1

BROAD QUESTION ON SOCIOLOGY on 2025

1. A. Define sociology.
B. What are the subject matters of sociology? 2+5+8
C. How is the subject-matter of sociology related to the concept of health
and illness?

2. A. Discuss why sociology is necessary in nursing profession. 5+5+5

B. Can sociology implement the basic concept of health care?
C. Discuss your Views improvement of health care system.

3. A. Discuss the scope and subject matter of sociology.

B. Is sociology sciences or not? Give reason. 7+8

4. What is sociology?
Discuss the relationship of sociology with other social sciences.5+10

5. A. Is sociology is a science? 5+10

B. How can sociological knowledge help to regulate the nursing role
towards patient care?

6. What is Sociology?
Write the importance of sociology in nursing profession. 5+10

7. In what sense Man is a social animal? notes

Discuss in brief the relationship between an individual & society. 5+10

8. Discuss in brief the nature and scope of Sociology?

Explain its application in Nursing practice. 7+8

9. Define social group.

Describe the characteristics of group life
Briefly classify social Group. 2+6+7

10.I) What do you mean by population explosion? 5+5+5

ii) Describe the factors responsible for population
iii) What are the impacts of population growth on health?
iv) Explain the problem of population explosion in India
2

v) Discuss in brief its impact on morbidity and mortality pattern of

health status of the population. 7+8

11.A) What do you mean by “ Social disorganization” 3+6+6

Briefly discuss social problem related to ------
i) Juvenile delinquency
ii) Violence against women
b) What are the different causes of social disorganization. See book
c) Mention the names of the major social problem in India. 3+7+5

12.I) Define society see book

iii) What are the characteristics of society? See book
iv) What do you mean by the process of socialisation?see book 2+6+7
v) Describe the concept of society see book
vi) Distinguish between society and community notes
vii) Discuss the role of a nurse in a society 3+5+7

13.A) Define family. 2+3+5+5

b) What are the types of family?
c) What is the importance of family in society?
d) Discuss the changing trends in modern family structure in India. See
Niroza,p- 325, see book
e) Explain the role of family in health and illness 3+6+5

14.I).Explain the term “social stratification” 3+6+6

ii) Discuss social causes for urbanization?
iii) Write a note on present situation of Indian peasants.
iv) What are the different system of stratification in society?
v) Discuss race as a biological concept 5+5

15.What is social process? Social prcess er chapter puro porbe

Discuss the associative social process in terms of accommodation &
assimilation. 3+12

16.What do you mean by individualisation?

Discuss the role of Nurse in Indian Society. 3+12
3

17.Define family.
Discuss the characteristics of traditional joint family system in India.
Differentiate between joint family & nuclear family.
Discuss how does family influence the health status 6
What are the function of family? 5
Write a note on ‘family in transition’
Discuss the changes of family pattern in modern India
How does family influence on health and health practices? 6+5

18. Discuss the characteristics of village community.

What are the common problems of Indian village community in relation to
health
What are the changes coming up in Indian rural life presently. 4+5+6

19. I) What do you mean by marriage?

ii) Describe the function of marriage
iii) Discuss about different type of marriages 2+5+8

20. I) What is social organization?

ii) Explain the concept of cultural lag
iii) Discuss how does cultural influence the health and disease 3+3+9

21.I) What is culture?

ii) Write a note on the diversity and uniformity of culture
iii) Imporance of sociology in nursing. 6+4
iv) What is cultural diversity?
v) Explain with examples how sociocultural beliefs influences health and
illness. 3+4+8
vi) What are the impacts of culture on health? 6

22.I) what is social change?

ii) What are the factors influencing social change?
iii) Define the role of nurses as a changing agents? 6+5+4
iv) What is illiteracy?
v) What are the causes of illiteracy in India?
4

23.a) Explain what do you mean by social mobility.

b) Write a note on origin of caste system in India.
c) What are the changes noticed in Indian caste system at present? 4+6+5

24.Explain define social stratification.

b) Explain in details about class and caste.
c) What are the characteristics of social stratification? 3+6+6

25.A) Define crowd. 2+5+8

b) What are the roles of a nurse in social control?
c) How a nurse can manage the situation of crowd in a hospital? notes

26. I) What is Panchayat Samiti? Notes

ii) What are the main functions of the samiti? Notes
iii) Briefly discuss social problems on the basis of ---
a) Child abuse notes
b) Prostitution or sex workers see book

27.Explain the impact of following issues on society--- notes

a) Housing problems
b) Women empowermrnt
c) Substance abuse 3+6+6

28.A) Explain the term social stratification?

c) Discuss social causes for urbanization
d) Write a note on present situation of Indian peasant

29.What do you mean by individualisation?

Discuss the role of Nurse in Indian Society 3+12

30. A) What do you mean by social disorganisation?

b) Briefly discuss on social problems in relation to ---
--- Juvenile delinquency
5

--- Geriatric problems or violence against women

31.What do you mean by social change?

b) Describe the basic types of marriage
c) Broken marriage is on rise urban society --- elaborates with your
views 2+5+8

32.I) What are roles of a family in society?

ii) Discuss the features , merit, demerit of a joint family in society.
iii) What are the impacts of population exolosion in Indian family

33.What are the causes of poverty in society? See book

b) Discuss in details the various programs taken by the govt to control
Poverty in India. See book 7+8

34.A) What is socialisation?

b) How do the agencies of socialisation help in individual development?
c) How does marriage influence the health of a person?
d) How the agents of socialisation influences the individual development
of self? 3+7+5
c) Elaborate the impact of socialisation on health pattern of individuals.

35.What is social stratification?

b) Discuss Indian caste system.
c) Discuss the impact of caste system in present society.
d) How class and caste differs. 8

36.What is caste and class

b) Do you think that in contemporary period caste system is losing its
importance ? Elaborate the reason. 5+10
c) Do you think caste combines to be the most significant form of
stratification in contemporary India? 15
d) Has class weakened the rigidity of caste structure in post independent
IndiaIndia
e) Discuss the various factors of social change in India. 6 +9

37.A) What do you mean by social problem?

b) Is unemployment a social problem?
c) What impacts might a person suffering from unemployment on is ealth?
6

38.Discuss the social welfare programme in India with special reference

to the Rural Health Mission. 15
39. What is social control
b) How the social control can be enforced in society? 3+12

Difference between following -----

1. Difference between community and society
2. Primary and secondary group

Nature and Characteristics of Sociology

Robert Bierstedt in his book, "Social Order" has mentioned the following
characteristics of Sociology:

1. Sociology is an independent science. It is not studied as a part of any other

subject like philosophy or psychology. Its subject matter has well defined
boundaries and methods of study.

2. Sociology is a social science and not a physical science. As a social

science, its concentration is on man, his social behavior, social activities and
social life. The fact that sociology deals with the social universe,
distinguishes in form of astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology and other
7

physical sciences. Sociology is intimately related to other social sciences like

psychology, history, economics and anthropology.

3. Sociology is a categorical and not a normatic (partaining to a norm or

standard) discipline. It conforms itself to statements about what is, and not
what should be or ought to be. It does not make any valuable judgment.

4. Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science. The main aim of
pure sciences is the acquisition of knowledge and not its application. The
immediate aim of sociology is the acquisition of knowledge about human
society and not its application.

5. Sociology is relatively an abstract science and not a concrete science.

Thus, sociology is not interested in the concrete manifestation of human
events. It is more concerned with the form of social events and their patterns.
For example, sociology is not concerned with any particular war or
revolution but with wars and revolutions in general, as social phenomena, as
types of social conflicts.

6. Sociology is a general social science and not a particularizing or

individualizing science.

7. Sociology is both a rational and empirical science. The empirist collects

facts and the rationalist coordinates and arranges them. Sociology has been
studied in one form or other from the time of Aristotle. In the beginning, it
was a part of philosophy. Gradually, it grew into an independent subject.
Recently with the increased use of scientific methods, it has developed into a
positive science. Sociology, enjoys a pre-eminent position in the family of
social sciences

Scope or Subfields/Branches of Sociology

Sociology is a fast growing academic discipline (Table 1.1). It has developed

various subfields to study different aspects of man's social life. Each subfield
employs its own approach and techniques. Some of the main branches of
sociology are:

1. Rural sociology

2. Industrial sociology
8

3. Urban sociology

4. Sociology of education

5. Sociology of family

6. Sociology of law

7. Sociology of religion

8. Sociology of occupation

9. Cultural sociology

10. Political sociology.

In addition, sociology has made intensive studies in many other fields like
social stratification, mass media of communication, public opinion and
bureaucracy. The horizon of sociology is expanding and the possibilities are
endless. Gradually, it will cover man's entire social life.

Importance of Sociology

1 Sociology studies society in a scientific way. Scientific knowledge about

human society is needed for progress in various fields of human endeavor.

2 Sociology improves our understanding of society, social groups, social

institutions and their functions; Changing trends help us to lead an effective
and meaningful social life.

3.Sociology helps us to become broad minded by overcoming our prejudices,

misconceptions, egoism, class and communal hatred.

4. Sociology helps us to understand social problems by studying their causes

and solutions.
9

5 Social planning has been made easier by sociological study. It is often the
vehicle of social reforms and social reorganization.

6. A background knowledge of sociology is very useful for lawmakers to

know the formal and informal laws of the country.

7. Sociology will improve international understanding and peace by

evaluating the social cost of war and causes of social tension between
nations.

8.Sociology is useful as a teaching subject. By disseminating knowledge

about society, socialized thinking will emerge. Socialized behavior and new
social order will be evolved. A knowledge of social forces is necessary for
senior administrators

9.Sociology has changed our outlook on crime and punishment. The

criminals are no longer treated as degenerated beasts. They are now regarded
as human beings suffering from mental deficiencies and efforts are
accordingly made for rehabilitation as useful members of society.

10. Tribal welfare. Studies conducted by sociologists regarding tribal society

and problems have helped many governments in undertaking various social
welfare measures for tribals.

11. Sociology illustrates the necessity of socialization for the survival of

every human being.

Uses of Sociology in Nursing

Medical Sociology

Medical sociology deals with medicine in modern society. Public health

problems like epidemics, coronary heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes and
intestinal disorders are caused largely by social factors of stress and the
strain due to fast modern life. Medical sociology is extremely useful for the
entire health services. Sociologists examine diseases in their social settings,
in the life of the community as well as the bedside and in the laboratory for
they all have their social causes as well as individual causes. Prevention
depends largely on dealing with the social causes. Doctor-patient and nurse-
10

patient relationships, medical education and training, hospital administration,

etc. are also studied in medical sociology.

Sociology is Important to Nursing in the Following Ways

 It will help the nurse to know the social life of the patients. The social
environment plays an important part in health and disease. These
factors include the cultural values, customs, beliefs, attitudes, morals,
religion, education, standard of living, community life, availability of
health services, social and political organization. A harmonious social
environment enables health, whereas maladjustment may not only
cause illness but also deprive him of taking adequate action against it.

 Sociology will enable her to know the distinctive culture of each

patient. In a vast subcontinent like India with a variety of religions,
castes, tribes, and communities, it is essential to know the culture of
each patient. This knowledge is necessary before attempting treatment
to make medical and nursing services more effective. For this, an
understanding of the subject of sociology is essential.

 A knowledge of sociology will help the nurse to adjust herself in the

hospital organization and administration as this will influence the
probable outcomes of the actions planned. The nurse must understand
how personal goals, values, attitudes and emotional states of doctors
and nurses build into life patterns of adjustments and how they
influence the doctor- nurse relationships in the hospital.

 Nurses working in a community will realize that community is a

population made up of several groups of people living in a certain
area. Man is a social-being and cannot live without the other human
beings. Sociology is the study of society and social relations of how
people react to one another. In sociology, we study man's picture of
today's and tomorrow's society to find a way to a better life for all.

 Medical sociology will enable the nurse to:

11

-Recognize the significance of social forces in health b.

Understand and appreciate the need to deal with such social
process as health values and motivation

-Organize and administer public health programs as per

motivational needs.

 Sociology helps cooperation in the field of nursing, a regard for

the wishes, needs and aspirations of other people, sympathy and
identification. Sympathy depends upon the capacity of an
individual to imagine himself/herself in the place of another,
particularly when the other person is in difficulty.

 Sociology helps in communication. Social interaction becomes

effective when there is a flow of communication from higher level
to lower level and vice versa.

Man is a Social Animal"-Substantiate the Statement

The human infant comes into the world as a biological organism with animal
needs and impulses. He is slowly molded into a social being by the society.
He comes to learn social ways by acting, thinking and feeling. From the very
beginning, the individual is taught to respond in socially determining ways.
The individual learns the ways of his group or society so well that they
become part of his personality.

Socialization is based on the learning process. The development of a set of

habits, attitudes and traits differentiates persons from one another. It consists
of the processes of interactions through which the individual learns the
habits, skills, beliefs and standards of judgments that are necessary for his
effective participation in social groups and communities.
12

By the method of trial and error, reward and punishment, insight and
reasoning, an individual acquires socially approved responses, which are
transformed into habits, attitudes and other personality traits. Socialization
regulates human behavior and also becomes an indispensable condition for
individuality and self awareness.

Thus, man becomes man among men. The stories of wolf children, Anna and
Isabelle prove the impact of social environment on a biological being.

Prepare a health education plan to prevent

respiratory tract infection for urban slum dwellers
Creating a health education plan to prevent respiratory tract infections (RTIs)
in urban slum dwellers requires addressing several key areas: improving
knowledge, promoting healthy practices, enhancing access to resources, and
fostering community involvement. Below is a structured plan that can be
adapted based on local contexts and needs:
1. Objective
 Goal: Reduce the incidence of respiratory tract infections among urban
slum dwellers.
 Specific Objectives:
o Increase awareness of the causes, symptoms, and prevention
methods of RTIs.
o Promote practices that reduce the spread of RTIs.
o Enhance access to healthcare resources and services.
2. Target Audience
 Primary Audience: Adults and children living in urban slums.
 Secondary Audience: Community leaders, health workers, and local
organizations.
3. Key Messages
13

 Understanding RTIs:
o RTIs include infections of the sinuses, throat, airways, or lungs.
o Common symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, and
difficulty breathing.
 Causes:
o RTIs are often caused by viruses or bacteria spread through
droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
 Prevention:
o Hand Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water,
especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching communal
surfaces.
o Respiratory Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue
or elbow when coughing or sneezing.
o Avoid Crowded Places: Limit time in crowded or poorly
ventilated areas.
o Use of Masks: Wear masks if you have symptoms or are in
crowded areas.
o Vaccination: Promote the uptake of vaccines, such as the flu
vaccine, to prevent specific RTIs.
o Good Nutrition: Maintain a balanced diet to strengthen the
immune system.
o Environmental Cleanliness: Regularly clean living spaces and
reduce indoor pollution (e.g., smoke from cooking fires).
4. Educational Activities
 Workshops and Seminars:
o Topics: Causes and symptoms of RTIs, preventive measures,
proper hygiene practices.
o Format: Interactive sessions with demonstrations (e.g.,
handwashing techniques), Q&A sessions, and distribution of
educational materials.
 Community Health Campaigns:
o Door-to-Door Campaigns: Health workers visit homes to provide
information, distribute pamphlets, and demonstrate hygiene
practices.
o Street Plays/Drama: Use local theater groups to perform plays
that educate about RTIs in an engaging and culturally relevant way.
o Posters and Banners: Display visuals in strategic locations with
key messages on preventing RTIs.
5. Resource Distribution
14

 Hygiene Kits: Distribute kits containing soap, hand sanitizer, masks, and
educational pamphlets.
 Free or Subsidized Healthcare Services: Partner with local clinics to
provide free or low-cost consultations and vaccinations.
 Establish Handwashing Stations: Set up handwashing stations in
communal areas such as markets, schools, and community centers.
6. Collaboration and Partnerships
 Local Health Workers and NGOs: Collaborate with local healthcare
providers and NGOs to deliver consistent and ongoing education and
support.
 Community Leaders: Engage community leaders to endorse and
promote the education plan, ensuring better acceptance and participation.
 Schools: Partner with local schools to educate children on preventing
RTIs and encourage them to practice and promote these habits at home.
7. Monitoring and Evaluation
 Baseline Survey: Conduct a survey to assess current knowledge,
attitudes, and practices regarding RTIs.
 Follow-Up Surveys: After implementing the education plan, conduct
follow-up surveys to measure changes in knowledge and behavior.
 Health Data Monitoring: Track the incidence of RTIs in the community
to assess the impact of the education plan.
 Feedback Mechanism: Set up a system to receive and address feedback
from the community to continuously improve the plan.
8. Sustainability
 Training Local Health Workers: Train community health workers to
continue educating residents about RTIs beyond the initial campaign.
 Community Ownership: Encourage the formation of community health
committees to oversee ongoing education and prevention efforts.
 Regular Health Campaigns: Integrate RTI education into regular health
campaigns focusing on broader issues like hygiene, nutrition, and chronic
diseases.
9. Budget and Resources
 Materials: Estimate the cost of educational materials, hygiene kits, and
setting up handwashing stations.
 Personnel: Budget for trainers, health workers, and volunteers.
 Logistics: Include costs for transportation, venues for workshops, and
any other logistical needs.
 Funding Sources: Identify potential funding sources, such as local
government, NGOs, or international organizations.
10. Implementation Timeline
15

 Month 1: Conduct baseline surveys, engage stakeholders, and develop

educational materials.
 Month 2-3: Launch workshops, community campaigns, and distribute
resources.
 Month 4: Begin monitoring and follow-up surveys.
 Month 5-6: Adjust the plan based on feedback and continue educational
activities.
 Ongoing: Sustain efforts through community involvement and regular
health campaigns.

This plan should be adapted to the specific context and needs of the urban
slum population, with consideration given to cultural, social, and economic
factors.

SOCIOLOGY
Sociology

Auguste Compte (1798-1857), the French philosopher is traditionally

considered the "Father of sociology? In 1839, Compte coined the word
sociology in his famous work "Positive Philosophy" The term sociology is
derived from the Latin word Socius, meaning companion or associate and the
Greek word Logos meaning study or science. Thus, sociology is the science of
society. Society is the largest permanent group of people with a common
interest, land and way of life. Sociology is a science of society and social
problems. The teaching of sociology as a separate discipline started in USA in
1876, in France in 1889, in Britain in 1907, and in India in 1919 (Bombay
University).

Some prominent sociologists of India like GS Ghurye, RK Mukherjee, DP

Mukherjea, Humayun Kabir, DN Mazumdar, MN Srinivas, MS Gore, RN
Prabhu, AR Desai, and others have further enriched the subject with their social
investigations and writings. India with its diverse cultural peculiarities provides
wonderful opportunities for sociological studies and research.
Definition of Sociology
16

"Science of social phenomena, subject to natural and invariable laws, the

discovery of which is the object of investigation"
-Auguste Compte
"Science which attempts to the interpretative understanding of social action in
order thereby to arrive at casual explanation of its cause and effects" -Max
Weber
 "Science of social institutions-Emile Durkheim
 "Science of social relationships-AW Small
 "Study of social life-Ogburn and Nimkoff
 "General science of society-Kingsby
 "Sociology is the study of collective behavior-Park and Burgess
 "Sociology is the study of human interactions and interrelations, their
conditions and consequences-Morris Ginseburg

We can summarise-

Sociology is the science of society.

Sociology is the study of social life.
Sociology is the study of social systems.
Sociology is the study of social relationships •
Sociology is the study of behavioral groups.
The above definitions highlight various aspects of sociology.
The divergent views about the definition of sociology only reveal their different
approaches to its study. However, the common idea underlying all these
definitions is that sociology is concerned with man, his social relations and his
society. Sociology includes various aspects of society like social interactions,
relationships, institutions, groups, social processes, norms and values. Different
social sciences study only a part of social behavior.
For example, political science discusses political behavior; economics
discusses economic behavior. Thus, sociology is a general social science
whereas other social sciences are special sciences of society.

Nature and Characteristics of Sociology

17

Robert Bierstedt in his book, "Social Order" has mentioned the following
characteristics of Sociology:
1. Sociology is an independent science. It is not studied as a part of any other
subject like philosophy or psychology. Its subject matter has well defined
boundaries and methods of study.
2. Sociology is a social science and not a physical science. As a social science,
its concentration is on man, his social behavior, social activities and social life.
The fact that sociology deals with the social universe, distinguishes in form of
astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology and other physical sciences. Sociology
is Intimately related to other social sciences like psychology, history, economics
and anthropology.

3. Sociology is a categorical and not a normatic (partaining to a norm or

standard) discipline. It conforms itself to statements about what is, and not what
should be or ought to be. It does not make any valuable judgment.
4. Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science. The main aim of pure
sciences is the acquisition of knowledge and not its application. The immediate
aim of sociology is the acquisition of knowledge about human society and not
its application.
5. Sociology is relatively an abstract science and not a concrete science. Thus,
sociology is not interested in the concrete manifestation of human events. It is
more concerned with the form of social events and their patterns. For example,
sociology is not concerned with any particular war or revolution but with wars
and revolutions in general, as social phenomena, as types of social conflicts.
6. Sociology is a general social science and not a particularizing or
individualizing science.
7. Sociology is both a rational and empirical science. The empirist collects facts
and the rationalist coordinates and arranges them. Sociology has been studied in
one form or other from the time of Aristotle. In the beginning, it was a part of
philosophy. Gradually, it grew into an independent subject. Recently with the
increased use of scientific methods, it has developed into a positive science.
Sociology, enjoys a pre-eminent position

Scope or Subfields/Branches of Sociology

18

Sociology is a fast growing academic discipline (Table 1.1). It has developed

various subfields to study different aspects of man's social life. Each subfield
employs its own approach and techniques. Some of the main branches of
sociology are:

1. Rural sociology

2. Industrial sociology

3. Urban sociology

4. Sociology of education

5. Sociology of family

6. Sociology of law

7. Sociology of religion

8. Sociology of occupation

9. Cultural sociology

10. Political sociology.

In addition, sociology has made intensive studies in many other fields like
social stratification, mass media of communication, public opinion and
bureaucracy. The horizon of sociology is expanding and the possibilities are
endless. Gradually, it will cover man's entire social life.

Importance of Sociology

1 Sociology studies society in a scientific way. Scientific knowledge about

human society is needed for progress in various fields of human endeavor.
19

2 Sociology improves our understanding of society, social groups, social

institutions and their functions; Changing trends help us to lead an effective
and meaningful social life.

3.Sociology helps us to become broad minded by overcoming our prejudices,

misconceptions, egoism, class and communal hatred.

4. Sociology helps us to understand social problems by studying their causes

and solutions.

5 Social planning has been made easier by sociological study. It is often the
vehicle of social reforms and social reorganization.

6. A background knowledge of sociology is very useful for lawmakers to

know the formal and informal laws of the country.

7. Sociology will improve international understanding and peace by

evaluating the social cost of war and causes of social tension between
nations.

8.Sociology is useful as a teaching subject. By disseminating knowledge

about society, socialized thinking will emerge. Socialized behavior and new
social order will be evolved. A knowledge of social forces is necessary for
senior administrators

9.Sociology has changed our outlook on crime and punishment. The

criminals are no longer treated as degenerated beasts. They are now regarded
as human beings suffering from mental deficiencies and efforts are
accordingly made for rehabilitation as useful members of society.

10. Tribal welfare. Studies conducted by sociologists regarding tribal society

and problems have helped many governments in undertaking various social
welfare measures for tribals.

11. Sociology illustrates the necessity of socialization for the survival of

every human being.

Uses of Sociology in Nursing

Medical Sociology
20

Medical sociology deals with medicine in modern society. Public health

problems like epidemics, coronary heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes and
intestinal disorders are caused largely by social factors of stress and the
strain due to fast modern life. Medical sociology is extremely useful for the
entire health services. Sociologists examine diseases in their social settings,
in the life of the community as well as the bedside and in the laboratory for
they all have their social causes as well as individual causes. Prevention
depends largely on dealing with the social causes. Doctor-patient and nurse-
patient relationships, medical education and training, hospital administration,
etc. are also studied in medical sociology.

Sociology is Important to Nursing in the Following Ways

 It will help the nurse to know the social life of the patients. The social
environment plays an important part in health and disease. These
factors include the cultural values, customs, beliefs, attitudes, morals,
religion, education, standard of living, community life, availability of
health services, social and political organization. A harmonious social
environment enables health, whereas maladjustment may not only
cause illness but also deprive him of taking adequate action against it.

 Sociology will enable her to know the distinctive culture of each

patient. In a vast subcontinent like India with a variety of religions,
castes, tribes, and communities, it is essential to know the culture of
each patient. This knowledge is necessary before attempting treatment
to make medical and nursing services more effective. For this, an
understanding of the subject of sociology is essential.

 A knowledge of sociology will help the nurse to adjust herself in the

hospital organization and administration as this will influence the
probable outcomes of the actions planned. The nurse must understand
how personal goals, values, attitudes and emotional states of doctors
and nurses build into life patterns of adjustments and how they
influence the doctor- nurse relationships in the hospital.

 Nurses working in a community will realize that community is a

population made up of several groups of people living in a certain
area. Man is a social-being and cannot live without the other human
21

beings. Sociology is the study of society and social relations of how

people react to one another. In sociology, we study man's picture of
today's and tomorrow's society to find a way to a better life for all.

 Medical sociology will enable the nurse to:

-Recognize the significance of social forces in health b.
Understand and appreciate the need to deal with such social
process as health values and motivation

-Organize and administer public health programs as per

motivational needs.

 Sociology helps cooperation in the field of nursing, a regard for

the wishes, needs and aspirations of other people, sympathy and
identification. Sympathy depends upon the capacity of an
individual to imagine himself/herself in the place of another,
particularly when the other person is in difficulty.

 Sociology helps in communication. Social interaction becomes

effective when there is a flow of communication from higher level
to lower level and vice versa.

Man is a Social Animal"-Substantiate the Statement

The human infant comes into the world as a biological organism with animal
needs and impulses. He is slowly molded into a social being by the society.
He comes to learn social ways by acting, thinking and feeling. From the very
beginning, the individual is taught to respond in socially determining ways.
22

The individual learns the ways of his group or society so well that they
become part of his personality.

Socialization is based on the learning process. The development of a set of

habits, attitudes and traits differentiates persons from one another. It consists
of the processes of interactions through which the individual learns the
habits, skills, beliefs and standards of judgments that are necessary for his
effective participation in social groups and communities.

By the method of trial and error, reward and punishment, insight and
reasoning, an individual acquires socially approved responses, which are
transformed into habits, attitudes and other personality traits. Socialization
regulates human behavior and also becomes an indispensable condition for
individuality and self awareness.

Thus, man becomes man among men. The stories of wolf children, Anna and
Isabelle prove the impact of social environment on a biological being.

Discuss" Man ia a social animal" in sociology.

The statement "Man is a social animal" is a foundational concept in
sociology and is often attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
This idea emphasizes the inherently social nature of human beings,
highlighting the importance of social interactions and relationships in
shaping individual behavior and societal structures. Let's delve into this
concept in the context of sociology:
1. Social Nature of Humans: The assertion that "Man is a social animal"
suggests that humans have an innate tendency to form social connections
and engage in collective activities. This social nature is considered a
fundamental aspect of human existence, distinguishing us from other
species.
2. Interdependence: Sociologists argue that humans are interdependent
creatures, meaning that our well-being and survival are intricately linked
to our interactions with others. Social relationships provide the
foundation for the exchange of resources, support, and cooperation
necessary for individual and collective flourishing.
3. Socialization: Socialization is a key process through which individuals
learn the values, norms, and behaviors of their society. From infancy,
23

humans are socialized by their families, communities, and institutions,

shaping their identities and influencing their perspectives on the world.
4. Institutions and Social Structure: The social nature of humans leads to
the formation of institutions and social structures. Institutions like family,
education, religion, and government emerge as mechanisms to organize
and regulate social life. These structures provide a framework for social
interactions, norms, and roles.
5. Group Dynamics: Humans are inclined to form groups and communities
based on shared interests, values, or identities. Group dynamics play a
crucial role in shaping individual behavior, influencing attitudes, and
contributing to the development of collective identities.
6. Conflict and Cooperation: The social nature of humans is characterized
by both conflict and cooperation. Societal structures often involve power
dynamics, competition for resources, and conflicting interests. At the
same time, cooperation and collaboration are essential for the functioning
of societies.
7. Communication: Language and communication are fundamental
components of human sociality. The ability to convey thoughts, emotions,
and information through language facilitates social interactions, collective
decision-making, and the transmission of cultural knowledge.
8. Social Change: Societal changes and developments are often driven by
collective actions and movements. The social nature of humans enables
them to come together to address common issues, advocate for change,
and contribute to the evolution of societies.
9. Social Control: Social norms and values are mechanisms of social
control that guide individual behavior. The social nature of humans
involves adherence to shared norms, which are reinforced through social
interactions and institutions.

The concept that "Man is a social animal" underscores the foundational role
of social interactions and relationships in human life. Sociologists use this
idea to explore the dynamics of societies, the formation of social structures,
and the impact of collective behavior on individual experiences.

25, A) Define crowd. 2+5+8

b) What are the roles of a nurse in social control?
c) How a nurse can manage the situation of crowd in a hospital?
24

25, .a) Crowd is a gathering of a considerable number of people around a

centre and a common point of attraction
A physically compact, aggregation of human being brought into direct
temporary and unorganised contact with one another whose curiosities,
values and emotions are temporarily identical and which arises because of
common interest or common stimuli.

25.b) What are the roles of a nurse in social control?

In sociology, the concept of social control refers to the mechanisms,
strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual and group
behavior, ensuring conformity to norms and rules. Nurses, as part of
healthcare systems and broader social institutions, play significant roles in
social control in the following ways:

1. Enforcing Health Norms

Nurses educate individuals and communities about healthy behaviors and
encourage adherence to health-related norms. This includes promoting
hygiene, vaccination, nutrition, and exercise, which align with societal
standards of health and well-being.
 Example: Nurses advocate for vaccination campaigns, which reinforce
the societal expectation of protecting public health by immunizing against
diseases.

2. Gatekeepers of Medical Authority

Nurses serve as intermediaries between individuals and the healthcare
system. They help identify behaviors or conditions that deviate from societal
health norms and recommend medical interventions or social resources.
 Example: A nurse observing signs of substance abuse in a patient might
refer them to counseling, reflecting the societal goal of addressing deviant
behaviors.

3. Enforcing Institutional Rules

In settings like hospitals, clinics, or schools, nurses enforce institutional
policies that align with societal expectations. This ensures order and
compliance with established norms.
 Example: Nurses ensure patients follow hospital protocols, such as
infection control measures, which indirectly uphold public health
standards.

4. Moral and Ethical Guidance

25

Nurses often provide care that includes moral and ethical dimensions, subtly
influencing patients’ behavior and decision-making in ways that align with
societal values.
 Example: Encouraging patients to seek consent before making decisions
that impact others, such as family members, reinforces societal values
around mutual respect and autonomy.

5. Surveillance and Reporting

Nurses monitor patients’ health conditions and behaviors, acting as agents of
surveillance. They are often mandated to report cases that deviate from
societal norms, such as child abuse, neglect, or communicable diseases.
 Example: Reporting cases of domestic violence or infectious disease
outbreaks to relevant authorities ensures social order and safety.

6. Advocacy and Community Engagement

Nurses engage in community health programs, advocating for marginalized
populations while simultaneously promoting compliance with societal health
standards.
 Example: Running awareness campaigns about HIV/AIDS both
destigmatizes the condition and promotes societal expectations of safe
sexual practices.

7. Rehabilitation and Reintegration

Nurses play a vital role in the rehabilitation of individuals who have engaged
in behaviors considered deviant, such as drug addiction or criminal activities.
By helping individuals reintegrate into society, they reinforce conformity to
norms.
 Example: A psychiatric nurse helps a patient recovering from addiction
to adopt socially acceptable behaviors.

8. Cultural and Normative Transmission

Through patient education, nurses act as agents of cultural transmission,
promoting health behaviors that reflect in health care delivery system.

Nurses shows the way for masses to follow the the path taken by great
men. The path influences the religious , political and other fields to the
fellow men. Nurses play an important role in social control.
26

25, C) How a nurse can manage the situation of

crowd in a hospital?

Managing crowd situations in a hospital requires a nurse to demonstrate

excellent organizational, communication, and interpersonal skills. Here’s a
detailed breakdown of strategies a nurse can employ to manage a crowded
hospital situation effectively:

1. Triage and Prioritization

 Triage system: Implement a triage system to assess and prioritize
patients based on the severity of their conditions. Patients with life-
threatening conditions should be attended to first.
 Quick assessment: Conduct rapid initial evaluations to determine
urgency and guide resource allocation.
 Categorization: Use color codes or priority levels (e.g., red for critical,
yellow for urgent, green for less urgent) to streamline care.

2. Communication and Coordination

 Clear instructions: Provide clear and concise instructions to patients and
families about the process, expected wait times, and available resources.
 Team collaboration: Coordinate with other nurses, doctors, and staff to
divide tasks efficiently. For instance, one nurse can manage
documentation while another performs triage.
 Patient updates: Regularly update patients and their families to reduce
frustration and anxiety.

3. Workflow Optimization
 Streamlined procedures: Ensure registration, triage, and treatment
processes are smooth and efficient.
 Delegation: Assign tasks to junior staff or support workers, such as
taking vitals or guiding patients to appropriate areas.
 Zone management: Organize the hospital space into zones for different
patient categories, such as a waiting area for minor injuries and a separate
area for critical cases.

4. Crowd Control Techniques

27

 Organized waiting areas: Arrange seats to maximize space, and ensure

there is a clear flow of movement to prevent overcrowding in specific
areas.
 Queue management systems: Use token systems or electronic boards to
manage queues and reduce patient congestion.
 Security personnel: If necessary, enlist the help of security staff to
manage crowds and ensure orderly behavior.

5. Patient Education
 Health awareness: Educate patients about appropriate use of emergency
services versus outpatient care. Many minor cases can be redirected to
outpatient clinics or pharmacies.
 Prevention campaigns: Share tips on avoiding illnesses, especially
during seasonal outbreaks, to reduce the influx of patients.

6. Emotional Support
 Empathy and reassurance: Listen to patient concerns and provide
emotional support to those in distress.
 Conflict resolution: Handle conflicts or complaints calmly and
professionally to maintain order.

7. Resource Management
 Adequate staffing: Request additional staff or volunteers during peak
times or emergencies.
 Supplies: Ensure adequate availability of essential medical supplies and
equipment to prevent delays in care.

8. Technology and Systems

 Electronic Health Records (EHR): Use digital tools to quickly access
patient information and reduce paperwork.
 Telemedicine: Offer teleconsultation services for minor cases to divert
non-critical patients from the hospital.

9. Crisis Management Plan

 Emergency protocols: Be familiar with hospital policies for managing
mass casualties or sudden patient influxes.
 Mock drills: Participate in regular drills to prepare for large-scale
emergencies, such as disease outbreaks or disasters.

10. Collaboration with External Agencies

28

 Referrals: Work with nearby clinics, pharmacies, or community health

centers to redirect patients when the hospital is overwhelmed.
 Public health coordination: Partner with local health authorities during
outbreaks to manage patient distribution.

Effective crowd management in a hospital setting requires a combination of

leadership, strategic planning, and compassionate care. By staying
organized, prioritizing effectively, and communicating clearly, nurses can
ensure that patients receive the care they need while maintaining a calm and
controlled environment.

40. I) What is Panchayat Samiti?

ii) What are the main functions of the samiti?
iii) Briefly discuss social problems on the basis of ---
e) Child abuse
f) Prostitution or sex workers

40, i) What is Panchayat Samiti?

A Panchayat Samiti is the intermediate level of the three-tier Panchayati
Raj system in India, which facilitates decentralized governance and
administration in rural areas. It operates at the block level, bridging the gap
between the Gram Panchayat (village level) and the Zilla Parishad (district
level).
Features of Panchayat Samiti:
Structure:
o Composed of elected representatives from the Gram Panchayats
within the block.
o Members include Sarpanches (village heads), block-level officials,
and elected representatives like MLAs or MPs in some cases.
o There is usually a Chairperson and a Vice-Chairperson elected
by the members.
Functions:
o Formulating and implementing development plans for the block.
o Supervising and coordinating the activities of the Gram
Panchayats.
29

o Executing government schemes related to agriculture, education,

healthcare, sanitation, and rural development.
o Managing funds allocated for block-level development programs.
Funding:
o It receives funds from the state government, central government,
and local revenue sources like taxes, fees, or grants.
Administration:
o A Block Development Officer (BDO) acts as the executive head,
coordinating between the Panchayat Samiti and other government
departments.
The Panchayat Samiti ensures that resources and development initiatives
reach rural communities effectively and democratically.

40,ii) What are the main functions of the

panchayat samiti?
The Panchayat Samiti is the intermediate level of governance in the three-
tier Panchayati Raj system in India. It operates at the block level and serves
as a link between the Gram Panchayat (village level) and the Zila
Parishad (district level). The main functions of the Panchayat Samiti can be
categorized into administrative, developmental, and welfare responsibilities:

1. Developmental Functions
 Agriculture Development: Promotion of modern agricultural practices,
supply of seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation facilities.
 Rural Development: Implementation of rural development schemes like
housing, employment, and poverty alleviation programs (e.g.,
MGNREGA).
 Infrastructure Development: Construction and maintenance of roads,
bridges, wells, and other public utilities.
 Water Resources: Development and management of irrigation and
drinking water projects.

2. Social Welfare Functions

 Health and Sanitation: Establishing and maintaining health centers,
promoting sanitation, and running healthcare campaigns.
 Education: Setting up and managing schools, adult education centers,
and encouraging literacy programs.
30

 Welfare Programs: Implementing schemes for marginalized groups,

such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), women,
children, and differently-abled persons.

3. Regulatory and Supervisory Functions

 Coordination: Coordinating activities of the Gram Panchayats within its
jurisdiction.
 Monitoring and Supervision: Supervising the functioning of Gram
Panchayats to ensure efficient implementation of government programs
and policies.
 Planning: Preparing and approving development plans for the block.

4. Financial Functions
 Budget Management: Preparing the annual budget for the block.
 Funds Allocation: Distributing funds received from the state and central
governments to Gram Panchayats.
 Revenue Generation: Collection of taxes, fees, and levies authorized by
the state government.

5. Advisory Functions
 Advising the Zila Parishad and the state government on matters
concerning rural development and governance.

The Panchayat Samiti acts as a critical platform for implementing

government schemes and addressing the needs of rural populations.

40, C) Child Abuse

Child abuse refers to any form of physical, emotional, sexual harm, or
neglect inflicted upon a child by a caregiver, parent, or any individual. It is a
grave violation of a child's rights and has long-lasting consequences on their
mental, emotional, and physical well-being.

Types of Child Abuse:

1. Physical Abuse:
o Involves causing physical harm to a child through actions such as
hitting, slapping, kicking, burning, or any other physical force.
31

Signs include bruises, burns, fractures, or fearfulness in the

o
presence of a particular individual.
2. Emotional Abuse:
o Includes actions or words that harm a child’s emotional
development or self-worth.
o Examples: constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or neglecting a
child’s emotional needs.
o Signs include low self-esteem, withdrawal, or behavioral extremes
(overly aggressive or overly passive).
3. Sexual Abuse:
o Involves any sexual activity with a child, including molestation,
exploitation, or exposure to inappropriate content.
o Signs include difficulty walking or sitting, knowledge of sexual
behavior inappropriate for age, or fear of a particular individual.
4. Neglect:
o Failure to provide basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing,
medical care, or supervision.
o Signs include malnutrition, poor hygiene, untreated medical
conditions, or consistent absence from school.
Causes of Child Abuse:

 Parental Factors: Substance abuse, mental health issues, lack of

parenting skills, or being a victim of abuse themselves.
 Environmental Factors: Poverty, domestic violence, societal norms that
condone harsh discipline.
 Cultural Factors: Practices or beliefs that perpetuate abuse, such as
child marriage or corporal punishment.

Effects of Child Abuse:

1. Short-term Effects:
o Physical injuries like cuts, bruises, or fractures.
o Emotional effects like anxiety, fear, and trust issues.
2. Long-term Effects:
o Mental health disorders such as depression, PTSD, or anxiety.
o Difficulty forming relationships or trusting others.
o Risky behaviors in adulthood, such as substance abuse or criminal
activity.

Preventing Child Abuse:

32

1. Awareness and Education:

o Educate parents and caregivers about positive parenting techniques
and the effects of abuse.
o Conduct awareness campaigns to identify and report abuse.
2. Strengthening Support Systems:
o Provide access to mental health and substance abuse counseling for
parents.
o Strengthen child protection services and establish helplines.
3. Legal Measures:
o Enforce strict laws against child abuse and ensure timely
intervention and justice.
o Train professionals like teachers, doctors, and social workers to
identify and report abuse.
4. Empowering Children:
o Teach children about their rights and personal safety.
o Encourage open communication so they feel safe reporting abuse.

Recognizing and Reporting Abuse:

 Signs to Watch For:

o Unexplained injuries, drastic behavioral changes, fear of going
home, or age-inappropriate sexual knowledge.
 Reporting:
o Contact local child protection services, helplines, or law
enforcement agencies.
o Ensure anonymity and confidentiality for the child’s safety.

Child abuse is a societal issue that requires collective action from individuals,
communities, and governments. By fostering safe environments, promoting
education, and strengthening legal frameworks, we can work towards a world
where every child is protected and can thrive without fear of harm.

D) Prostitution or sex worker see book

9, a) Define social group.

b) Describe the characteristics of group life
33

c) Briefly classify social Group. 2+6+7

9, a) Define social group.
A social group grows out of a situation which permits meaningful inter-
stimulation and response between the individuals, focusing of attention on
common situation or interest, the development of certain common drives,
motivation or emotions.
or
Any collection of human beings who are establishing human relationships with
one to another.
Two or more individuals come together and influence one another.
or
Two or more individuals who have common objects of attention, stimulating to
each other, who have common loyalty and participate in similar activities.

b) Describe the characteristics of group life

The main characteristics of social groups are as follows:

I , Collection of Individuals.
Social group consists of people. Without individuals there can be no
group. Just as we cannot have a college or a university without
students and teachers we cannot have a group in the absence of
people.
2, Interaction Among Members.
Social interaction is the very basis of group life. Hence mere
collection of individuals does not make a group. The members must
have interaction. A social group, is in fact a system of social
interaction. The limits of social groups are marked by the limits of
social interaction.
3, Mutual Awareness.
34

Group life involves mutual awareness. Group members are aware of

one another and their behaviour is determined by this mutual
recognition.
4, 'We-feeling',
'We-feeling' refers to the tendency on the part of the members to
identify themselves with the groups. It represents group unity. "We-
feeling' creates sympathy in and fosten co-operation among members.
5, Group Unity and Solidarity.
Group members are tied by a sense of unity. The solidarity or
integration of a group is largely dependent upon the frequency, the
variety, and the emotional quality of the interactions of its members. A
family or a friends' group, or a religious group is highly united and
integrated, because its members are related by several common
interests and have frequent social contacts with one another and
express a high degree of morale and of loyalty.
6, Common Interests.
The interests and ideals of group are common. Groups are mostly
formed or established for the fulfilment of certain interests. In fact,
men not only join groups but also form group for the realisation of
their objectives or interests. Hence, there are political groups,
religious group ending nomic groups, educational groups, racial
groups, national groups etc.
7, Similar Behaviour.
The members of group behave in more or less similar way for the
collective behaviour.

8, Group Norms.
Every group has its own rules or norms which the members are
supposed to follow. These norms may be in the form of customs,
folkways, mores, traditions, conventions, Iaws, etc They may be
35

written or unwritten norms or standards. Every group has its own

ways and means of punishing or correcting those who go against the
rules.
9, Size of the Group.
Every group involves an idea of size. Social groups vary in size. A
group may be as small as that of dyad [two members' group e.g..
husband-and-wife-family] or as big as that of a political party having
lakhs of members. Size will have its own impact on the character of
the group.
10, Groups are Dynamic.
Social groups are not static but dynamic. They are subject to changes
whether slow or rapid. Old members die and new members are born.
Whether due to internal or extemal pressures or forces, groups
undergo changes.
11, Stability.
Groups are stable or unstable, permanent or temporary in character.
Some groups like, the crowd, mob, audience, spectators' group etc.,
are temporary and unstable. But many groups are relatively permanent
and stable in character.
12, Influence on Personality.
Social groups directly or indirectly shape the personality of their
members. They also provide opportunities for the expression of
individuality

c), Briefly classify social Group.

Social groups are fundamental to human life and society. They influence
individual behavior, shape cultural norms, and contribute to social structures. In
sociology, social groups are classified based on different criteria, including their
36

nature, size, function, and level of intimacy. Below are the major classifications
of social groups:

1. Primary and Secondary Groups (Based on Intimacy & Interaction)

This classification was introduced by Charles Horton Cooley in 1909.
a. Primary Groups
These are small, intimate, and long-lasting groups where members share close
personal relationships.
Characteristics:
 Deep emotional connections
 Face-to-face interactions
 Strong sense of belonging
 Informal relationships
Examples:
 Family
 Close friends
 Peer groups
b. Secondary Groups
These groups are larger, more impersonal, and goal-oriented, often existing for a
specific purpose.
Characteristics:
 Indirect and impersonal relationships
 Temporary membership
 Formal structure and rules
 Task-focused interaction
Examples:
 Workplace teams
 Political parties
 School or university classes
37

2. In-Groups and Out-Groups (Based on Group Identity)

This classification was introduced by William Graham Sumner in 1906.
a. In-Group
A group to which a person belongs and feels a sense of loyalty or identity.
Examples:
 A sports team one supports
 A religious community
 A cultural or ethnic group
b. Out-Group
A group to which a person does not belong and may even feel opposition or
rivalry toward.
Examples:
 A rival sports team
 Competing political parties
 Different social or cultural groups

3. Formal and Informal Groups (Based on Structure & Regulation)

a. Formal Groups
These are highly organized with specific rules, objectives, and leadership
structures.
Characteristics:
 Defined roles and responsibilities
 Written rules and regulations
 Leadership hierarchy
Examples:
 Government institutions
 Corporations
38

 Military organizations
b. Informal Groups
These develop naturally based on personal interests and relationships rather than
structured organization.
Characteristics:
 Spontaneous formation
 No strict rules or regulations
 Flexible leadership
Examples:
 Friend circles
 Social media communities
 Neighborhood associations

4. Reference Groups (Based on Social Comparison)

These are groups that individuals use as a standard for self-evaluation and
behavior.
Types:
 Positive Reference Groups – Groups one aspires to join (e.g., a
professional organization).
 Negative Reference Groups – Groups one rejects or avoids being
associated with (e.g., criminal gangs).
Examples:
 Celebrities influencing fashion trends
 High-achieving students setting academic standards for others

5. Voluntary and Involuntary Groups (Based on Choice)

a. Voluntary Groups
Individuals join these groups by choice based on shared interests or goals.
Examples:
39

 NGOs
 Social clubs
 Political parties
b. Involuntary Groups
Membership is assigned, often without personal choice.
Examples:
 Family (born into it)
 Caste groups (in some societies)
 Ethnic or racial groups

6. Small and Large Groups (Based on Size)

a. Small Groups
 Limited number of members (e.g., a study group)
 More personal interactions
 Stronger sense of community
b. Large Groups
 Large number of members (e.g., a political party)
 Less personal interactions
 More structured and hierarchical

Social groups play a significant role in shaping human interactions, identity, and
society. Their classification helps sociologists understand social behavior,
relationships, and dynamics. Whether based on intimacy, structure, identity, or
choice, each group type contributes uniquely to social life.

SHORT NOTES OF SOCIOLOGY FOR 2025

1. Problems of aged peoples book p 454
2. Describe any three factors of social change.
40

3. Differentiate between primary and secondary group

4. Impact of urbanization on health
5. Poverty(432)
6. Class & caste( 286)
7. Crime ---- see book, p 396
8. Cultural lag
9. Special marriage act 1954 (Notes)
10.Accommodation and Assimilation
11.Child abuse
12.Prostitution book, p 423
13.Polygamy & monogamy
14. Social mobility
15.Juvenile delinquency – Book, p-388
16.Violence against women (Notes)
17.Crowed (Notes)
18.Role of nurse as a social educator ( Notes)
19.Low literacy among women ( Notes)
20.Social control
21.Primary group
22.Culture
23.Society
24.Alcohlism book p458
25.Forms of marriage
26.Conflict & competition
27.Folkways ( Notes)
28.Society
29.Mob culture ( Notes)
30.Right of a women ( Notes)
31.Race & colour
32.Illiteracy problem
33.Child labour
34.Women empowerment ( Notes)
35.Differentiate between urban and rural community
36.Law as a form of social control ( NOTES)
37.Folkways & mores
38.Housing problems
39.Distinguish between cooperation and competition
40.Objectives of family health care
41.Education as an important agent of social control( N0tes)
42.Religion as a mode of social control ( Notes)
41

43.Effect of technological factors in social change

44.Housing problems
45.Problems of urban community
46.Types of family
47.Norms
48.Types of social group
49.Relationship between individual & society
50.Ethnocentrism( Notes)
51.Minorities in India.( Notes)
52.Role of NGO in Health Care Delivery System ( Notes)
53.Characteristics of mob
54.Polygamy and monogamy
55.Old age problems ( Notes)
56.Race and class
57.Illiteracy problem
58.Law as a form of social control0
59.Minorities in India
60.Primary and secondary social group

1, Problems of aged peoples

42

Aging is a natural part of life, but it comes with various challenges that affect
individuals physically, mentally, socially, and financially. Below are some
detailed discussions of the problems faced by elderly people:

1. Physical Health Issues

 Chronic Illnesses: Common ailments include arthritis, diabetes,

hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis, which can
reduce mobility and quality of life.
 Decreased Immunity: Older adults are more susceptible to infections
and take longer to recover from illnesses.
 Sensory Impairments: Vision and hearing problems are prevalent,
making it difficult to communicate and navigate their environment.
 Cognitive Decline: Conditions like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
affect memory, judgment, and independence.
 Mobility Issues: Muscle weakness, joint problems, and balance issues
increase the risk of falls, leading to fractures and prolonged recovery
times.

2. Mental Health Challenges

 Depression: Isolation, grief from losing loved ones, or feeling like a

burden can lead to depression.
 Anxiety: Financial instability, health concerns, and dependence on others
can trigger anxiety.
 Loneliness: Many elderly people live alone or are separated from their
families, contributing to feelings of loneliness and abandonment.

3. Social Challenges

 Isolation: Modern lifestyles often leave elderly people disconnected from

family and community networks.
 Ageism: Discrimination or stereotyping based on age can lead to neglect
and a lack of opportunities for meaningful engagement.
 Family Dynamics: Conflicts with younger generations or a lack of
understanding from family members can strain relationships.

4. Financial Issues
43

 Lack of Savings: Many elderly individuals, especially in developing

countries, lack sufficient retirement savings or pensions.
 Medical Costs: Rising healthcare expenses can quickly deplete savings
and cause financial strain.
 Economic Dependency: Those without an income may rely on their
families, which can sometimes lead to feelings of inadequacy or conflicts.

5. Housing and Living Arrangements

 Unsuitable Homes: Many elderly people live in homes that are not
adapted to their mobility and health needs, such as a lack of wheelchair
access or safety rails.
 Nursing Homes: While some find care facilities helpful, others face
neglect or abuse in such institutions.
 Homelessness: Those without support or resources may face
homelessness, exacerbating their vulnerability.

6. Neglect and Abuse

 Elder Abuse: Physical, emotional, or financial abuse by family members,

caregivers, or others is a hidden yet prevalent issue.
 Neglect: Some elderly people are ignored or deprived of basic needs like
food, medical care, and companionship.

7. Technological Challenges

 Digital Exclusion: With increasing reliance on technology, older adults

often struggle to adapt to digital platforms, leaving them disconnected
from essential services and information.
 Cybersecurity Risks: Elderly individuals are more vulnerable to online
scams and fraud.

8. Loss of Purpose

 Retirement Adjustment: Transitioning from a busy professional life to

retirement can leave individuals feeling purposeless.
 Lack of Engagement: Limited opportunities for hobbies, volunteering,
or community involvement can lead to stagnation.

9. Bereavement

 Losing a spouse, friends, or family members can lead to profound grief,

depression, and a sense of emptiness.
44

10. Access to Quality Healthcare

 Distance from Facilities: In rural or underdeveloped areas, accessing

healthcare services can be a major challenge.
 Specialized Care: Many elderly people require specialized care that may
not be readily available.

Solutions and Support Strategies

 Community Engagement: Encourage participation in senior clubs,

volunteer programs, or cultural events.
 Health Services: Ensure regular health check-ups, affordable healthcare,
and access to rehabilitation services.
 Family Support: Foster intergenerational bonds and educate families
about the needs of elderly members.
 Financial Planning: Promote saving and pension schemes for future
security.
 Technology Training: Provide training to help the elderly navigate
digital platforms.
 Accessible Housing: Modify homes to ensure safety and comfort.
 Advocacy: Raise awareness about elder abuse and enforce laws to protect
their rights.

Societies can ensure that elderly individuals live with dignity, independence,
and a sense of belonging.

2, Mob Culture
Mob culture refers to the behavior and mentality exhibited by a group of people
who act collectively, often in a disorderly, aggressive, or emotionally charged
manner. This phenomenon occurs when individuals within a group lose their
sense of individuality and responsibility, conforming instead to the collective
identity and emotions of the mob. Mob culture has been a recurring theme in
human history and manifests in various forms, including riots, protests, lynch
mobs, and even online mob behavior.

Characteristics of Mob Culture

1. Loss of Individuality:
People in a mob tend to lose their personal identity and sense of
responsibility, merging into a collective mindset. This leads to actions
they might not engage in individually.
45

2. Emotional Intensity:
Mobs are often fueled by strong emotions like anger, fear, or excitement,
which can escalate quickly and override rational thinking.
3. Groupthink:
The desire for conformity within the group can lead to groupthink, where
critical thinking is suppressed, and individuals go along with the crowd to
avoid conflict.
4. Anonymity:
In a mob, individuals often feel a sense of anonymity, believing their
actions will not be attributed to them personally. This can encourage
behavior they would otherwise avoid.
5. Spontaneity and Unpredictability:
Mob actions are often spontaneous and lack clear planning, making them
unpredictable and potentially dangerous.

Types of Mob Culture

1. Violent Mobs:
These involve physical aggression, such as riots, lynching, or public
unrest. Examples include protests that turn violent or acts of vigilantism.
2. Symbolic Mobs:
These are gatherings that aim to send a strong message, such as political
protests or social movements. While they may start peacefully, they can
sometimes turn chaotic.
3. Cyber Mobs:
Online mob culture, often called "cancel culture," involves large groups
targeting individuals or organizations through harassment, doxxing, or
coordinated attacks on social media.

Psychological Aspects of Mob Culture

1. Deindividuation:
This psychological state occurs when individuals in a group feel less
responsible for their actions, leading to impulsive or aggressive behavior.
2. Contagion Theory:
Proposed by Gustave Le Bon, this theory suggests that emotions and
behaviors can spread rapidly within a crowd, leading to collective
hysteria.
3. Social Identity Theory:
Individuals in a mob may identify strongly with the group, aligning their
actions with the perceived goals or emotions of the collective.
4. Diffusion of Responsibility:
In a mob, responsibility for actions is spread among all members, making
individuals feel less accountable for their behavior.
46

Causes of Mob Culture

1. Socioeconomic Factors:
Poverty, inequality, and unemployment can create frustration, leading
people to join mobs as a form of expression or rebellion.
2. Political Instigation:
Politicians or leaders may exploit mob mentality to gain support or incite
action, often for personal or political gain.
3. Cultural or Religious Tensions:
Historical grievances, cultural differences, or religious intolerance can
lead to mob violence.
4. Social Media Influence:
The rapid spread of information (or misinformation) on social media can
quickly mobilize online or offline mobs.
5. Lack of Law Enforcement:
In areas with weak governance or law enforcement, mobs often take
matters into their own hands, leading to vigilante justice or chaos.

Impact of Mob Culture

1. Social and Economic Disruption:
Mobs can cause significant harm to public infrastructure, disrupt daily
life, and lead to financial losses for communities and governments.
2. Loss of Lives and Property:
Violent mobs often result in casualties, destruction of property, and long-
term trauma for affected communities.
3. Erosion of Trust:
Mob actions can create fear and mistrust among communities, deepening
divisions and making reconciliation difficult.
4. Damage to Reputation:
In the case of cyber mobs, individuals or organizations targeted may
suffer irreparable damage to their reputations, regardless of the truth.

Countering Mob Culture

1. Education and Awareness:
Promoting critical thinking, empathy, and conflict resolution skills can
help individuals resist mob mentality.
2. Strengthening Law Enforcement:
Rapid response teams and effective policing can prevent mob actions
from escalating.
3. Promoting Dialogue:
Addressing underlying issues through dialogue and mediation can reduce
the likelihood of mob formation.
47

4. Regulating Social Media:

Platforms should monitor and curb the spread of inflammatory content
that incites mob behavior.
5. Community Building:
Strengthening community ties and promoting inclusivity can reduce the
socio-economic and cultural factors that contribute to mob culture.

Mob culture is a powerful social phenomenon that can lead to both constructive
and destructive outcomes. While it has been instrumental in driving social
change (e.g., civil rights movements), it also has the potential to cause immense
harm. Understanding the psychology and causes of mob culture is essential for
developing strategies to prevent its negative impacts while channeling collective
energy toward positive, meaningful change.

3, Folk Ways
The word 'folkways' literally means 'the ways of the people'. Conformity to
folkways is expected but is not absolutely insisted upon. These are accepted
ways of behaviour. Folkways make man in unique means of adapting himself to
the environment.

The customary traits and ways of behaviour of people that are binding. A group
through trail and error influences or may arrive some possibilities of behaviour.
It is passing through generation to generation.

Definition

Behaviour patterns of everyday life, which unconsciously arises within a group

Or
Social habits or group expectations that have arised in the daily life of the group

Nature of Folkways
48

 Social in nature: Products of man's group life. For sustaining,

maintaining, to get social recognition individuals has to conform the
folkways.

 Repetitive in character: If majority of people observe constantly and

regularly, it becomes folkways. Practices become standardised by
constant repetition.

 Unplanned origin: Spontaneous, automatic, unconscious in origin. No

advance planning is required, e.g: Hairstyle, dressing style, conversation
style, etc.

 Informal enforcement: Folkways are informal means of social control.

If the individual is not following the folkways, it becomes 'ridicule' or
'gossip'.

 Varied in nature: It differs from group to group; society to society, e.g:

Table manners, eating pattern.

 Numerous and diverse: Depending upon society and group varied

folkways are observed.

 Subjected to change: Based on social conditions, situations,

environment the folkways will be varied. Based on cultural traits, people
will adopt certain cultural practices.

Characteristics of Folkways
 Spontaneous in origin, autonomic
 Approved behaviour
 Distinctiveness ( recognised ways of behaviour)
 Heredity
 To meet the needs / problems of the society eg greeting, lunch in the
noon, dress pattern

Importance of Folkways
49

Folkways are informal norms, customs, or conventions that govern everyday

social behavior. They are not enforced by laws but are essential for maintaining
social order and cohesion.

1. Facilitate Social Harmony

Folkways ensure smooth interpersonal interactions by providing unwritten

guidelines for acceptable behavior. For example, saying "thank you" or "excuse
me" helps maintain civility in social settings.

2. Promote Cultural Identity

They reflect the unique traditions, values, and customs of a community or

culture. Folkways help preserve cultural heritage, fostering a sense of belonging
and identity.

3. Ease Socialization

Folkways serve as a tool for socialization, teaching individuals how to behave

appropriately in various situations. They guide behavior from an early age,
helping individuals integrate into society.

4. Reduce Conflict

By establishing predictable patterns of behavior, folkways minimize

misunderstandings and conflicts. For instance, respecting queues or taking turns
promotes fairness and order.

5. Adaptation to Social Change

While folkways are traditional, they can evolve to reflect societal changes. This
adaptability ensures they remain relevant and continue to serve as a foundation
for social interactions.

6. Strengthen Social Bonds

Shared customs and practices bring people together and foster a sense of
community. Celebrations, greetings, and rituals based on folkways help build
strong social ties.

7. Guide Everyday Life

They provide a framework for daily activities, such as eating habits, dressing
styles, or modes of greeting, making interactions more predictable and
comfortable.
50

Folkways are the threads that weave the fabric of society, ensuring its continuity
and stability.

4, CROWD
Crowd is a gathering of a considerable number of people around a centre and a
common point of attraction
A physically compact, aggregation of human being brought into direct
temporary and unorganised contact with one another whose curiosities, values
and emotions are temporarily identical and which arises because of common
interest or common stimuli.

Types of crowd
51

Characteristics of a Crowd

The following are the characteristic features of a crowd:

(1) Anonymity.
Crowds are anonymous, both because they are large and beorge
number of temporary. A crowd usually se they are Jarelatively
large number of people. The members of a croonsists of know each
other. They do not pay any attention to other und do not
knoindividuals. The individual in a crowd is free to indulgeers
Behaviour which hetewould ordinarily control. In a crowd moral
besponsibility is shifted from the individual to the group.

(ii) Narrow Attention.

The crowd is devoid of a wide attention. It directs its attention only to
one or two things at one time. It is incapable of rationality and is
easily carried by intuition. The members of the crowd easily come
under the magic influences of skilful oratory. The crowd leader with
the use of "bigger terms" builds up images that present reality in the
colours of dominant emotion.

(iii) Suggestibility.
The members of the crowd are not open to conviction. They do not tolerate
any opposition to their views. rather any opposition enrages them. They
blindly accept the e.g: Street aggregations

(iv) Credulity.
With an increase in the capacity of suggestibility, the credulity of a crowd
also increases. According to Ross. "Rational analysis and test are out of
question. The facultuto we deal with, are asleep.

(v) Low Mental Level.

The ideas of a crowd are not wide or deep. They are charged with emotion.
They do not see any reason in others arguments. One may talk a crowd into
anything. The Individual's power of volition is lost. It is all due to low
mental level of the crowd.

(vi) Emotional.
The members of a crowd are highly emotional. They respond not only to the
emotional situation but also to the emotions of other members of the crowd.
52

Some members of the crowd get excited because the other members are
excited. These other members get more excited because the former are
excited, and so this cumulative character of crowd inter- stimulation tends to
make the behaviour of the crowd ascend to a climax. The individual is for
the moment 'lost in the spirit of the crowd and works himself up "to a high
pitch". The members of the crowd do not know what they are doing. in the
words of Bernhard, It is usually some strong emotions or curiosity impulse
which Integrates the crowd

(vii) Irresponsibility.
From the viewpoint of responsibility the members of the crowd show very
poor sense of it. When panic or hatred seizes them, they do the most
shameful acts of which they theniselves repent afterwards. A crowd in action
can be a terrifying thing. The sense of responsibility which always controls
individuals disappears entirely in a crowd. The social is twisted around into
giving approval of behaviour which the culture normally forbids. The college
students do not ordinarily burn the buses or pull down telephone posts; in a
strike they do. The crowd behaviour deviates from the normal behaviour,
which is momentarily supported by the members of the crowd providing the
Individual a short lived social sanction for the acts forbidden in everyday life
influence the behaviour.

Impact of crowd

The impact of crowds on society can be multifaceted, with both positive and
negative effects, depending on the context and behavior of the crowd.

Positive Impacts
1. Collective Action and Social Movements
Crowds often drive social change by amplifying voices and pushing for
reforms. Examples include protests, demonstrations, and rallies that have
historically led to civil rights advancements, climate action, and gender
equality.
2. Community and Solidarity
Crowds at festivals, religious gatherings, or sporting events foster a sense
of belonging, unity, and shared identity among participants.
3. Creative Collaboration
Crowdsourcing initiatives rely on collective intelligence to solve
problems, develop innovations, and achieve common goals, such as open-
source projects or disaster relief efforts.
53

4. Economic Boost
Large crowds at events like fairs, concerts, or sports tournaments can
generate significant revenue for local businesses and contribute to the
economy.

Negative Impacts
1. Mob Mentality and Violence
Crowds can sometimes lose individual accountability, leading to
irrational or destructive behavior, such as riots, looting, or acts of
vandalism.
2. Spread of Misinformation
Crowds can amplify rumors or false information, especially in the digital
age, where virtual crowds (social media) can rapidly spread unverified
claims.
3. Overcrowding and Resource Strain
Large gatherings in urban spaces can overwhelm infrastructure, leading to
traffic congestion, pollution, and strain on public services like
transportation and waste management.
4. Safety Risks
Crowds, especially in poorly managed situations, can result in stampedes,
accidents, or health risks, as seen in mass gatherings during pandemics or
overcrowded venues.

Factors Influencing Crowd Impact

1. Leadership and Organization
Well-organized crowds with clear leadership tend to channel their energy
constructively, while leaderless or disorganized crowds are more prone to
chaos.
2. Purpose and Intent
The intent of the crowd—be it peaceful advocacy, celebration, or
opportunistic exploitation—significantly affects its societal impact.
3. Cultural and Social Context
The behavior and impact of crowds can vary widely based on cultural
norms, social dynamics, and historical contexts.
4. Technology
Social media has revolutionized how crowds form and act, creating
virtual crowds that influence society at a global scale.
54

Crowds are powerful social phenomena that reflect the collective energy of
individuals. Harnessed wisely, they can drive progress; unmanaged, they can
lead to disruption.

5, Special marriage act 1954

The Special Marriage Act, 1954 (SMA) is an Indian law that provides a
legal framework for civil marriages, allowing individuals of different
religions, castes, or nationalities to marry without converting to another
faith. It ensures a secular form of marriage, distinct from religious personal
laws.
Features of the Act:
1. Interfaith & Inter-caste Marriages:
o The act allows marriage between individuals of different religions
or castes without requiring conversion.
2. Eligibility Criteria:
o Minimum age: 21 years for males, 18 years for females.
o No existing valid marriage (monogamy is required).
o Mental capacity to consent.
o Not within prohibited degrees of relationship unless customs
permit.
3. Notice of Marriage:
o The couple must give a 30-day public notice to the Marriage
Officer of the district where at least one of them has resided for 30
days before applying.
o Objections can be raised during this period on legal grounds.
4. Marriage Registration:
o If no valid objections are raised, the marriage is solemnized in the
presence of three witnesses.
o A marriage certificate is issued, serving as legal proof.
5. Rights & Legal Provisions:
o Provides legal recognition to interfaith and inter-caste marriages.
o Grants inheritance, property, and divorce rights under secular law.
o Divorce and alimony are governed by Section 27 of the SMA
(grounds include adultery, cruelty, desertion, etc.).
6. Applicability:
o Available to all Indian citizens, irrespective of religion.
o Also applies to Indian nationals abroad under Section 18
(registration of marriages in foreign countries).
55

Importance of the Special Marriage Act

 Encourages secularism by allowing individuals to marry without

religious constraints.
 Protects rights of interfaith and inter-caste couples.
 Provides legal safeguards against forced conversions for marriage.

6, Violence Against Women

Violence against women (VAW) is a pervasive global issue that affects

women of all backgrounds, cultures, and socio-economic statuses. It is a
human rights violation that undermines women's dignity, security, and well-
being. Despite various laws and international efforts, VAW continues to be a
significant problem worldwide.
Violence against women refers to any act of gender-based violence that results
in physical, sexual, psychological, or economic harm to women.

Forms of Violence Against Women

VAW takes various forms, including but not limited to:

a) Domestic Violence (Intimate Partner Violence - IPV)
 Physical abuse (hitting, slapping, choking, etc.)
 Emotional and psychological abuse (threats, humiliation, controlling
behavior)
 Economic abuse (denying financial resources, forcing financial
dependence)
 Sexual abuse (marital rape, forced sexual acts)
b) Sexual Violence
 Rape (by strangers, intimate partners, or within marriage)
 Sexual harassment (at workplaces, schools, public spaces)
 Child sexual abuse
 Online harassment and cyberstalking
56

c) Human Trafficking and Exploitation

 Forced prostitution and sex trafficking
 Forced labor and domestic servitude
 Child marriage
d) Honor Killings and Dowry-Related Violence
 Murder of women for perceived dishonor to the family
 Dowry-related deaths, where women are killed or abused over dowry
disputes
e) Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
 The practice of cutting or altering female genitalia, leading to severe
health risks
f) Workplace and Institutional Violence
 Gender discrimination at work
 Harassment or exploitation by employers or authorities

Causes and Contributing Factors

VAW is deeply rooted in social, economic, and cultural structures. Some
major causes include:
a) Patriarchy and Gender Inequality
 Societal norms that treat women as inferior to men
 Male dominance in decision-making
 Restrictive gender roles and expectations
b) Cultural and Traditional Beliefs
 Justification of violence as a form of discipline
 Practices like honor killings and child marriage
c) Economic Dependence
 Women’s financial dependence on men makes them vulnerable
 Limited access to education and employment opportunities
d) Weak Legal Systems and Impunity
 Lack of strict enforcement of laws against VAW
 Victim-blaming and stigma discourage reporting
e) Political Instability and Conflict
 Women suffer disproportionately in war zones and refugee camps
 Rape used as a weapon of war
f) Alcohol and Drug Abuse
 Increased aggression and loss of control leading to domestic violence
57

Impact of Violence Against Women

The consequences of VAW are severe and long-lasting, affecting individuals,

families, and society as a whole.
a) Physical and Mental Health Effects
 Injuries, disabilities, and chronic pain
 Depression, PTSD, and suicidal tendencies
 Unwanted pregnancies and STDs
b) Economic Impact
 Loss of productivity due to mental and physical health issues
 Increased healthcare and legal costs
c) Social Consequences
 Stigmatization and isolation of victims
 Breakdown of families and relationships
d) Impact on Children
 Children witnessing domestic violence suffer emotional trauma
 Higher risk of becoming abusers or victims in adulthood

Limitations in Combating Violence Against Women

Despite progress, several obstacles hinder the elimination of VAW:

 Underreporting: Fear, shame, and social pressure prevent victims from
reporting.
 Legal Loopholes: In some countries, marital rape is still not
criminalized.
 Victim-Blaming Culture: Society often blames women for the violence
they face.
 Lack of Funding: Insufficient resources for shelters, legal aid, and
support services.
 Resistance to Change: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms slow progress.

The Way Forward: Solutions and Recommendations

To effectively combat violence against women, a multi-dimensional

approach is needed:
a) Strengthening Legal and Policy Measures
 Strict enforcement of laws against domestic violence, rape, and
harassment
 Criminalizing all forms of gender-based violence
b) Promoting Education and Awareness
58

 Teaching gender equality and respect from an early age

 Community engagement to challenge harmful traditions
c) Improving Support Systems
 Expanding shelters, counseling services, and financial support for
survivors
 Ensuring victim-friendly reporting mechanisms
d) Engaging Men and Society
 Encouraging men to be allies in the fight against VAW
 Promoting positive masculinity and respect in relationships
e) Leveraging Technology
 Using digital platforms for awareness and reporting mechanisms
 AI and data analytics for tracking and preventing VAW incidents

Violence against women is a deeply entrenched issue that requires collective

action from individuals, communities, governments, and international
organizations. Ending VAW is not just a women’s issue—it is a human rights
imperative. By promoting gender equality, strengthening laws, and
challenging harmful norms, societies can create a safer and more just world
for women.

7, The Rights of Women

Women’s rights encompass the freedoms and entitlements that promote

gender equality and protect women from discrimination, violence, and
oppression. These rights are recognized globally through international
agreements, national laws, and social movements.

1. Legal and Human Rights

 Right to Equality: Women should have equal rights as men in all aspects
of life, including education, employment, and leadership roles.
 Right to Vote and Participate in Politics: Women have the right to vote,
run for office, and be involved in decision-making processes.
 Right to Protection from Discrimination: Laws should prevent gender-
based discrimination in workplaces, education, and public life.
59

 Right to Inheritance and Property Ownership: Women should have

equal rights to own, inherit, and manage property.
2. Education and Economic Rights
 Right to Education: Girls should have access to quality education
without discrimination.
 Right to Equal Pay: Women should receive the same salary as men for
equal work.
 Right to Work and Career Advancement: Women should have
opportunities for employment and promotion without gender bias.
 Right to Financial Independence: Women should have control over
their earnings and access to financial services.
3. Reproductive and Health Rights
 Right to Healthcare: Women should have access to medical services,
including maternal and reproductive healthcare.
 Right to Family Planning: Women should have control over their
reproductive choices, including contraception and pregnancy.
 Right to Protection from Harmful Practices: Practices like female
genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage should be abolished.
4. Freedom from Violence and Exploitation
 Right to Live Free from Violence: Women should be protected from
domestic violence, sexual harassment, and abuse.
 Right to Justice: Legal systems should ensure that perpetrators of
violence against women are held accountable.
 Right Against Human Trafficking: Women should be protected from
forced labor, sexual exploitation, and trafficking.
5. Social and Cultural Rights
 Right to Personal Choices: Women should have freedom in marriage,
clothing, and religious beliefs.
 Right to Speak and Express Themselves: Women should have freedom
of speech and the right to participate in social discussions.
 Right to Representation in Media: Women should be portrayed fairly
and positively in media and entertainment.
6. International Protection of Women's Rights
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Recognizes
gender equality as a fundamental human right.
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW): A global treaty advocating women's rights.
 Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5): Aims to achieve gender
equality and empower all women and girls.
60

Despite legal frameworks, women still face discrimination, violence, and

unequal opportunities. Governments, societies, and individuals must work
together to enforce laws, raise awareness, and create an inclusive world
where women’s rights are fully respected.

8, Low Literacy Among Women

Low literacy among women is a significant social issue that affects

individual lives, families, and society as a whole. From a sociological
perspective, it is deeply connected to structures of power, gender norms,
economic conditions, and cultural traditions.

Literacy and Its Importance

Literacy is more than just the ability to read and write; it includes the ability
to understand, interpret, and communicate effectively in different social and
economic settings. Women’s literacy is particularly crucial because educated
women contribute to better family health, lower poverty rates, and stronger
economies.
Despite global progress, many women—especially in developing countries
—continue to face barriers to literacy. According to UNESCO, nearly two-
thirds of the world’s illiterate adults are women.

Causes of Low Literacy Among Women

Several sociological factors contribute to the persistence of low literacy rates
among women:
a) Patriarchy and Gender Norms
Many societies are patriarchal, meaning men hold dominant power over
women. Traditional gender roles often prioritize men’s education while
restricting women to household responsibilities. This creates a cycle of
gender inequality, where women are expected to remain dependent on men.
b) Economic Constraints
Poverty is a major reason for low female literacy. In economically struggling
households, families may choose to educate their sons rather than daughters,
seeing boys as future breadwinners. The opportunity cost of sending girls
to school is perceived as higher since they are often expected to contribute
to household chores or marriage arrangements.
c) Cultural and Religious Beliefs
61

In some cultures, educating girls is considered unnecessary or even

dangerous, as educated women may challenge traditional roles. In extreme
cases, religious extremism has led to attacks on girls' education, as seen in
incidents involving groups like the Taliban and Boko Haram.
d) Early Marriage and Childbearing
Many girls are forced into marriage at a young age, which often leads to
dropping out of school. According to UNICEF, girls who marry early are
less likely to complete their education and more likely to experience
domestic violence, economic dependence, and health issues.
e) Lack of Infrastructure and Safety Concerns
In many rural areas, schools are located far from homes, and a lack of safe
transportation discourages families from sending girls to school. In some
cases, girls face harassment or violence on the way to school, which forces
them to drop out.
f) Educational System and Policy Gaps
Even when girls do attend school, they may face gender-biased curricula,
unqualified teachers, and schools with inadequate sanitation facilities
(especially lack of separate toilets for girls). The absence of gender-sensitive
education policies further discourages female literacy.

Consequences of Low Literacy Among Women

a) Economic Dependence and Poverty
Illiterate women often lack access to stable jobs, making them financially
dependent on their husbands or families. This reinforces cycles of poverty
and limits social mobility.
b) Poor Health and High Infant Mortality Rates
Studies show that mothers with higher literacy rates have healthier
children. Illiterate women are less likely to access healthcare, understand
nutrition, or practice family planning, leading to high child mortality rates.
c) Gender-Based Violence
Low literacy is linked to increased domestic violence, as illiterate women
are less aware of their rights and have fewer means to escape abusive
relationships.
d) Political and Social Exclusion
Women with low literacy often have limited participation in politics and
decision-making processes. This reduces female representation in
leadership positions, further perpetuating gender inequality.

Strategies to Improve Women’s Literacy

62

a) Government Policies and Educational Reforms

 Implementing free and compulsory education for girls
 Providing scholarships and financial incentives to families who educate
daughters
 Ensuring gender-sensitive curricula and teacher training
b) Community and NGO Initiatives
 Establishing community learning centers for adult literacy
 Encouraging grassroots movements to challenge gender norms
 Providing vocational training programs for illiterate women
c) Addressing Cultural Barriers
 Working with local leaders and religious figures to promote female
education
 Conducting awareness campaigns to shift societal perceptions
d) Improving Safety and Infrastructure
 Building schools closer to rural communities
 Ensuring safe transport for girls
 Providing separate sanitation facilities for female students
e) Leveraging Technology for Literacy
 Using mobile apps and digital learning platforms
 Creating radio and TV programs for female education

Low literacy among women is not just an educational issue—it is a deep-

rooted sociological problem influenced by gender inequality, economic
conditions, cultural traditions, and policy gaps. Addressing this issue requires
a multi-faceted approach, including policy changes, community
engagement, and cultural transformation. An educated female population can
break cycles of poverty, improve health outcomes, and create a more just and
equitable society.

9, The Role of a Nurse as a Social Educator

63

Nurses play a crucial role as social educators, influencing health behaviors,

social norms, and community well-being. Their role extends beyond medical
care, involving patient education, public health awareness, and advocacy for
social change. Their role as social educators are discussed below ----:

1. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Nurses educate individuals and communities on healthy lifestyles, disease
prevention, and hygiene practices. This includes:
 Teaching about balanced diets, exercise, and mental well-being.
 Educating on vaccinations, chronic disease management (e.g., diabetes,
hypertension).
 Promoting awareness about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and
reproductive health.

2. Bridging Health Inequalities

Sociology highlights disparities in healthcare access based on socioeconomic
status, gender, and race. Nurses:
 Advocate for marginalized communities by promoting health equity.
 Educate patients about their rights to healthcare and available resources.
 Work with social workers and policymakers to improve healthcare
accessibility.

3. Patient and Family Education

Nurses guide patients and their families in managing health conditions,
reducing stress, and adapting to new lifestyles. This includes:
 Teaching medication adherence and symptom management.
 Providing mental health support and counseling.
 Helping families understand and cope with terminal illnesses.

4. Public Health Advocacy and Awareness

Nurses contribute to societal well-being by spreading awareness about public
health crises, such as:
 Epidemics and pandemics (e.g., COVID-19).
 Substance abuse and addiction.
 Mental health awareness and suicide prevention.

5. Cultural Competence and Community Engagement

Sociology emphasizes cultural differences in healthcare beliefs and practices.
Nurses act as educators by:
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 Respecting diverse cultural traditions and health perceptions.

 Educating communities on evidence-based healthcare while considering
cultural sensitivity.
 Addressing myths and misinformation regarding medical treatments.

6. Ethical and Legal Awareness

Nurses educate patients about their rights, informed consent, and ethical
medical practices, ensuring that healthcare decisions align with ethical and
legal standards.

Nurses, as social educators, play a transformative role in shaping health

behaviors, reducing health disparities, and promoting well-being within
society. Their contributions in public health, patient education, and advocacy
make them vital agents of social change in healthcare.

10, Law as a form of social control

Law is considered a main form of social control, which refers to the

mechanisms used by societies to regulate behavior and maintain order.
Social control can be informal (e.g., norms, customs, peer pressure) or
formal (e.g., laws, policies, sanctions). Law falls under the category of
formal social control because it is enforced by official institutions such as
the police, courts, and government bodies.

Law as a Mechanism of Social Control

Definition and Purpose
Law consists of rules and regulations created by governments to guide human
behavior and ensure societal stability. It defines acceptable and unacceptable
actions, prescribing sanctions for violations.

Functions of Law in Social Control

o Maintaining Order: Prevents chaos by setting clear rules for
behavior.
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o Regulating Behavior: Encourages compliance through rewards

and punishments.
o Resolving Disputes: Provides legal mechanisms like courts to
settle conflicts.
o Protecting Rights: Safeguards individual freedoms while ensuring
the welfare of the collective.
o Promoting Social Change: Laws can challenge discrimination,
promote equality, and adapt to societal evolution (e.g., civil rights
laws).
Law vs. Other Forms of Social Control
o Compared to Informal Control: Unlike customs, traditions, and
peer pressure, law is explicit, codified, and backed by
enforcement agencies.
o Moral and Ethical Influence: Laws often reflect societal values,
but not all moral norms become laws (e.g., lying is unethical but
not illegal).
o Legitimacy and Authority: Law derives legitimacy from
governing bodies and is enforceable by the state.
Types of Law in Social Control
o Criminal Law: Punishes behaviors harmful to society (e.g., theft,
assault).
o Civil Law: Governs disputes between individuals or organizations.
o Administrative Law: Regulates government operations and
policies.
o International Law: Establishes rules between nations.
Limitations
o Inequality in Enforcement: Laws may disproportionately affect
marginalized groups.
o Resistance and Social Movements: Unjust laws can lead to
protests and demands for change.
o Over-Legalization: Excessive reliance on laws may reduce
personal freedoms.

Law plays a crucial role in maintaining social order, regulating behavior,

and protecting rights. However, it is not the only form of social control;
informal mechanisms like culture, norms, and values also shape behavior.
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The effectiveness of law depends on its fairness, enforcement, and societal

acceptance.

11, Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture, values, beliefs, and
norms as superior to those of others. It involves evaluating other cultures
through the lens of one's own, often leading to bias, stereotypes, and
misunderstandings. The term was coined by sociologist William G. Sumner in
1906, who described it as the habit of comparing other groups unfavorably to
one's own.
Characteristics of Ethnocentrism
1. Cultural Superiority – Individuals believe their culture is the best and
judge others by its standards.
2. Cultural Bias – People perceive and interpret behaviors of others based
on their own cultural background.
3. Resistance to Change – Ethnocentric societies are less open to cultural
exchange or accepting new ideas.
4. Stereotyping & Prejudice – Misconceptions about other cultures can
lead to negative stereotypes and discrimination.
Types of Ethnocentrism
1. Positive Ethnocentrism – A mild form that strengthens social cohesion
and national pride. Example: Patriotism.
2. Negative Ethnocentrism – An extreme form that leads to discrimination,
racism, and cultural imperialism. Example: Colonial-era beliefs of
European superiority over indigenous cultures.

Examples of Ethnocentrism
 Language and Communication – Viewing non-native speakers as less
intelligent or capable.
 Food and Eating Habits – Considering other cuisines as "strange" or
"inferior."
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 Religious Beliefs – Assuming one's religion is the only true faith while
dismissing others.
 Dress Codes and Traditions – Judging cultural attire as inappropriate or
backward.
Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism
 Ethnocentrism judges other cultures based on one's own cultural norms.
 Cultural Relativism, introduced by Franz Boas, argues that cultures
should be understood based on their own values without external
judgment.
Effects of Ethnocentrism
1. Positive Effects
o Strengthens group identity and social cohesion.
o Encourages cultural preservation.
2. Negative Effects
o Promotes discrimination and cultural misunderstandings.
o Hinders globalization and intercultural relations.
o Contributes to conflicts, such as war and colonial oppression.
Ways to Reduce Ethnocentrism
1. Education & Awareness – Teaching cultural diversity and inclusivity.
2. Travel & Exposure – Experiencing different cultures firsthand.
3. Intercultural Dialogue – Encouraging open discussions among different
communities.
4. Media Representation – Promoting diverse and accurate portrayals of
different cultures.
Ethnocentrism is a natural but often problematic aspect of human society. While
it can foster cultural pride, it also creates divisions and misunderstandings. By
promoting cultural relativism and encouraging open-mindedness, societies can
overcome the negative impacts of ethnocentrism and build more inclusive
communities.
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12, Role of NGOs in Health Care Delivery System

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in India's health
care delivery system, supplementing government efforts and filling gaps where
public health services may be inadequate. They contribute in various ways,
including direct medical care, health education, policy advocacy, and capacity
building.
1. Direct Health Service Delivery
 NGOs run hospitals, clinics, and mobile health units in rural and remote
areas where government healthcare facilities are scarce.
 They provide essential health services such as maternal and child care,
vaccinations, and treatment for communicable diseases.
 Examples: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Smile Foundation, and
HelpAge India run clinics and hospitals in underserved regions.
2. Community-Based Health Programs
 NGOs conduct awareness campaigns on sanitation, nutrition, hygiene,
and disease prevention.
 They organize vaccination drives, TB and HIV/AIDS control programs,
and awareness initiatives for diseases like malaria and dengue.
 Example: The Leprosy Mission India works towards the eradication and
rehabilitation of leprosy-affected individuals.
3. Maternal and Child Health Care
 NGOs promote institutional deliveries, antenatal and postnatal care, and
nutrition programs for mothers and children.
 They run Anganwadi-based nutrition support programs and address issues
like anemia and malnutrition.
 Example: Snehi and CRY (Child Rights and You) work towards child
nutrition and health.
4. Mental Health Support
 NGOs address mental health concerns, provide counseling services, and
promote awareness about psychological well-being.
 They work with vulnerable populations, including survivors of abuse,
substance addicts, and the elderly.
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 Example: Vandrevala Foundation and Sangath focus on mental health

initiatives.
5. Disaster Relief and Emergency Health Services
 NGOs provide immediate medical aid during natural disasters,
pandemics, and other crises.
 They distribute medicines, organize health camps, and support
rehabilitation.
 Example: Red Cross India and Goonj provide emergency healthcare in
disaster-affected areas.
6. Advocacy and Policy Intervention
 NGOs influence health policies by lobbying for reforms and increased
government spending on healthcare.
 They work to ensure healthcare rights for marginalized communities.
 Example: Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) engages in
research and policy recommendations.
7. Training and Capacity Building
 NGOs train health workers, midwives, and volunteers to strengthen local
healthcare systems.
 They collaborate with government agencies to enhance healthcare
delivery at the grassroots level.
 Example: SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) empowers
women in healthcare roles.
Challenges Faced by NGOs in Healthcare
 Funding Constraints: Many NGOs rely on donations and grants,
making sustainability a challenge.
 Government Regulations: Compliance with laws like the FCRA
(Foreign Contribution Regulation Act) can be complex.
 Lack of Skilled Workforce: Recruiting and retaining trained healthcare
professionals in remote areas is difficult.
 Coordination Issues: Collaboration with government agencies is
sometimes inconsistent.
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NGOs are indispensable partners in India's healthcare system, particularly in

reaching marginalized communities. Their ability to innovate, mobilize
resources, and implement grassroots solutions makes them vital in addressing
India's healthcare challenges. Strengthening NGO-government collaboration
can further enhance healthcare accessibility and efficiency across the country.

v) Discuss in brief its impact on morbidity and mortality

pattern of health status of the population.
Morbidity and mortality patterns are significantly impacted by various factors,
including age, sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and environmental
conditions. These factors can lead to disparities in health outcomes, highlighting
the need for tailored interventions to address specific vulnerabilities within a
population.
1. Increased Morbidity:
o Leads to a higher incidence and prevalence of chronic and acute
health conditions (e.g., respiratory diseases, cardiovascular
diseases, infections).
o May burden healthcare systems due to a surge in outpatient and
inpatient cases.
o Shifts the disease pattern from infectious to lifestyle-related or vice
versa, depending on the factor.
2. Increased or Altered Mortality:
o May cause a rise in premature deaths, particularly among
vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children, or people with
preexisting conditions.
o Alters leading causes of death in the population, affecting national
health statistics and priorities.
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3. Socioeconomic Factors:
 Income and Education:
Studies have shown a strong relationship between socioeconomic status and
health outcomes, with lower income and education levels often associated with
higher morbidity and mortality rates, particularly for conditions like cancer and
asthma.
 Access to Healthcare:
Individuals with lower incomes may face barriers to accessing quality
healthcare, including preventative care and treatment, which can contribute to
higher morbidity and mortality.
4. Environmental Factors:
 Urban Living:
Urban environments can expose individuals to higher levels of pollution,
crowding, and unsanitary conditions, which can increase the risk of respiratory
and cardiovascular diseases, as well as other health issues.
 Built Environment:
The design and quality of buildings, especially in low-income communities, can
contribute to health risks such as lead exposure and asthma.
5. Age and Sex:
 Age:
Morbidity and mortality rates generally increase with age, particularly for
chronic diseases.
 Sex:
There are significant differences in mortality rates between men and women,
with men generally having higher mortality rates due to conditions like
cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Women may experience higher
morbidity from conditions like depression and arthritis, potentially linked to
longer survival.
6. Other Factors:
 Racial and Ethnic Disparities:
Certain racial and ethnic groups may face disproportionate health risks due to
factors like systemic discrimination, poverty, and limited access to healthcare.
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 Health Behaviors:
Lifestyle choices, such as smoking, diet, and physical activity, play a significant
role in shaping morbidity and mortality patterns.
7. Impact on Population Health:
 Demographic Changes:
Morbidity and mortality patterns influence population size, age structure, and
overall health status.
 Healthcare System Needs:
Changes in morbidity and mortality can impact the demand for healthcare
services, including hospitals, clinics, and specialized care.
 Social and Economic Costs:
Illness and death impose significant social and economic costs, including lost
productivity, healthcare expenses, and emotional distress.
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Q 1, b) How is the subject-matter of sociology related to the concept of

health and illness?
Sociology examines how society and social behaviors influence various aspects
of life, including health and illness. The relationship between sociology and
health/illness can be explained through several concepts:
1. Social Determinants of Health: Sociology looks at how social factors
such as class, race, gender, and income influence health outcomes. For
instance, lower socioeconomic status may be associated with poorer
health due to limited access to healthcare, unhealthy living conditions,
and stress.
2. Health Inequality: Sociologists study disparities in health between
different groups in society. This includes understanding how different
populations experience unequal access to medical care, preventive
services, and healthy living conditions.
3. Cultural Perspectives on Health: Different societies and cultures have
distinct views on what constitutes health, illness, and healing practices.
Sociology explores these variations and how they influence people's
behaviors, the treatment of diseases, and the role of healthcare systems.
4. Social Construction of Illness: Illness is not only a biological
phenomenon but also a social one. Sociology looks at how certain
conditions are labeled as illnesses or medical conditions, influenced by
cultural, historical, and political contexts. The medicalization of
conditions (such as ADHD or depression) is a concept that examines how
society defines and treats certain behaviors or feelings as medical issues.
5. The Sick Role: A concept introduced by sociologist Talcott Parsons, the
"sick role" refers to the social expectations and behaviors that individuals
adopt when they are ill. This includes the obligation to seek treatment and
the expectation of being cared for, as well as the exemption from normal
societal roles and responsibilities.
6. Healthcare Systems and Policies: Sociology also looks at how health
care systems are organized, how health policies are developed, and how
these policies impact different groups in society. This includes the study
of medical institutions, healthcare workers, and the role of government in
providing or failing to provide healthcare.
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Sociology helps us understand how health and illness are influenced by social
structures, cultural norms, and inequalities, and how these factors shape people's
experiences and outcomes in relation to health.

41.A. Discuss why sociology is necessary in nursing profession. 5+5+5

B. Can sociology implement the basic concept of health care?
C. Discuss your Views improvement of health care system.

a), Discuss why sociology is necessary in nursing profession

Sociology is essential in the nursing profession because it provides critical

insights into the social factors that influence health, illness, and healthcare
delivery.

1. Understanding Patient Backgrounds

Sociology helps nurses understand the cultural, social, economic, and
family backgrounds of patients. This understanding enables more
empathetic, respectful, and personalized care, especially in multicultural
and diverse healthcare settings.
2. Social Determinants of Health
Nurses must consider how factors like poverty, education, housing,
gender, and race affect a patient’s health outcomes. Sociology equips
nurses to recognize and respond to these broader determinants of health
beyond biological causes.
3. Improved Communication and Relationships
By understanding social norms, roles, and communication styles, nurses
can interact more effectively with patients and their families. This fosters
trust, enhances patient compliance with treatment plans, and improves
overall care outcomes.
4. Ethical and Holistic Care
Sociological perspectives encourage nurses to consider ethical
implications, social justice, and the holistic needs of patients—not just
their physical symptoms. This leads to more comprehensive and humane
healthcare delivery.
5. Cultural Competence:
Nurses need to be sensitive to the diverse cultural backgrounds of their
patients and understand how cultural beliefs and practices can influence
78

health behaviors and healthcare seeking behaviors. Sociology helps

nurses develop the cultural competence needed to provide respectful and
effective care.
6. Social Change and Advocacy:
Nurses can be agents of social change by using their understanding of
sociology to advocate for policies and programs that promote health and
well-being for all.

7. Healthcare Systems and Policy Awareness

Sociology helps nurses understand how healthcare systems operate,
including issues like inequality in access to care, institutional bias, and
policy impacts. This awareness can empower nurses to advocate for
systemic change and improved patient care.
8. Professional Identity and Role Awareness
Sociology also examines the role of nurses within the healthcare team and
society at large. It fosters awareness of professional expectations, power
dynamics, and interprofessional relationships, helping nurses navigate
their roles more effectively.

Sociology equips nurses with the tools to understand and address the
complex social factors that influence health, improving their ability to
provide compassionate, effective, and equitable care.
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4, A. Discuss the scope and subject matter of sociology.

B. Is sociology sciences or not? Give reason. 7+8

B. Is sociology sciences or not? Give reason.

Yes, sociology is considered a science, primarily because it uses scientific
methods to study human societies and social behavior. While it differs from the
natural sciences in its subject matter (human behavior), sociology employs
empirical investigation, hypothesis testing, and data analysis to understand
social phenomena.
Reasons:
 Scientific Methods:
Sociology employs various research methods, including surveys, experiments,
case studies, and statistical analysis, to gather and analyze data about social
patterns and interactions.
 Objective Study:
Sociologists strive to make objective observations and interpretations of social
phenomena, aiming to minimize personal biases and value judgments.
 Empirical Evidence:
Sociology relies on observable evidence and empirical data to support its
claims, similar to the natural sciences.
 Generalizations and Theories:
Sociology develops generalizations and theories about social phenomena,
similar to how natural sciences formulate laws and principles.
 Testable Hypotheses:
Sociologists formulate testable hypotheses about social behavior and use
research to either confirm or reject these hypotheses.

42.A. Is sociology is a science? 5+10

B. How can sociological knowledge help to regulate the nursing role
towards patient care?
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B), How can sociological knowledge help to regulate the nursing role
towards patient care?
Sociological knowledge can significantly enhance and regulate the nursing role
toward more effective and compassionate patient care by providing insight into
the social dynamics, cultural backgrounds, and structural inequalities that
influence health and healthcare delivery.
1. Understanding Social Determinants of Health
Sociology helps nurses recognize how factors like income, education, race,
gender, and environment affect patients' health outcomes. This allows nurses to:
 Address underlying causes of illness.
 Advocate for holistic and equitable care.
 Adjust care plans based on individual social contexts.
2. Promoting Culturally Competent Care
Sociological knowledge provides frameworks for understanding different
cultural beliefs, values, and health practices. This enables nurses to:
 Communicate more effectively with diverse populations.
 Avoid stereotyping and unconscious bias.
 Respect and incorporate patients’ cultural preferences into care.
3. Navigating Power Dynamics
Sociology sheds light on power relationships in healthcare settings—between
patients and providers, or within interdisciplinary teams. With this
understanding, nurses can:
 Empower patients to participate in their own care.
 Assert their role in healthcare teams to advocate for patient needs.
 Promote more collaborative and respectful healthcare environments.
4. Improving Health Policy and Practice
Sociological insights help nurses critically assess healthcare systems and
policies. They can:
 Contribute to policy development that promotes social justice.
 Identify and challenge systemic barriers to care (e.g., discrimination or
resource inequality).
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 Participate in public health initiatives with an informed perspective on

community needs.
5. Enhancing Empathy and Ethical Practice
By understanding the broader societal influences on patient behavior and health,
nurses can:
 Approach patients with empathy rather than judgment.
 Make ethically informed decisions that consider both individual and
social factors.
6, Addressing Psycho-Social Issues:
 Nurses with sociological knowledge are better equipped to identify and
address the psychosocial challenges faced by patients, such as stress,
anxiety, and isolation.
 This allows them to provide holistic care that considers the patient's
physical, mental, and social well-being.
7. Enhancing Critical Thinking:
 Sociology encourages nurses to question assumptions, challenge biases,
and critically evaluate the social forces that shape health and illness.
 This promotes more informed and ethical decision-making in nursing
practice.
Sociology provides nurses with a framework for understanding the complex
interplay between individuals and their social environment, ultimately enabling
them to provide more effective and equitable patient care
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b) Mention the names of the major social problem in India

Major social problems in India include poverty, unemployment,
overpopulation, child labor, dowry, caste discrimination, and gender
inequality. Other significant issues include illiteracy, pollution, violence
against women, and corruption. These problems impact various aspects of
Indian society, including economic development, social justice, and
individual well-being. Detailed explanation are given below
 Poverty:
A significant portion of the population in India lives below the poverty line,
lacking basic necessities like food, shelter, and education.
 Unemployment:
Lack of job opportunities, especially among the youth, contributes to social and
economic instability.
 Overpopulation:
Rapid population growth exacerbates existing social problems, including
resource scarcity and environmental degradation.
 Child Labor:
Exploitation of children in various industries, depriving them of education and a
healthy upbringing.
 Dowry:
The practice of demanding a dowry from the bride's family, often leading to
violence and abuse.
 Caste Discrimination:
Discrimination based on caste, a hierarchical social structure, continues to
persist in some areas, hindering social mobility.
 Gender Inequality:
Persistent inequalities in education, employment, and social status, leading to
violence against women.
 Illiteracy:
Low literacy rates, particularly among women and in rural areas, limit
opportunities and development.
 Pollution:
Environmental pollution from industrial activity, waste disposal, and vehicular
emissions pose serious health risks.
83

 Violence against Women:

Incidents of domestic violence, rape, and other forms of violence against women
remain a significant social issue.
 Corruption:
Widespread corruption undermines good governance, public services, and
economic development.

12, I) Define society see book

viii) What are the characteristics of society? See book
ix) What do you mean by the process of socialisation?see book 2+6+7
x) Describe the concept of society see book
xi) Distinguish between society and community notes
xii) Discuss the role of a nurse in a society 3+5+7

Discuss the role of a nurse in a society

The role of a nurse in society is fundamental and multifaceted, extending far

beyond basic patient care. Nurses are vital contributors to the health, well-
being, and development of communities. Their responsibilities span across
clinical, educational, advocacy, and leadership domains.
1. Healthcare Providers
Nurses deliver direct care to patients in various settings—hospitals, clinics,
homes, schools, and disaster zones. They assess health conditions,
administer medications, monitor recovery, and support physicians in medical
procedures. Nurses are often the first point of contact in healthcare systems,
providing both acute and chronic care.
2. Patient Advocates
Nurses advocate for the rights and needs of patients. They ensure patients
receive appropriate care, understand their treatment options, and are treated
with dignity and respect. This advocacy is especially important for
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vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and people with

disabilities.
3. Health Educators
Nurses play a key role in health education—teaching individuals and
communities about disease prevention, healthy lifestyles, hygiene, and
nutrition. They conduct awareness campaigns and provide counseling on
managing conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and infectious diseases.
4. Community Health Promoters
In public health, nurses engage in disease surveillance, vaccination drives,
maternal and child health programs, and disaster response. They are crucial
in reducing health disparities and improving access to care, especially in
underserved and rural areas.
5. Emotional and Psychological Support
Nurses offer comfort and emotional support to patients and their families
during difficult times. Their presence and empathy often help ease the
emotional burden of illness, injury, or death.
6. Leaders and Innovators
Nurses increasingly take on leadership roles, shaping healthcare policies,
conducting research, and leading quality improvement initiatives. Their
insights from the front lines of care inform practical and effective healthcare
solutions.
7. Ethical and Cultural Mediators
Nurses often bridge the gap between healthcare systems and diverse cultural
values. They ensure care is respectful and culturally sensitive, fostering trust
and better outcomes in multicultural societies.

Nurses are not just caregivers; they are educators, advocates, leaders, and
agents of change. Their role in society is indispensable in building healthier
communities and ensuring a responsive, compassionate healthcare system.

43.A) Define family. 2+3+5+5

b) What are the types of family?
85

c) What is the importance of family in society?

d) Discuss the changing trends in modern family structure in India. See
Niroza,p- 325, see book
e) Explain the role of family in health and illness 3+6+5

e), Explain the role of family in health and illness

The family plays a crucial role in both health and illness, serving as a
primary source of support, care, and influence across a person’s life.
1. Health Promotion and Prevention
 Lifestyle Habits: Families influence behaviors such as diet, exercise,
sleep, hygiene, and substance use. Healthy routines often begin in
childhood, shaped by family norms.
 Health Education: Families often pass on knowledge or attitudes about
health, illness, and healthcare utilization.
 Emotional Support: Supportive families help reduce stress and promote
mental well-being, which can prevent many physical and psychological
disorders.
2. Early Detection of Illness
 Monitoring Health: Family members are often the first to notice changes
in behavior or physical symptoms that may indicate a health issue.
 Seeking Medical Help: Families can encourage timely use of healthcare
services, especially for children, the elderly, or dependent members.
3. Care and Management
 Caregiving: Families often provide direct care for sick or disabled
members, including medication management, physical assistance, and
emotional support.
 Chronic Illness Management: Families help patients adhere to treatment
plans, attend appointments, and adjust to long-term health challenges.
4. Emotional and Psychological Impact
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 Illness affects not only the individual but also the entire family system.
Family members may experience stress, grief, or role strain, especially in
cases of severe or long-term illness.
5. Cultural and Social Context
 Families influence how health and illness are perceived and responded to,
based on cultural beliefs, traditions, and values. This includes choices
about traditional remedies, stigma, and end-of-life decisions.
6. Healthcare Communication and Advocacy
 Families often communicate with healthcare professionals on behalf of
the patient, especially in pediatric, geriatric, or critical care situations.
 They act as advocates, ensuring appropriate and respectful care.

Family plays a crucial role in both promoting health and supporting

individuals during illness. They are the primary source of social, emotional,
and physical support, influencing health behaviors, and facilitating access to
healthcare. Families also play a role in preventing illness through healthy
lifestyles, early diagnosis, and support during treatment.

44.Explain the term “social stratification” 3+6+6

ii) Discuss social causes for urbanization?
iii) Write a note on present situation of Indian peasants.
iv) What are the different system of stratification in society?
v) Discuss race as a biological concept 5+5

ii) Discuss social causes for urbanization?

Social factors are significant drivers of urbanization, including the pull of

better educational opportunities, healthcare, and overall living conditions in
87

urban areas. These factors, combined with the desire for social mobility and
escape from conservative rural cultures, contribute to a migration from rural
to urban areas. Additionally, the availability of a wider range of social and
cultural opportunities, such as entertainment and access to diverse
communities, makes cities attractive to people seeking a more fulfilling
lifestyle. Social causes for urbanization are described below----
 Enhanced Living Standards:
Urban areas often offer better education, healthcare, and sanitation facilities,
as well as access to a wider variety of goods and services. This perception of
a higher quality of life attracts people seeking improved living conditions.
 Social Mobility:
Urban settings often provide more opportunities for upward social mobility
compared to rural areas, where career advancement may be more limited.
 Education:
Urban areas offer a wider range of educational institutions and opportunities,
including higher education, vocational training, and specialized
programs. This can be a major draw for individuals seeking to enhance their
skills and career prospects.
 Social and Cultural Opportunities:
Cities often have a greater concentration of cultural institutions,
entertainment venues, and diverse communities, which can appeal to people
looking for a more vibrant and stimulating social life.
 Escape from Conservative Cultures:
Some individuals may seek a more liberal and tolerant lifestyle in urban
areas, particularly if they are seeking to escape the restrictions of rural
communities or religious traditions.
 Family Ties and Social Networks:
Existing social networks and family ties in urban areas can also be a
significant factor in attracting migrants, as these connections can provide
support and assistance in navigating urban life.
 Urban Lifestyle:
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The perceived advantages of urban living, such as access to amenities,

transportation, and a more convenient lifestyle, can also be a strong
motivator for migration.

iii) Write a note on present situation of Indian

peasants.

The current situation of Indian peasants is marked by a complex mix of

problems and opportunities. While agriculture remains a vital sector, many
farmers, particularly small and marginal ones, face issues like low income,
high debt, and reliance on precarious employment. The government's focus
on digitalizing agriculture and modernization efforts, while beneficial in
some aspects, also raises concerns about job displacement and the impact on
traditional farming practices.

Opportunities:
 Digitalization and Modernization:
The government's initiatives to promote digitalization and modernization in
agriculture, such as e-NAM (e-National Agricultural Market) and drone
technology, offer the potential to improve efficiency, reduce wastage, and
increase incomes.
 Diversification and Value Addition:
Opportunities exist to diversify agricultural practices, engage in value-added
activities like processing and packaging, and explore new markets.
 Government Support and Initiatives:
Various government schemes, like the PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan
Samman Nidhi) scheme, aim to provide financial assistance and support to
farmers.
 Skill Development and Training:
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Training and skill development programs can help farmers adapt to new
technologies, improve farming practices, and enhance their livelihoods.
 Community-Based Initiatives:
The involvement of local communities and farmer organizations in decision-
making and implementation of agricultural programs can promote
sustainable and inclusive growth.

Problems:
 Low Income and High Debt:
Many farmers struggle with low income due to fluctuating crop prices,
inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to credit and markets. High debt
levels, often incurred through borrowing for inputs and necessities, further
exacerbate their vulnerability.
 Dependence on Agriculture:
A significant portion of India's workforce remains reliant on agriculture,
leading to a lack of diversification and vulnerability to weather patterns and
market fluctuations.
 Limited Access to Resources:
Small and marginal farmers often lack access to essential resources like
quality seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and technology, hindering their
productivity and profitability.
 Environmental Concerns:
Over-reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, coupled with
unsustainable water management practices, poses risks to the environment
and the health of farmers and their communities.
 Social Issues:
Issues like land ownership, caste discrimination, and lack of access to
education and healthcare also impact the well-being of peasant
communities.

The situation of Indian peasants is complex and multifaceted. While

challenges remain, there are also significant opportunities for improvement
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through targeted policies, technological advancements, and community-

based initiatives. Addressing the specific needs of different categories of
farmers, particularly small and marginal ones, is crucial for ensuring their
well-being and contributing to a more sustainable and equitable agricultural
sector.

iv) What are the different system of stratification in society?

Social stratification, the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in

society, can take various forms. The major systems include slavery, caste
systems, estate systems, and class systems.
 Slavery:
A system where individuals are owned by others as property, with minimal
rights and freedoms.
 Caste Systems:
Based on birth, with rigid social hierarchies and limited mobility. For
example, the Hindu caste system in India, which divides society into
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, with a fifth group known as
Dalits or Untouchables.
 Estate Systems:
Historically prevalent in feudal societies, dividing society into nobility,
clergy, and commoners, each with specific rights and duties.
 Class Systems:
Based on wealth, income, education, and occupation, with some degree of
social mobility.
 Other Forms:
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Social stratification can also manifest through gender, ethnicity, and other
factors.

v) Discuss race as a biological concept 5+5

The biological concept of race, while historically used, is now largely
considered a flawed and outdated way to categorize humans. Modern
genetics shows that human populations are more similar than different, with
significant overlap in genetic variation across continents and among so-
called "racial" groups. The concept of race is now understood to be primarily
a social and cultural construct, not a biological reality.
 Historical Use:
Historically, race was used as a biological category to classify humans based
on observable physical traits like skin color, hair texture, and facial features.
 Modern Understanding:
Modern genetics demonstrates that there are no distinct "racial" groups with
unique genetic markers that separate them from other groups. The vast
majority of human genetic variation occurs within populations, not between
them.
 Social Construct:
Race is now understood to be a social construct, a way of categorizing
people based on cultural, historical, and political factors rather than on
biological differences.
 Impact on Research:
The use of race as a biological category can lead to inaccurate and
misleading research findings, particularly in fields like medicine and public
health. For example, attributing health disparities solely to genetic
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differences within racial groups ignores the significant impact of

socioeconomic factors and environmental conditions.
 Alternatives:
Instead of using the term "race" in a biological context, scientists now often
use terms like "genetic ancestry" or "population groups" to describe human
diversity.

45.Define family.
Discuss the characteristics of traditional joint family system in India.
Differentiate between joint family & nuclear family.
Discuss how does family influence the health status 6
What are the function of family? 5
Write a note on ‘family in transition’
Discuss the changes of family pattern in modern India
How does family influence on health and health practices? 6+5

Differentiate between joint family & nuclear family.

Joint Family Nuclear Family
. Definition A joint family is a large A nuclear family is a small
family structure where family unit consisting only
multiple generations live of parents and their children,
together under one roof. This living separately from
typically includes extended relatives.
grandparents, parents,
children, uncles, aunts, and
their children.

Size and o Large in size o Small in size

Composition o Includes o Limited to
extended parents and
relatives children
o Multi- o Typically two
generational generations

Economic Setup o Common income o Individual

and shared income and
expenditure independent
o Often one or financial
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more earning planning

members support o Each member
the entire family or couple is
o Resources like responsible for
property, their own
groceries, and expenses
vehicles are
shared

Decision- o Decisions are o Decisions are

Making often made taken
collectively or by independently
the eldest family by the couple
member o More flexible
o Traditional and and modern in
patriarchal approach
decision-making
structures are
common

Responsibilities o Responsibilities o Responsibilitie

like child care s fall mainly on
and elder care are the parents
shared o Managing
o Division of household and
household chores children
among members requires more
effort from
fewer people

o Limited personal o More privacy

Privacy and space and privacy and personal
Independence o More social space
interaction, but o Greater
less individual independence
freedom in lifestyle and
choices

Cultural and o Strong cultural o Limited

Emotional transmission and cultural
Support family values influence
o Emotional beyond
support from immediate
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multiple parents
members o Emotional
support is
limited but
more focused

. Common in o Traditionally o Predominant in

Which Societies common in India, Western
South Asia, and societies and
rural areas urban areas
o Less common in o Increasingly
urban and common in
Western societies modern
today societies
globally

Advantages o Shared o More freedom

responsibilities and privacy
o Support during o Better
crises adaptability to
o Strong family modern
bonding lifestyles
o Less conflict
from fewer
members

Disadvantage o Potential for o Lack of

conflicts due to extended
different opinions support system
o Less privacy o Greater stress
o Pressure on on parents
earning members o Loneliness in
absence of
extended
family

Write a note on ‘family in transition’

The concept of "family in transition" refers to the evolving nature of family
structures, roles, and relationships in response to social, economic, cultural,
95

and technological changes. Traditionally, families were often extended and

patriarchal, with clearly defined roles for men and women. However,
contemporary societies have witnessed significant shifts that have redefined
the idea of family.
1. Structural Changes: There is a growing prevalence of nuclear families,
single-parent households, childless couples, cohabiting partners, and
same-sex families. Divorce and remarriage have also contributed to more
complex family forms like blended families.
2. Changing Gender Roles: With more women entering the workforce and
greater emphasis on gender equality, traditional roles within the family
are being renegotiated. Men are increasingly involved in domestic duties
and child-rearing.
3. Technological Influence: Advances in communication and reproductive
technologies (e.g., IVF, surrogacy) have influenced how families form
and interact. Technology also plays a role in maintaining family ties
across distances.
4. Cultural and Legal Shifts: Societies are gradually becoming more
accepting of diverse family forms. Legal recognition of same-sex
marriage and parenting rights is one example of institutional adaptation to
these changes.
5. Economic Factors: Economic pressures have affected family dynamics,
including delayed marriages, fewer children, and intergenerational living
due to housing costs or job insecurity.
The family in transition reflects the fluid and adaptive nature of human
relationships as they respond to broader societal transformations.

31, a) What do you mean by social change?

b) Describe the basic types of marriage
c) Broken marriage is on rise urban society --- elaborates with your
views 2+5+8
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c), Broken marriage is on rise urban society --- elaborates with your
views
The rise of broken marriages in urban society is a growing concern and
reflects deeper social, emotional, and cultural shifts.
In recent years, urban areas have seen a noticeable increase in the number of
broken marriages. This trend can be attributed to various interrelated factors:
1. Changing Social Norms and Expectations
Urban life is more individualistic, with people placing greater emphasis on
personal growth, freedom, and self-expression. As traditional roles within
marriage evolve, conflicts can arise when partners struggle to adapt or have
mismatched expectations about responsibilities, careers, and family life.
2. Financial and Work Pressures
High cost of living, long working hours, and career ambitions can strain
relationships. Couples may find less time for each other, leading to
emotional distance. Financial stress, especially when both partners are
working and managing debts or expenses, can further increase tensions.
3. Greater Awareness and Reduced Stigma
In urban areas, people are more aware of their rights and have easier access
to legal help. With reduced social stigma around divorce, many individuals
are more willing to walk away from unhappy or abusive marriages, which
may have remained intact in earlier generations due to social pressure.
4. Lack of Emotional Preparedness
Urban couples often marry later or after short courtships. While maturity can
help, there’s sometimes a lack of emotional readiness or poor conflict
resolution skills. Many enter marriage with high expectations but without a
deep understanding of long-term partnership dynamics.
5. Influence of Technology and Social Media
Social media and dating apps have reshaped how people connect. While they
can bring people together, they can also lead to temptations, emotional
disconnect, and trust issues within marriages. The constant comparison to
others' seemingly “perfect” relationships can also breed dissatisfaction.
6. Shift in Gender Roles
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As more women pursue education and careers, traditional power dynamics in

marriage are shifting. While this is a positive development for gender
equality, it can create friction when one or both partners are unable to adjust
to these changes in role and identity.

The rise in broken marriages in urban society is a complex issue, driven by a

mix of modern values, pressures, and evolving identities. Rather than
viewing it purely as a negative trend, it’s also a sign of growing awareness
and empowerment. However, it also highlights the urgent need for better
relationship education, communication skills, emotional support systems,
and a deeper understanding of commitment in modern relationships.

34, A) What is socialisation?

b) How do the agencies of socialisation help in individual development?
c) How does marriage influence the health of a person?
d) How the agents of socialisation influences the individual development
of self? 3+7+5
c) Elaborate the impact of socialisation on health pattern of individuals.

c), How does marriage influence the health of a person?

Marriage can significantly influence a person's health—both positively and
negatively—depending on the quality of the relationship and individual
circumstances.
Positive Effects
1. Emotional Support: A stable marriage can provide emotional comfort,
reducing stress and promoting mental well-being.
2. Mental Health:
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 Reduced Depression:
Studies suggest that marriage can reduce depressive symptoms,
particularly for men, and may even decrease the risk of developing
depression.
 Increased Life Satisfaction:
Married individuals tend to report higher levels of life satisfaction and
well-being.
 Enhanced Emotional Support:
Marriage provides a supportive network and a sense of emotional
security, which can help individuals cope with life's challenges and
stress.
 Improved Sense of Self:
Marriage can contribute to an individual's sense of purpose, meaning, and
self-worth.
 Reduced Stress:
A healthy marriage can create a sense of stability and security, potentially
leading to reduced stress levels
3. Health Monitoring: Spouses often encourage each other to adopt healthy
habits (e.g., quitting smoking, eating well) and seek medical care when
needed.
4. Financial Stability: Married couples often have better financial
resources, which can lead to improved access to healthcare and healthier
living conditions.
5. Lower Risk of Certain Diseases: Research shows that married
individuals often have lower rates of cardiovascular disease, depression,
and substance abuse.
6. Longevity: Numerous studies suggest married people live longer on
average than their unmarried counterparts.
7. Social and Lifestyle Factors:
 Social Support: Marriage provides a built-in social support system that
can be beneficial for mental and physical health.
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 Improved Social Integration: Marriage can lead to greater social

integration and a sense of belonging.
 Healthy Relationship Habits: Marriage can encourage healthy
relationship habits that contribute to overall well-being, such as conflict
resolution and open communication.
Negative Effects
1. Stress from Conflict: High-conflict or abusive marriages can increase
the risk of mental health problems like anxiety and depression.
2. Unhealthy Habits: If both partners have poor lifestyle habits (e.g.,
unhealthy diet, lack of exercise), they may reinforce those behaviors in
each other.
3. Caregiver Burden: In cases of illness, one spouse may take on a stressful
caregiving role, which can negatively impact their own health.
It's important to note that the benefits of marriage on health can be influenced
by the quality of the marital relationship. Unhappy or troubled marriages may
actually have negative impacts on health, while a happy and fulfilling marriage
can have a positive effect.