Contents
Preface viii
A Note to Students xv
Chapter 1 Linear Equations in Linear Algebra 1
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: Linear Models in Economics and Engineering 1
1.1 Systems of Linear Equations 2
1.2 Row Reduction and Echelon Forms 12
1.3 Vector Equations 24
1.4 The Matrix Equation Ax D b 35
1.5 Solution Sets of Linear Systems 43
1.6 Applications of Linear Systems 50
1.7 Linear Independence 56
1.8 Introduction to Linear Transformations 63
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation 71
1.10 Linear Models in Business, Science, and Engineering 81
Supplementary Exercises 89
Chapter 2 Matrix Algebra 93
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: Computer Models in Aircraft Design 93
2.1 Matrix Operations 94
2.2 The Inverse of a Matrix 104
2.3 Characterizations of Invertible Matrices 113
2.4 Partitioned Matrices 119
2.5 Matrix Factorizations 125
2.6 The Leontief Input–Output Model 134
2.7 Applications to Computer Graphics 140
2.8 Subspaces of Rn 148
2.9 Dimension and Rank 155
Supplementary Exercises 162
Chapter 3 Determinants 165
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: Random Paths and Distortion 165
3.1 Introduction to Determinants 166
3.2 Properties of Determinants 171
3.3 Cramer’s Rule, Volume, and Linear Transformations 179
Supplementary Exercises 188
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vi Contents
Chapter 4 Vector Spaces 191
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: Space Flight and Control Systems 191
4.1 Vector Spaces and Subspaces 192
4.2 Null Spaces, Column Spaces, and Linear Transformations 200
4.3 Linearly Independent Sets; Bases 210
4.4 Coordinate Systems 218
4.5 The Dimension of a Vector Space 227
4.6 Rank 232
4.7 Change of Basis 241
4.8 Applications to Difference Equations 246
4.9 Applications to Markov Chains 255
Supplementary Exercises 264
Chapter 5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 267
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: Dynamical Systems and Spotted Owls 267
5.1 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues 268
5.2 The Characteristic Equation 276
5.3 Diagonalization 283
5.4 Eigenvectors and Linear Transformations 290
5.5 Complex Eigenvalues 297
5.6 Discrete Dynamical Systems 303
5.7 Applications to Differential Equations 313
5.8 Iterative Estimates for Eigenvalues 321
Supplementary Exercises 328
Chapter 6 Orthogonality and Least Squares 331
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: The North American Datum
and GPS Navigation 331
6.1 Inner Product, Length, and Orthogonality 332
6.2 Orthogonal Sets 340
6.3 Orthogonal Projections 349
6.4 The Gram–Schmidt Process 356
6.5 Least-Squares Problems 362
6.6 Applications to Linear Models 370
6.7 Inner Product Spaces 378
6.8 Applications of Inner Product Spaces 385
Supplementary Exercises 392
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Contents vii
Chapter 7 Symmetric Matrices and Quadratic Forms 395
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: Multichannel Image Processing 395
7.1 Diagonalization of Symmetric Matrices 397
7.2 Quadratic Forms 403
7.3 Constrained Optimization 410
7.4 The Singular Value Decomposition 416
7.5 Applications to Image Processing and Statistics 426
Supplementary Exercises 434
Chapter 8 The Geometry of Vector Spaces 437
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: The Platonic Solids 437
8.1 Affine Combinations 438
8.2 Affine Independence 446
8.3 Convex Combinations 456
8.4 Hyperplanes 463
8.5 Polytopes 471
8.6 Curves and Surfaces 483
Chapter 9 Optimization (Online)
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: The Berlin Airlift
9.1 Matrix Games
9.2 Linear Programming—Geometric Method
9.3 Linear Programming—Simplex Method
9.4 Duality
Chapter 10 Finite-State Markov Chains (Online)
INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE: Googling Markov Chains
10.1 Introduction and Examples
10.2 The Steady-State Vector and Google’s PageRank
10.3 Communication Classes
10.4 Classification of States and Periodicity
10.5 The Fundamental Matrix
10.6 Markov Chains and Baseball Statistics
Appendixes
A Uniqueness of the Reduced Echelon Form A1
B Complex Numbers A2
Glossary A7
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A17
Index I1
Photo Credits P1
REVISED PAGES
