MECHANICS

components of a Force Parabolic Cable

↑
# F TAX
Ar

I
Ay

a AX Fay
(m)
YX

Y To
Fx Fos FsinB =+ xF
=
=

* r

AY
Fy =
Fsind =

Floss =
F
Ar ·
Tensile Force at the lowest
F =

(FX)2+ (Fy)2 point is the minimum .

Tensile Force with the largest

ANALYSIS OF CABLE slope is the maximum .
Catenary Cable
Length
:

Vertical distance

(NoxY
To
E S sinh
=

10west
of
point
Wo
V
to any point of cable
xxxyx
"
"
Tensile Force
y
To Josh (NoX
=

T To COSh
(Moy
=
MECHANICS
Symmetrical Catenary Cable Unsymmetrical
Y T TA =
WYA
↑r
-

TB
Ax WYB
=

gl, 7 To
" &
&
SYX
(X,
y) H =
wC
A

2
L =
Xx + XB

Sa +
SB
Y
X St =

*
s = csinh ( c)

c + 52
=
y =

w
=
WS

cosh( )
Y
y
=

To =
WC

T =
wY
MECHANICS
FORCES IN 3D SPACES UNIFORM ACCELERATION CURVILINEAR

Vector Approach 2
If is not MOTION
vot
+ at
S =

given
-

F =
F
Xi +
yj +
zk-
↓ f =
vo2 + 2as
t is not AT
an
-
X + y + 22- given N

R
S is not
Vf =
Vot at
given
M = rx F
GRAPHICAL SOL'N Normal acceleration
UNIFORM MOTION USING att diagram An = y2
V =
CONSTANT
R
V =
change in area

S = vt of a-t diagram at <

eghs of motion
S Vot in
+
change
=

SOL'N BY FORMULA moment of area

Total acceleration
Y =

ds/dt Using v-t diagram

a =
an2+ a + 2
dy/dt
S
change in area
=

a =

ads =
VdV
MECHANICS
FRICTIONAL FORCE WORK GENERGY MOMENTUM
Use :
Gravitational PE
.

Ms P MV
rest/impending
=
at
<
migh
MK< moving body
Elastic P E
.
IMPULSE
.

2kx
2
tant =

M
FAt
Impulse =

Kinetic Energy F =
Impulse
Belt Friction
t
myz
2
-2
- eBus
Th
Note : Use Energy Equation
Note Tz TI spring
: >
When there is a

B =
radians or change in elevation .
wrapped around

mg(nz hi) + 2k(xz

times Zin S z) 2m(xz v 2)
=
n =

+ +W + ()
-

-
x - =
, ,
MECHANICS
MOMENTUM EQN ROTATIONAL MOTION
-

collision of two objects

Wf
=
Witat

m , V, + MzVz = M V
,
,+ M2Vz wfz =
wi = 24t

- =
Wit = 0 5dt
COEFFICIENT OF
.

RESTITUTION (e) PROJECTILE MOTION

eSummit Ve 0 eGround
V2 Vi Ve
=
=

-viy
,
,
e
-

2kiy
Ymax =
Viy t =

V2 -

VI
29

e =
1 perfectly elastic
t =
ViY Ymax = Visint
(separate after impact) 9 29
ept .

along the path

e =
0 perfectly plastic
stay after impact
y =

xtant-9080
MECHANICS
NEWTON'S 2nd LAW OF MOTION WORK-ENERGY

F =
ma (KE + PE) ; + Work =
(kE + PE)f

equillibrium
PEg =
mgh
IF #0 in motion <
PEe =

?kX
a 0

kE
! my
=

et =
o ,
min .

Speed
Work = Force (d)
V =

gR
RCD Ec 0 003 0 85fc
Y ALUE OF B
bw
=
.
.

")+ not s 05(fc-28)

3 = 0 85
.
-
0 .

Es

· -
YyT =
Asts
VALUES OF fs :

Et

Steel Yields (EsEy)

NOMINAL FLEXURAL STRENGTH
fs =
fy
Mn =
(c (d -

0 5a)
Steel does not Yield (Es < Ey)
.

Mn =
T(d -

0 5a)
.

fs EsEs
=

DESIGN FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Mu =
Mn
RCD
BASIC GENERAL REINF STEEL RATIO
.

RELATION
=

0 85 fc
-

600dt zkn
p
=
.

1 -

1 -

C =

600 + fs
fy -
0
. 85fc -

.5fc(s)()
0
BALANCED CONDITION
p
600dt
C =

600 + fy
COEFFICIENT OF
RESISTING MOMENT Pn
.5 (y)()
, 0
p

Rn =

ofs- ↓lote : for Single layer RSB

,
d
+d =
1
RCD
Investigation of Rectangular Beam Sections

Note :

05(6)()max )
0
Ob
.

=
=
RCD Reduction Factor for
Steps in Investigation: TRANSITION ZONE
1. Equate T = C (solve for a or c)
①
2. Calculate Mn fy
MODE-3-2 X Y
3. Apply strength reduction factor, ø
or
1000 0 9
fsy
.

=
0
1. Compute the steel reinforcement ratio fy 0 65.

2. Calculate Rn.
3. Calculate the flexural strength
4. of the beam
RCD
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

TENSION STEEL
& solve As .
3 Solve for ASz
Equate (c T,
1
. =
,

0 .
85fcab =
As , fs M2 =
Aszfy (d - d')

.
2 Determine Excess Moment
.
4 Total As

Mz =

NY - M As =
As , Asz
RCD
CONDITION ① COMPRESSION STEEL
Flexure 0 9 .
Solve Is'

Compression controlled W/ Spirals

600(1 4) 1 fy
0 75
fs'
-

.
= -

Other compression -
controlled 0 65.

'

Shear and Torsion 0 75. Cs =

Tz to solve As

As' (fs'-0 85fc) Asafy =

Minimum Steel Ratio

.

for fc' > 31 6 MPa

.
DRB STEEL RATIO
Balanced : Maximum :

0 25 fc ASI ASI
Omin = .
ObalDRB =

PbalSRB + PmaxRB =

PmaySRB +
ba ba
fy PbalSRB PmaxSRB
p( p(
= + = +

for fc' < 31 6 MPA / /

Pbal SRB PmaxSRB

.
=
=
+
+
P P
1 4
As
.

Where :

Omin =

fy p' =

bd
RCD
Nominal One-Way Shear Strength SPACING OF Stirrup Shear Strength
STIRRUPS
Vn =
v/c + VS VIS = Arfyt &
S =
Axfyed S
Cross-sectional dimensions shall be VS
selected to satisfy : Note :
Ow is perpendicular
to the force's direction
Vu = 0(vc + = bwd)
+c If
Is fcbud
SHEARO AXIAL LOAD

shear-strength
:
concrete Compression
=
With Axial
smax
·

or 600mm
·

Vc
= X find Yc = 0 17
.

(i +MY)xt
US
If
food
If With Axial Tension
VSfibud
Note
·

compute
:

&
"g smax 300mm
(1 Nu)
=

or
vc = 01 + X + bud
4
.

.5
3 Ag
If
Vs< fobwd adjust
beam
If 0 50Xc.
<
VuOXC

bws
bus -
Axmin =
0 062
. +c 0 35 .

fyt
 RCD
Provisions for Web Reinforcement

1. When Vu@Vc Stirrups not 4 . When 0 33

.
fcbwd <
Vs = 0 66.
.
fcbwd
2 read 3V < VU < 50Xc (shear & flexure)

.
2 When &Vc Vu . When Us 0 33
3 S Axfytd
,
= OXc . fc bud
2 Y u 30Vc (shear YS
& flexure)
Ayfyt
S
S
or 300m
0 .

062Fc'bu
S Ayfyt
0 .

062Fc'bu
S Axfxt
0
35bw S Axfxt
5. When Us 0 66
.

0
<
+c bwd
35bw
.

S or 600mm Vu > 50Xc (shear & flexure)

2 S Axfytd
YS
Increase beam
Note for Circular Beams S d or 600mm
2 dimensions
d =
0 . 8D
RCD
COLUMNS Spacing of longitudinal bars

Axial Load Capacity of columns shall not exceed the least

at zero
eccentricity ,
Po of the following :

smallest
Po 0 85fc (Ag-Ast) 16db 48db
Astfy
=
+
dim. of member
.

, ,

Nominal Load Capacity ,

Pn Volumetric Spiral Reinforcement
Pn 0 80Po (tied)
45 (9-1)
=

PS = 0
.

Pn =
0 85Po
.

(spiral)
t

Ultimate Load Pu
Capacity ,

Pu =
& Pn Clear spacing for

Spirals should not

8) =
0 65
. (tied) exceed 75mm or

9 0 75
(spiral than
=
.
be less 25mm
RCD
Slenderness effects can CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD
be neglected if (a) or (b)
=E
is satisfied : Pc

a not braced against sides way (k(/)2

klu
- 22
r
Cm shall be in accordance to :
9) Wo transverse loads in
6. braced against sides way between supports :

12(4)
k(u
r
= 34 + = 40 cm = 06
.
-
0 .

4(2)
and
6) W transverse loads in bet.:

ku 40
Cm = 1 0 .

where : M, is :
(t) if double
BRESLER'S RECIPROCAL EQUATION
M2 curvature

p Eny po
1
If if single =

curvature in
RCD
#ALLY LOADED FOOTING BI-AXIAL BENDING
D
4 3

Pall
# =

gall
=
Pnet
qnet B
q
= Plexe
ex ,
ex Where :

P ↑ 2 (t) papunta si
amax =

moment
A
Mx &
My (f) <galing si

moment
W ECCENTRIC P
FOOTING

2) es D/6

D/6 &
17 e =
Footing thickness/Reinforcement
- use Factored load/ Moment

Effective depth if not given :

~
amax
-Amin amax 9 min =
0 ONE-WAY : d =
t CC-0 5 db
-

Where : PUNCHING :
d = +- cc-db

q
= (i =
G) 9max =

(3x) x
= -

9 max (t) ,
Amin (f
RCD
ONE-WAY SHEAR TWO -

WAY SHEAR Factored Shear Force

B

"It
> d

D > governs if
872

Cita ,

Critical Factored Shear

Factored Shear Force
vu =
qu(a)(D)
Vu qu =B2 + (C +d)((z +d)
= Note :
,

side of column
Strength
-

Design Shear B
=
long
Vu short side of column
Up =

Vc
= X find ①bod re

oforinter
Ww
= Yu
bo =
2(G + d) + 2(Cz +d)
6 =

? 20 corner

obwd
RCD
WALL FOOTING Maximum Spacing of main Maximum Spacing
:

of temp
. bars
:

Vu
qu b q a) 3h
= a
-

b) 450mm a) 5h

a
= qu (b
Mu b) 450mm
Ab
-

Srea =
1000
As B-2cc-db
Sreq =

n -
1
One-Way Shear Strength

Vc X+c bud
= Temperature Bars Requirement

Yu
Ww =

① Owd

where :
bw =
1000mm

Im
=
RCD
To
prevent uplift ,
e < B/C COMBINED RECTANGULAR

Pa P P2
&min = GM
W/ d V d
P /

&
& /

Max Width to prevent uplift

#
= B
X
3
1 =
2
/ /

X =
RM =

OM B
=
For Analysis of Yu & Mu ,

3
Ry choose the heavily loaded column

Pu
au
=

Note :
If uplift
<
B/3 , there is BL

2 Ry (u =
9u(B)
amax =

3x
RT =
Pu (x)
,
+ Puz(Xz)
RCD

We
If af
&
Design Investigation of
T-BEAMS
Y
/ -
/

⑧ /

1) comp .
beam flange width A
&

compuomixomsa
(
d- a

?
z
Dw + 12 (ScWebL + ScWebr)

bf = min bw + 16 h slab

but beam
4
-

2) Assume a <f Note : if a < SRB

&max
Es fyr
fcab(d-92)
=

Mn =
0 85.
or

C < (max SRB

if a < f Ok ! Design as SRB

if >ef
.
2 Equate Cc = T
a ,
recompute a

but of
85fctf(Df-bw) + a (bw)
a >
0 .
=
Asfs

3) Mn
fcab(d -a)
=
0 85
No of bars As
.

.
:
n =

Ab
RCD
If as If fs =
fy
Investigation
,
of T-beams
a) compute a
1) Assume a < ef ,
fs =

fy
0 .
85fcab =

Asfy 0 .
85fctf(bf-bu) + a(bw) =
Asfs
amaxic =

3d
Check
:

fy
a
2)
or Iffs I fy fs = If a <
Amaxi c
+s 600-dt-c-
.

.
=

a +f . C
T

vok &
,
- c - if fs = 1000 T C
.

not okay ! Steel Yields

a ef ,
9 =
0 90
.

fs =

fy
If a <
Ef :

. Nominal
b Moment
a .
Check fs :

fy 1000 Mn 0
85fcab(d -)
600 (dt-c)
+
=

+s =
-

Tension C
Mn Asfy (d-)
.

or if <amax
a

SRB & T C
.
. .
c Ultimate Moment
Mu =
@Mn
THEORY
Degree of
Indeterminacy CONJUGATE BEAM Steps for conjugate beam :

Beams DI =
R -
3 C -
Real Conjugate D Set CAMPING POINT

Frames DI =
R + 3 M-3) -

C & 2) Moment known forces

and draw its

in real beam
Trusses DITR + M-2)
11/11 11/11 Moment diagram

AlternateSolution :
Real Beam
(D)
Conjugate Beam
111/
Beam & Frames r -
3n SLOPE SHEAR/El
(D)
DEFLECTION MOMENTEL
111/

For ID Frames :

IIIIIIIIII &
DI =
3 (no of loops)
·

releases
-

R =
Reaction J =
joints

M =
Members C =
Releases -
THEORY
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION Carry
-

Over
METHOD Moment
If Pin-Pin Span , use
↓, = -

0 5 M2
.

4k

MEMBER STIFFNESS

4E)
k =

DISTRIBUTION FACTOR

K
DF =

2k

PF =
1 Fixed-end /Overhang
DF 0 Hinged/Roller
=
-
The end of the cantilever beam BD rests on the simply
supported beam ABC. The two beams have identical cross
sections and are made of same material.

2. Moment at D 3. Deflection at B if E = 200 GPa

and I = 92x10^6 mm^4
& My =
MD

Mp = 8(8) -

6 .
9(8) SB = 2 PL3
3 El

Mp 8 8kN m 2

9(8)9(1000)
=
-

S
.

=
6 .

3 (200 x 109) (92 X104)

8(1000)5(8)3
1. Reaction under the load.
3 (200 x 109) (92X104)
Consider Consider cantilever
simple beam

PbX P(L)3
8I =

- = 2 - x2 b2- SC = RL3 -
SB = 10 203
.
mm
GL =
-
3 3

8
. 848 ROS =

8 =
2561 85 =
Sc
I - , eg . !

9
-
256R
=
R(8)3
-
8(3)3
9 3 3

R =
6 9
.
kN
THREE-MOMENT EQUATION 1) Set points 1
,
2 3
,

2) h , & hz =
0 if

M,L ,
+ 2 M2 (2 ,
+ (2) + 13Lz +
GA GAZE
+ =
GEhh
412
unsettling support
3) Extend beam in
-
-

fixed support

&

· ·

an
-
anon
-
-
StreMa
Axial Stress and Strain CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE THERMAL DEFORMATION
STRESS VESSEL
S+ =
2L(Tf Ti)
-

o = P TANGENTIAL
A
O+ =
PP
STRAIN Simple Shear Stress & Strain
2t
8 0
E Shear Stress T
= Is
=
=

LE LONEITUDINAL

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY G = PD
Shear Strain SS
4t u =

E L
F =

E
SPHERICAL
Modulus of Rigidity
DEFORMATION G = PD
S
=P
4t 6
=
E
StreMa
Shear Deformation Angle of Twist HELICAL SPRING

VL - Th
85
=
=
Maximum Shear Stress
JG
AsG
Ss
16P(R
=

Torsion Polar Moment of

General Formula Inertia P - Load on spring
R - mean radius of spring
T =
TP Solid circular shaft
·
d - diameter of spring material
use for
J

Torsional Shear Strain

J
= D * M
. .
Wahl's Formula heavily
coiled

U = Ss =
rt
SS =

/GDP 4m +
0 .

4
Hollow circular shaft
·

L L
m = 2R/d (spring index)

Modulus of Rigidity Deformation/deflection

T
(
= (D -

d4)
64PR3n n - number of
G =
8 =

turns
z Gd4
StreMa
Combined Axial and
Flexural Shear Stress
↓ Ofe :
Bending Stress
VQ
fu =

2t
D

IM
= +
nollOw
Ib O =

Flexural + parallel
Shear FOI to grain

VQ Wo bending
q =

I >
perpendicular
Maximum Torsional Shear Stress
Shear Connector
·
For Hollow Section
in
Built-up Members
IGTD
S =
RI conversion : Tmax =

VQ
# (D4 (4)
-

Stiff toLess Stiff

Flexural Stress divide by "n" ·

For solidSection
Estiff
fo My (b)
=
=

Eless stiff Tmax

I
Minimum d of Pick-up
Points for Mmax

1 Point Lift

X
= 0 .
2929L(Mmin)

2 Point Lift

X =
0 2071L
. (Mmin)

X =
0 251
. (Ymin)

3
-
Point Lift

0 145L
X = .

(Mmin)

Minimum at

(t)M =
(-) M
Steel
Average Shear Stress Common Loadings and supports
d
fy =

+ IN

Shearing Resistance

R =
Fvp (A) (# of bolts)

Section Modulus

1
S =

Note :
If not
given A36

Fy =
248 MPa

Fu =
400 MPa To convert Ksi to MPa

Es =
200 000 MPa MPa =
kSi (6 . 9)
Steel
In Cb , M, -

smaller Moment Axial Tension and Bending Allowable bearing

Pressure on Pedestal
M2-larger Moment
f+ fby
+ fbx + 11 0 .

#+ Fbx Fby Fp = 0 35 fc' Al

Bending
.

Axial Compression and

Az

If
-0 . 15 Web Yielding :
but not exceed

When the concentrated load is applied 0 .

7fc

fa tbx +by. .
at a distance from the member end that
+
is greater than the depth of the member
Al-bearing area
P
#z maximum area
- 0 66 Fy
=

Critical Buckling
.

Stress of the concrete

+ w(N + 5k)
support that is

12TE Concentrated Load is applied near or geometrically

Fe =

at the member end similar to the

23(k(b) * = 0
. 66 Fy
base plate .

tw(N 2 .
51)
Steel
Out-of-the Plane Welded Connection Using LRFD

Use : Based on Gross Area :

P An = 0 707 twL
.

fy = & Pn =
①FnAV
A

fb My fu F Based Rupture / Net

=
=
on :

I 0 707 twL
.

& Pn = FulAn

In-plane Load J for welded connection

Use :

j
z((( x+
y)
=

fx y
,
= Px , y
+ Critical Elastic Buckling
R Stress

fbx y M(X ory)

Fe = E
=

where : j =
z(x2 + yz)
(kL)2
 Prestressed Concrete
USING HOMOGENOUS BEAM CONCEPT

- = - P I Pec Mc

A 11

Note :
(t) Tensile Stress
1) Compressive Stress
Prestressed beams W/ downward loadings :

Tendons below N A .
.

N A
ft t
.

CD fb =
#

Tendons above N A .
.

CD
N. A .

fp =
t

ft =
#
 windward

DL + WL

Steel V

PURLINS M
Solution :

1 leeward 1

. Compute t and Loads (INL & DL , LL)

14 036
=10
tan - =
.

DL =
0 72(1
.
.
2) = 0 .
864 + 0 .
079
=
0 943 .

11 1 0 (1 2)
=
.

.
= 1 .
2

WL :
Windward =
1 .
44(0 2) (1 .
. 2) = 0 . 3456

Leeward = 1 .
44(0 6) (1 2) . .
=
1 . 0368

& Windward side

W =
0 3456
.
(0 75)
.
=
0 2592
.

( D+ 1
=
0 . 75(0 943 + 1 . 2) =
1 . 607
.

Wy = 1 607 COS
.
14 036 + 0 2592 .
.
.
=
1 .
88

#X =
1 . 607 sin 14 036 .
=
0 .
39
Steel
PURLINS W/ Sagrods
e Leeward Side WX =
0 375
.

# = 1 .
607sin 14 036 .
=
0 39 .
Wy =
1 761
.

Wy
=
1 . 607 COS 14 036 .
-

1 .
036810 75) .
=
0 781
.
MX =
Wyl = 1 . 88(6) =
8 .
181

Windward 8
governs ! 8

#10 sagrods My =
WXLz = 0 . 39(6) =
0 .
439
2
32
#X =
Wylz = 1 . 88(6) =
8 .
181 32

8 8 fbx =
MX/Sx =
132 165 .

My =
Wx
= = 0 . 39(6) = 1 . 755 fly =

Mylsy
=
31 .

812

-bx b. J
8 8 132 .
165 31 812
.

+ t
fbx =
MX/Sx =
132 165 .
207 207

127 174
fby Mylsy
=
=
.

0 792
.

-bx b. 12717
132 165
1 253
.

+ t . -

207
INFLUENCE LINES A BSOLUTE MAXIMUM

MOMENT W12 AXLE LOADS

Reaction ept. A
:

1 0
.

Mmax =
(RL =

Psd)2
111I 4RL
A B

R- Resultant
Shear e any pt.
Ps-smaller axle load
P d -

axle distance
I

!
I

B
PROPPED BEAM
a W

Moment e any point

ab E X

-
·
Y

Smax
Y

Smax =
WLt
! B 185 El
THEORY
Degree of
Indeterminacy CONJUGATE BEAM Steps for conjugate beam :

Beams DI =
R -
3 C
-
Real Conjugate D Set CAMPING POINT

Frames DI =
R + 3 M-3) -

C & 2) Moment known forces

and draw its

in real beam
Trusses DITR + M-2)
11/11 11/11 Moment diagram

AlternateSolution :
Real Beam
(D)
Conjugate Beam
111/
Beam & Frames r -
3n SLOPE SHEAR/El
(D)
DEFLECTION MOMENTEL
111/

For ID Frames :

IIIIIIIIII &
DI =
3 (no of loops)
·

releases
-

-
 Prestressed Concrete
USING HOMOGENOUS BEAM CONCEPT

- = - P I Pec Mc

A 11

Note :
(t) Tensile Stress
1) Compressive Stress
Prestressed beams W/ downward loadings :

Tendons below N A .
.

N A
ft t
.

CD fb =
#

Tendons above N A .
.

CD
N. A .

fp =
t

ft =
#
Fixed End Moments

Pa2(3L-a)
R=
213

R =
ZP
Fixed End Moments

R =

3wL

R = wL
10
Earthquake Engineering

SOLUTION Structural Period :

z= 0 . 4 Na = 1 .
2 T =
(+ ((n)3(t =
0 0731
.

1 = 1 . 25 Nv =
1 C . T =
0
.
0731(2173/4

Ca = 0 .
44 Na =
0 .
44(1 2) .
=
0 528
.
=
0 717s
.

( =
0 64Nv .
=
0 .
64(1 6) .
=
1 024
.
Base Shear (v)

024(1 25)(20 000)

C
1 =
1 . . 4200 50
=
, .

8 . 510 717) .

Ymax =
2 5 call
.
=
25
.
(0 528) (1
.
.
25)(20 000)
,
= 3882 35 kN
.

use !
R .
8 5

* use/Create Table
Level WX hx Nxhx #x = (Y -

Ft)(wXhx)
Wihi
[Nxhx
[Fxiv =
[Fx + Ft

# =
0 07TV
.
F+ =
0 When T= 0 7s ·

Ftmax = 0 . 25 /