University in Ljubljana

Faculty
of Civil and Geodetic
Engineering

MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION

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MOTIVE…

Foundation

Ground
Ground

Compatibility of stresses and strains

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CONVENTIONAL (RIGID) METHOD

B
It does not take into account the
deformability of the ground.
Ec d
Es, k
Suitable for stiff rafts:
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 3 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 3
Stiffness coefficient 𝐾𝐾 = , 𝐾𝐾 = K > 0,5
12𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴 12𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 2𝑅𝑅

4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Parameter 𝜆𝜆 = → B < 1,75 / λ
4𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼

Bilinear stess distribution under the raft can be adopted.

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CONVENTIONAL (RIGID) METHOD

𝑷𝑷
𝝈𝝈𝒐𝒐 =
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨

𝟔𝟔𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝟔𝟔𝒆𝒆𝒚𝒚
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏,𝟐𝟐,𝟑𝟑,𝟒𝟒 = 𝝈𝝈𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏 ± ±
𝑩𝑩 𝑨𝑨

• Settlements cannot be
determined!
• Differential settlements ≠ 0)

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NON-RIGID METHODS

Methods that take into account the deformability of the raft and
ground

𝝏𝝏𝟒𝟒 𝒘𝒘 𝝏𝝏𝟒𝟒 𝒘𝒘 𝝏𝝏𝟒𝟒 𝒘𝒘 𝒒𝒒∗

+ 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 + =
𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙 𝝏𝝏𝒚𝒚 𝝏𝝏𝒚𝒚𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫

𝒒𝒒∗ = 𝒒𝒒 − 𝒑𝒑

𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑 𝑬𝑬
𝑫𝑫 =
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏(𝟏𝟏 − 𝝂𝝂𝟐𝟐 )

𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒑𝒑 (𝒘𝒘(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚))

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NON-RIGID METHODS

• Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)

• Greater accuracy in the calculation of deformations and stresses

Methods:

• Continuum methods (Elastic solid models)

• Winkler method (Modulus of Subgrade Reaction)
• Coupled Methods
• Multiple-Parameter Methods
• Pseudo-Coupled Methods
• Finite element method (FEM)

• Methods of solving equations: finite difference method, FEM

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COEFFICIENT (MODULUS) OF SUBGRADE REACTION

Definition (MSR):

𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑤𝑤 → 𝑘𝑘 = or 3
𝑤𝑤 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚

The modulus (coefficient) of the subgrade reaction is the ratio of

the contact stress (p [kPa]) beneath the foundation and the
settlement of the foundation w [m] caused by the stress at this
same point (Terzhagi, 1955).

Basic assumptions / simplifications:

• The response of the foundation soil is elastic
• The MSR value below the centrically loaded rigid plate on
horizontal foundation soils has the same value over the entire
contact area
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COEFFICIENT (MODULUS) OF SUBGRADE REACTION - HISTORY

The concept of MSR was introduced by Winkler (1867).

The first known use - the calculation of stresses in railway tracks,

which are "elastically" supported in longitudinal direction
(Zimmermann, 1888).

Extension of the theory to the calculation of foundation structures:

• Beam foundations
• Concrete pavement structures loaded with point loads
• Raft foundations
• Other constructions (laterally loaded piles, retaining walls, ..)

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WINKLER‘S MODEL (MSR)

• Winkler’s idealization represents the soil medium as a system of identical but

mutually independent, closely spaced, discrete, linearly elastic springs.
• According to this idealization, deformation of foundation due to applied load is
confined to loaded regions only.
• Figure shows the physical representation of the Winkler foundation.
• The pressure-deflection relation at any point is given by p = k w, where k is the
modulus of subgrade reaction.
• Winkler, assumed the foundation model to consist of closely spaced independent
linear springs.
• If such a foundation is subjected to a partially distributed surface loading, q, the
springs will not be affected beyond the loaded region.
• Each direction (vertical, horizontal) is indepedent

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COEFFICIENT (MODULUS) OF SUBGRADE REACTION – ASSUMPTIONS

a) Flexible load (∆σ = q), Mc = 0

b) Stiff load (Mc ≠ 0)

∆σ < q ∆σ > q
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COEFFICIENT (MODULUS) OF SUBGRADE REACTION – ASSUMPTIONS?

a) Flexible load (∆σ = q), Mc = 0 b) Stiff load (Mc ≠ 0)

∆σ < q ∆σ > q
c) Modulus of subgrade reaction k = p/w [kPa/m] → Mc = 0
(regardless of the stiffness of the foundation!!)

q q
ρ

∆σ = q
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DETERMINATION OF THE MSR

• Theoretical calculations based on the elastic theory

• Classical analytical methods for settlement calculation for
various loads
• In-situ investigations (circular/square plate loading tests)
• Evaluation of the test is important
• Correction for the foundation dimensions must be
applied
• Advanced methods (FEM,…) taking into account nonlinear
soil behavior

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DETERMINATION OF THE MSR

Theoretical calculations based on the elastic theory

(elastic half-space):

• Homogeneous elastic half-space

• Elastic behavior (𝐸𝐸, 𝜈𝜈)
• Loads acting on the surface
• The load is either totally flexible or absolutely rigid

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MSR – ELASTIC THEORY (ELASTIC HALF SPACE)

Circular flexible load q (diameter B):

1,00 1−𝜈𝜈2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
– 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟 = 0 = B = D = 2R
𝐸𝐸
A
0,641 1−𝜈𝜈2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
– 𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑅𝑅 =
𝐸𝐸
0,85 1−𝜈𝜈2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
– 𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝐸𝐸
q
Rigid load:
0,79 1−𝜈𝜈2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 E, ν
– 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟 = 0.845𝑅𝑅 =
𝐸𝐸
– 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 = 0,92𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝.

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MSR – ELASTIC THEORY (ELASTIC HALF SPACE)

Square load q (B x B):

1,12 1−𝜈𝜈2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 0,56 1−𝜈𝜈2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐 = , 𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
0,95 1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 B
𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 =
𝐸𝐸 B
0,74 x A/2
A q
0,74 x B/2

B
E, ν

A
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MSR – ELASTIC THEORY (ELASTIC HALF SPACE)

L
Rectangular load q, dimesnions B x L
B
𝐼𝐼𝜌𝜌 1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑞𝑞 𝐴𝐴
𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 = q
𝐸𝐸
𝐵𝐵
𝑛𝑛 = , 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 𝐿𝐿, 𝐼𝐼𝜌𝜌 = 𝐼𝐼𝜌𝜌 𝑛𝑛 E, ν
𝐿𝐿

𝑛𝑛 1,0 1,5 2,0 3,0 5,0 10,0 100,0

𝐼𝐼𝜌𝜌 0,93 0,94 0,92 0,88 0,82 0,71 0,37

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MSR – ELASTIC THEORY (LOAD AREA DEPENDENCY)

Circular load:
0,79 1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 = 𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟 = 0.845𝑅𝑅 =
𝐸𝐸
Square load:
0,95 1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 =
𝐸𝐸

Modulus of subgrade reaction:

(the value is inversely proportional to the load dimension B!)

𝐸𝐸 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 𝑪𝑪
𝐶𝐶 = 2
→ 𝐾𝐾 = = 𝟐𝟐
=
1 − 𝜈𝜈 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 𝜶𝜶 𝟏𝟏 − 𝝂𝝂 𝑩𝑩 𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶
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MSR - THE INFLUENCE OF GROUND DEPTH

𝒙𝒙
B = 1,0 m
𝜟𝜟𝝈𝝈𝒛𝒛 = 𝑰𝑰𝝈𝝈 𝒒𝒒 → 𝝐𝝐𝒛𝒛 𝜟𝜟𝝈𝝈𝒛𝒛 , . .
q E, ν
B = 1,0 m B = 5,0 m
𝒛𝒛 = ∞
𝑰𝑰𝝈𝝈 q q

𝑰𝑰𝝈𝝈

𝒛𝒛
𝒛𝒛

𝒙𝒙
𝛥𝛥𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 ≈ 0,1 𝑞𝑞 → 𝑧𝑧 ≈ 6𝐵𝐵 𝒙𝒙
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MSR - THE INFLUENCE OF GROUND DEPTH

Depth of homogeneous soil 𝒛𝒛 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔:

• Circular load (B = D = 2R):

0,77 1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝐸𝐸
𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴(𝑧𝑧=6𝐵𝐵) = → 𝜈𝜈 = 0,3 → 𝑘𝑘 =
𝐸𝐸 0,70𝐵𝐵

• Square load:

0,90 1 − 𝜈𝜈 2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝐸𝐸
𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴(𝑧𝑧 = 6𝐵𝐵) = → 𝜈𝜈 = 0,3 → 𝑘𝑘 =
𝐸𝐸 0,82𝐵𝐵

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PLATE LOAD TEST

Circular or aquare „rigid“ steel

plate
𝑸𝑸
𝒒𝒒 = �𝑨𝑨

Dimenisons:

2R = min. 0,3 m; 0,5 m; 0,75 m

Sqaure plates B X B:

min. 0,3 x 0,3; 0,5 x 0,5…

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PLATE LOAD TEST

Different standards (DIN 18134, BS 1377 Part 9: 1990, ASTM D

1194-94, ….):
DIN 18134:
• Loading in 7 stages
• Load increment Δ𝑝𝑝 = 20 (soils) up to 80 kPa (gravel)
• Unloading in 3 stages (0.5p, 0.25p, 0)
• Reloading in 6 stages
• Settlement readings per each minute
• Criteria for the continuation of loading Δ𝑤𝑤 < 0.02 mm/min

Differences between standards (ASTM, BS, ..):

• number of stages up to 10, different load increments
• Final settling w > 1.25 mm
• Final load qult ≥ 1.50 𝑞𝑞𝑘𝑘

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PLATE LOAD TEST

Load p [kPa]
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑃𝑃/𝐴𝐴 0 100 200 300 400 500
0
0.2
0.4

settlement w (mm)
0.6
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑝𝑝/𝑤𝑤
0.8
1
1.2 1,25 mm

1.4
𝑝𝑝 test
𝑤𝑤 = 1.6
𝑘𝑘
1.8
2 𝒑𝒑
𝒌𝒌 = (𝝆𝝆 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 ? ? ? )
𝒘𝒘
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MSR – PLATE LOAD TEST

Empirical MSR values 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 in MN/m3 (Terzaghi, 1955) for a square

slab (0.305 x 0.305 m) or beams (B = 0.305 m) for sands and
silty/clayey sands:

Relative density Loose Medium dense Dense

(MN/m3) (MN/m3) (MN/m3)
Dry or moist
7 - 21 21 - 104 104 - 436
(limiting values)
Dry or moist
14 45 173
(recommended values)
Saturated
9 28 104
(recommended values)

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MSR – PLATE LOAD TEST

Empirical values sof 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 v MN/m3 (Terzaghi, 1955)

For sqaure plate (0,305 x 0,305) m for clays :

Consistency of clay Stiff Very stiff Hard

U𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖 (kPa) 100-200 200 - 400 > 400
Range, sqaure plate (MN/m3) 17 - 35 35 - 70 > 70
Prospoed value (sq. plates) (MN/m3) 26 52 104*

* Higher values should be used only if the were estimated on the test results

For rectangular plates (B = 0,305 m) x L:

𝟐𝟐𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏
𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝑩𝑩⁄𝑳𝑳 ; 𝑳𝑳/𝑩𝑩 = ∞ → 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑

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MSR – LOAD AREA DIMENSIONS

MSR (circular, square, rectangular):

𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 𝑪𝑪
𝒌𝒌 = = =
𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 𝜶𝜶 𝟏𝟏 − 𝝂𝝂𝟐𝟐 𝑩𝑩 𝜶𝜶𝑩𝑩
• Cohesive soils:
𝐵𝐵1 0,305
𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵 = 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵1 → 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘1
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵

• Non-cohesive soils:
2
𝐵𝐵 + 0,305
𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵 = 𝑘𝑘�1
2𝐵𝐵
• Sowers (1977):
𝐵𝐵1 𝑛𝑛 0,305 𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵 = 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵1 → 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵 = 𝑘𝑘1 𝑛𝑛 = 0,5 − 0,7
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵

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MSR – LOAD AREA DIMENSIONS AND LOAD INTENSITY

b
q1 q2 = 2q1
q
A
h << b ρ1
Eoed
ρ2 < 2ρ1

q ρ
k= k 2 > k1
ρ

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MSR – NON-HOMOGEONOUS GROUND

ρ= ∑ ρ (E ,ν )
i i i

A B A∞i
ρi =
E1, ν1 Eoed ,i

ρ A ≠ ρB
E2, ν2

E3, ν3
k A ≠ kB

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MRT – FOUNDATION DEPTH

A
B ρ A ≠ ρB
E1, ν1

k A ≠ kB
E2, ν2

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MSR – CONVERSION TO SPRING STIFFNESS

The value of MSR should be based on the
average load acting on the foundation and
calculated settlement obtained by using
conventional methods:
𝒑𝒑
𝒌𝒌 =
𝝔𝝔
• Equivalent spring stiffness: A
𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
𝑭𝑭 = 𝒑𝒑 𝑨𝑨 = 𝒌𝒌 𝒘𝒘 𝑨𝑨 𝑭𝑭 = 𝑲𝑲𝒘𝒘 = 𝐰𝐰
𝑳𝑳

𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝑬
𝒘𝒘 = 𝒌𝒌 𝒘𝒘 𝑨𝑨 → 𝒌𝒌 =
𝑳𝑳 𝑳𝑳

• A critical assessment of the calculated settlements / displacements

and internal forces should be made.
• Sensitivity analyses are recommended (0.5 𝑘𝑘, 𝑘𝑘, 2.0 𝑘𝑘)

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MSR – LIMITATIONS, SHORTCOMINGS?

ASSUMPTIONS…..?

Winkler Dejansko obnašanje

Actual behavior

• Individuality of springs
• Nonlinear behavior of soils
• Influence of load intensity and load distribution
• Influence of size (area) and shape of foundation
• Influence of foundation depth
• Influence of stratification, spatial variability of ground conditions
• Influence of upper-structure stiffness
• Time effects (consolidation, creep, swelling ..)

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ALTERNATIVE METHODS

Coupled methods (adjacent springs)

(Reissner, Vlazov,)

Vertical springs

Adjacent springs

• Adjacent (shear?) springs

• Deteremination of stiffnes is a problem
Multiparameter methods
(Filonenko-Borodich, Heteny, Pasternak, Kerr)
• Additional elements (shear elements, membranes, …)
• Deteremination of stiffnes is a problem

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ALTERNATIVE METHODS

Pseudo-coupled method (ACI 336, 1988)

𝒌𝒌 𝑨𝑨
𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 =
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏, 𝟓𝟓𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑

A3, k = 2 k1
A2, k = 1,5k1

A1, k1

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LITERATURE
1.ACI Committee 336, Suggested analysis and design procedures for combined footings and mats. ACI structural
journal, American concrete institute, Detroit, Mich., USA, vol. 85, No.2, pp 304-324, 1988.
2.Bowles, J.E., Foundation analysis and design. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York, N.Y., USA, 4th edition, 1004
p., 1988.
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Geotechnics of buildings, 2023 Chair for Geotechncis (KGT)