The Cold War Era

1914-18 World War I

1939-45 World War II

1949 Formation of NATO

1950-53 Korean War

1954 Signing of Geneva Accords;

Division of Vietnam; Formation
of SEATO

1955 Warsaw Pact; CENTO; Bandung

conference
 The Cold War Era

1954-75 US in Vietnam

1956 Suez-canal crisis

1961 Bay of Pigs invasion; Construction of Berlin

wall; 1st NAM meeting (Belgrade)

Oct 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

1971 India-USSR treaty of friendship

signed

1972 UNCTAD brought report named “Towards a

new trade policy for dev.”
 The Cold War Era

1979-89 USSR in Afghanistan

1985 Gorbachev became the premier of USSR

9 Nov 1989 Berlin wall fell

Oct 1962 Unification of Germany

 The Cold War Era
ARMS TREATIES

1963 LTBT

1968 NPT signed, entered into force in 1970,

extended indefinitely in 1995

1969 SALT-I started

1972 ABM treaty; SALT-II started

1991 START-I

1993 START-II

1996 CTBT
 The End of Bipolarity

1917 Russian/Bolshevik revolution

1979-89 USSR in Afghanistan

1985 Gorbachev became premier of USSR

(General Secy of Communist party)

March 1990 Lithuania becomes the first of the 15 Soviet

republics to declare its independence
June 1990 Russian parliament declares its independence
from the Soviet Union
June 1991 Yeltsin, no longer in the Communist Party,
becomes the President of Russia
8 Dec 1991 CIS formed
 End of Bipolarity

25 Dec 1991 Gorbachev resigned; Officially USSR

dissolved

1992 Czechoslovakia broke on 31 Dec 1992

into Czech Republic and Slovakia

2001 Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on

for ten years till 2001
Q1. When did Berlin wall fall? Q3. Gorbachev became the
a. 1991 premier of USSR in which year?
b. 1961 a. 1989
c. 1990 b. 1985
d. 1989 c. 1990
d. 1984

Q2. Which of the following Q4. In which year the USSR

alliance formed first? withdrew from Afghanistan?
a. SEATO a. 1989
b. CENTO b. 1985
c. NATO c. 1990
d. Warsaw Pact d. 1984
 US Hegemony in World Politics

1990 First Gulf War (Operation Desert

Storm)

1992 Bill Clinton Won US Presidential

elections (Tenure- 1993-2001)

1998 US embassies attack in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar-es-Salaam,

Tanzania; Operation Infinite Reach

1999 US action in Yugoslavia

11 Sep 2001 Terrorist attack in the USA (World Trade Centre, US

Defence HQ)
2001 Operation Enduring Freedom (Global War on Terror)

19 Mar 2003 Operation Iraqi Freedom

 US Hegemony in World Politics

1950 US military research project began that

developed Internet

1881 1st Business school in the world at

University of Pennsylvania, USA

1900 First MBA course

1950 First MBA course outside the USA

 Alternative Centres of Power

1948 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

1949 Council of Europe

1951 European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris)

1957 European Atomic Energy Community-Euratom

(Treaty of Rome)

1979 First direct elections to the European parliament

1985 Schengen agreement

1992 Maastricht treaty (Formation of the EU)

 Alternative Centres of Power

1999 EU Monetary union established

2002 Euro, a single currency was introduced

2012 Nobel Peace Prize to EU

2020 Britain exit from EU (Brexit)

ASEAN

1967 ASEAN established

1994 ASEAN regional forum estd.

 Alternative Centres of Power

2003 ASEAN communities established (Security,

Economic and Socio-Cultural)

CHINA

1949 People’s Republic of China (PRC) estd.

1972 Estd. relations with the USA

1973 Four modernisation program by Zhou Enlai

1978 Deng Xiaoping announced Open Door Policy;

Economic reforms started

1982 Privatisation of agriculture

 Alternative Centres of Power

1988 Privatisation of industry

2001 Joined WTO

INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS

1950 Tibet was annexed by China

1962 Sino-India war

1964 China conducted its nuclear test

1979 Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited China

 Alternative Centres of Power

1988 Rajiv Gandhi visited China

JAPAN

Aug 1945 Atom bombs were dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1964 Japan joined OECD

SOUTH KOREA

1950-53 Korean war

1991 Both Korea joined the UN

 Contemporary South Asia
PAKISTAN

1947 Got Independence

1947-48 Indo-Pak conflict for Kashmir

1960 Indus water treaty with India (brokered by World

Bank)

1965 Indo-Pak war

1966 India-Pak signed Tashkent agreement

1971 Bangladesh war

 Contemporary South Asia

1972 India-Pak signed Shimla agreement

1998 Pak conducted nuclear test

1999 Vajpayee undertook bus journey

1999 Nawaz Sharif was removed by General Parvez Musharraf

1999 India-Pak Kargil war

2001 Musharraf became the President

 Contemporary South Asia

BANGLADESH

1971 Bangladesh war between India-Pak

1975 Sheikh Mujib was killed

1976 Pakistan and Bangladesh establish diplomatic

relations

Dec 1996 India and Bangladesh sign the Farakka Treaty for
sharing of the Ganga Waters
 Contemporary South Asia

NEPAL

1990 & 2006 Uprisings for democracy

Till 2006 Napal was a constitutional monarchy

2008 Monarchy abolished and Nepal became

democratic republic
 Contemporary South Asia

SRI LANKA

1948 Sri Lanka (earlier Ceylon) got independence

1983 Civil war started

1987 India-Sri Lanka accord, India sent peacekeeping

force (returned in 1989)

2009 Civil war ended

MALDIVES

1968 Transformed from a sultanate to a republic

1988 India sent troops to foil a coup attempt

 Contemporary South Asia

2005 Multi-party system introduced

BHUTAN

2008 Became a constitutional monarchy

SAARC

1985 SAARC established

2004 SAFTA was signed (came into effect in 2006)

2007 Afghanistan joined SAARC

Nov 2014 The 18th SAARC Summit in Kathmandu, Nepal

Q5. Pakistan and India conducted Q7. In which year the civil war in
its nuclear test in which year? Sri Lanka ended?
a. 1998 a. 2008
b. 1995 b. 2009
c. 1997 c. 1999
d. 1974 d. 2001

Q6. SAARC was established in Q8. The treaty on Ganga river

which year? water between India and
a. 1978 Bangladesh was signed in-
b. 1985 a. 1996
c. 1987 b. 1995
d. 1990 c. 1990
d. 1989
 International Organisations

1941 Atlantic charter was signed by US Pres Roosevelt

and British PM Churchill

1943 Tehran Conference

1945 Yalta conference

24 Oct 1945 UN was estd.; UN Day

30 Oct 1945 India joined the UN

1965 Size of UNSC increased from 11 to 15

2006 UN Human Rights Council

 International Organisations

2000 Millennium Developmental Goals (ended in 2015)

2015 Sustainable Developmental Goals (till 2030)

1994 Trusteeship council suspended after the independence of Palau

1944 Bretton Woods conference

1945 IMF and World Bank estd. (HQ- Washington

DC,USA)
1957 IAEA estd (HQ- Vienna, Austria)

1961 Amnesty International estd (HQ- London, UK)

 International Organisations

1978 Human Rights Watch estd (HQ- New York, USA)

1995 WTO estd (HQ- Geneva, Switzerland)

HQs
New York (USA) - UN, UNICEF, Human Rights Watch
Geneva (Switzerland) - WTO, ILO
Vienna (Austria) - IAEA
Washington DC (USA) - IMF, World Bank
Hague (Netherlands) – ICJ
London (UK) - Amnesty International
 International Organisations

3. U Thant
(Myanmar)

- During Cuban missile crisis

- First Asian
1. Trygve Lie (Norway)

9. Antonio Guterres
(Portugal)

-Present Secy-General
(2017-till now)
2. Dag Hammarskjöld
(Sweden)

- Played key role in Congo

 Security in the Contemporary World

1972 Biological weapons convention (BWC); Anti-Ballistic

Missile Treaty

1992 Chemical weapons convention (CWC)

1994 Rwanda civil war, Hutu tribe killed lakhs of Tutsi tribal people

1997 Kyoto Protocol

1974 India first nuclear test (Pokharan-I)

1998 India second nuclear test (Pokharan-II)

 Environment and Natural Resources

1959 Antarctic Treaty

1972 Club of Rome published Limits to

Growth

1975 The World Council of Indigenous Peoples was

formed

1987 Montreal Protocol; Brundtland report published

1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol

1992 Rio Summit (First Earth summit); Agenda 21

1997 Kyoto Protocol

 Environment and Natural Resources

2002 India signed and ratified Kyoto protocol

2001 Energy conservation Act passed

2003 Electricity act

2015 Paris Agreement was signed and adopted

2016 Paris Agreement adopted, India ratified on 2nd Oct

2016
 Globalisation

1991 India adopted LPG reforms (Liberalisation, Privatisation,

Globalisation)

1999 WTO meeting at Seattle, US, which faced

widespread protest

2001 First World Social Forum meeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil

2004 Fourth WSF meeting in Mumbai

 Q9. India became a member of Q11. Arrange in the correct
the UN in- chronological order-
a. 1945 I. Kyoto Protocol
b. 1950 II. Sustainable Development
c. 1949 Goals
d. 1947 III. Antarctic treaty
IV. Rio Summit
a. I-III-II-IV
b. III-IV-I-II
c. IV-I-II-III
d. II-III-IV-II

Q10. The Bretton woods

Q12. China joined WTO in-
conference was organised in
a. 2001
which year?
b. 1999
a. 1947
c. 2002
b. 1944
d. 2005
c. 1945
d. 1939
 Challenges of Nation Building

Aug 1947 India and Pakistan got independence

Nov 1947 Standstill agreement of Hyderabad with Indi

Sep 1948 Hyderabad was merged with India

Jun 1948 Elections in Manipur (first elections based on

universal adult franchise)

1920 Nagpur session of Congress where linguistic principle

was recognised as the basis of reorganisation of state

Dec 1952 Announcement of the formation of

Andhra state
 Challenges of Nation Building

Oct 1953 Andhra state formed

1953 State Reorganisation Commission

constituted

1956 State Reorganisation Act was passed (14

states and 6 UTs formed)

Formation of states

1960 Maharashtra and Gujarat

1963 Nagaland
 Challenges of Nation Building

1966 Haryana and HP separated from Punjab

2000 Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand

2014 Telangana

2019 J&K and Ladakh were made UTs

2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

merged
 Era of One-Party Dominance

1885 Indian National Congress formed

26 Nov 1949 Constitution of India was adopted

26 Jan 1950 Constitution of India was enforced

25 Jan 1950 Election Commission of India formed

Oct 1951 First General elections ( known as 1952

elections)
2004 EVM wholly adopted for the entire country

1957 First non-Congress govt formed in Kerala by CPI

 Era of One-Party Dominance

1959 CPI govt in Kerala was dismissed using President’s rule

1934 Congress Socialist Party was formed

1948 Socialist party separated from Congress

1925 CPI formed

1964 Split in CPI (CPI and CPI-M)

1951 Bhartiya Jana Sangh formed

1959 Swatantra Party formed

Q1. State Reorganisation Q3. Bombay state was divided
Commission was constituted in into Maharashtra and Gujarat in
which year? which year?
a. 1950 a. 1960
b. 1953 b. 1966
c. 1956 c. 1956
d. 1955 d. 1950

Q2. CPI was bifurcated in which Q4. Which of the following

year? incident occurred first?
a. 1925 a. Formation of CPI
b. 1954 b. Adoption of the
c. 1964 Constitution of India
d. 1962 c. Hyderabad merged with
Indian union
d. Sikkim became an Indian
state
 Politics of Planned Development

1929 Start of Great depression

1944 Bombay Plan

1950 Planning Commission formed

1951-56 First FYP (drafted by K N Raj)

1956-61 Second FYP (drafted by P C Mahalanobis)

1961-66 Third FYP

1966-69 Plan Holiday (Three annual-plans)

 India’s External Relations

1947-64 Nehru held the post of PM and External Affairs

Minister

1964 Nehru’s Death

Mar 1947 Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi

International conference for the freedom of Indonesia

1949
from Dutch; People’s Republic of China formed

1950 Tibet annexed by China

1954 Panchsheel signed between India and China

 India’s External Relations

1955 Bandung Conference

1956 Suez Canal crisis (Britain attacked Egypt)

1959 Dalai Lama took asylum in India

1961 First NAM summit at Belgrade, Serbia

Oct 1962 Sino-India war

1971 US President Richard Nixon, made a secret visit to

China via Pakistan

1976 Diplomatic relation restored btn. India and China

 India’s External Relations

1979 Atal Behari Vajpayee as the External Affairs

Minister visited China

1988 Rajiv Gandhi as the PM visited China

 Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System

1964 Nehru ji died

1964-66 Shastri ji as the PM

1966 Tashkent agreement with Ayub Khan; Shastri Ji died;

Indira Gandhi became the PM

Fourth General elections (called as ‘Political

1967
earthquake’); Incident of Gaya Lal in Haryana; Ten-
Point programme launched

Presidential election; Split in Congress; V V Giri

1969
became the President; Nationalistion of fourteen
banks; FM & Dy PM Morarji Desai resigned

Privy Purse abolished; Fifth General elections; Garibi

1971
Hatao and Indira Hatao campaign; Indira Gandhi
became PM again
 The Crisis of Democratic Order

1973 Kesavananda Bharati Case (Basic structure

doctrine); Justice A N Ray became the CJI by
surpassing three seniors

Jan 1974 Gujarat agitations (leader- Morarji Desai)

Mar 1974 Bihar agitations (leader- J P Narayan)

May 1974 Railway strike (leader- George Fernandes)

1975 Assembly elections in Gujarat held

 The Crisis of Democratic Order

12 Jun 1975 Justice Jaganmohan Lal Sinha of Allahabad HC declared

Indira Gandhi election invalid

24 Jun 1975 SC put a partial stay

JP Narayan organised a rally in Ramlila ground;

25 Jun 1975
National Emergency was declared by then Pres
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed using Article 352
21 Mar 1977 Emergency ended

Janata Party came into power (first non-Congress

1977
govt in Centre); Morarji Desai became PM (till 1979)

May 1977 Shah commission appointed

1979 Charan Singh became PM with the support of Congress

 Rise of Popular Movements

1972 Dalit Panthers formed in Maharashtra

1973 Chipko movement in Uttarakhand

1989 The SC and the ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act passed

1980s Bhartiya Kisan Union protests

1992 Anti Arrack movement in Andhra Pradesh; 73rd

and 74th Amendment act passed (local
government)
2003 Comprehensive National Rehabilitation policy

2005 Right to Information Act passed

 Regional Aspirations
Jammu & Kashmir

Oct 1947 Pakistan attacked Kashmir; Maharaja

signed instrument of accession
Mar 1948 Sheikh Abdullah became the PM of Kashmir

1974 Agreement btn. Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah

1982 Sheikh Abdullah died; Farooq Abdullah became the CM

2016 Mahbooba Mufti became the first woman Chief

Minister of J&K

5 Aug 2019 Article 370 was abolished

31 Oct 2019 J&K and Ladakh were made UTs

 Regional Aspirations

Punjab

1920 Akali Dal formed

1966 Punjab formed

1973 Anandpur Sahib resolution

1984 Operation Blue Star; Assassination of Indira

Gandhi (31 Oct) ; Anti-Sikh riots

2005 PM Manmohan Singh expressed regret over anti-Sikh riots

July 1985 Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal accord (Punjab accord)

 Regional Aspirations

The North-East

1960 All Party Hill Leaders Conference formed in Assam

1966 Mizo National Front started armed struggle against India

Peace agreement between Rajiv Gandhi and

1986
Laldenga

1979 All Assam Students’ Union started anti-foreigner

movement
1985 Rajiv Gandhi-AASU accord (Assam accord)

1974 First democratic election to Sikkim assembly

 Regional Aspirations

1975 Sikkim fully integrated with India

1961 Liberation of Goa (Operation Vijay) –

It became an UT

1987 Goa became a state

Q5. Shimla agreement was signed Q7. In which year the first non-
in which year? Congress govt at centre came into
a. 1966 power?
b. 1972 a. 1975
c. 1948 b. 1977
d. 1980 c. 1985
d. 1989

Q6. Chipko movement started in- Q8. Which of the following

a. 1965 incident occurred first?
b. 1973 a. Imposition of emergency
c. 1975 b. Fifth Lok Sabha elections
d. 1978 c. Liberation of Goa
d. Sheikh Abdullah became
the PM of Kashmir
 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

1528 Three dome structure built by Mir Baqi

1978 Mandal Commission appointed; BAMCEF formed by

Kanshi Ram

1980 Mandal Commission submitted report; BJP formed

1984 Bahujan Samaj Party formed by Kanshi Ram

1985 Shah Bano case

1986 Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act

passed; Ayodhya three dome structure premise unlocked
 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Congress lost Lok Sabha elections; National Front

1989
under VP Singh came into power

Recommendation of Mandal Commission accepted

1990
(27% reservation to OBCs)

May 1991 Rajiv Gandhi assassinated

1992 Indira Swahney case against reservation

Dec 1992 Three dome structure in Ayodhya demolished

9 Nov 2019 SC verdict on Ayodhya issue

 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Prime Ministers

1989-90 National Front - PM V P Singh

1990-91 PM Chandra Shekhar

1991-96 Congress – PM PV Narsimha Rao

May 96-Jun 96 PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee

1996-97 United Front - PM H D Deve Gowda

1997-98 United Front (with Congress) - PM I K Gujaral

 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

1998-99 and
1999-04 NDA I & II – PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee

2004-14 UPA I & II – PM Dr Manmohan Singh

2014 - 2024 NDA III & IV – PM Narendra Modi

2024 - present NDA coalition govt – PM Narendra Modi