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Lecture 5

The lecture notes by Dr. Heba El-Azab cover power factor correction (P.F.C), detailing causes of low power factor, its disadvantages, and various correction devices such as static capacitor banks and synchronous condensers. It discusses the sizing of these devices and the economic implications of improving power factor, including cost savings for consumers and utilities. Additionally, comparisons between capacitor banks and synchronous condensers highlight their respective advantages and applications.

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ahmedbeto2002
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4 views14 pages

Lecture 5

The lecture notes by Dr. Heba El-Azab cover power factor correction (P.F.C), detailing causes of low power factor, its disadvantages, and various correction devices such as static capacitor banks and synchronous condensers. It discusses the sizing of these devices and the economic implications of improving power factor, including cost savings for consumers and utilities. Additionally, comparisons between capacitor banks and synchronous condensers highlight their respective advantages and applications.

Uploaded by

ahmedbeto2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EPC 505

Power
System
Planning
Lecture Notes
By
Dr. Heba El-Azab
Lecture (5): Power Factor Correction
(P.F.C)
Introduction
1. Causes of low P.F
• Induction motors (most commonly used motors) which operate at low P.F
(0.6 → 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔).
• Magnetizing current of transformers.
• Different inductive loads: Arc lamps, welding, furnaces, … etc.
2. Effects (Disadvantages) of low P.F
• Higher system capacity (S ↑↑).
• Larger equipment and conductors.
• Over loading.
• Higher copper losses.
• Poor voltage regulation (high voltage drop)
3. Power Factor Correction devices
I. Static capacitor bank (static device)
II. Synchronous condenser (Dynamic or rotating device)
III. Static VAR compensator.
I. Static capacitor bank (static device)
a. Fixed Capacitor

b. Switched Capacitor

c. Synchronous Condenser
• It is a synchronous motor operating at no-load and
connected in parallel with load.
• It absorbs 𝑃 to overcome the no-load losses.
• It may deliver same power to mechanical load if
required.
Sizing of power factor correction devices
1. Shunt capacitor bank (lossless capacitor)
• 𝑃 = 𝑃 = constant (P)
• 𝑄 =𝑄 −𝑄
= 𝑃 tan 𝜑 − 𝑃 tan 𝜑 = 𝑃 (tan 𝜑 − tan 𝜑 )
2. Synchronous motor (condenser)
• 𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
• 𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑃
= 𝑃 + 𝑆 cos 𝜑
• 𝑄 = 𝑄 − 𝑄
= 𝑄 − 𝑆 sin 𝜑
• 𝑃. 𝐹 =
Sizing of power factor correction devices
Notes:
1. 3-∅ capacitors may be connected as Y or ∆
i. Y- connection
( )
𝑄 = 3. = 3. = =𝑉 .ω 𝐶
ii. ∆- connection

𝑄 = 3. = 3. = 3. 𝑉 .ω 𝐶
Most Economical Power Factor
• Improvement of P.F causes a reduction in KVA charges, but on
the other hand installation of capacitor banks requires capital
investment.
• The needed P.F must be chosen to fulfill a most economical
operation.
Proof
• Let: 1. g = Annual cost of the required P.F.C ($ ) per year.
2. k= cost of each kVA max. demand ($ ) per year.
3. 𝐴. 𝑆 = total annual saving per year ($ ) after P.F.C
= Reduction in cost of kVA – cost of P.F.C
= b (𝑆 − 𝑆 ) −𝑔𝑄
Most Economical Power Factor

Proof (cont.)
• 𝐴. 𝑆 = b (𝑆 − 𝑆 ) −𝑔𝑄 = b 𝑝 ( − ) −𝑔 𝑝 (tan 𝜑 − tan 𝜑 )
.
• For mini. Cost → =0
𝒈
∴ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋𝟐 |𝑨.𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ,
𝑷
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑺𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨. 𝑺 = b 𝒑 ( − ) −𝒈 𝒑 (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝝋𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝝋𝟐 )
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟐
𝒈
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋𝟐 |𝑨.𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏 − ( )𝟐 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝋 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝝋 = 1
𝑷
Comparison between Capacitor bank
and Synchronous condenser
Capacitor bank Synchronous
condenser
Cost low High
Maintenance Low (static) High (dynamic)
Reliability High (failure of one unit does Low (failure leads to loss of all
not lead to loss of all compensation)
compensation)
Control No control or discrete control Smooth control

Reactive power Injects Q only Injects or absorbs Q


Active power No power loss Exists (draws P to overcome
no-load loss)
flexibility • Can be easily expanded by • Usually installed in one
adding new banks. location
• Can be dispersed in different
locations
Comparison between Capacitor bank
and Synchronous condenser (cont.)

Capacitor bank Synchronous


condenser
Voltage dependance Highly dependent Low dependance
𝑄 ∝ 𝑉
Short circuit level Does not affect the S.C level Increase the S.C level based on
its ratings.
Applications Small to medium rating (10 High rating ( > 10 MVAR)
MVAR)
Economic Benefits of P.F
Correction
1. For Consumers:
pay lower bill if the P.F is
considered in tariff.
2. For Utilities:
Increases the max. kW that
can be supplied to consumers without
increasing equipment capacity [more
revenues]
Problem 1- sheet
Problem 6- sheet
Problem 6- sheet

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