to go home.(beg)

J.Our headmistress is_____the stubborn child at the moment.(slap)

k.Stop_____the calves, will you?(hit)

L.Col.decissionis_______me on the back.(pat)

VERBS NOT COMMONLY USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES.

Verbs which describe ideas,feelings,desireetc are raley used in continous tenses in written
English.

The above is so because they nearly/almost/completely not physical actions i.e they
take place in the mind.

For instance.

lam knowing the answer:WRONG.

l know the answer. RIGHT.

Examples of such verbs include.

know like hate remember agree

want dislike love disagree believe
seem own belong to imagine desire
contain realisehear have resemble
suppose consists of deserve see hear.
understand mean forget
wish
trust
SENTENCES

 I am wanting to go home now.(incorrect)

 We are deserving some prizes.(incorrect)
 Grammatically correct sentences are as below:
 l want to go home now.
 We deserve some prizes.

ACTIVITY 108.

The following sentences are grammatically incorrect .Rewrite them correctly.

A. Christians are believing in one God.

B.You are deserving to be punished.
C.That house over there is belonging to my anut.
D.The English paper is consisting of two sections. 83 | P a g e
E.The parents are loving their children.
F.lam understanding the question.
G.Salim is imagining he is the best prefect.
H.Rosette is resembling her mother-in-law.
L.Ourparents are owing a bungalow that is containing eight rooms.
J.The teacher is hating pupils who are idle.
K.lam having a painless score on my leg.
L.My father is possessing three houses in town.
ACTIVITY 109.

Change the following sentences into negative form of present continuous tense.

A.Iam sitting on the bench.

B.Keneth is ringing the bell.
C.They are weeding their cassava garden.
D.The teacher is marking our books.
E.The sheep are feeding their lambs.
F.lam sleeping on my bed.
G.He’s riding the new bicycle.
H.They’re writing compositions.
Change the following sentences into interrogative.

l.The child is sleeping on the mat.

J.We are waiting for the chief guest.

k.They aren’t playing football now.

L.He isn’t coming with me.

Rewrite the sentences in affirmative pre-cont-tense.

M.Our parents aren’t coming now

N.I aren’t listening to their conversations.

O.The television set isn’t showing clear pictures

p.This policeman isn’t arresting idlers.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

 This is also nicknamed the already tense.

 it talks about actions that have already or just taken place.
 It expresses actions or events that have been complete before the present time.
 The above tense uses adverbs of time are:

already ever

yet never

just

Present perfect tense take only past participle verb forms. 84 | P a g e

yet, ever and never are used in negative and interrogative sentences.
Examples:

 l have already washed the mangoes(wash)

 He has just received a letter from the president(receive)
 She has never dried her clothes yet.(dry)
 Has she clothes up yets?(clothe)
 We have not yet finished term two.(finish)
 They have evervisited as in summer.(visit)
 It uses has when the subject is a singular noun,or pronoun or nounpharse.

ACTIVITY 110.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

1. This impolite waitress has already______my cutlery to the dinninghall.(carry)

2. The poetess has just______the boy with disrespectful behavior.(slap)
3. Have they _____their plan to fly to Ghana?(cancel)
4. The adventurousauthours have already ____the children.(deceive)
5. Our pianist has just________the theatre entrance.(reach)
6. The empires havenever_________the internet.(surf)
7. Many poachers have just____the tourists in the game park.(frighten)
8. Their marriage has____inavery bad state.(end)
9. Mr.Febrauray has already__________cutting down trees unnecessarily.(stop)
1o.My sister-in-law has never _______beef with curry powder.(try)

Use of since and for with present perfect tense.

 Since is used to show an action from time in past until alater past time or until
now.e.g (it points at start of an action,not,duration)
 She has been off since Tuesday.
 We have been hare since 1960’s
 I haven’t eaten since breakfast.
 it is timely, years since l have seen her.
 For is used when one wants to show that an action began is the past is still going
on.
 For is used to used the length of time is mentioned(period an action has taken for
instance)
 Museven has ruled Uganda for over thirty years.
 She has worked here for over ten years.
 He has been sick for a week.
 Museven has ruled Uganda since 1986.
 It has rained since morning

ACTIVITY 111

Rewrite the sentence as instructed in brackets.

A.It is raining now. It started in the morning.(join using:……since…..) 85 | P a g e

B.We stay here. We came her three years ago.(use:…..for…)
C.Jane is washing her dirty clothes. She started at 10p.m.(use:….since….)
D.l had a meal an hour ago.(use:…for….)
E.He works here. He started lastyear.(Use;…..since…..)
F.We are playing football. We started at 4p.m.
G.It is raining now. It started at 7:00a.m. (since)
H.I saw him in January.(begin:l have not…….)
I.l ate fish a week ago.(use:….for…..)
J.Tom is digging .He started in the morning.(since)
ACTIVITY 112.

Use the given tables to construct sentences in affirmative negative and interrogative
sentences.

1. l
2. You
3. We has
4. He hasn’t some food today
5. She have eatenany food since
6. They morning
7. It haven’t
8. Jimmy
9. The children. Miriam
10. Has l
11. Has’nt he
12. Have we finished the work already?
13. Haven’t she
you
they
the pupils

NOTE: Write five sentences in eachtype.i.e.

affirmatives 5

interrogatives 5

negatives 5

ACTIVITY 113.

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct form of the words in brackets to form correct
present perfect tenses.

1.___________you________to the head master today?(to speak)

2. We________already_____ourhomework.(to finish)
3. The day____the young man’s foot.(to bite)
4. Who______you from speaking vernacular? (to forbid)
5. l_______the teacher on duty since morning. (not see)
6. The water which is in the fridge_________. (to freeze)
7. The bees_______thechildren.(to sting)
8. Where____she_all that long?(to be)
86 | P a g e
9. Thebaby__for almost four hours.(to sleep)
10.______I____the question?(misunderstand)
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE.
  This tense is used to indicate a past event closely connected with the present.
 it is used to show an activity that happened in the past but is till going on e.g
 The y have been working in the library for two days(i.e) they’re still working.
 Shamim has been drawing pictures for an hour i.e she is still drawing.
 It is used to show an activity that happened in the past in continuous form but has
now ended.
 The choir has been rehearing all last week
 They have been helping their parents in the garden.

Pattern:has + been + present particle

have + been+ present participle.

Examples:

a. The butcher has been completing the work at the butcher’s.

b.The teachers on duty have been serving us porridge.

C.Ms. Happiness has been practicing football at the stadium since morning.

ACTIVITY 114.

Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the sentences.

1. She__________Mr failure for thirty minutes.(blame.)

2. These novelists__________proudly since morning.(walk)
3. The fruiterer________fruits since she went to the city.(sell)
4. The motorcyclists____their taxis since morning .(drive)
5. Our fellow optician____________ an informal letter since yesterday.(write)
6. We______our books for the last two weeks.(to revise)
7. She______her clothes since l arrived here.(to knit)
8. Our aunt________us for three years now.(not to assist)
9. Johnson_stamps since l was born.(to collect)
10. The casualities_____on the stretchers for two hours.(to lie)
11. Have you_____letters to your pen pals since you came here.(to write)
12. The glazier________window panes into the frames to an hour.(fix)
Present perfect continuous with affirmative negative and interrogatives for instance.
(+ve)He has been working in the garden for five hours.
(-ve)He has not been working in the garden for five hours.
Hasn’t he been working in the garden?
ACTIVITY 115.
Rewrite the sentences into (a) negative.

A. They have worked in the post office for two years now.
B.We have been helping them in their domestic chores.
C.He has been riding that bicycle since yesterday.
D.She has been waiting for the chief guest since 10:00 o’clock.
E.It has been raining since morning.
Change the sentences into the present perfect continuous tense. 87 | P a g e

F.He has worked in the bank for two decades.

G.The sun has shone for the last one week.
H.The football team has practiced for tow hours now.
L.She has lain on her bed since she fell sick.
J.Adoko and okot have waited here for very long.
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE.

Facts.

a) It is used o talk about actions that took place or were performed in the past and are
not connected with the present.

b) It is referred to as the “yesterday tense”

c) itwere adverbial participles of time such as:

Yesterday/yesterday morning/afternoon/evening/night.

 last Monday/Tuesday/month/August etc

 a week/fortnight/month/year etc. ago
 a long time ago
 ages ago.

Form the past tense from the following verbs.

NOTE:

Some regular verb take only d in the past such as:

dance danced serve reviselive release.

Smile advise like handled compile

Move bake decide believe encourage

divide shine shade refuse inflate

arrange bathe useshade force

Promise invite charge use judge

save arrive judge charge line.

ACTIVITY 116

Fill in the blank space with the correct form of the verbs in blankets

1. The chefs ________at the pedestrians at him and waved. (smile)

2. We_____________the buys warmly on their exams results. (congratulate)
3. Both manuscript and the porter were ______with theft.(charge)
4. I______________to the market last evening.(go)
5. Mr.Okalebo_us English last year.(teach)
6. He________________never to play with fire any more.(swear)
7. She_______not at home when l called her.(be) 88 | P a g e
8. The headmaster_____us from going to the shops.(forbid)
9.The meeting ____at 9:00 o’clock.(beginning)
10.Tom_______when the chief guest arrived.(to clap)
Conjugate the verbs below.
Wash touch snatch rain boil
slash march search start cook
dash hatch scartch help turn
crush pinch press start look
brush dress progress report assit
crash mess relax jump talk
rush box lock greet end
splash buzz open clean walk
quash match train allow
finish punch appear listen
ACTIVITY 117

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. The girls ______their clothes yesterday.(wash)

2. The cruel man______the tries of my car last week (slash)

3. The bridegroom______very smartly for the weeding party.(dress)

4. By the time we________to the abattoir, the florist had eaten the beef.(reach)

5. By the time my niece_________herteeth,l had finished ding so(brush)

6. Last year, she_____us all good dinner every night.(cook)

7. The fighter________me badly in the stomach.(punch)

8. All the chicks _______out last month.(hatch)

9.We ------ home after hearing the sad news.(rush)

10. Immediately she________over the fence, she broke her leg.(jump)

Regular verbs that end in-y lose y for ied in past simple tense.

cry dry terrify

carry marry horrify
try rely defy
burry occupy supply
copy prophesy deny
hurry classify reply
dirty study
fry pry
tidy multiply
ACTIVITY 118

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words given in brackets.

A. The company _______fish to the local shops last week(supply) 89 | P a g e

B.Mr. chimneys______the house and left for the city.(tidy)
C.My nephew _________bitterly when he lost his mother.(cry)
D.Theauthor_____to my letter last week.(reply.
E.Forty-four miners were_______alive (bury)
F.The front seats were ______by the guest for honour (occupy)
G.lnever________on him for help.(rely)
H.Wewere________as intelligent brains.(classify)
I.Theman__________the way I design my cardigans. (copy)
J. Thevintners_______my pianos and went away.(dirty)
Verbs that end in cvc-form double the last consonant in past simple tense.

cancel cancelled clap clapped tin

admit admitted drip dripped. travel

drop rob beg mop trip

madel sip clipquarrel occur

gut skip compel ram squat

patrol stop dip rebel net

plan trap ful refer pedal

prefer beg nod slap stir

EXAMPLES:

a)Mr sculptor dropped the glasses and they broke into pieces.

b.The oculist modeled a beautiful clay pot yesterday.

c.The referees carefully planned for the football matches last month.

ACTIVITY 119.

Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the sentences.

1. Themoon_______me to see a little way into the distance.(permit)

2. Dr.Biblical__________his flight to the Norwegian capital.(cancel)
3. Thetriplets___among themselves last night (quarrel)
4. The confectioner never_______his house yesterday (mop)
5. Prof.Shabbily___tous as she walkedby.(nod)
6. The van was________byMrArgument.(fuel)
7. The ladies complaint was______to the bosses.(refer)
8. Mr Adventurous sopenly_______to stealing the modern mousetraps.(admit)
9. The fried fish was_________well for export.(tin)
10. Theorphans_______to the Spanish capital by train.(travel)
Interrogative ,Negative and interrogative sentences with past simple tense.

a)Mr martin rewound the barbers’s tapes.

 Mr. Martin did not rewind the barbers’ tapes.

90 | P a g e
 Dd Mr martin rewind the barbers’s tapes?
 Didn’t Mr Martin rewind the barber’s tape?
 ACTIIVITY 120.

Rewrite the sentences in the negative and interrogative sentences

A.Col. Enlarge trod on a snake last week.

B.Ms. Kintu lay on Mrs. Entrances bed yesterday.
C.Gen.Pleasure crept into the laboratory stealthily.
D.Prof.Diasppearnce took all their pairs of scissors last month.
E.The knowledgeable novelist wrote many interesting story books.
F.Eng.Admission took some photos of the gathering.
G.The herbalist broke my mother-in-law glasses last February.
H.Ms. Hatred had many thoughts yesterday afternoon.
I.This sculptor made ninety-nine sculptures in 2010.
J.The glazier sent us fourteen modern pianos.
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE.

facts: This tense is used to show an activity or activities that took place in the past but in a
continuous form.

 It is constructed to show a long activity and a short one in past but

continuing.e.g.When Nan was running to school, she fell down.
 Nan fell down when she was runinning.
 it is used in constructions containing two long activities that happened at the same
time.e.g.
 While father was reading a newspaper, mother was peeling matooke.
 Father was reading a newspaper while mother was peeling matooke.
 it is also used in constructions containing one long action that took place or
happened at a particular time continuously.e.g
 All day yesterday we were working in our coffee plantation.
 Anne was revision his notes the whole of last week.
 We were working on our coffee plantation all a day yesterday.
 The whole of lst week Anne was revising his notes.
 singular subjects take “was “ where plural subjects are used with “were”
 verbs are always ending in-ing form
 1____was
 He____was
 She___was
 it____was
 we______were
 you_____were
 They______were
 one______was.

ACTIVITY 121

Use the verbs in brackets correctly in complete the sentences grammatically.

91 | P a g e
A. WhenJuma ___________a bicycle, he caused an accident.(to ride)
B.Theprisoners_______the playground all day yesterday.(to slash)
C.While the boys_______the compound the girls____tablecloths(to sweep to drink knit)
D.All last night we_______songs of praise.(to sing)
E.Thecows_______while the elephants_______(to moo.,to trumpet)
F.The members of parliament were_____to the USA when the aeroplane developed a
problem.”(to travel)
G.Thepassengers__________to complain about the delay of the bus at the stage.(begin)
H.Thechild_________his toy behind the table (hide)
L.Bees __________every body they came across.(sting)
J.The prime minister________a suit during the celebration.(to wear)
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVEAND NEGATIVE SENTENCES IN PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE.

 He was crossing the road when lightning struck.

 He wasn’t crossing the road when lightning struck.
 Was he crossing the road when lighteningstruck?
 Wasn’t he crossing the road when lightning struck?
ACTIVITY 122.

Change the given sentences into a) negative

b) Interrogative

1. The teacher was teaching when he called Jane

2. The travelers were going to jinja when they got an accident.
3. She was planting the beans when it started raining.
4. The choir was singing the school’s anthem.
5. Martin was addressing the students when he received a call.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.

Facts:

l.It is mostly used to show activities that happened in the past but one happened before
the other.

ii.It can be called before tense.

iii.It commonly uses adverbs of time already and just.

For instance.

 We had already written our exams by the time the bell rang.
 When mary brought the letter,l had already known its contents.
Activity 123 complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs
given in brackets

1. Thewater______already______by the time l wanted to drink it.(to freeze)

2. When we arrived at school, the headmistress_______thestudents.(to address)
3. We_____our uniforms by the time the bell rang(to wear)
4. By the time we reached the railway station, the train__________(to lave)
5. At the them we reached the railway station, the train_______(to leave)
6. The sun______for so long when the rain started falling.(not shine) 92 | P a g e
7. The bird_________into the nest already.(fly)
8. We__________a long time my mother cooked them.(shrink)
9. English test_______by the time l entered.(begin)
10. The bee_______the baby by the time the mother came.(sting)
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE SENETNCES

For instance.

a) Tom had earned his salary before he went to Aura.

 Tom hadn’t earned his salary before he went to Aura.
 Ha Tom earned his salary before he went to Aura?
 Hadn’t Tom earned his salary before he went to aura?
ACTIVITY 124.

Turn the sentences into a)Negative

b) Interrogative.

1. They had gone to sleep when they heard the gunshots.

2. l had spent my money before the visitors came.
3. Mrs.Tinka had already arrived before her husband came.
4. The pupils had completed their work when the bell rang.
5. We had seen the eclipse before the radio announcement
6. My parents had already arrived before l invited them.
7. By the time thunder struck, the child had already collapsed.
8. We had run for a short distance when we saw our teacher.
9. We wore cardigans on Monday.Mr riding rang the woman servant on Friday.
10. He flew to London at 8am.The heads of state tore the reams of paper a t 6p.m.
11.I went to the dairy at 5olock in the afternoon. The conductress tried the mutton at 2
o’clock in the afternoon.
12. Mr.Bucket rode the bicycle at 6 o’clock in the evening .The chiefs rang the
waitresses’ afew minutes later.
13. The cobbler sang a song in the morning .the babies drank milk at midday.
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.

FACTS.
I)It is also called the tomorrow tense.
ii)it is used to show what will happen or actions that will be performed in the time to
come.
iii)It uses will or shall as helping verbs.
iv) Shall forms negative shall not=shan’t
v))Will forms negative will not=won’t
vi)l’ll = l will
=l shall.
vi) Future simple takes infinitive verb forms without ‘to’
vii)We also use”going to’ to express future simple tense.

For instance.

A. They will finish the work tomorrow.

B.I shall pay him a visit next Monday

93 | P a g e
C.He is going to visit his uncle tomorrow,

Note.
As a prediction of a future event, shall is used with /or we.

D.L shall visit my uncle tomorrow.

E.We shall meet the headmaster tomorrow morning.

*adv of time include: next, tomorrow, the day, after the day after tomorrow etc.

1.Affirmative. negative interrogative.

 I shall vist him

 l shall not vist him
 shall l vist him?
 shan’t vist him?

2. He is going to Lira tomorrow.

 He is going to lira tomorrow

 He I not going to Lira tomorrow.
 is he going to Lira tomorrow?
 Isn’t he going to lira tomorrow?
ACTIVITY 125.

Rewrite the sentences using …going to………..

1. We shall finish our exams in November this year.

2. They will carry their own luggage
3. Moses will not accept the money.4.We shall not apologiese to the teacher.
4. We shall not apologise to the teacher.
5. The pupils shall be in Mombasa in two week’s time.

Rewrite the given sentences in affirmative.

6. We shan’t call him by name.
7. They won’t believe what he says.
8. He is not going to discuss the matter with any body.
9. Christine won’t accept to accompany the young girls.
10. The pupils won’t get any bed rest.
TURN THE SENTENCES INTO NEGATIVE FORM.
11.I shall visit him next week.
12. Santa will get a prize for her art work.
13. This place will receive some rain.
14. We are going to receive our salary this week.
15. We shall say’no’when they ask us.
THE FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE.

 It is used to show an activity that will take place in a continuous form at particular
point in time to come.
 It uses will/shall and present participle(-ing)
 for instance.
94 | P a g e
 I shall be travelling to Kampala tomorrow.
 We shall be working in the library tomorrow at noon.
  Onam will be sitting for his examinations next week.

affirma negative interrogative.

I shall be digging I shan’t be digging shall l/shan’t l

in my garden in my garden be digging in my
tomorrow. tomorrow. garden tomorrow

He will be planting He wont be will/wont he be

beans this evening planting beans planting beans
this evening this evening

ACTIVITY 126.

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb in brackets correctly.

1. Akello__________firewood tomorrow at 2pm.(to collect)

2. The housegirls__________the house this evening.(to map)
3. The pupils_______their hands when the visitors arrive (to clap)
4. We___________our late uncle tomorrow afternoon.(to burry)
5. The herdsman____________his animals tomorrow morning (to tie)
6. Who__________the children from making noise?(to control)
7. Shall we___________our maize garden at this time tomorrow?(to dig)
8. l will___________on my bed at 6 o’clock this evening(lie)
Rewrite the sentences in negative form.

9. l will be assisting them tomorrow,

10. We shall be resting in the camp tomorrow at noon.

11. Will you be listening to the radio next week?

12. The girls will be visiting their aunt next week.

Change the sentences into interrogative.

13. You will be tethering the animals tomorrow.

14. The carpenter will be making a three-legged stool.
15. My brother will be flying to Nairobi next week.
16. It will be raining tomorrow morning.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

 This tense is used to express two actions where one will have taken place at a
particular time in the future.
 The activity event will appear in past before the other
 for instance.
 Will/shall +have+past participle.
 We shall have finished our work by the time teacher comes back.
 We shan’t have finished our work by the time the teacher comes back.
 Shall we have finished our work by the time teacher comes back? 95 | P a g e
 Shan’t we have finished,…………..?

ACTIVITY 127.
Complete the sentences using the correct form of words in brackets.

1. We____to the DEO by the time our headmaster comes back (to speak)
2. When the parents returnwe______what to tell them (to know)
3. By the time we sit for our PLE, we___________thesyllabus.(to cover)
4.l_________a new suit by they time the couple weds.(buy)

5. We_______for our examinations by November this year.(to sit)

6. When the parents return,we________what to tell them.(to know)

Rewrite the sentences beginning: By the time……

7. Anna will go to Aura on Monday. We shall catch grasshoppers on Thursday.

8. Mr.Truly will teach ust 8:00pmcapt Departure will drink the wine at 4:oopm.
9. The conductress will brighten the shoes today morning.l shall strengthen my business
tomorrow.
10. Jane will go to Mrs Entrance’s home at 3 pm.Enmity will leave Ms Entrance’s home at
7p.m
11. SR.Liar enlarge the entrances at midday.
Lt. Senior will using the ladies’s skirts at 9pm.
12. We shall get our children’s toys on Friday
The completion will take place on Saturday.
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE VOICE OF A VERB.

Points to remember.

i) Passive voice refers to the form of a verb a used when the subject is affected by the
action of the verb.

for instance.

He was instance bitten by a dog.

I) Active voice refers to the form of a verb in which the subject is the person or things that
perform the action.

e.g

A dog bit him.

i)Only transitive verbs change from active to passive voice and vice versa

ii) All passive voice sentences tae verbs in past participle.

v) A helping verb is a must before the main verbs in relation to the tense.

vi) In passive voice, the sentence does not change the tense seen in active voice.

vii) In case the door of an action is not particular, it may not be mentioned in passive
voice, written English only
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viii) The object always starts a passive sentence.

For instance.
Pattern:

Subj + infin += active voice

e.gThe pupils write letters every week.

Object + h.v (is/are) + pp (by + doer=passive voice

*letters are written by the pupils every day.

PASSIVE: Matoke is eaten (by us) every day

Active: We eat matoke every day.

Active: Mother cooks food.

PASSIVE: Food is cooked by mother

NOTE: incase of general knowledge case of doers one does not need to mention that
does e.g.
Active: people in our village grow a lot of maize
Passive: A lot of maize is grown in our village.
ACTIVITY 128

Change the following sentences into passive voice of verb.

1. The girls weave baskets every evening.

2. Juma rides that bicycle once a week.
3. Who always rings the bell?
4. They call her Sudan
5. Asiimwe writes letters regularly to his penpals.
6. l keep money in the box
Rewrite as instructed in brackets.

7. The cobbler hangs those suits daily.(start those suits)

8. The quarrelsome matrons beat the children every three days.
(Begin: the children…..)
9. My nephew freezes tasty mutton regularly.
(Begin: Tasty mutton…..)
10. That author occasionally wears a woolen jacket.
(Begin: A woolen jacket…)
ACTIVITY 129.

Change the following sentences into the active voice.

1. My pen is always hidden by Kalulu.

2. The letters are often taken by the office messenger.
3. We are always addressed by the headmaster at assembly.
4. By whom were the books stolen?
5. l can given a prize whenever l win a competition.
6. They are often punished by the teacher.
Rewrite as instructed in brackets. 97 | P a g e

7. Pieces of paper are dropped by primary school pupils.

 (Start: primary……….)
8. The young girl is always beaten by joan.(start:joan…….)
9. They are often punished by the teacher.(use:….punishes…..)
10. My books are always torn by the stubborn girl.(use;….tears….)
THE PRESENT CONTIONOUS TENSE.

Pattern.

Act; subj+ am/is/ae+..Ing+obj

Pass: obj+is/are+being+pp+subj

For instance:

 He s eating a banana(active)
 A banana is being eaten(by him)(passive)
 lam washing the towels now.(Active)
 The towels are being washed by me now.(passive)
 ACTIVITY 130.

Turn the following sentences into passive voice.

 Musa is riding our new bicycle.

 The monitor is cleansing the chalkboard.
 We are mopping the dinning hall.
 Children are dropping piece of paper in the compound.
 They are writing invitation letters.
 The timekeeper is ringing the bell
 The pupils are singing the national Anthem
 The DEO is speaking to the teachers.
 lam weaving a basket.
 Who is breaking the window?
 Aren’t those boys drinking my milk?
 Is mark flying the kite?

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

 It is also called the already tense.

Pattern in passive.

Object + has /have/been/past participle.

Examples.

a) They have spoken to the headmaster.

 The headmaster has been spoken to .

b) Tom has rung the bell. 98 | P a g e

c) The Ghanaian referees have woven ugly mats.

  Ugly mats referees have woven by the Ghanaian referees.

ACTIVITY 131.

Change the sentences into the passive.

1. Solomon has cleaned the blackboard.

2. l have polished my shoes.
3. l have just seen him
4. My uncle has bought that house.
5. Who has stolen my pen?
6. Has he ever ridden that bicycle?
7. Havent we eaten all their food?
8. Where has James put my ball?
9. I have polished my shoes
10. The snake has bitten my friend’s leg.
Rewrite as instructed in brackets.
11. The conductress has just burst the balloon.
(Begin: The balloon…..)
12. The heads of state have never chosen ugly pieces of cutlery.(end…state)
13. The casualties have felt pain.(Begin: pain…..)
14. Mr.Maintence has just laid our bed.(Use:….by….)
15. Mr advancement has ever spoken those languages.
(Start: Those languages……)
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE.

Pattern:

Object + was/were + past participle.

Examples:

a) The teacher punished the pupils.

 The pupils were punished by the teacher.

b) Who broke the glass?

 By whom was the glass broken?

 c) Did you weave these baskets?
 Were these baskets woven by you?

ACTIVITY 132

Change the following sentences passive voice.

1. Tom rode my new bicycle.

2. Mummy sewed my skirt.
3. The class monitor cleaned the blackboard.
4. Who tore my new bag?
5. Did Juliet sweep the house? 99 | P a g e
6. Where did she put my ruler?
7. Why did they abuse me?
8. i didn’t beat those girls.
9. We called him to attend to the sick.
10. They forbade us from packing lunch.
Rewrite as instructed in brackets.

11. These chauffeurs hurt the pedestrians feet three months ago.(Begin: The pedestrian’s
feet….)

12. The bachelor sank our hopes in January 2011.(Begin: our hopes….)

13. l lost your keys two years ago.(Begin: Your keys……)

14. The dangerous soldier shot two people yesterday (Begin: Two people..)

15. The waitresses forgot all the answers last Tuesday.(Use…..by…..)

THE PAST CONTINOUS TENSE.

Passive pattern.

*Object + was/were + being + past participle.

e.g Kato was chopping firewood when the axe cut him.

*The firewood was being chopped by Kato when the axe cut him.

*The headmaster was interviewing us all day yesterday.

*We were being intervened by the headmaster all day yesterday

ACTIVITY 133.

Change these sentences into passive voice.

1. The monitor was collecting our books when the teacher called him.
2. The chairman was conducting the meeting when the lights went off.
3. We were filling in forms all last night.
4. While John was repairing the bicycle, mary was washing plates.
5. The carpenter was making furniture yesterday.
Rewrite the sentences as instructed in brackets.

6. The oculist were bringing new pairs of spectacle last week.

(Begin: New…….)

7. He was putting all the stationery in the library at that moment.

(Start: all the stationery……)

8. The donkeys were drinking some water at that moment.

(Start: some water……

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9. Mr.Twelfth was fighting these gluttons a fortnight ago.

(Begin: These gluttons…..)

10Maj.Cowardly was riding the motorcycle at that time.

(Begin: Themotorcycle…..)

THE PAST PERFRCT TENSE.

Pattern for passive voice.

*object+had+been+pastparticple.

For instance.
We had woven the baskets when the teachers came.
*The baskets had been woven when the teacher came.
The pupils had written their compositions by the time the bell rang.
ACTIVITY 134(Write these in positive voice)

1. We had spoken to the candidates before we went away.

2. The choir had sung the national anthem before the chief guest arrived.
3. By the time mother came back. Juliet had mopped the house.
4. Jerome had planned maize before the rains began.
5. The driver had driven the vehicle for several kilometers before it broke down.
Rewrite the following sentences as instructed in brackets.

6. The children had been locked in the house for two hours.
(Use…had locked….)
7. They hadn’t understood my suggestion.(Begin my suggestions…..)
8. What had martin told you before?(Use:…been…)
9. Had Eron fed the children?(Begin: Had the children…..)
10.If l had travelled told about fin’s death,l would have travelled to Guru.(Begin: Had….)

THE FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE.

Pattern for passive voice.

 Object + will + be+ past participle.

 object shall be+ pp
 Object + is going to be +pp.

For instance.

a) l will write letters tomorrow.

 Letters will be written tomorrow.
b) The time keeper will ring the bell.
 The bell will be rung by the timekeeper.
c) We shall burn the tyres
 The tyres will be burnt (by us)
d) Who will carry the luggage?
 By whom will the luggage be carried?
e) Will peter draw the pictures?
 Will the picture be drawn by peter?
f) They are going to visit their aunt. 101 | P a g e
 Their aunt is going to be visited (by them)

ACTIVITY 135.
Change these sentences into passive voice.

1. The headmaster will address us on assembly.

2. Sarah will wash the dishes
3. Who will mop the dinning room?
4. Joseph and George are going to clean the toilet.
5. The best man will fight the rebels
6. We shall elect her chairperson
7. Lam going to grind the millet.
8. The government will fight rebels.

Write the sentences into active voice.

9. The national /Anthem Is going to be sung by p.1 pupils.

10. Cassava will be planted tomorrow.
11. Fruits will not be that orange tree.
12. The kites will be flown by Brian.
THE FUTURE CONTINOUS PASSIVE

Pattern .

Object + will/shall be+ being +past particle.

For instances.

A. She will be hiding the luggage next week.

 The luggage will be being hidden next week.

B.l shall be slaying the two deer tomorrow.

 The two deer will be being slain by no tomorrow.

C.Col.Swedish will be hanging the guilty criminal in five weeks.

 The guilty criminal will be being hanged by colonel Swedish in five Weeks’s time.

D.He will be stealing Mr.Truly’s items of furniture next year.

 Mr.Truly’s items of furniture will be being stolen next year.

ACTIVITY 136.

Rewrite the sentences as instructed in the brackets.

1. The Japanese optician will be selling three pairs of spectacles tomorrow.(start: three
pairs……..)
2. That centenarian will be drawing some nice pictures today.
(Begin: some nice pictures…..)
3. I shall be digging a pit in a year’s time (begin:a pit……….)
4. Maj.Forgotten will be wearing some mittens in the afternoon.
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(Begin: some mittens………)
5. Our athletes will be biting nails very soon.(start: Nails…….)
6. Those heads of state will be grinding coffee on Thursday at 10pm.
(Begin: The coffee…………..)
7. He will be riding that bike in afortnight’s time.
(Begin: That bike….)
8. Ms poisonous will be throwing away the food early in the morning.
(Begin: The food……..)
9. Sgt vigorous will be tearing the reams of paper any time.
(Begin: The reams of paper……………..)
10.The Iraq will be bearing quintuplets in a months time.(Begin:…Quintuplets)

THE FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE.

Pattern.

Object+ will/shall+ have+ been+ pastparticiple

Examples.

A)By next month, mother will have bought a new television set.

 By next month anew television set will have been bought by mother.
 By the time ms noisy sews the ladies dresses the police will have hanged the
criminal.
 By the time Ms Noisily sews the ladies dresses the criminal will have hanged by the
police.

ACTIVITY 137.

Rewrite the following sentences in passive voice beginning with underlined group of
words.

1. By Tuesday next week, MrsMetallice will have borne triplets.

2. By this time next year, col.miraculous will have hung the shirts on the line.
3. By the beginning of next month, the police will have caught the stubborn thieves.
4. By the end of 20202 these shepherds will have some new laptops.
5. By 3pm tomorrow the matrons of hounour will laid good strategies.
6. By the twin the manicurists tells the time by his watch, the ladies will have taught us.
7. By Sunday morning, these beggars will have eaten every thing.
8. By the time she carries the stationery to the stationers’ my father will have frozen the
veal.

9.By the time the glutton finishes the work, the pilots will have met the glazier.

10.By the time they make pottery, the wealthy men will have driven expensive cars.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
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FACTS. Conditional sentences come from the word condition which refers to necessary
situationi.e. a situation that must exist in order for something else to happen.
  In grammar, the word conditional (adj) is usually used only before a noun. The
word conditional expresses something that must happen or be true if another thing
isto happen or be true.
 The word conditional is also a noun(c) which means sentence or clause that begin
with if or unless and expresses a condition.
 Other forms are:
 conditionally
 unconditional
 on no condition = under no condition=not in any situation.
 conditional sentences are also referred to as if clauses.
 A clause is a group of words that includes the subject and averb and forms a part
of a sentence.
 The main clause forms the result/outcome
 The if clause forms the condition or the wish /necessary/required state/situation for
the result /outcome to be achieved.

IF CLAUSES.

IfF1 (The open/likely condition)

IF2 (The unlikely condition)

IF3(The rejected /unfulfilled condition)

Explanation of IFs in brief(quick look)

if 1

*it expresses what is likely to happen when a certain condition is fulfilled.

Pattern
if + present simple + future simple e.g
a) if we invite him, he will attend the debate.
b) if we invite hi he attends the debate
c) if the teacher goes out, children start shouting.
if 2

 It is used to express conditions/wishes which cannot be achieved or fulfilled.

 We only imagine what would happen if the impossibilities became true.
pattern.
if + past simple ,would + infinitive verb form

for instance.

a) If l were my fatherwould marry many wives.

b) If l were a lion,l would eat all the small animals in the bush.

Note:
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 It is practically impossible for the condition in the sentences to be fulfilled because
there is no possible change to change into their own father or turn into a lion.
  In case the conditions are practically possible. If given chances, we use helping
verb was not were.
If 3.
 It deals with things that did not happen or were not done.
 IF3 clause only imagines what would have happened if a certain condition had
been fulfilled.
 Pattern.
 If + past perfect, would have + past participle(had +pp)
 If we had organized the debate ,Tom would have been the chairperson.
 The teacher would have given us a prize if we had won the debate.

IF 1 IN DETAILS.

Facts.

 When “if” begins a sentence, a comma is placed at the end of the if clause.
 When the main clause starts the sentences, a comma is not needed.

for instance.

a) The teacher will punish us (if) we don’t participate in the debate.

*if we do not participate in the debate the teacher will punish us.

b) if go to school today shall meet my friends.

*l shall meet my friends if l go to school.

ACTIVITY 138.

Use the table below to join the condition and the result if the results fulfilled.

A condition/wish B(result) outcome.

1.My getting enough money my going to Nairobi
2.Sarah’s working hard her passing exams.
3.Our traveling in a train
4.Our reaching school early Our seeing many things on the way.
6.his knowing the answer Our attending the first lessons.
7. John’s buying new car. his raising the hand
8. Lydis’s starting up a business. his parents being surprised
9. My not getting new clothes. his being the next chair person
her getting many to the party.

Note: integrate if with should.

Use of going in if 1

e.g. (for example)

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* I will buy a car next month if l get money
* lam going to buy a car next month if l get money.
*The butcher will sell me forty kilo grams a of beef if l book in advance.
The butcher is going to sell me forty kgs of beef if l book in advance.

ACTIVITY 139.

Rewrite the sentences using…goingto……

1. We shall do some shopping tomorrow if we go to town.

2. This shepherds will write a formal letter if he gats a pen.
3. l shall meet the spinster if l fail to get my net .
4. The barber will practice football if he goes to the field
5. Mr satisfaction will advice the pedestrians if he goes to their home.
6. IfSir.Voluntarily rings us, we will return his modern items of furniture.
7. l shall stand stationary if the thieves break into the house.
8. Theseagents will help orphans if they meet the delegates.
9. l will meet them tomorrow so long as l attend the meeting
10. If she attends the debate, she will write down all our views correctly.

Use of “unless” in IF 1

Facts.

*Unless is equivalent to if….not…..

 Unless can also mean except when

 Unless can alsomean except when.
 Unless clause does not take any other negative word.
 When joining two clauses that do not contain any negative word, create one in
the main clause.
 in case one is asked to join two sentences using unless and they contain negatives,
one loses one negative in the if clause and maintains the negative in the main
clauses.

for instance.

 if mr kennel gives us a motion, we shall have a debate.

 Unless Mr Kennel gives us a motion, we shall not have a debate.
 We shall not have a debate, unless, Mr Kennel gives us a motion.

B.If she does not work hard, she will not be promoted to p.7.

*Unless she works hard, she will not be promoted to p.7.

She will not be promoted to p.7 unless works hard.

Activity 140.

Rewrite the following sentences using

A) Unless
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b) Unless
1. He will not go to Dubai if he does not get a visa
2. The headmaster will attend the debate only if we invite him
3. Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the room.
4. if the journalist does not vome to our home, he will miss the news items.
5. Your English will be very poor if you do nor read very many novels.
6. If Alice does into work hard, she won’t get a first division.
Use the words given in brackets correctly to complete the sentences in if 1
7. If he ______time, he will guide us.(getting)
8. The teacher_______if we don’t complete the exercise.(punish)
9. If she comes today,l____her about the debate. (inform)

10. If you_______your friends, they will attend the friendly debate.(inviting)

11. Tom will debate if hr________enough points.(collect)

Use of: Whenever /every time.

Examples.
a) Whenever we sit with them, they become unhappy.
*They become unhappy .
They become unhappy every time we sit with them.
*Every tie we sit with them. They become unhappy.

*Catherine gets a gift every time she scores a ninety in mathematics.

Whenever scores a ninety in mathematics she gets a gift.
*Catherine gets a gift whenever she scores a ninety in mathematics.
ACTIVITY 141.
1. Whenever Mr. Holines goes to the abattoir, hebmeets the butchers.
2. The fruiterer eats some mangoes whenever he becomes hungry.
3. Mr.carelessly reads novels every time he gets bored.
4. The ladies prepare some goat meat everytime they earn a big amount of money.
5. When Ms Abstinence visits our school, all the children become excited.
6. Mrs Century cleans the cutlery whenever it is dirtied by the orphans.
7. Every time Mr. Pleasure attends a meeting, he goes to the market.
8. Col.Monkeys buys mousetraps whenever he gets out of his diary.
9. Every time the men pilots fly the passenger planes we go out of the house.
10. Whenever Prof. Cutlery brings the badly dyed shirts, the lady becomes annoyed.
NOTE.

*Never confuse whenever and whoever.

*Whoever means any person who, it does not matter who, Since the result will be the
same.
*No, need of a comma when using whoever unlike whenever.
*No need of a comma when using whoever unlike whenever.

for instance

a) Whoever comes brings a passport photo

b) Whoever says that secretly is alair.
c) A passport is brought by whoever comes
d) He is a liar whoever says it secretly.
e) Come out of the there whoever you are.
f) Whoever one says come out of there. 107 | P a g e
g) Whenever he comes, he brings a camera.
Additional /Activity about……whenever

1. Every time you find anew word, refer to the dictionary.

2. The teacher enters the class .The pupils stand up to greet.
3. If you wish to find the words fasters, you must follow the guide words.
4. Peter goes to the library .Peter borrows a dictionary.
5. At a time a person dies people feel sad.
6. Each time l give a correct answer, my classmates clap their hands.

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