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Topic 5.3: Moles and solution chemistry Example:
1 mol/dm3 solution of sodium chloride contains 58.5g of
Chemical reactions involving solids and gases have NaCl (1 mole) dissolved in water and made up to a
been taught in previous topics. final volume of 1000cm3.
Other important reactions take place in solution. The diagram below shows how the units are expressed
They are called aqueous solutions. for solutions of differing concentrations.
The solvent in the reaction is water (liquid). It also shows how solutions of same final concentration
Solutions are measured by volume. can be made up in different ways.
In order to know how much of the reactants are
mixing, the concentration of the solutions should be
known.
Concentration of solutions
When a chemical substance (solute) dissolves in
a volume of solvent, the quantity of the solute is
measured in two ways:
1 mass in grams.
2 amount in moles.
Final volume of solution is measured in cubic
decimetres (dm3).
1 dm3 = 1 litre or 1000 cm3.
When mass of solute is measured in grammes, Making copper (ii) sulfate solutions of different concentrations.
it is called the mass concentration in
grammes per cubic decimetre of solution Calculations using solution concentrations
(g/dm3).
However, it is important to measure amount in when volumes is in cubic decimetres (dm3).
moles to get molar concentration which is
measured in moles per cubic decimetre of number of moles
solution (mol/dm3). in solution = molar concentration x volume of solution
(dm 3)
mass concentration:
measure of the concentration of a solution in terms
of the mass of the solute, grams dissolved per
cubic decimetre of solution (g/dm3).
molar concentration:
measure of the concentration of a solution in terms when volumes is in cubic centimetres (cm3).
of number of moles of solute dissolved per cubic number of moles
decimetre of solution (mol/dm3). concentration
in solution = x volume of solution
1000
(cm 3)
amount of solute
concentration =
volume of solution
NB: 1 mole of a substance dissolved in water makes a
solution made up of 1 dm3 (1000 cm3), and the solution
produces a concentration of 1 mol/dm3.
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Worked Example 1:
How many moles of sugar are there in 500cm3 of a 3.0h
Quiz
mol/dm3 sugar solution.
Find the molar concentration of a solution of 14.3 g
of of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O in
Solution:
500cm3 of distilled water.
concentration
number of moles = x volume of solution
1000
(cm3)
3.0
number of moles = x 500
1000
= 1.5 mol
Worked Example 2:
Calculate the concentration of a solution of sodium
hydroxide, NaOH, that contains 10g of NaOH in a final
volume of 250 cm3.
Solution:
Find number of moles of NaOH
mass
number of moles =
molar mass
molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 Acid-base titration calculations
= 40
10 concentration of unknown acid solution found by
number of moles = reacting with a standard solution of an alkali.
40
Standard solution: a solution whose concentration
= 0.25 mol
is known precisely – this solution is then used to find
the concentration of another solution by titration.
Find concentration
reaction carried out in a controlled way.
volumes measured accurately using pipette and
concentration
number of moles = x volume (cm3) burette.
1000
moles
concentration = x 1000
volume
0.25
= 250 x 1000
= 1 mol/dm3
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burette Calculating the concentration of hydrochloric acid
sufficient acid added to alkali to neutralize it.
The end-point of acid addition is found using an A solution of hydrochloric acid is titrated against a
indicator. standard sodium hydroxide solution. It is found that
The process is called titration. 20.0cm3 of acid neutralise 25.0 cm3 of 0.10mol/dm3
NaOH solution. What is the concentration of the
Titration: method of quantitative analysis using hydrochloric acid solution?
solutions, one is slowly added to a known
volume of another solution using a burette until Solution:
end-point is reached.
1. Information about standard solution:
Titration used to prepare soluble salts. moles of alkali in flask
concentration
number of moles = x volume (cm3)
1000
(NaOH)
0.1
number of moles = x 25 (cm3)
1000
(NaOH)
= 0.0025 moles
2. Chemical equation
Moles of acid used.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
1mol 1mol
1 mol of NaOH neutralizes 1 mol of HCl.
0.0025 moles of NaOH neutralizes 0.0025 moles of
HCl.
3. Use titration value
Concentration of acid.
acid solution contains 0.0025 moles in 20cm3
concentration
number of moles = x volume (cm3)
1000
(HCl)
moles
concentration = x 1000
volume
0.0025
concentration = x 1000
20
= 0.125 mol/dm3
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Quiz Summary of different ways balanced equation
Sulfuric acid can be neutralized using sodium acts as footbridge in chemical calculations.
hydroxide solution.
25.0 cm3 of a sulfuric acid solution of concentration
0.2mol/dm3 reacted with 10.0cm3 of sodium hydroxide.
Calculate:
(a) number of moles of sulfuric acid used.
(b) number of moles of sodium hydroxide reacted.
(c) concentration of sodium hydroxide solution.
Solution:
Mole as a measure of the amount of substance.
Homework:
Questions 7 – 9
Chemistry Coursebook
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